Table of Contents

1 Introduction
2 Electric Vehicles (EVs)
2.1 Battery electric vehicle (BEV)
2.2 Hybrid electric vehicle (HEV)
2.2.1 Plug-in Hybrid vehicles features
2.2.2 Fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs)
3 Components of Electric vehicles (EVs)
3.0 Drive system
3.0.1 Electrical motors (electric engine)
3.0.2 Motor driver/power electronics controller
3.1 Battery pack
3.2 Power electronics module
3.2.0 Inverter (DC-AC converter)
3.2.1 Onboard Charge controller
3.2.3 DC/DC converter
3.3 Regenerative braking system
3.4 Microcomputer system
3.5 Sensors
3.5.0 Battery monitoring sensor (BMS)
3.5.1 Accelerometer
3.5.2 Position sensors
3.5.3 Tesla autopilot
3.5.4 Electric vehicle thermal management system
3.6 Charging port
4 Working of electric vehicle
5 Battery electric vehicles (BEVs), Plug-in electric vehicles (PHEVs), and
Fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEVs) comparison.
6 Benefits of electric vehicles
7 Better for the environments
8 Health benefits
9 Future of Electric vehicles.
10 Conclusion
 1 INTRODUCTION
Electric vehicles are day by day becoming more common in the automobile
companies and automotive sector. As the recent trend in electric vehicle
suggests, this kind of transportation is going to substitute internal combustion
engine (ICE) vehicles in the future. The technology in electric vehicle are
getting prominent and environmentally friendly for both industries and
customers. Electric vehicles are making significant impact on the
transportation sector and in the reduction greenhouse gases. In this work, the
general basics of electric vehicles are discussed which includes the
components of an electric vehicle, the working principle, technology behind
electric vehicle and its comparison to the conventional engine vehicles,
environmental effects.
 2 ELECTRIC VEHICLES
(EVS)
Electric vehicles use electricity to power electric motors which turns the
wheels and hence provide motion to a vehicle. Electric vehicles are
environmentally friendly as they produce no emissions and hence no
greenhouse gas is produced from electric vehicles. Electrical motors are the
one which converts electrical power to mechanical rotational motion of the
motor’s shaft. These electric vehicles are of two types, one that runs on
electricity battery electric vehicle (BEV) and another type is hybrid vehicle
(HEV) which combines the electric energy with fuel energy source
(petrol/diesel). Examples of electric Vehicles include Tesla vehicles, BMW
i3 made by BMW from Germany, Nissan Leaf made by Nissan, Chevrolet
Bolt made by Chevrolet, an American company General Motors, Ford Focus
Electric, Volkswagen e-Golf made by Volkswagen from German.
Figure 1: Schematic diagram of an electric vehicle
 2.1 BATTERY ELECTRIC
VEHICLE (BEV)
These type of electric vehicles uses battery as a solely electrical power
source. The battery in BEV can be charged directly from the AC outlet or
from any DC source like solar PV system. Battery electric vehicle do not use
gasoline or diesel, they rely entirely on electricity from battery hence these
vehicles are often cleaner and cheaper to fuel than hybrids and conventional
vehicles. The battery electric vehicle produces no tailpipe however, the
electricity they use may produce heat-trapping gases and other pollution at
the source of its generation or in the extraction of fossil fuels. The amount of
pollution produced depends on how the electricity is made. Battery electric
vehicle power3d by renewable energy sources like wing, solar are virtually
