School of Law, Narsee Monjee Institute of

Management Studies, Bangalore

PROJECT FOR FRENCH

SUBMITTED BY:
REBECCA SINGH
COURSE: BA.LLB (HONS)
SEMESTER: III

SUBMITTED TO:
PROF. VANDANA DEVATWAL
SCHOOL OF LAW
NMIMS, BANGALORE
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………………Pg. 02
CHAPTER I: CUSTOMS & TRADITIONS…………………………………………....Pg. 04
CHAPTER II: LIFESTYLE……………………………………………………………..Pg. 07
CHAPTER III: FESTIVALS & CELEBRATIONS…………………………………….Pg. 10
CHAPTER IV: FRENCH FOOD CULTURE…………………………………………..Pg. 14
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………Pg. 18
BIBLIOGRAPHY ………………………………………………………………………Pg. 19

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 INTRODUCTION

The culture of France has been shaped by geography, by historical events, and by foreign and
internal forces and groups. France, and in particular Paris, has played an important role as a
centre of high culture since the 17th century and from the 19th century on, worldwide. From
the late 19th century, France has also played an important role in cinema, fashion, cuisine,
literature, technology, social science and mathematics. The importance of French culture has
waxed and waned over the centuries, depending on its economic, political and military
importance. French culture today is marked both by great regional and socio-economic
differences and strong unifying tendencies.

 RESEARCH PROBLEM

1. Whether the French Culture is an amalgamation of the cultures of various neighbouring

countries of France?

2. How has the French Culture evolved over the course of time?

3. What role has customs, lifestyle, food and festivals played in shaping the French culture?

4. Is the French culture losing its traditional essence?

 RESEARCH OBJECTIVE
1. To gain a better understanding of the Contemporary French culture

2. To understand the French’s traditional customs and their current time relevance

3. To gain knowledge about the French’s leisurely and casual pace of doing things.

4. To learn about their chic and effortless lifestyle along with amazing celebration styles and
food culture.

 HYPOTHESIS
H0: The French Culture is an amalgamation of its neighbouring countries cultures.

H1: The French Culture is not an amalgamation of its neighbouring countries cultures.

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 CHAPTERIZATION:
Chapter I: Customs & Traditions

Chapter II: Lifestyle

Chapter III: Festivals & Celebrations

Chapter IV: French Food Culture

Chapter V: Conclusion

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 CHAPTER – I

CUSTOMS & TRADITIONS

Tourists have been flocking to France for years for its renowned cuisine, beautiful landmarks
and diverse culture. Modern France is the result of centuries of nation building and the
acquisition and incorporation of a number of historical provinces and overseas colonies into
its geographical and political structure. These regions all evolved with their own specific
cultural and linguistic traditions in fashion, religious observance, regional language and
accent, family structure, cuisine, leisure activities, industry, and including the simple way to
pour wine, etc. The evolution of the French state and culture, from the Renaissance up to this
day, has however promoted a centralization of politics, media and cultural production in and
around Paris (and, to a lesser extent, around the other major urban centres), and the
industrialization of the country in the 20th century has led to a massive move of French
people from the countryside to urban areas. At the end of the 19th century, around 50% of the
French depended on the land for a living; today French farmers only make up 6-7%, while
73% live in cities.

Nineteenth century French literature abounds in scenes of provincial youth "coming up" to
Paris to "make it" in the cultural, political or social scene of the capital (this scheme is
frequent in the novels of Balzac). Policies enacted by the French Third Republic also
encouraged this displacement through mandatory military service, a centralized national
educational system, and suppression of regional languages. While government policy and
public debate in France in recent years has returned to a valorisation of regional differences
and a call for decentralization of certain aspects of the public sphere (sometimes with ethnic,
racial or reactionary overtones), the history of regional displacement and the nature of the
modern urban environment and of mass media and culture have made the preservation of a
regional "sense of place or culture" in today's France extremely difficult.

Regional identification is most pronounced today in cultures linked to regional languages and
non-French-speaking traditions - French language itself being only a dialect of Langue d'oïl,
the mother language of many of the languages, which became a national vehicular language.
There are huge differences in life style, socioeconomic status and world view between Paris
and the provinces. The French often use the expression "la France profonde" ("Deep France",
similar to "heartland") to designate the profoundly "French" aspects of provincial towns,
village life and rural agricultural culture, which escape the hegemony of Paris. The
expression can however have a pejorative meaning, similar to the expression "le désert
français" ("the French desert") used to describe a lack of acculturation of the provinces.
Another expression, "terroir" is a French term originally used for wine and coffee to denote
the special characteristics that geography bestowed upon these products. It can be very
loosely translated as "a sense of place" which is embodied in certain qualities, and the sum of
the effects that the local environment (especially the "soil") has had on the growth of the
product. The use of the term has since been generalized to talk about many cultural products.

