Hands-on Training

Basic Hydraulic
Fundamentals of Hydraulic

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 Contents

Topic
1. Pressure
2. Flow and Pressure
3. Merit & Demerit
4. Oil

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1. Pressure
1) Pressure in our ordinary life
1. Atmospheric Pressure 2. Seawater Pressure

3. Tap Water Pressure

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 Pascal's Law.

P = Pressure. Kg/cm2
F
F = Force. Kg
P=
A= Area cm2 A

or

F= P X A

P A
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1. Pressure
2) Pressure in Confined and Static Fluid

Pressure
Static fluid
Right angle

Equal strength

Transmittance
of strength

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1. Pressure
3) Unit of Pressure

Force (Newton) Force

Pressure =
Area
Area (m2 )

Pressure

Universal Gravity Gravity force

Newton and Pascal On the earth
Force (F) = 1 kg x 1 m/sec2 = 1 Newton (N) Force (F) = 1 kg x 9.81 m/sec2 = 1 kgf
1N 1 kgf = 9.81 N
Pressure = = 1 Pascal (Pa)
1 m2 1 kgf
Pressure = = 1 kgf / cm2
1 cm2
1,000 Pa = 1 kPa
1 kgf / cm2 = 9.81N 100 x 100/ m2 = 98,100 Pa
1,000,000 Pa = 1MPa
1 kgf / cm2 = 98.1 kPa = 0.0981 MPa
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1. Pressure
4) Force Amplification

Pushing force 10kg Obtainable force 100kg

Area 1 cm 2 Area 10 cm 2

Pressure
10kg/cm2
Pressure
10kg/cm2

Cylinder A Cylinder B
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1. Pressure
5) Distance Reduction

Pushing force 10kg Obtainable force 100kg

Area 1 cm 2 Area 10 cm 2

Large

Pressure Small
10kg/cm2
Pressure
10kg/cm2

Cylinder A Cylinder B
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1. Pressure
6) No Pressure without Resistance

Pressure = Zero

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1. Pressure
7) Pressure with Resistance

Weight

Pressure is created

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1. Pressure
8) Difference Pressure with Throttle

Weight

Throttle
or Variable Orifice

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1. Pressure
9) Gauge pressure

Gauge Pressure

Gauge Pressure

Atmospheric
Zero
pressure

Negative
Gauge Pressure

Vacuum

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2. Flow and Pressure

Large area High pressure Low speed

Same Flow Rate
Small area Low pressure High speed
Weight V

Pressure

Q = Flow rate : liter / min

Speed Area V (m/sec) = C x Q / S
C = 0.16 m/sec
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3. Merit and Demerit of Hydraulic

Merit Demerit
1. Design is simpler 1. Expensive

2. Flexibility 2. Sensitive to dirt

3. Quiet 3. Need oil change

4. Stepless control 4. Oil leak possibility
5. High efficiency
6. Easy system protection

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4. Hydraulic Oil
1) Function of Hydraulic Oil

1. To transmit power

2. To lubricate

3. To cool 4. To clean

5. To seal

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4. Hydraulic Oil
2) Komatsu Recommended Oil

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4. Hydraulic Oil
3) Viscosity
What is the Viscosity of Oil?
1. Viscosity = Thickness of oil
Low temperature High viscosity
2. Viscosity change
High temperature Low viscosity

3 Negative points

1 - Much leakage
2 - Low performance
3 - Low pressure

3. Viscosity grade comparison

SAE Viscosity ISO Viscosity KOMATSU
15w = VG46 = HO46-HM
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