GEC 04 Module 2 Beamer

The Language of Mathematics
Expressions vs. Sentences

Unary and Binary Operations
Some Fundamentals of Logic
Mathematical Language and Symbols
Jonwille Mark Castro
The Adelphi College, Inc.
September 28, 2020
Jonwille Mark Castro Mathematical Language and Symbols

Table of Contents
Propositions
1 The Language of
The Truth Table
Mathematics
Negation
Characteristics of
Logical Connectives
Mathematical Language
Implications
2 Expressions vs. Sentences Converse, Inverse,
Truth of Sentences Contrapositive
3 Unary and Binary Operations Quantifiers
4 Some Fundamentals of Logic Compound Quantifiers

Characteristics of Mathematical Language

Consider the sentence ”The sum of any two real numbers is also a
real number.” In mathematical notation, this declarative sentence
can be written as:
∀a, b, ∈ R, a + b ∈ R

Some of the symbols you may encounter are the following.

Σ the sum of
∃ there exists
∀ for every (for any)
∈ element of (or member of)
∈
/ not an element of (or not a member of)
⊆ subset of
⇒ if ..., then
⇔ if and only if
R set of real numbers
N set of natural numbers
Z set of integers
Q set of rational numbers
∞ infinity
Truth of Sentences
1 An ordered triple (a, b, c)

1 4
2 A matrix
−2 3
3 A function f (x)
4 The set {1, 3, 5}

Truth of Sentences
Example
Write as English sentences and say whether they are true or false.
1 ∀x ∈ R, x 2 ≥ 0
2 ∀x, y ∈ R, (x + y )2 = x 2 + 2xy + y 2
3 ∃m, n ∈ Z|m − n ≤ m + n
4 ∀a, b ∈ Q, ab = 0 ⇒ a = 0 ∨ b = 0

Truth of Sentences
Example (Solution)
1 For any real number x, its square is greater than or equal to
0.

Truth of Sentences
Example (Solution)
0. TRUE

Truth of Sentences
Example (Solution)
0. TRUE
2 For any real numbers x and y , the square of their sum is equal
to the sum of their squares plus twice their product.

Truth of Sentences
Example (Solution)
0. TRUE
to the sum of their squares plus twice their product. TRUE

Truth of Sentences
Example (Solution)
0. TRUE
3 There exist integers m and n such that m minus n is less than
or equal to m plus n.

Truth of Sentences
Example (Solution)
0. TRUE
or equal to m plus n. TRUE

Truth of Sentences
Example (Solution)
0. TRUE
4 For any rational numbers a and b, if their product is zero then
either a equals zero or b equals zero.

Truth of Sentences
Example (Solution)
0. TRUE
4 For any rational numbers a and b, if their product is zero then
either a equals zero or b equals zero. TRUE

Truth of Sentences
Example
Write as mathematical sentences. Discuss how the word ”is” is
used.
1 Ten is the square root of 100.
2 Ten is greater than 9.
3 Ten is an even number.
4 Ten is a multiple of 5.

Truth of Sentences
Example (Solution)
√
1 100 = 10

Truth of Sentences
Example (Solution)
√
1 100 = 10
2 10 > 9

Truth of Sentences
Example (Solution)
√
1 100 = 10
2 10 > 9
3 10 ∈ {2n, n ∈ N}

Truth of Sentences
Example (Solution)
√
1 100 = 10
2 10 > 9
3 10 ∈ {2n, n ∈ N}
4 10 ∈ {5n, n ∈ N}

Truth of Sentences
Example (Solution)
√
1 100 = 10
2 10 > 9
3 10 ∈ {2n, n ∈ N}
4 10 ∈ {5n, n ∈ N}
If you notice, the word ”is” could mean equality, inequality, or
membership in a set. In the first example, ”is” is used for
equality, in the second for inequality, and in the third, and
fourth, it is used to say that the number 10 belongs to the set
of multiples of 2 and the set of multiples of 5.

Truth of Sentences
Cardinal numbers are used for counting and answer the

question ”how many?”
Ordinal numbers tell the position of a thing in terms of first,
second, third, etc.
Nominal numbers are used only as a name, or to identify
something (not as an actual value or position)

Truth of Sentences
Example (Nominal Numbers)

1 The number at the back of Michael Jordan is ”23.”
2 The postal zip code of Lingayen is 2401.
3 The name of the shop is ”578.”

A unary operation accepts only one value or operand.

When ”+” and ”−” can act on two operands, then it is called
a binary operation.

Example (Unary operations)

1 −5
2 sin x
3 cos 45◦
4 tan π3

Consider this expression: 3 − (−2). In this expression, two

operations are present using the symbol ’−’. However, the two ’−’
should not be interpreted to represent two identical operations.
The first symbol (left most), is the binary subtraction operation.
The other (right before the integer 2) is the unary negative sign
operator.