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Industrialization, immigration and urbanization in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries have
also created new socioeconomic regional communities in France, both urban (like Paris,
Lyon, Villeurbanne, Lille, Marseille, etc.) and the suburban and working class hinterlands
(like Seine-Saint-Denis) of urban agglomerations (called variously banlieues ("suburbs",
sometimes qualified as "chic" or "pauvres" or les cités "housing projects")) which have
developed their own "sense of place" and local culture (much like the various boroughs of
New York City or suburbs of Los Angeles), as well as cultural identity.

The French also have a custom and traditional way of kissing which is called the La Bise. La
bise consists of placing one cheek against another’s making a kiss noise, and then repeating
on the opposite side. Two kisses are the norm; however, different regions call for varying
bises. It is a custom that can create many a confusing moment in an outsider’s life, especially
if the person greeting you is aware of your heritage. As for the meal itself, a typical structure
is entrée, plat (main course), fromage (cheese) and dessert. The entrée will usually be an
appetizer that compliments the main meal or le plat. Like other cultures, the main course will
typically consist of a vegetable and meat dish. As a sub course, salad can also be offered after
the meat and vegetable has been finished. Of course accompanying these plates is always
bread (pain) and a bottle of wine (vin). Moving into the latter stages of the meal, a variety of
cheeses will be on offer to eat with bread or by itself – a savoury snack before a sweet finale
of fruits and creams or something more opulent.

Anyone can tuck a perfect, crusty baguette under the arm to be paired with French cheese and
red or white wine for a traditional French picnic lunch that's eaten at home, on a park bench,
or laid out on the grass by a river bank. The most classic French wine and cheese pairings are
regionally inspired.

The French culture hasn’t an equivalent for the anglophonic ‘Miss’ as of yet, so a woman is
either considered married or single when it comes to addressing them with a title. In France,
the term Madame is used for the wives and Mademoiselle for the unmarried women. France
takes great pride and enjoyment in the savouring of alcohol. Until 2009, it was legal for
minors aged 16 and above to purchase and drink both beer and wine (legal drinking age in
France is now 18). Even today, although illegal, it is not uncommon for a person of this age
to be offered a glass with dinner.

On Saint Catherine’s Day in France it’s customary for unwed women to pray for husbands
and for those over 25 – called Catherinettes – to receive outrageous hats from their married
friends, coloured yellow for faith and green for wisdom, which they must wear all day. The
French fashion industry is particularly enthusiastic about this holiday, hosting an annual
parade of couturiers’ creations.

There is perhaps nothing more traditional in France than the sight of people lining up outside
the local village boulangerie (bread store) waiting for the freshly baked baguettes they will
eat with breakfast, lunch, and dinner. There are even regulations on ingredients and method
of production of the baguette traditionelle, consumed at a rate of 10 billion per year. In
France, it’s a kind of tradition to shop at your local farmer market at least once a week.

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Indeed, the French like to ask farmers which ingredients are the best, what is new, and some
advice on the best way to cook their products.

The immense pride French people take in their language, local customs, products, and
traditions is one of the things that make France so special. Learning about the best, as well as
the truly unique, among those traditions and visiting France to share some traditions in person
is one way anyone can celebrate life with a uniquely French accent.

The French believe in égalité, which means equality, and is part of the country's motto:
"Liberté, Egalité, Fraternité.” Equality and unity are important to the French. The French also
value style and sophistication, and they take pride in the beauty and artistry of their country.
Family is also highly valued in French culture. Mealtimes are often shared with family, and
extended-family gatherings and meals are common over the weekend.

At French weddings, it is traditional for someone to behead bottles of real Champagne using
a specially made saber. According to legend, the tradition originated with Napoleon's skilled
Hussard horse soldiers. In victory, they would ride up at a full gallop and cleanly chop the top
of champagne bottles held aloft by ladies. Since the early 19th century, a traditional French
wedding cake, called croquembouche, is a towering confection made of pastries or macarons
piled into a cone and bound with spun sugar or threads of caramel.

In addition to traditional marriage, French couples also have the choice of getting a pacte
civil de solidarité (PACS). This is a union that has many of the same benefits of marriage,
like tax breaks, but can be dissolved with a notice or by marrying someone else or instead of
a divorce. Two-thirds as many French couples are in a PACS as are married, according to
The Economist.

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 CHAPTER – II

LIFESTYLE
The French lifestyle is all about the art of living life to the fullest. Living life with pleasure
and enjoyment is always a priority, whether that’s through social gatherings, excellent food,
or beautiful surroundings. The French lifestyle is all about living a simple life. Indeed, life in
France doesn’t revolve around work, money, or having the nicest and most expensive things.
Instead, it’s all about enjoying the best moment in life.