emission-free. Using battery electric vehicle instead of gasoline or diesel
vehicles means that battery electric vehicles are significantly cheaper to fuel
than conventional engine vehicle.
 Figure 2: Schematic diagram of battery electric vehicle
2.1.1 Battery electric vehicle features
Like hybrid and other electric vehicles, battery electric vehicles minimize
wasted energy by turning the vehicle off when stopped/” idle-off”. Advantage
of battery electric vehicle is that it can be charged at home through 240 V
outlet even in overnight. When full charged most battery, electric vehicle has
a driving range between 70 to 100 miles but it depends with day to day range
requirements. Electric motor generates near instant torque/turning force,
while the torque of internal combustion engines increases in tandem with
engine’s RPM. This means that battery electric vehicles have extremely fast
acceleration compared to conventional vehicles.
 2.2 HYBRID ELECTRIC
VEHICLE (HEV)
These vehicles combine a conventional internal combustion engine system
with an electric propulsion system each of which can be used to provide
traction power independently. The presence of these two systems is intended
to achieve a better fuel economy and performance. Hybrids vehicles can
further be subdivided into Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) and Fuel
cell electric vehicle (FCEV).
These electric vehicles have an electric motor and battery which deliver all
their power from the gasoline or diesel and cannot be recharged by plugging
in. Due to this, non-plug-in hybrids are not considered electric vehicles. By
combining both conventional engine and motor, they achieve significantly
better fuel efficiency that non-hybrid vehicles. Hybrid vehicles save driver
money through fuel savings. Most advanced hybrid vehicle have larger
batteries which can help to recharge their batteries from an outlet giving them
an advantage on extended driving distance on electricity before switching to
diesel or gasoline. Example of hybrid car is the Toyota Prius.
 2.2.1 PLUG-IN HYBRID
VEHICLES FEATURES
Addition of an electrical motor powered by a battery increases the efficiency
of fuel of hybrids in a number of ways. When the hybrid car is stopped, the
‘idle-off’ feature turns off conventional engine thereby saving fuel. The
battery provides energy for air conditioner and other electrical accessories
while the hybrid vehicle idles at stoplights or in traffics, electrical motor can
start the vehicle moving again. If the conventional engine is needed it will
reengage to provide more power required for the acceleration. Regenerative
braking is another fuel-saving feature. Conventional engine vehicles rely on
friction brakes to slow down, dissipating the vehicle’s kinetic energy as heat.
Regenerative braking allows some of that dissipated energy to be recharged
and stored back to the battery. The amount of energy from regenerative
braking is very small which depends on the brake force applied. The stored
energy from regenerative braking can be used to run the motor and accelerate
the vehicle.
Having an electric motor in hybrids vehicles allows for more efficient engine
design, this power assist feature helps reduce demands on a hybrid’s gasoline
engine which in turn can be downsized and more efficiently operated. The
gasoline produces less power but when combined with electric motors, the
system’s total power exceeds or can equal that of a conventional vehicle.
 Figure 3: Positioning of components of plug-in hybrid electric vehicle