Binary operations take two values, and include the operations of

addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and exponentiation.
There are many binary operations on real numbers. An operation
is binary if it takes two real numbers as arguments to produce
another real number. If we let multiplication, denoted by the
symbol ×, be a binary operation, then 4 × 6 yields the real number
24 on 4 × 6 = 24.

Example
1 Addition (e.g., 4 + 5 = 9)
2 Subtraction (e.g., 10 − 8 = 2)

The properties of two binary operations, addition and

multiplication, over the set of real numbers are as follows:

Closure of Binary Operations

The product and the sum of any two real numbers is also a real
number. In symbols, we write
∀x, y , ∈ R, x + y ∈ R and x · y ∈ R

Commutativity of Binary Operations

Addition and multiplication of any two real numbers is
commutative as seen in the mathematical symbols these are
written in:
∀x, y ∈ R, x + y = y + x (addition)
∀x, y ∈ R, x · y = y · x (multiplication)
For example:
1 + 2 = 2 + 1 (addition)
2·3=3·2 (multiplication)

Associativity of Binary Operations

Given any three real numbers you may take any two and perform
addition or multiplication as the case may be and you will end with
the same answer. For addition in symbols we write,
∀x, y , z ∈ R, (x + y ) + z = x + (y + z).
As an example, consider (1 + 2) + 3 = 1 + (2 + 3).

On the other hand, for multiplication we write,
∀x, y , z ∈ R, (x · y ) · z = x · (y · z).
This is illustrated by the example (2 · 3) · 4 = 2 · (3 · 4) in which

both sides of the equation are equal to 24.

Distributivity of Binary Operations

Distributivity applies when multiplication is performed on a group
of two numbers added or subtracted together. Given three real
numbers x, y , and z, this property is stated in symbolic notation
as,
∀x, y , z ∈ R, z(x ± y ) = zx ± zy .
The term z is distributed over the sum (x + y ). Note, however,
that addition is not distributive over multiplication.

Identity Elements of Binary Operations

An element of the set of real numbers is an identity element for
addition if,
∀x ∈ R, x + e = e + x = x.
This means that the identity is the number that you add to any
real number and the result will be the same real number. The only
number that satisfies this property is the number zero for addition.
This is evident in the example below,
5 + 0 = 0 + 5 = 5.
Therefore, the identity element e in the above definition is zero or
e = 0.
What then is the identity element under multiplication? Obviously,
the identity for multiplication is 1 since x · 1 = 1 · x = x for any
real number x. For example, 4 · 1 = 4 and 1 · 4 = 4.
Inverses of Binary Operations

Now what do you add to any real number x to get the identity
element e = 0 as a result? The answer is the negative of that
number, −x. In symbol, we state it as,
∀x ∈ R, x + (−x) = −x + x = 0.
Meanwhile, for multiplication we have the familiar,

1 1
x ·( )=( )·x =1
x x
in which case the inverse of x under multiplication is x1 , x 6= 0.

Propositions
The Truth Table
The Language of Mathematics Negation
Expressions vs. Sentences Logical Connectives
Unary and Binary Operations Implications
Some Fundamentals of Logic Converse, Inverse, Contrapositive
Quantifiers
Compound Quantifiers
A proposition is statement which is either true (T) or false (F).

Propositions
The Truth Table
Quantifiers
Example
Each of the following statements is a proposition. Some are true
and some are false. Can you tell which are true, and which are
false? If it is false, state why.
1 9 is a prime number.
2 5+3=8
3 x2 + y2 ≥ 0
4 10 < −3

Propositions
The Truth Table
Quantifiers
Example (Solution)
1 False. Prime numbers have no other factors than 1 and itself.
9 can be expressed as 3 · 3.
2 True.
3 True.
4 False. A negative number is always less than a positive
number.

Propositions
The Truth Table
Quantifiers
A truth table is a table that show the truth value of a compound

statement for all possible truth values of its simple statements.

Propositions
The Truth Table
Quantifiers
A statement is negation of another if the word is not introduced in

the negative statement. Let P be a proposition. The negation of P
is ”not P” or ¬P.
The following is its truth table:
P ¬P
T F
F T

Propositions
The Truth Table
Quantifiers
Example
What is the negation of the following statements?
√
1 P : 2 is a rational number.
2 R : 6 is an odd number.

Propositions
The Truth Table
Quantifiers
Example (Solution)
√ √
1 2 is a not rational number or 2 is irrational. In symbols,
¬P.
2 6 is not an odd number or 6 is an even number. In symbols,
¬R.