The French love cultural activities such as going to the cinema, opera, or museum. The
French are very much into the arts; visiting the theatre for any kind of production is a very
normal thing to do in France. Most of the cultural institutions are all subsidized by the French
government, which provides better access to cultural activities for everyone. Being educated
and well-read is one of the most important parts of the French lifestyle. The French will
rather judge you by your level of education and your knowledge than the amount of money
you earn. Stay curious and embrace cultural activities such as going to the latest exhibition at
the Palais de Tokyo or read the latest Houellebecq’s book. And if you were wondering,
reading is still very much a part of daily French life.

Next to their love for books, art, and the theatre is their love for films. France claims the
birthplace of cinema along with pioneering in cinema production in the 50s and 60s with the
film movement known as the French New Wave. The French left a global footprint on the
film scene that is still felt today. French cinema has occupied an important place in national
culture for more than a hundred years. August and Louis Lumière invented a motion-picture
technology in the late 19th century, and Alice Guy-Blaché and others were industry pioneers.
In the 1920s French film became famous for its poetic realist mode, exemplified by the grand
historical epics of Abel Gance and the work in the 1930s and ’40s of Marcel Pagnol and
others. A generation later the nouvelle vague, or New Wave, produced directors such as Jean-
Luc Godard and François Truffaut, who “wrote” with the camera as if, in critic André
Bazin’s words, it were a caméra-stylo (“camera-pen”). This shift was accompanied by an
“intellectualization” of the cinema reflected in the influential review Cahiers du cinéma, in
the establishment of several schools in Paris and the provinces where film could be studied,
and in the founding of film museums such as the Cinémathèque (“Film Library”) in Paris. As
in television, the French film industry faces competition from the United States and the
United Kingdom. This led the government in the early 1990s to elicit the support of the
European Commission to protect its native film industry.

‘Less is more’ is a way of life the French apply to their culture and style. Parisians aren’t out
to prove anything. But with this very attitude they end up proving they are chic with little to
no effort at all. Contrary to their American friends who love makeup, the French tend to focus
on the au natural and would rather be caught dead with no makeup than with too much of it.

The French lifestyle reflects moderation and minimalism. The French tend to buy less
consumer or household goods but of higher quality. Many own one television set in a

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household and limit their TV watching time. They enjoy more food courses at restaurants
ranging from the apéritif to dessert, in consequence, enjoying smaller portions of better
quality food. The best revealed secret I discovered about the French lifestyle is that life is so
much more than work. Yes, it certainly is important, but it’s not all that life is about. The
French have mastered the craft of work with play, the mélange of business with a little
pleasure. They build their lives on the essential and special moments of the day, not making
their whole lives career centered. The French typify balanced lives and truly know how to
embrace and cherish the little treasures of every day.

France is the leading fashion industry in the world. It’s no wonder that style is a great part of
French culture, exemplified by such houses of high fashion as Coco Chanel, Christian Dior,
Hubert de Givenchy, Yves Saint Laurent, Jean-Paul Gaultier, and Christian Lacroix.
Traditional dress is occasionally seen in many regions, although it is largely reserved for
official ceremonies and festivals. Regional differences often reflect local customs of
dressmaking and embroidery, the availability of fabrics, and adaptations to local climatic
conditions. Headdresses vary greatly, ranging from elaborate lace wimples found in
Normandy and Brittany to the more sober beret of south-western France or the straw hat,
worn typically in and around the area of Nice. French people expect a well-put-together outfit
with appropriate accessories. Nice dresses, heels, blazers, and smart jackets are part of
everyday clothes in France.

French tradition in the fine arts are deep and rich, and painting, sculpture, music, dance,
architecture, photography, and film all flourish under state support.

Television has made a significant contribution to cultural life. There are three state-controlled
television channels and more than 100 private ones. More than three-fourths of the population
watch television an average of 22 hours per week. Programs are varied, with a number of
quality discussions, interviews, and documentary reports, as well as a broad combination of
quiz and variety shows and dramas.

The French working week is 35 hours. Managerial staff generally work longer hours, but can
make up the overtime in extra days off, known as Récupération du Temps de Travail (RTT)
days. They take advantage of their days off to play sport or take in some culture, or other
activities. Most French people take several weeks’ holiday in August. The country virtually
comes to a halt. But the French have one of the best productivity rates per hour in the world.

While the standards of excellence expected at work in France are very high, the French are
able to combine quality of work with quality of life. For instance, the French never hesitate to
take a 10 minute morning break to have a coffee at the bar next to their office. Sometimes,
entire teams are likely to have lunch together. In general, the work environment and culture is
more laid-back than in Anglo-Saxon countries. As an example, most French companies either
need to have canteens at the disposal of their employees for lunch or alternatively need to
provide them with meal coupons (called Ticket Restaurants). Eating a sandwich at one's desk
is a rarity.

