Voltage

Voltage is the electrical force that causes free electrons to move from one atom
to another whenever the passive loads are connected, general passive loads are
resistor, inductor or other electronic loads.

Common symbols: V, ∆V, U, ∆U

Derivations from other quantities: Voltage = Energy / charge
Dimension: M L2 T−3 I−1

History:
The term electromotive force was first used by Volta in a letter to Giovanni
Aldini in 1798, and first appeared in a published paper in 1801 . Volta meant by this
a force that was not an electrostatic force, specifically, an electrochemical force.
[9]:405
 The term was taken up by Michael Faraday in connection with electromagnetic
induction in the 1820s. However, a clear definition of voltage and method of
measuring it had not been developed at this time. [10]:554 Volta distinguished
electromotive force (emf) from tension (potential difference): the observed
potential difference at the terminals of an electrochemical cell when it was open
circuit must exactly balance the emf of the cell so that no current flowed .

What is voltage?
Voltage is the pressure from an electrical circuit's power source that
pushes charged electrons (current) through a conducting loop, enabling them to do
work such as illuminating a light.

In brief, voltage = pressure, and it is measured in volts (V). The term recognizes

Italian physicist Alessandro Volta (1745-1827), inventor of the voltaic pile—the
forerunner of today's household battery.

In electricity's early days, voltage was known as electromotive force (emf). This is

why in equations such as Ohm's Law, voltage is represented by the symbol E.

Example of voltage in a simple direct current (dc) circuit:

 1. In this dc circuit, the switch is closed (turned ON).
2. Voltage in the power source—the "potential difference" between the battery's two
poles—is activated, creating pressure that forces electrons to flow as current out
the battery's negative terminal.
3. Current reaches the light, causing it to glow.
4. Current returns to the power source.

Why measuring voltage is useful??

Technicians approach most troubleshooting situations knowing how a circuit should
customarily perform.

Circuits are used to deliver energy to a load—from a small device to a household

appliance to an industrial motor. Loads often carry a nameplate that identifies
their standard electrical reference values, including voltage and current. In place
of a nameplate, some manufacturers provide a detailed schematic (technical
diagram) of a load's circuitry. Manuals may include standard values.

These numbers tell a technician what readings to expect when a load is operating
normally. A reading on a digital multimeter can objectively identify deviations from
the norm. Even so, the technician must use knowledge and experience to determine
the factors causing such variances.

MD.Shahriar Bin Shahin

20-41871-1. DC[B]