Mathematical Language and Symbols

MATHEMATICS
IN THE MODERN
WORLD
Engr. Fernando L. Pascual,
RCE
Faculty Member – Mathematics Department
MATHEMATICA
L LANGUAGE
6.53
AND SYMBOLS
NATURE OF MATHEMATICS
LEARNING
OUTCOMES
1. Discuss the language, symbols,
and conventions of mathematics.
2. Explain the nature of Mathematics
as a language.
3. Perform operations on
Mathematical Expressions
completely.
4. Acknowledge that mathematics is
a useful language.
NATURE OF MATHEMATICS: MATHEMATICAL

3
LANGUAGE AND SYMBOLS
LESSON 1: LANGUAGE OF MATHEMATICS
LANGUAGE AS A BRIDGE
4
5
TRY SOLVING THE PROBLEM:
Ana est deus fois plus agee que

son frere et la somme de leurs
ages est de 36 ans. Quel age
ont-ils?
6
TRY SOLVING THE PROBLEM:
Ating apulung babi ampong

atlung manuk, pilan la reng bitis?
7
THREE
CHARACTERISTICS:
1.) The language itself is precise.
Bawas -> Subtract -> “ - ”
8
THREE
CHARACTERISTICS:
2.) The language is concise.
A number plus six. -> x + 6
9
THREE
CHARACTERISTICS:
3.) The language is powerful.
Colon Symbol -> “ : ”
10
Symbol Meaning
The sum of / Summation
There exists
For every / For any
Element of / Member of
Subset of / Equal to
MATHEMATICS IS If … , then
If and only if
A SYMBOLIC Set of Real Numbers
LANGUAGE: Set of Natural Numbers
Set of Integers
Set of Rational Numbers
Not equal to
Proportional to
11
MATHEMATICS IS THE LANGUAGE OF:

1. Sciences
2. Businesses
3. Economics
4. Music
5. Architecture
6. Arts
7. Politics
12
INTIMATE CONNECTION OF
MATHEMATICS AND
ENGLISH LANGUAGE
13
ENGLISH LANGUAGE VS MATHEMATICS LANGUAGE
ENGLISH MATHEMATICS
A, B, C,… x, y, z,…
? , . “” 1, 2,… α, β
SYMBOLS English alphabet and English Alphabet,
Punctuations. Numerals, Greek
Letters, and Special
Symbols
NATURE OF MATHEMATICS: MATHEMATICAL LANGUAGE AND

14
SYMBOLS
ENGLISH MATHEMATICS
Leni loves 3x – 3
Mathematics.
A function f(x)
NAME Noun Expressions

15
SYMBOLS
ENGLISH MATHEMATICS
He loves Mathematics.
1+3=4
COMPLET Sentence Equation

E
THOUGH
T

16
SYMBOLS
SOME DIFFICULTIES IN THE MATH

LANGUAGE:
1.) Different meaning / use of

words in Math and English
“and” is equivalent to plus

“is” may have different
meaning
17

LANGUAGE:
2.) Different uses of numbers:

Cardinal, Ordinal, or Nominal
• Cardinal numbers – counting
• Ordinal numbers – position
• Nominal number - identifier
18

LANGUAGE:
3.) Mathematical objects may be

expressed in many ways.
SETS AND FUNCTIONS
19
DISAGREEMENT!
MATHEMATICS IS NOT A
LANGUAGE!
20
TRANSLATION:
6.53
ENGLISH LANGUAGE
TO MATH LANGUAGE
FOR UNIFORMITY…
1.) Number -> “x”