Propositions
The Truth Table
Quantifiers
Let P and Q be propositions. A logical connective is the

mathematical equivalent of a conjunction in English. The most
common conjunctions in mathematics are ”and” and ”or”, which
are denoted by ∧ and ∨, respectively.
If two statements are joined like P and Q, denoted by P ∧ Q, then
P ∧ Q is a statement that is true if and only if both P and Q are
true. Another logical connective is the word ”or.” The statement
P ∨ Q is true if and only if P is true or Q is true, which is taken to
include the case when they are both true.

Propositions
The Truth Table
Quantifiers
The following is the truth table.
P Q P ∧Q P ∨Q
T T T T
T F F T
F T F T
F F F F

Propositions
The Truth Table
Quantifiers
Suppose P and Q are propositions. The proposition P ⇒ Q (read

as ”if P, then Q”) is called an implication. P is called the premise
and Q is called the conclusion. In ordinary language statements
like ”If it rains, then I bring my umbrella” is an implication. ”If it
rains” is P or the premise while ”I bring my umbrella” is Q or the
conclusion.

Propositions
The Truth Table
Quantifiers
Other ways of reading P ⇒ Q are:
P implies Q
Q if P
Q is implied by P
Q only if P
P Q P⇒Q
T T T
T F F
F T T
F F T

Propositions
The Truth Table
Quantifiers
A more complicated form of implication is the double implication

or the biconditional denoted by the symbol ⇔. The statement
P ⇔ Q is true if and only if both P and Q are either both true or
both false. The sentence P ⇔ Q is equivalent to the statement
P ⇔ Q ≡ (P ⇒ Q) ∧ (Q ⇒ P).
Try to construct the truth table for the logical operator ⇔ and
check that indeed it is equivalent to (P ⇔ Q) ∧ (Q ⇔ P). A
biconditional is often stated as,
P if and only if Q
or
P is necessary and sufficient for Q.
Propositions
The Truth Table
Quantifiers
Example
Write the following in symbolic form using P, Q, and R for
statements and the symbols ¬, ∧, ∨, ⇒, ⇔ where
P: Pres. Duterte is a good president.

Q: Government officials are corrupt.
R: People are happy.

Propositions
The Truth Table
Quantifiers
Example
1 If Pres. Duterte is a good president, then government officials
are not corrupt.
2 If government officials are not corrupt, then the people are
happy.
3 If Pres. Duterte is a good president and people are happy,
then government officials are not corrupt.
4 Pres. Duterte is not a good president if and only if
government officials are corrupt and the people are not happy.

Propositions
The Truth Table
Quantifiers
Example (Solution)
1 P ⇒ ¬Q
2 ¬Q ⇒ R
3 P ∧ R ⇒ ¬Q
4 ¬P ⇔ (Q ∧ ¬R)

Propositions
The Truth Table
Quantifiers
Suppose P and Q are propositions. Given the implication P ⇒ Q.

Its converse is Q ⇒ P, its inverse is ¬P ⇒ ¬Q, and its
contrapositive is ¬Q ⇒ ¬P. That is,
Given: If P then Q.
Inverse: If not P then not Q.
Converse: If Q then P.
Contrapositive: If not Q then not P.

Propositions
The Truth Table
Quantifiers
Referring to the truth table of the implication statement P ⇒ Q

given before, we create the truth table for the inverse, converse,
and contrapositive statements.
Implication Inverse Converse Contrapositive

P Q P⇒Q ¬P ⇒ ¬Q Q⇒P ¬Q ⇒ ¬P
T T T T T T
T F F T T F
F T T F F T
F F T T T T

Propositions
The Truth Table
Quantifiers
Example
Give the converse, inverse, and contrapositive of the following
implications:
1 If this movie is interesting, then I am watching it.
2 If p is a prime number, then it is odd.

Propositions
The Truth Table
Quantifiers
Example (Solution)
1 Inverse: If this movie is not interesting, then I am not
watching it.
Converse: If I am watching this movie, then it is interesting.
Contrapositive: If I am not watching this movie, then it is not
interesting.
2 Inverse: If p is not a prime number, then it is not odd.
Converse: If p is and odd number, then it is prime.
Contrapositive: If p is not odd, then it is not a prime number.

Propositions
The Truth Table
Quantifiers
Example
Identify three simple propositions in the statement below and label
them P, Q, and R. Then express symbolically the statement using
the logical operators ∧, ∨, ⇒, ⇔ or ¬.
Statement: A function f has an inverse if and only if f is

one-to-one and onto.

Propositions
The Truth Table
Quantifiers
Example (Solution)
Let P: A function f has an inverse.
Q f is one-to-one.
R: f is onto.
Then using the mathematical symbols, the statement is equivalent
to P ⇔ (Q ∧ R). The statement can also be written as
[P ⇒ (Q ∧ R)] ∧ [(Q ∧ R) ⇒ P].