Figure 4: Figure above shows the schematic diagram of a plug-in hybrid

electric vehicle
 2.2.2 FUEL CELL
ELECTRIC VEHICLES
(FCEVS)
Fuel cell electric vehicles converts hydrogen gas into electricity to power an
electric motor and battery. These vehicles are relatively new technology in
passenger vehicles, but have a substantial carbon-cutting role to play
alongside other electric vehicles. They combine hydrogen and oxygen to
produce electricity which runs motor. Apart from other electric vehicle, fuel
cell electric vehicle’s range and refueling processes are comparable to
conventional vehicles.

Figure 5: A fuel cell electric vehicle blocks system

Through converting hydrogen gas into electricity produces only water and
heat as byproduct, meaning fuel cell vehicles do not produce tailpipe
pollution when in driving. Producing hydrogen itself can lead to pollution
including greenhouse gas emissions. When compared with their gasoline-
powered counterparts, fuel cell vehicles cut emissions by over 30% even
when its hydrogen is derived from one of the dirtiest sources such as natural
gas. Example of a fuel cell vehicle is a Chevrolet Colorado ZH2 fuel cell
electric vehicle.
Hydrogen fuel cell features

Fuel cell electric vehicles combine the range and refueling of

conventional and environmental benefits of driving on electricity.
Since pressurized hydrogen is available at hydrogen refueling
stations hence Refueling a fuel cell electric vehicle is comparable
to refueling a conventional engine vehicle, taking less than 10
minutes.
Like other electric vehicle, fuel cell vehicles employ an idle-off
feature to save the wasted energy. In other fuel cell vehicle
regenerative braking is used to recharge the battery.
Working principle of a fuel cell vehicle
Fuel cell vehicles make power by using a pressurized hydrogen gas from fuel
tank. Unlike an internal combustion engine vehicle, a fuel cell vehicle doesn’t
burn the hydrogen gas, instead, it is chemically fused with oxygen from the
air (surrounding) to make water. In the process, resembling what happens in a
battery, electricity is released and this is used to power and electric motor that
drive a vehicle. The only waste products are the water and heat hence
meaning greenhouse gas emission-free.
An electrochemical reaction is the principle behind inside a fuel cell. It
involves two chemicals joining together (hydrogen and oxygen), hence
chemical reaction.
 Figure 6: A fuel cell electrochemical reaction
A fuel cell has three key parts similar to those in a battery.

1. Positively charged terminal (Anode)

2. Negatively charged terminal (cathode)
3. Separating chemical (electrolyte)
Processes involved in fuel cell electricity production:

1. Hydrogen gas from the tank feed down to the pipe to the anode.
Since hydrogen is flammable and explosive, so the tank has to be
extremely strong.
2. Oxygen from the air comes down through second pipe to the
cathode.
3. The anode is made of platinum, a precious metal catalyst designed
to speed up cell’s chemical reaction. When atoms of hydrogen gas
reach the catalyst, they split up into hydrogen ions (protons) and
 electrons
4. The protons, being positively charged, are attracted to the cathode
and travel through the electrolyte towards it. The electrolyte is a
thin membrane made of polymer (plastic) film and only the
protons can pass through it.
5. The electrons flow to the external circuit.
6. These electrons flowing outside the circuit produces electricity
which powers the electric motor.
7. At the cathode, the protons and electrons recombine with oxygen
from the air in a chemical reaction that produces water.
8. This water is given off from the exhaust pipe as water vapor or
steam.
A single fuel cell produces about as much electricity as a single dry-cell
battery, which is nowhere near enough to power a laptop computer, let alone
a car. Hence for enough electricity required to run a fuel cell vehicle, fuel cell
stacks are used to multiply the electricity generated to the value that can
power an electric vehicle.

Figure 7: Typical 5 kW hydrogen fuel cell

 3 COMPONENTS OF
ELECTRIC VEHICLES
(EVS)
3.0 DRIVE SYSTEM
 3.0.1 ELECTRICAL
MOTORS (ELECTRIC
ENGINE)
This is an electromechanical machine which converts electrical energy to
mechanical rotational motion by rotating motor’s shaft. Based on the type of
electricity category, there are two types of motors that are used in electric
vehicles which are AC motor and DC motor. AC motor is a type of motor is
powered by an alternating electricity (AC) to produce motion vehicle DC
motors used direct current electricity (DC) to produce motion. Specific DC
and AC motors types used in electric vehicles includes Brush DC motor,
Brushless DC motor (BLDC), Induction motor (AC). Most of the EVs like
Tesla cars uses 3-phase induction AC motors to provide traction because
despite of the added inverter and circuitry, mechanically commutated DC
motors that meets the high turn down ratio of a vehicle application is more
complex than an electronically commutated AC motor. Depending on the
power and the performance required, an Electric vehicle can have more than
one electrical motor. Adding electrical motors increases the power of the
vehicle.
 Figure 8: Picture above shows base assembly of an electric vehicle