2.) When two or more numbers are involved,
the following variables can be used: y, z, a,
b, and c
22
LET’S START TRANSLATING:
ENGLISH TO MATH
1. The sum of a number and 10.
x + 10
23
ENGLISH TO MATH
2. The product of two numbers.
x●y
24
ENGLISH TO MATH
3. The product of -1 and a number.
-1 ● x
25
ENGLISH TO MATH
4. One-half times the sum of two numbers.
1/2 (x + y)
26
ENGLISH TO MATH
5. Twice a number.
2x
27
TRANSLATION:
WORDED
6.53
PROBLEMS
WORDED PROBLEMS
1. A three-digit number whose hundreds digit is half
the tens digit and the tens digit is 2 more than the
units digit.
½(x+2) x+2x
29
WORDED PROBLEMS
2. The total interest earned after one year when
P100,000 is invested part at 6% annual interest rate
and the remaining part at 7.5% interest rate.
(P100,000 – x)(0.06) + 0.075x = y
30
ACTIVITY: TRANSLATION
1. Five-hundred less than a number
2. A number, less 2.5
3. Sixty-five more than a number
4. A number plus one-sixteenth
5. The square root of a number
6. Four times the square of a number
7. One-eighth a number
8. Three less than thrice a number
9. Five more than the square root of a number
10. The square of the sum of 5 and a number
31
MATHEMATICS
IN THE MODERN
WORLD
Engr. Fernando L. Pascual,
RCE
Faculty Member – Mathematics Department
LESSON 2:
6.53
SETS
WHAT IS A SET?
A set is a collection of numbers,

people, letters of the alphabet,
any other sets and other distinct
objects.
In mathematics, they are

conventionally represented by
CAPITAL LETTERS.
The objects in the set are called

ELEMENTS.

34
HOW ARE SETS
DESCRIBED?
1. Using a description
EXAMPLE: A is the set of
the first four positive
integers.
2. Listing each member

of the set
EXAMPLE: A = {1, 2, 3, 4}

35
IMPORTANT
NOTES
1. Order is irrelevant
EXAMPLE: A is the set of
the first four positive
integers.
A = {1, 2, 3, 4} or
A = {4, 1, 3, 2} or

36
IMPORTANT
NOTES
2. List can be abbreviated
whet the set has many
elements.
EXAMPLE: B is the set of

the first five thousand
positive integers.
A = {1, 2, 3, …,5000}

37
CONCEPT OF SUBSET
Considering the given sets A and B, if every
member of set A is also a member of set B,
it can also be stated that:
A is a subset of B
38
CONCEPT OF UNIVERSAL SET
The universal set U is the set that has all the
elements that are being considered in the
problem.
A = {1, 2, 3, 4}
B = {2, 4, 6, 8}
U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8}
39
CONCEPT OF NULL SET
A set with no element.
Φ={}
40
ACTIVITY: SET
Given:
A = {23, 44, 60, 61, 109, 404, 6000}
B = {60, 109, 404}
1. Write the Universal Set.

2. Set A is a subset of B. True or False.
3. Set B is a subset of A. True or False.
4. Write the Null Set.
41
ACTIVITY: SET
Given:
W = {1, 2, 3, … , 1000}
Y = {2, 3, 4, … , 100}

2. Set W is a subset of Y. True or False.
3. Set Y is a subset of W. True or False.
42
ACTIVITY: SET
Given:
M = {2, 4, 6, … , 100}
N = {1, 3, 5, … , 99}

2. Set N is a subset of M. True or False.
3. Set M is a subset of N. True or False.
43
ACTIVITY: SET
Given:
O is the set of the first six positive integers.
P is the set of the first five odd numbers.

2. Set O is a subset of P. True or False.
3. Set P is a subset of O. True or False.
44
LESSON 3:
ELEMENTARY
6.53
LOGIC
LESSON 3: ELEMENTARY LOGIC
PROPOSITION
Is a declarative statement that

may expressed an idea which can
be TRUE or FALSE but NOT
BOTH.
46
PROPOSITION
They can be expressed by the

Symbols P, Q, R, or p, q, r.
47
TYPES OF PROPORTIONS
1.) Simple
• Means single idea statement
48
TYPES OF PROPORTIONS
2.) Compound
• Conveys two or more ideas.
49
TRUE OR FALSE?
a) 9 is a prime number. a) False
b) 5 + 3 = 8 b) True
c) x2 + y2 ≥ 0 c) True
d) 10 < -3 d) False
7/1/20XX Pitch deck title 50

LOGICAL CONNECTIVES
Statements Connective Symbolic Form Type of Statement
Not P Not ~P Negation
P and Q And P Q Conjuction
P or Q Or P Q Disjunction
51
If P, then Q If…Then P Q Conditional
P if and only if Q If and only if P Q Bi-conditional