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The French have a signature scent that’s present throughout their home. They choose a scent
they love that brings pleasure to them and have it throughout the house in the form of
candles, soap, incense, and room sprays.

The French are masters in the art of conversation. It’s such an important part of French
lifestyle that even children are expected to contribute to the adult conversations at the dinner
table. No topics are off limits, such as politics and religion, but instead, the conversation is
engaging and objective. It’s a fantastic way to learn more about other ideas without feeling
like you “have to be right”. These types of conversations are approached with an air of
curiosity rather than a debate that someone needs to win. The French would rather have a
controversial conversation than a superficial small talk. This is a big reason why dinner
parties last for hours!

When it comes to basically every aspect of French lifestyle: food, drink, clothing, skin care,
home decor- quality above all else. This is probably the biggest tenet of French lifestyle
habits! The French tend to purchase items that are local, they know are high quality, are long
lasting, and that they truly love. When you surround yourself with only the highest quality
items that you truly love and bring joy to you, the everyday is elevated and every routine is
made special. You will spend less in the long run because you won’t need to buy as much,
you’ll be satisfied with less, and your life will be simple and joyful.

In French lifestyle, home is a sanctuary to escape the outside world and have a place to fully
unwind and rejuvenate. In order to do so, the French make sure their home is filled with all
the necessities of a comfortable life and they put thought and care in how their home is
organized and decorated. Their homes are setup in a way that works effortlessly for them.
They put lots of thought and attention into the items they select and it really expresses their
personalities.

Lastly, living by the seasons is a way of life for the French. To enjoy the highest quality of
food with the freshest flavours, it's imperative that you eat by the seasons, preferably from
local farms. Not only will you be supporting your community, you'll be adding quality and
delicious nutrition to your health.

Cultivating a French state of mind isn't about being perfect; it's about living with joie de
vivre. Life in France doesn’t revolve around work, money, or having the nicest things. French
lifestyle is all about savouring the small moments, being in the moment, choosing quality
over quantity, and squeezing every last bit of pleasure possible. It’s about elevating simple
everyday routines into something pleasurable.

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 CHAPTER - III

FESTIVALS & CELEBRATIONS

From history to fantasy, and everything in between, there are plenty of French festivals to
help you experience the country’s vibrant culture.

BERCK SUR MER KITE FESTIVAL:

Giant pigs actually might fly at the Berck-Sur-Mer International Kite Festival. For over two
decades, more than half a million spectators have come to watch the spectacular display of
kites fly over the seaside town of Berck-Sur-Mer. Taking place every March or April, the
festival sees giant dragons, whales, octopuses, and various cartoon characters take to the skies
over the sandy beach. The festival also plays host to the International Kite Championships of
the World every two years. During this time, experts from all over the world compete against
the wind – and each other. There is plenty of room up on the sand dunes to get a good view of
the spectacle. There are also plenty of activities and entertainment to keep children of ages
happy. They can learn how to make and fly kites or shop for their very own kite among the
many stalls. Make sure to stick around for the last evening of the festival. This is when a
night-time flying display and fireworks show brings the majestic event to a close.

MENTON LEMON FESTIVAL:

Held over two weeks in February, the Fête du Citron (Lemon Festival) celebrates all things
citrus in the city of Menton. More than 200,000 visitors come to marvel at the colorful floats
and sculptures created from lemons and oranges. During the daytime, parades of fruit-
covered floats make their way through the streets as wind musicians, acrobats, and drummers
entertain the crowds. And come nightfall, 10-meter-high whimsical statues and models made
from citrus fill the picturesque Biovès Gardens. More than 300 professionals come together
to create the displays which are made from 145 tons of citrus. The quirky festival celebrates
Menton’s annual production of specialty lemons and other citrus fruit. Therefore, you will
find various jams, soaps, and perfumes on sale at the Crafts Fair; all made from local lemons
and oranges, of course. You can treat yourself to a glass of delicious fresh lemonade or even
buy your own lemon tree. Needless to say, the air smells incredible during this zesty event.

CANNES FILM FESTIVAL:

Film buffs will no doubt want to head to the world’s most famous movie festival, the Cannes
Film Festival. The red-carpet event was created by a French Minister of Education and Fine
Arts. He wanted to establish an international cultural event in France to rival the Venice Film
Festival. And it’s safe to say, he succeeded. More than 30,000 professionals from all over the
world attend the annual festival. This includes numerous actors and directors who come to
showcase their newest releases. They also hope to compete for the prestigious Palme d’Or
(Golden Palm) award. The festival is as much a social event as it is a professional one. So
while most screenings are invitation-only, there are still plenty of opportunities to spot your

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favourite A-list celebrities. A huge open-air cinema, the Cinéma de la Plage, also screens
Cannes classics on the beach.