Figure 9: Picture above shows the motors and powertrain used in electric
cars
 3.0.2 MOTOR
DRIVER/POWER
ELECTRONICS
CONTROLLER
Motor driver is a power electronics device which is controlled by a
microprocessor signal to control the electrical power direction and speed fed
to the motor. The power electronics control unit manages the flow of
electricity delivered by the battery. Its main function is to control the speed,
torque and direction of the traction motors. A motor driver can be a DC or
AC type depending on the motors used in an electric vehicle. Controlling
direction of an electric vehicle, a driver inputs vehicle’s direction commands
the microprocessor output a signal which is fed to the motor driver and hence
the motor driver changes the direction of the power directions of either motor
or all and hence the vehicle direction changes. For speed control of an electric
vehicle, a signal from the microprocessor is fed to the motor driver which
changes varies the supply voltage to the motors and hence the speed changes.
The most advanced motor drive technology are latest power electronics and
vector control technology. Motor driver controller connects the battery
supply to the motors.
 3.1 BATTERY PACK
The batteries are the acts as the source of electrical power supply to electric
vehicles. Battery is analogous to fuel tanks in fuel engine vehicles as the
battery stores electrical energy and fuels tanks stores fuels energy (gasoline,
diesel, biofuels and natural gases). The batteries provide a DC electricity
required by the electrical motors to produce rotational motion and hence
traction. An electric vehicle can consist of more than one battery depending
on the power of the electric vehicle that it was designed for. These batteries
are arranged in series to provide high voltage and in parallel for high current
requirements. Tesla vehicles uses batteries manufactured from their
rechargeable lithium-ion cells. Aside from the conventional lithium-ion
battery technologies, other major battery technologies used in electric
vehicles includes Lead Acid batteries, Nickel metal hydride batteries.
3.2 POWER ELECTRONICS
MODULE
 3.2.0 INVERTER (DC-AC
CONVERTER)

An inverter is an electrical device that converts DC electricity to AC

electricity. AC motor based-Electric vehicle cannot use DC electricity from
the battery directly instead an inverter is used to converts that DC electricity
from the battery into AC electricity which is a 3-phase pure sine wave and
hence the output AC is fed to the AC motors system. For Electric vehicle
using DC motors there is no need of an inverter because a DC power from the
batteries is fed directly to the DC motors system. An inverter is a power
electronics circuit system which means it consists of electronic components
like MOSFETS, etc., to control an electrical power.
Figure 10: Picture above shows a Tesla dual motor drive three phase
inverter unit
 3.2.1 ONBOARD CHARGE
CONTROLLER
This is also a power electronics system which charges an electric vehicle’s
battery. A charge controller converts an AC electricity from outlets to DC to
charge a battery and it can be used to charge an electric vehicle from any DC
source like solar electricity. This charger can be provided with the sensors to
monitors voltage, current, temperature, and state of the charge while charging
the battery.

Figure 11: Tesla vehicles onboard charge controller

 3.2.3 DC/DC CONVERTER
The power electronics system in electric vehicle is very important because
many electronic components in electric vehicle works in different voltage
levels. The DC power from the battery is converted to lower DC voltage
levels of different values to power the corresponding dc components in
electric vehicle. Examples microprocessors, sensors, lights, etc.

Figure 12: DC/DC converter and measurements

 3.3 REGENERATIVE
BRAKING SYSTEM
This system is used to generate electricity and charge back to the battery
when a brake has been applied. Many electric vehicles makers like Tesla, Inc
are employing this technique as it can recharge up to 20% of the battery’s
used power. The working behind this power generation technique is when a
brake has been applied, an electric motor generates a forward momentum
which is like it tries to continue rotating while the power supply is off/braked
and hence a permanent magnet system coupled on its shaft can converts this
further motion attempts and generate electricity back to the battery before it
suddenly stop and hence the name regenerative braking. Tesla vehicles and
other EVs utilizes this regenerative braking technology to save energy.
Regenerative braking has become a standard feature on all Tesla cars.
Regenerative braking can be set to standard or low depending on how strong
the brake the driver wants.
 3.4 MICROCOMPUTER
SYSTEM
Modern electric vehicles are utilizing a microprocessor to smoothly control a
vehicle, increasing its performance and utilizing automatic and autonomous
control feature to the vehicle. Most electric vehicles are provided with
embedded controllers or microprocessor that monitors the car through sensors
and control other components like power electronics controller and other
systems. The microprocessor or sometimes known as embedded controller is
the main controller the vehicle. Many vehicle’s components including
sensors are connected to the microprocessor for control and monitoring
purposes.
 3.5 SENSORS
Sensors are devices or subsystems that detects vents or changes in
environments and send the information to other electronics or to
microprocessor for further measurements. Electric vehicles can consist of
different sensors each with different application to detect and monitor electric
vehicle. These sensors include;

