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KT 2 Sejarah Telekomunikasi PDF
KT 2 Sejarah Telekomunikasi PDF
Telecommunications
Outline
• What is Telecommunications?
• The time before phones
• Who actually invented the telephone?
• 1900 – 1982 – Regulated AT & T Monopoly
• 1982 – Long Distance Competition
• 1996 – Local dial tone competition
• 2000 and Beyond – WWW, internet phones
Telecomm. Definition
• Transmission of signals over a distance for the
purpose of communication.
– The word telecommunication is adapted from a
French word. It is a compound of the Greek prefix
tele, meaning 'far off', and communication, meaning
'to transfer information'.
• 3 parts:
– Transmitter
– Medium
– Receiver
Telecomm. Definition
Strowger’s Phone
1877 - 1900
• 1879 – Because of the measles epidemic in
Massachusetts, a doctor recommends
numbering phone lines instead of using names.
– The system was eventually expanded to a 2 letter, 5
number system
– The first 2 letters identified the state / CO.
– The next number identified the CO.
– The last 4 numbers identified the customer.
• PE 6-5000
– This system was used until the 1950’s and beyond.
1877 - 1900
• 1896 – Invention of the rotary dial phone.
– Less wiring and cheaper.
1900 – 1982 Monopoly
• 1899 – American Bell is acquired/renamed AT & T
– American Telephone and Telegraph.
• Many companies entered the phone market
around this time.
– None were interconnected.
– You had to have the same carrier.
– You had to buy your phone from your provider and they
owned the network.
– AT & T eventually become a natural monopoly by the
1920’s for long distance calls.
• This was allowed by law.
– No competition and expensive.
1900 – 1982 Monopoly
• January 8, 1982 – AT & T is broken up:
– AT & T was broken up into 23 Bell Operating
Companies, that would compete against AT &
T in the telephone long distance market.
– AT & T had to let other companies use their
network.
– AT & T would only be in the long distance
market →Very Bad.
– AT & T was bought by one of its children (SBC)
in 2005.
1996 – Telecommunications Act
• February 1996 –
– There can now be competition in the local market.
– The telephone industry was deregulated.
– You can now get local, long distance, cellular, high
speed Internet, and digital cable all from one provider,
all over the same network.
• Prices go way down.
• Who owns the Internet? Who owns the telephone
network? Are they even separate networks?
– Circuit switched vs. packet switched.
– QOS
2000 and Beyond
• The telephone network is now all digital, up to the
end user’s home (local loop).
– Some are digital – DSL.
– Most are analog phones.
• Is telephony going to become just another
application of the Internet?
– Maybe
• Many applications exist that we haven’t talked
about:
– Caller ID (1991), 911 emergency service (1968),cellular
phones (1984)