Propositions
The Truth Table
Quantifiers
Quantifiers are used to describe the variable(s) in a statement.

Types:
1 The universal quantifier is usually written in the English
language as ”for all” or ”for every.” It is denoted by the
symbol ∀.
2 The existential quantifier is expressed in words as ”there
exists” or ”for some.” This quantifier is denoted by ∃.

Propositions
The Truth Table
Quantifiers
When one quantity is involved in a statement, it is common to

encounter more than one quantifier for that statement. Special
care must be taken in the order in which these quantifiers appear.
Order does not matter if the same quantifier is used. For example,
the statement ∀x, ∀y , P(x, y ) is the same as ∀y , ∀x, P(x, y ).
Similarly, the quantified sentence ∃x, ∃y , P(x, y ) is equivalent to
∃y , ∃x, P(x, y ). For mixed quantifiers, order is definitely
important. The statement ∀x, ∃y , P(x, y ) is never always
equivalent to the sentence ∃y , ∀x, P(x, y ).

Propositions
The Truth Table
Quantifiers
Example
Write as an English sentence and determine if it is true or false.
1 ∀x ∈ R, ∃y ∈ R|x + y = 10
2 ∀x ∈ Z+ , ∃y ∈ R|y 2 = x

Propositions
The Truth Table
Quantifiers
Example (Solution)
1 For every real number x, there exists a real number y such
that the sum of x and y is equal to 10. TRUE
2 For every positive integer x, there exists a real number y such
that the square of y is equal to x. TRUE

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The Language of Mathematics

Expressions vs. Sentences

Mathematical Language and Symbols

Jonwille Mark Castro

The Adelphi College, Inc.

September 28, 2020

Jonwille Mark Castro Mathematical Language and Symbols

Jonwille Mark Castro Mathematical Language and Symbols

Jonwille Mark Castro Mathematical Language and Symbols

Jonwille Mark Castro Mathematical Language and Symbols

Some of the symbols you may encounter are the following.

1 An ordered triple (a, b, c)

Jonwille Mark Castro Mathematical Language and Symbols

Jonwille Mark Castro Mathematical Language and Symbols

Jonwille Mark Castro Mathematical Language and Symbols

Jonwille Mark Castro Mathematical Language and Symbols

Jonwille Mark Castro Mathematical Language and Symbols

Jonwille Mark Castro Mathematical Language and Symbols

Jonwille Mark Castro Mathematical Language and Symbols

Jonwille Mark Castro Mathematical Language and Symbols

Jonwille Mark Castro Mathematical Language and Symbols

Jonwille Mark Castro Mathematical Language and Symbols

Jonwille Mark Castro Mathematical Language and Symbols

Jonwille Mark Castro Mathematical Language and Symbols

Jonwille Mark Castro Mathematical Language and Symbols

Jonwille Mark Castro Mathematical Language and Symbols

Jonwille Mark Castro Mathematical Language and Symbols

Jonwille Mark Castro Mathematical Language and Symbols

Cardinal numbers are used for counting and answer the

Jonwille Mark Castro Mathematical Language and Symbols

Example (Nominal Numbers)

Jonwille Mark Castro Mathematical Language and Symbols

A unary operation accepts only one value or operand.

Jonwille Mark Castro Mathematical Language and Symbols

Example (Unary operations)

Jonwille Mark Castro Mathematical Language and Symbols

Consider this expression: 3 − (−2). In this expression, two

Jonwille Mark Castro Mathematical Language and Symbols

Binary operations take two values, and include the operations of

Jonwille Mark Castro Mathematical Language and Symbols

Jonwille Mark Castro Mathematical Language and Symbols

The properties of two binary operations, addition and

Jonwille Mark Castro Mathematical Language and Symbols

Closure of Binary Operations

Jonwille Mark Castro Mathematical Language and Symbols

Commutativity of Binary Operations

Jonwille Mark Castro Mathematical Language and Symbols

Associativity of Binary Operations

As an example, consider (1 + 2) + 3 = 1 + (2 + 3).

This is illustrated by the example (2 · 3) · 4 = 2 · (3 · 4) in which

Jonwille Mark Castro Mathematical Language and Symbols

Distributivity of Binary Operations

Jonwille Mark Castro Mathematical Language and Symbols

Identity Elements of Binary Operations

Inverses of Binary Operations

Meanwhile, for multiplication we have the familiar,

Jonwille Mark Castro Mathematical Language and Symbols

A proposition is statement which is either true (T) or false (F).

Jonwille Mark Castro Mathematical Language and Symbols

Jonwille Mark Castro Mathematical Language and Symbols

Jonwille Mark Castro Mathematical Language and Symbols

A truth table is a table that show the truth value of a compound

Jonwille Mark Castro Mathematical Language and Symbols

A statement is negation of another if the word is not introduced in