Seat position and seat belt switch

Powertrain and HVAC/R sensors
Power steering sensor
Shifter and gearbox/Transmission position
Active suspension
Pedal sensor
HVAC actuator
Headlamp levelling
Interior controls and steering column switches
Mirror memory sensors
Tesla vehicles uses and advanced system known as Autopilot for driver
assistant control on the road. The Autopilot can see any incoming objects
including vehicles around a corner to some degree and it can tell the driver
what to do before the incoming vehicle has pass by. The autopilot uses
camera and some artificial intelligence technique like machine learning
which has been trained to capture image objects to assist the driver in safety
driving. Few of the sensors that may be found in electric vehicle include the
following
 3.5.0 BATTERY
MONITORING SENSOR
(BMS)
This sensor is used to monitor the health of the battery in electric vehicles.
This sensor can be attached at battery leads to monitors batteries health
(aging) by measuring voltage, temperature and current. A battery in has its
rated operating conditions, altering this parameters battery life can decrease
drastically. Monitoring these parameters helps to check the health of the
battery regularly and hence prolonging battery life.
An onboard battery management and protection system controls battery state
during charging and discharging to prolong the battery life.
Components from Texas Instruments include an electrical circuitry for
bringing the Lithium-ion cells back into balance. The instrument can be
stacked vertically to monitor up to 192 Li-ion cells without additional
isolation components between integrated circuits (ICs). Each device protects
the battery pack from overcharge, over-discharge and overtemperature for
system safety.
Figure 13: Block diagram of battery management sensing system
 3.5.1 ACCELEROMETER
An accelerometer is an electromechanical device used to measure
acceleration forces. Such forces may be static like gravity, dynamic to sense
movement or vibration. This sensor is used to measure vehicle’s acceleration
and orientation. Accelerometer measures acceleration by measuring force. In
electric vehicle, electronic based accelerometer is used to detect car crashes
and deploying airbags almost instantaneously.

Working of accelerometer
An accelerometer consists of piezoelectric effect and capacitance sensor. The
piezoelectric effect uses microscopic crystal structures that become stressed
due to accelerative forces. These crystals create a voltage from the stress and
the accelerometer interprets the voltage signal to determine velocity and
orientation. The capacitance accelerometer senses changes in capacitance
between microstructures located next to device, if an accelerative force
moves one of the structures, the capacitance changes and the accelerometer
interprets the generated voltage from capacitance change.
Figure 14: The basic accelerometer sensor
 3.5.2 POSITION SENSORS
These includes rotary and angular position sensors which are used to converts
the angular mechanical motion into electrical signal. These sensors can be
used in motors to measure the angular position. The position sensor is used to
control the positioning of electrical motor position by converting the angular
mechanical motion data into electrical signal. The further signal
measurements are required to accurate measurements and synchronization
system.

Figure 15: Rotation angle sensor (resolver) on electric vehicle motor stator
 3.5.3 TESLA AUTOPILOT
Autopilot is an advanced driver-assistant system feature offered by Tesla,
Inc., that has lane catering, adaptive cruise control, self-parking, the ability to
automatically change lanes, navigate autonomously on limited access
freeways and ability to summon a vehicle to and from a garage or parking
spot. These features use artificial intelligence techniques to provide autonomy
control of the vehicle. Tesla vehicles are incorporated with this autopilot
feature. Machine learning technique combines with sensors like cameras to
give full computer vision system of tesla vehicles. The autopilot consists of
the following sensors which its decision is based on the machine learning
technique.