NICE CARNIVAL:

Taking place every February, the famous Nice Carnival is one of the largest carnivals in the
world; alongside those in Brazil, Venice, and Mardi Gras in New Orleans. It is also the most
important event on the French Riviera. Over a million people from all over take to the street
of Nice during the day and night. They come to marvel at the flamboyant floats, colourful
costumes, and stunning parades; all the while soaking up the buzzing Carnival atmosphere.
More than 1,000 dancers and musicians from around the world perform at the magnificent
carnival. Each year, a special theme is chosen, and artists create a series of floats and other
figurines in papier-mâché for the colourful parade. Come nightfall, the floats are illuminated
for the enchanting Parade of Lights. A vibrant Flower Parade also takes place each year. This
is when extravagantly dressed characters throw 100,000 flowers into the crowd along the
Promenade des Anglais. Clouds of confetti and silly string also fill the air in the excitement.

FESTIVAL MEDIEVAL DE SEDAN:

For an unforgettable slice of Medieval France, head to the Sedan Medieval Festival in May.
Held at the largest medieval castle in Europe, the Château de Sedan, the festival brings the
spirit of the Middle Ages alive. Thrilling jousting tournaments, overflowing banquets, and
atmospheric parades take place around the castle grounds. Around 15,000 people come to
explore the castle. Spread over seven floors across 35 square meters, there is certainly plenty
to spark the imagination. Meanwhile, in the castle grounds and on the city streets, guests can
enjoy a wide variety of entertainment. This includes a glorious procession of knights, nail-
biting sword fights and wrestling matches, falconry shows, and flag-throwing competitions.
Visitors can also browse hundreds of stalls at the sprawling medieval market and pick up all
sorts of hand-made souvenirs. Some of the festival highlights include a parade by torchlight
across the castle grounds and a dragon-sleighing performance with real fire-breathing. With
so much entertainment on offer, this is definitely one of the most popular French festivals
among families.

BASTILLE DAY:

Celebrated nationwide on July 14, Bastille Day is the biggest and most important festival in
the French calendar. It commemorates the day that Parisian commoners and peasants stormed
the fortress and prison of Bastille. This provoked events that would end the monarchy and
usher in the age of liberty, fraternity, and equality. Celebrations are held all over France,
including large-scale public events and parties. The best place to be, however, is in Paris.
Here, celebrations start on the night of 13 July when many fire stations throw all-night
parties. On Bastille Day itself, a huge parade and various free concerts take place around the
city. Come nightfall, some of the best fireworks you will ever see light up the sky over the
Eiffel Tower.

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LA FÊTE DE LA MUSIQUE:

There’s music in the air throughout France on June 21, the day of the summer solstice. This is
when La Fête de la Musique (Music Day) takes part, celebrating the diversity and scope of
musical practices in all its different genres. The first all-day musical celebration was first held
in Paris in 1982 but later became celebrated in 120 countries around the world. During the
festival, thousands of musicians gather in the streets, bars, and cafés giving free public
performances. They play everything from rock and jazz to hip-hop and electronic music.
Meanwhile, citizens are allowed and even urged to play music outside in their
neighbourhoods or in public spaces and parks. The festival aims to make music accessible to
the public and familiarize young and old from all social backgrounds with all musical
expressions. Those who can play an instrument or sing are also encouraged to get involved.

FESTIVAL D’AVIGNON:

Another fantastic French festival not to miss is the Festival d’Avignon. The annual theatre
festival is held in July in the courtyard of the Palais des Papes in Avignon. During this time,
Avignon transforms its architectural heritage into various majestic performance venues. Tens
of thousands of theatre-lovers of all ages come to enjoy theatre, dance, visual arts, and live
music. The town also becomes an open-air forum where festival-goers can talk about the
shows and share their experiences. Every evening, there is at least one show première,
making Avignon the place to be artists and spectators alike. Alongside the official festival,
which is referred to as the “In” one, a number of shows are presented in Avignon at the same
time; known as the “Off”. These are organized by a non-profit organization composed mostly
of theatre companies. The performances take place in theatres schools, on the streets, and in
other suitable venues. Needless to say, if you love theatre, this is one French festival not to
miss.

LES CHORÉGIES D’ORANGE:

Dating back to 1869, the Chorégies d’Orange is the oldest festival in France and the place to
be if you love opera and classical music. It takes place every August in a beautifully
preserved Roman Theatre in Orange. Almost 9,000 spectators come to lap up the incredible
historic atmosphere of the ancient theatre. They also get to enjoy the exceptional natural
acoustics, created by the theatre’s original stone stage wall. With its semi-circular tiered stone
seating, the Roman theatre is undoubtedly one of the best settings in the world in which to
enjoy al fresco opera. Every year, the festival puts on a program of well- and lesser-known
productions starring international opera stars. All the major players of the French classical
stage have appeared in the Orange festivals over the years.

