Program: Bachelor of Secondary Education Major in Mathematics

Course Code: Math 116

Subject: Abstract Algebra

Learning Module No. 6

Name Rating
Date of Submission Session

Topic: Quadrilaterals and Circles

Learning Outcomes: a. Exhibit competence in mathematical concepts and procedures.
b. Exhibit proficiency in relating mathematics to other curricular areas.
c. Manifest meaningful and comprehensive pedagogical content
knowledge (PCK) of mathematics.
d. Demonstrate competence in designing, constructing and utilizing
different forms of assessment in mathematics.
e. Demonstrate proficiency in problem-solving by solving and creating
routine and non-routine problems with different levels of complexity.
f. Use effectively appropriate approaches, method, and techniques in
teaching mathematics including technological tools.
g. Appreciate mathematics as an opportunity for creative work,
moments of enlightenment, discovery and gaining insights of the world.
References: Fraleigh, J. A First Course in Abstract Algebra. 7th ed.
Addison-Wesley, 2003.
Gallian, J. Contemporary Abstract Algebra. 9th ed.
Cengage Learning, 2017.
Gilbert, J, Gilbert, L. Elements of Modern Algebra. 7th ed.
Cengage Learning, 2009.
Herstein, I. Abstract Algebra. 3rd ed. Prentice Hall, 1996.

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 Discussion Proper:

6.1 Quadrilaterals
Quadrilaterals are polygons with four sides. It also has four angles and four vertices.
Example
Identify the sides, angles, and vertices of the following quadrilateral:

Solution
The sides of the quadrilateral are: AB, BC, CD, and DA.
The angles are ∠ABC, ∠BCD, ∠CDA, and ∠DAB. Notice that the angles
∠CBA, ∠DCB, ∠ADC, and ∠BAD are the same as the angles previously stated.
The vertices are A, B, C, and D.

Quadrilaterals are also coplanar and have two diagonals. The sum of a quadrilateral’s interior angles
is equal to 360◦ . The sum of a quadrilateral’s exterior angles is also equal to 360◦ .

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6.1.1 Kinds of Quadrilaterals

Name Shape Definition

Parallelogram A quadrilateral where both pairs of opposite sides are parallel.

In this example, AC and BD are parallel.
AB and CD are also parallel.

Rectangle A quadrilateral where both pairs of opposite sides are parallel.

It has four right angles.
It is a parallelogram since both pairs of opposite sides are parallel.

Square A quadrilateral having both pairs of opposite sides equal.

It also has four right angles and four equal sides.
A square is both a parallelogram and a rectangle.

Rhombus A parallelogram having four equal sides.

A rhombus is not always a square since the angles of a rhombus
may not be always be right angles, but a square is also a rhombus.

Trapezoid Has only two sides parallel.

The parallel sides are called bases of the trapezoid.

Kite Has two pairs of adjacent sides that are equal.

In the example, M N and N O are of equal length.

Notice that some quadrilaterals fall under more than one kind. To help us understand the relationship
of the different kinds of quadrilaterals, we will use a Venn diagram.

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 The diagram shows that a square is also a parallelogram, a rectangle, and a rhombus. A rhombus is
also a parallelogram but not all parallelograms are rhombuses.

6.2 Circles
The circle is one of the most common figures we will find in geometry.

Definition
A circle is the set of all points which are at a fixed distance from a given point in the plane.

Point A in the above circle is called the center. All the points in the circle are at a fixed distance from
it. We also use the center to name the circle. Thus, we call the above circle, circle A. The fixed distance
of the points from the center is called the radius (r). (The plural form of radius is radii.)
Note that the circle is composed only of the curved lines. The center and the radii are not part of the
circle. So are the rest of the points inside the curved line. These points are called the interior points.

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 A chord is a segment whose endpoints are on the circle. In the figure, BE, DG, and AF are chords.
AF , whose endpoints are also on the circle, is called the diameter, since it is a chord that passes through
the center. The diameter is twice the length of the radius.
An arc is an continuous part of the curved line forming a circle. For circle C, DE is an arc and so is
_
AB. An arc is denoted by the symbol _, such as DE.
An arc which evenly divides a circle into 2 is called a semicircle. The distance around the entire circle
is called the circumference - it is twice the semicircle.

← → ←→
HI is called a secant line. It passes the circle in two points. JK is called a tangent line - it passes
the circle at only one point. A central angle of a circle is an angle whose vertex is the center of the circle,
such as ∠LCM . ∠HIN is an inscribed angle - its vertex is a point that lies on the circle and its sides
contain chords.

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 Circles, like angles, are measured in degrees. A circle is made up of 360◦ . A minor arc is an arc whose
measure is between 0◦ and 180◦ . The semicircle has exactly 180◦ . A major arc is an arc whose measure
is greater than 180◦ .
Example
Using this circle, identify:

1. the center

2. the diameter

3. the chords

4. the major arcs

5. the minor arcs

6. a secant line

7. a tangent line

Solution
1. The center is point C.

2. The diameter is BE.

3. The chords are AE, BC, and BE, though BE is also the diameter.
_ _ _ _
4. The major arcs are BAC or BDC and CBE or CAE.
_ _
5. The minor arcs are BC and EC.
←→
6. BC is the secant line.
←→
7. DF is the tangent line.

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EXERCISE SET 6
Provide neat and complete solutions on a long bond paper or yellow pad. Use the same format given
in previous exercises.

1. Identify the following statements as TRUE or FALSE.

(a) All rhombuses are squares.

(b) A trapezoid is also a parallelogram.
(c) A square has one right angle.
(d) A kite has two sets of opposite sides that are of equal length.
(e) The bases of a trapezoid are parallel.

2. Using the following circle, name:

(a) the center

(b) a diameter
(c) the inscribed angle
(d) a tangent line
(e) a major arc

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EXERCISE SET 6
3. Using the circle, give the geometric term of the following:

←→
(a) SV
←→
(b) QY
(c) W Z
_
(d) U V X
(e) ∠P ZY

4. Give the measure of the following:

(a) the diameter of the circle

(b) AE
(c) ∠BED

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