1. Forward looking radar

2. Camera
3. 360-degree Ultrasonic sensor
4. Navigation and GPS

(a) (b)

Figure 16: Tesla autopilot system. (a)The autopilot field of view, and (b)
autopilot object vision
 3.5.4 ELECTRIC VEHICLE
THERMAL MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM
Electric vehicles use an indirect liquid cooling system. The working of this
cooling systems is similar to that of internal combustion engine as they both
circulate coolant throughout a series of metal pipes to transfer heat away from
the battery pack or engine.
This system consists of temperature sensors which maintains the operating
temperature range of the engine, electric motor, power electronic and other
vehicle’s components. In electric vehicles, discharging the battery generates
heat; rapidly discharging a battery, the more heat it generates. Without
special cooling systems a battery may stop working or the voltage to the
battery decreases due to electrons excitations inside the battery.
 3.6 CHARGING PORT
This port allows the vehicle to be connected and charge battery from an
external power supply. The charge port connects to the charge controller of
the vehicle before the battery.

Figure 17: Tesla electric vehicle at charging station

 4 WORKING OF ELECTRIC
VEHICLE

Figure 18: An electric vehicle basic schematic diagram

An AC motor driver/power electronics controller connects the battery to the
inverter then to the AC motors. When an electric vehicle uses DC traction
motors usually a DC motor driver/power electronics controller is used to
connect the batteries to the DC motors.
If the driver floor the pedal, the motor driver power electronics controller
delivers voltage to the motors depending on the pedal position. Between the
pedal and the motor driver system lies a potentiometer which converts pedal
movements into an electrical signal. The pedal can be turned from normal or
resting position to full turned position. Hence controlling the pedal from rest
position to full turned position controls the voltage delivered to the motors
from minimum to maximum respectively.

Figure 19: PWM signal

The signal generated by the potentiometer acts as PWM signal which is
proportional to the pedal turned position and hence this signal is used to
control the required voltage to the motors.
A PWM signal is a square wave signal which is a function of frequency and
duty cycle. The frequency defines the speed/period the signal is applied to the
load, it’s how fast/long the signal will be after it is applied. Duty cycle
defines the ratio of the cycles of the PWM signal. If the PWM signal has
20Hz speed or period of 0.5 sec, then the duty cycle is the ratio between ON
time to the total time (off and on) of the signal cycles. If the accelerator pedal
is 25% of the way down, the controller pulses the power to the motor so it is
on 255 and off 75% of the time.
A PWM signal may be generated by an electronic component or by a
microprocessor.
Assume an electric car consisting of ten 12 V batteries hence a total of 120 V
in an electric vehicle. When the driver floor the pedal up to the middle
position that is when the pedal has turned about half position from rest, the
potentiometer acts as a sensor and converts this motion into an electrical
signal. This voltage signal fed to the PWM converter or to the microprocessor
to generate a PWM signal. The PWM signal generated will tell motor driver
or power electronics that it needs to allow the half or duty cycle 50% of 120
V to the motors. Releasing the pedal decrease the power supply to the motor
and hence decreases vehicle speed, increasing the pedal turning position
increases the duty cycles this allows more electrical power to be supplied to
the motors and hence increasing vehicles speed.
Reverse motion of an electric vehicles is provided with the same principle of
potentiometer. As the drivers commands the vehicle to reverse motion a
signal is to the motor’s driver or power electronics controller. This signal tells
the motor driver control circuit that it should change the direction of power
flow to the motors. For a DC motor which uses two cables, the cable that was
positive before now is negative and one that was negative before is now
positive, it is sort of flow direction interchange. For the case of AC motor,
swapping the two phases changes the direction of the motor. If an electric
vehicle has 2 motors then for reverse motion these two motors will have the
same automatic power flow direction change by a single command. The same
it will be for multiple motors vehicles.
5 Battery electric vehicles (BEVs), Plug-in electric vehicles (PHEVs), and
Fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEVs) comparison.
Table 1 compares various characteristics of the types of electric vehicles
such as battery electric vehicles (BEV), Fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV)
and Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) the types of electric vehicles.
 6 BENEFITS OF ELECTRIC
VEHICLES
There are many great benefits to electric vehicles (EVs) over their
counterpart conventional petrol/diesel cars.