FESTIVAL OF LIGHTS, LYON:

For four days in December, the city of Lyon comes aglow during the Festival of Lights,
which pays homage to the Virgin Mary. Thousands of flickering candles can be seen in
windows and on balconies, creating a beautiful and magical atmosphere. Meanwhile, the
city’s buildings and bridges come aglow with multi-coloured lights. Various light

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installations created by artists from all over the world also help to light up Lyon. Other
activities based on light usually take place over the four days, too. The highlight of the
festival, however, is the lighting up of the Basilica of Fourvière in different colours. The
evening light show at the Place des Terreaux is also not to be missed. It is said that up to four
million people attend this festival over the four days.

TOUR DE FRANCE:

The Tour de France has been an annual event since 1903 and was only cancelled during the
World Wars. To date, it remains a prestigious sporting event that is known all over the world.
The route changes every year, but some traditional elements such as cycling through the
mountains of the Pyrenees and Alps and the finish in Champs-Élysées in Paris remain the
same. The total distance covered by the cyclists is in the area of 3,500 km. During the race,
the overall leader wears the yellow jersey, the best sprinter wears the green jersey, and the
best climber wears the spotted jersey. Over 10 million spectators of all ages gather by the
roadside to cheer on the racers. The passage of the Tour de France is also a chance to
celebrate to the sounds of the famous Promotional Caravan, which gives out all kinds of
items from unusual vehicles. Probably one of the most prestigious and exciting French
festivals and celebrations, Tour de France is the perfect way to witness the French
countryside in the Alps.

MARDI GRAS:

One of the traditional French festivals, Mardi Gras comes from the long line of pagan
festivals which were adopted by the Christians in one way or the other. Literally translated as
‘Fat Tuesday’, Mardi Gras, or some version of it is celebrated all over the world by Catholics
in the days leading up to Easter. However, in France, the celebrations are special as people
get out on the streets wearing beautiful, huge masks and hog pancakes, delicious waffles,
crepes, and omelettes day and night. The festival originally was supposed to be a reminder to
people to abstain from eating meat in the month of Lent, however, today only a few follow
that. Different regions in France tend to celebrate Mardi Gras differently, and it usually starts
with or ends in a carnival.

INTERNATIONAL GARDEN FESTIVAL:

Every year the gardens of, Château Chaumont-sur-Loire organizes Festival des Jardins which
is popularly known as the International Garden Festival of France. This festival exhibits over
30 themed gardens and has contributions from the United Kingdom, Japan, the Netherlands,
Germany, and Italy. This festival will surely enthral you especially if you are visiting here
during the night. The place is glowed up with over two thousand candles, enhancing the
beauty of these interesting collections. The visitor walks through the paths of the park in a
sort of open-air contemporary landscape art museum. For part of the summer, Chaumont
Gardens can be visited in the evening, in the light of LEDs whose colours, lights and
reflections reveal new aspects and mysterious, unusual atmospheres. Also worth a look are
the 20 contemporary art exhibits and installations, sculptures and photographs in the Castle
and the Park, on the theme of nature.

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 CHAPTER - IV

FRENCH FOOD CULTURE

French food is considered top of the pecking order among the world's most celebrated
cuisines. Significantly in 2010, French gastronomy was recognized by UNESCO as an
"intangible cultural heritage." As for wine, France is second only to Italy in production and
French wines hold their own among the world's most famous, prized varietals and estate
labels.

French food culture means different things to different people, but it really is one of France's
greatest cultural contributions to the world. Even though there are rules about eating and
drinking, French food is meant to be enjoyed and shared with others. French food culture is
C'est magnifique! (Magnificent)

Many of the words we use for cooking, even the word and idea restaurant, which really came
into modern times at the end of the French Revolution (1789-1799) when the nouveau riche
(newly rich) had more money to spend, come from French. From cafes (yes, it really is a
French idea), to bistros, to the humble grilled cheese sandwich (called croque-monsieur in
French with a piece of ham and cheese on the outside…it is delicious!), American and world
cooking owes much to French food culture.

Most of us know the croissant, the flaky, butter-rich pastry bread, but French food culture
includes such wonders as the éclair, bouillon and the crepe, and, of course, the baguette.
Wine (there are as many types of wines as there are regions in France), bread (usually eaten
in some form with each meal and possibly one of the reasons why the French monarchy fell,
because there simply was not enough of it) and cheese (there are over 400 types of cheese in
France made from all types of milk, including goat) are the staples of French food culture and
French life. French food culture also gave to the world cooking terms like saute, blanch and
the awe-inspiring sight at any restaurant, flambé. French food and all its wonders could fill
many pages, but it's based on the idea that it should be enjoyed and it should rise above just
simply human nourishment.