CONVERSE, INVERSE, AND
CONTRAPOSITIVE OF A CONDITIONAL
The Converse of p q is: q p
The Inverse of p q is: ~p ~q
The Contrapositive of p q is: ~q ~p
52
QUANTIFIERS
1.) Universal Quantifier – “for all” or “for

every”, denoted by
2.) Existential Quantifier – “there exists”

denoted by .
53
EXAMPLES OF LOGIC
GIVEN: WRITE THE FF. IN
SYMBOLIC FORM
P: The sun is shining
Q: It is raining
R: The groud is wet
1.) If it is raining then the sun is

not shining.
55
SYMBOLIC FORM
Q: It is raining
R: The groud is wet
2.) It is raining and the ground is

wet.
56
SYMBOLIC FORM
Q: It is raining
R: The groud is wet
3.) The ground is wet if and only if

it is raining and the sun is shining.
57
GIVEN: WRITE THE FF.
USING QUANTIFIERS
1. Everyone in the room is a
registered student.
Ans.
Person x in the room, x is a
registered student.
58
GIVEN: WRITE THE FF.
USING QUANTIFIERS
2. Not all men are mortal.
Ans.
men x such that x is immortal.
59
ACTIVITY: LOGIC
P = It is not raining. 1.) Q ~P
Q = There is a typhoon. 2.) R (~P Q)
R = It is flooding. 3.) ~P R
Write the following (in 4.) Q (~P ^ R)
symbolic form) into a
Statement (in Sentence 5.) ~R P
form).
60

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MATHEMATICS

NATURE OF MATHEMATICS: MATHEMATICAL

TRY SOLVING THE PROBLEM:

Ana est deus fois plus agee que

TRY SOLVING THE PROBLEM:

Ating apulung babi ampong

1.) The language itself is precise.

Bawas -> Subtract -> “ - ”

2.) The language is concise.

A number plus six. -> x + 6

3.) The language is powerful.

Colon Symbol -> “ : ”

MATHEMATICS IS THE LANGUAGE OF:

NATURE OF MATHEMATICS: MATHEMATICAL LANGUAGE AND

NATURE OF MATHEMATICS: MATHEMATICAL LANGUAGE AND

COMPLET Sentence Equation

NATURE OF MATHEMATICS: MATHEMATICAL LANGUAGE AND

SOME DIFFICULTIES IN THE MATH

1.) Different meaning / use of

“and” is equivalent to plus

SOME DIFFICULTIES IN THE MATH

2.) Different uses of numbers:

SOME DIFFICULTIES IN THE MATH

3.) Mathematical objects may be

SETS AND FUNCTIONS

1.) Number -> “x”

1. The sum of a number and 10.

2. The product of two numbers.

3. The product of -1 and a number.

4. One-half times the sum of two numbers.

(P100,000 – x)(0.06) + 0.075x = y

A set is a collection of numbers,

In mathematics, they are

The objects in the set are called

NATURE OF MATHEMATICS: MATHEMATICAL

2. Listing each member

NATURE OF MATHEMATICS: MATHEMATICAL

NATURE OF MATHEMATICS: MATHEMATICAL

EXAMPLE: B is the set of

NATURE OF MATHEMATICS: MATHEMATICAL

A set with no element.

1. Write the Universal Set.

1. Write the Universal Set.

1. Write the Universal Set.

1. Write the Universal Set.

Is a declarative statement that

They can be expressed by the

• Means single idea statement

• Conveys two or more ideas.

7/1/20XX Pitch deck title 50

Not P Not ~P Negation

P and Q And P Q Conjuction

If P, then Q If…Then P Q Conditional

P if and only if Q If and only if P Q Bi-conditional

The Converse of p q is: q p

The Inverse of p q is: ~p ~q

The Contrapositive of p q is: ~q ~p

1.) Universal Quantifier – “for all” or “for

2.) Existential Quantifier – “there exists”

1.) If it is raining then the sun is

2.) It is raining and the ground is

3.) The ground is wet if and only if

2. Not all men are mortal.