1. Cheaper to maintain

An electric vehicle has a lot less of moving parts than a conventional

fuel engine car.
There is little servicing and with no expensive exhaust systems,
ignition system, fuel injection systems, radiators and many other parts
are not parts of an electric vehicle. This eases the maintenance process.
Due to wearing out of batteries then its replacement will eventually
take place but there is long period of electric battery warrant in most of
electric batteries manufactures.
Plug-in hybrid vehicles (PHEV) consist of a petrol engine that needs a
regular maintenance hence increasing servicing increases cost.

2. Cheaper to run

Owning an electric vehicle has an advantage in lowering running cost.

The cost of petrol is three times higher than the cost needed to charge
an electric vehicle needed for the same kilometers.

3. Little or no noise pollution

Since electric vehicle have fewer moving parts this makes it to have
minimum number of frictions between the mechanical and hence
contributing less or zero noise pollution to the environments.
 7 BETTER FOR THE
ENVIRONMENTS
1. Less pollution

Choosing an electric vehicle helps to minimize the harmful air

pollution from the exhaust emissions. An electric vehicle produces no
emissions.

2. Renewable energy

Using renewable energy to charge an electric vehicle, helps to reduce

the greenhouse gases emissions even further. Opting to charge an
electric vehicle from solar PV system during the day instead of form
the grid the greenhouse gas emission is reduced. Purchasing a
Greenpower from electricity retailer and charging the electric vehicle
from the grid lowers the emissions of greenhouse gases.

3. Eco-friendly materials

This involves the electric vehicles made out of bio and recycled
materials. The Ford Focus Electric is made from recycled materials and
padding is made out of bio materials. The Nissan Leaf’s interior and its
body are partly made from green materials such as old car, water
bottles, plastic bags, and some hand home appliances.
 8 HEALTH BENEFITS
Reduced harmful greenhouse gases emissions is good for health. Clean air
will lead to less health problems and costs caused by air pollution. Since
electric vehicles are quitter than petrol/diesel vehicles, this means less noise
pollution.
 9 FUTURE OF ELECTRIC
VEHICLES.
The sales of electric vehicles are accelerating rapidly. Most of electric
vehicles automakers are benefiting due to increased investments in electric
vehicle companies. These automotive companies are investing in advanced
technologies for electric vehicles and renewable energy as a whole. The
advance in technology of electric vehicle is in part being driven by increased
awareness and fears about the climate crisis. The goal it to reach where there
will be minimum greenhouse emissions caused by conventional vehicles this
can be achieved by adopting to electric vehicle.
The conventional engine vehicles are readily available, convenient and less
costly but adopting to electric vehicles reduce costs in the long run because of
electric vehicles’ less maintenance and cost of charging is minimum
compared to the cost of fueling conventional vehicles.
One of the biggest problems behind electric vehicle is the energy storage
system. It takes more time to charge an electric vehicle than filling a gasoline
or diesel tank at the fuel filling station. Also, batteries are heavier, increasing
the number of batteries increases the weight of the vehicle, and hence battery
power-to-weight ratio is the big challenge for electric vehicle design. With
lots of researches on renewable energy and energy storage systems going on,
the electric vehicles are the future for emission-free environments.
 10 CONCLUSION
The progress that the electric vehicle industry has seen in recent years is not
only extremely welcomed, but highly necessary in light of the increasing
global greenhouse gas level. As well detailed in this report, the advantages of
electric vehicles far surpass the costs. Advancement in technology and policy
changes will help ease the transition from conventional fuel engine vehicles
to electric vehicle so as to fight climate change as well as minimizing health
risks due to greenhouse gas pollution.