French food culture not only gave the world French food and cooking, but also the critique
gastronomique (food critic) and a way to classify and rank food, the Michelin Guides, the
same people who make Michelin tires. Wanting to sell more tires, Michelin thought a guide
to travel places might help. Beginning in 1900, Michelin accidentally created a whole new
industry. The Michelin Guides and the stars they give can make or break a restaurant around
the world.

Enjoying French food culture is an important part of traveling to France! There are lots of
little distinctions and rules in French food culture, and knowing these nuances will help you
better understand and enjoy your time in France. Keep an open mind when it comes to French
food.

4.1. French Food Vocabulary:

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La Boulangerie: Bakery – Where you can buy croissants, fresh bread, and sandwiches. Great
for quick breakfasts and lunches! You might find some basic pastries, like macarons, here as
well.

La Patisserie: Pastry shop – Where you can get amazing French pastries! Think along the
lines of Laduree and Pierre Herme! This normally doesn’t sell bread, but might sell some of
the same pastries or sweet breads that boulangeries do.

La Boucherie: Butcher shop – You can find great sandwiches or charcuterie plates at some
boucheries!

Le Fromagerie: Cheese shop

Le Chocolatier: Chocolate shop, of course!

Le Cave à Vins: Wine shop – Some shops will serve wine by the glass as well!

Le Supermarché: Supermarket – Popular supermarkets in France include Monoprix,

Carrefour, Auchon.

Le Petit Déjeuner: Breakfast

Le Déjeuner: Lunch

Le Dîner: Dinner

Entree: Appetizer or Starters

Plat: Main course

French food is often cooked with a lot of butter, cream, wine, and other yummy additions!
France food culture is nuanced and unique. French food relies on simple combinations of
rich, natural flavours that come together to create unforgettable, internationally-renowned
dishes.

4.2. Traditional French Cuisine:

SOUPE À L’OIGNON:

This is a traditional French soup made of onions and beef stock, usually served with croutons
and melted cheese on top. Dating back to Roman times, this was traditionally a peasant dish
although the current version dates from the 18th century. The soup’s unique flavor comes
from the caramelization of the onions, which often have brandy or sherry added during the
slow-cooking process. This soup is characterized by a dollop of garlic and saffron
mayonnaise placed on top.

COQ AU VIN:

This quintessential French food was popularized by Julia Child, becoming one of her
signature dishes. The dish sees chicken braised with wine, mushrooms, salty pork or bacon

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(lardons), mushrooms, onions, garlic and sometimes even a drop of brandy. Although the
name translates as ‘rooster in wine’ – the braising is ideal for tougher birds – the recipe
usually uses chicken or capon. The wine is typically Burgundy, although regional variations
of the dish exist across France that use local wines.

CASSOULET:

Cassoulet is a comfort dish of white beans stewed slowly with meat. The dish typically uses
pork or duck but can include sausages, goose, mutton or whatever else the chef has lying
around. This peasant dish originates from southern France and is popular in Toulouse,
Carcassonne, and Castel naudary. The name of the dish comes from the pot (cassole) that it’s
traditionally baked in. This pot is a staple in many French homes, highlighting the popularity
of this rich, hearty meal that’s perfect for those colder months.

BOEUF BOURGUIGNON:

Boeuf bourguignon is essentially a stew made from beef braised in red wine, beef broth, and
seasoned vegetables including pearl onions and mushrooms. Originally a peasant dish, this
recipe is now a staple in French restaurants around the world. Traditionally, the cheap cuts of
meat would be tenderized in wine for two days to intensify the flavours, although some
shortcuts can be taken. Every August in Burgundy, the Fête du Charolais celebrates the dish,
along with plenty of music and wine.

CHOCOLATE SOUFFLÉ:

The word soufflé comes from the French verb ‘to blow’ and, and the name suggests, this is a
light, airy dessert. The dish dates back to the early 18th century and nowadays is a staple on
dessert menus around the world. The crispy chocolatey crust is perfect for letting the creamy
chocolate ooze out for a rich surprise. However, it doesn’t have to be sweet. In fact, cheese
soufflés are just as delicious if you’re looking for something a little saltier.

FLAMICHE:

Flamiche means ‘cake’ in Flemish and this dish originates from northern France, near the
border with Belgium. It has a puff-pastry crust filled with cheese and vegetables and
resembles a quiche. The traditional filling is leeks and cream, although various variations
exist. There’s also a pizza-like version of flamiche, which comes without the top crust of the
pie. For a southern French twist, try the thin crusty pissaladière, which has anchovies, onions,
and olives.

CONFIT DE CANARD:

Confit de canard is a tasty French dish of duck – although some chefs use goose or pork –
and is one of the finest French dishes. The meat is specially prepared using ancient
preservation and slow-cooking process (confit). This sees the duck meat marinated in salt,
garlic, and thyme for around 36 hours and then slow-cooked in its own fat at low
temperatures. This is a healthier alternative to frying. It is typically served with confit roasted

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potatoes and garlic on the side. Today this dish is popular all over France, although you’ll
find the best variations in the Gascony region.

SALADE NIÇOISE:

Salade Niçoise is a typical French salad from the Provence region. Often eaten as a side dish,
it can also be a light meal on its own. The salad is a mix of lettuce, fresh tomatoes, boiled
eggs, (canned or fresh) tuna, green beans, Nicoise Cailletier olives, and anchovies. However,
there are plenty of different variations to choose from.

RATATOUILLE:

Ratatouille is also one of France’s most iconic dishes. From Provence, the dish sees
vegetables shallow-fried and then layered in a casserole dish before being baked in an oven.
French chefs have been debating whether the vegetables need cooking beforehand for
centuries, but however you prepare it, the results are still great. This traditional peasant dish
can be side dish, appetizer, or a main course, and tastes great with red wine and fresh, crusty
bread. A similar Basque dish is pipérade, which typically adds ham and sometimes eggs to
the stewed vegetable mix.

BAGUETTES:

Oh, the humble baguette. What a beautiful piece of French culture! This long loaf of bread
has been made in France for centuries, yet the word itself is said to have only been used since
1920. 100 years later it is still going strong, and we saw plenty of locals piling into their
neighbourhood boulangerie to collect a warm loaf. Each year there is the Best Baguette in
Paris contest, and the list of the top 10 baguettes becomes a culinary pilgrimage route for
foodies throughout the city.

Although snacking is not as common in France as it is in the US or the UK, the French do
enjoy certain snacks from time to time. If you go on a picnic with friends, then you will likely
eat a combination of meats and cheeses, much like a charcuterie platter, and perhaps a
baguette. Baked goods like croissants are another common French snack, though they are
more likely to be eaten in lieu of breakfast. Likewise, crepes are a common street food that
can serve as either a meal or a snack. French supermarkets and deli stores also hold a treasure
trove of unique and delicious French snacks. In a supermarket, make sure to find some
homemade cookies, like madeleines, quatre-quarts, canelés and financiers, biscuits like
sablés, macarons, gaufrettes, or candies like caramels, fondants, calissons, nougatines and
violettes by local brands in the deli section.

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 CHAPTER - V

CONCLUSION

France doesn't just have culture; the word "culture" actually comes from France. "'Culture'
derives from the same French term, which in turn derives from the Latin colere, meaning to
tend to the earth and grow, cultivation and nurture,"

The French are all about preserving their culture and being individualized. They often take
great pride in the French products and the French style, and believe in keeping the French
culture “pure” so they also limit the amount of foreign goods that are being imported. France
is known all around the world to be the capital country of romance and passion. Today
France is a huge melting pot of diverse cultures. However the French culture retains its own
unique appeal when it comes to ethnicity, geography and the French language.

Some action has been taken by the government in order to promote French culture and the
French language. For instance, they have established a system of subsidies and preferential
loans for supporting French cinema. The Toubon law, from the name of the conservative
culture minister who promoted it, makes it mandatory to use French in advertisements
directed to the general public. Note that contrary to some misconceptions sometimes found in
the Anglophone media, the French government neither regulates the language used by private
parties in commercial settings, nor makes it compulsory that France-based WWW sites
should be in French.

Most people associate French culture with Paris, which is a centre of fashion, cuisine, art and
architecture, but life outside of the City of Lights is very different and varies by region. The
deep-rooted traditions and customs in France define French people’s love for their country.
France is an economically progressive country, but culturally it’s very conservative – social
values, family culture, gastronomy (the food and wine culture), and certain social structures
maintain a strong sense of what is “correct” or “pas correct”. The French are very proud of
their country. French patriotism is certainly a common cultural value.

France has been a centre of Western cultural development for centuries. Many French artists
have been among the most renowned of their time, and France is still recognized in the world
for its rich cultural tradition. France receives the highest number of tourists per year, largely
thanks to the numerous cultural establishments and historical buildings implanted all over the
territory. It counts 1,200 museums welcoming more than 50 million people annually. The
most important cultural sites are run by the government, for instance through the public
agency Centre des monuments nationaux, which is responsible for approximately 85 national
historical monuments.

Education, family life, and a strong relationship within a household are what make French
culture the way it is today.

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. https://frenchkisslife.com/9-ways-to-french-ify-your-life/

2. https://www.happilyeveradventures.com/french-living-habits/

3. https://french.lovetoknow.com/French_Traditions

4. https://www.discoverwalks.com/blog/paris/the-most-celebrated-french-traditions/

5. https://www.trafalgar.com/real-word/french-customs/

6.https://theculturetrip.com/europe/france/articles/10-customs-only-the-french-can-
understand/

7. https://traveltriangle.com/blog/festivals-in-france/

8. https://internationalliving.com/food-in-france/

9. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_cuisine

10. https://about-france.com/french-life.htm

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