Reflection Paper

The University of Mindanao

College of Engineering Education
Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering

.
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for ME 538A

By:
Deteu G.Cabadonga
August 16, 2020

To:
Engr. Cresencio Genobiagon Jr.
Machineries: Pumps and Compressor Seminar

According to our speaker, Engr. Estrera there are different types of pump, as well
as their function, that depend on their requirement. Their main application includes
the type of fluid you desire to pump, the distance you desire to move the fluid, and the
quantity you require to get over a particular time frame. It is difficult to recognize
accurately what kind of pump you must use. The identifying of the pump can be
accomplish through the design as well as their positions. To make it easier when
finding to choose your exact pump, and the pumps can be classified into two types
which function in very different ways and generally summarize most of the pump
designs. Pumps have two main types are Dynamic pumps and Positive Displacement
Pumps. When saying dynamic pumps, Dynamic pumps are classified into different
types and some of them are Centrifugal, Vertical centrifugal, Horizontal centrifugal,
Submersible, and Fire hydrant systems. The centrifugal type of pumps are most
commonly used in the world. The working is very simple, it described well and
carefully tested. This pump is strong, efficient and very cheap to make. When the
pump is on, then the fluid pressure will increase from the inlet of the pump going to
its outlet. when changing of it’s pressure the liquid will drive throughout the system.
Vertical centrifugal pumps are also called as cantilever pumps. These pumps are use
an shaft and maintain the design that permits the volume to fall within the pit as the
bearings are outside to the pit. The mode of the pump utilizes no filling container to
cover the shaft when in its place uses a throttle bushing. A parts washer is the
common application of this kind of pump. The horizontal centrifugal types of pumps
include a minimum of two or more impellers. And these type of pumps are utilized in
pumping services. Every stage is essentially a divide pump. All the phases are in the
same shelter and mounted on a similar shaft. On a solo horizontal shaft, minimum of
eight otherwise, the additional stages can be mounted. Every stage enhances the head
by around an equal amount. Multiple stage pumps can also be single otherwise, the
double suction is the first impeller. All kinds of pumps have been providing their
servicing type of centrifugal pumps. The Submersible pumps are also called as storm
water, sewage, and septic pumps. The main applications of these pumps include
building services, domestic, industrial, commercial, rural, municipal, and rainwater
recycle applications. The submersible pumps are applicable for shifting storm water,
subsoil water, sewage, black water, rainwater, trade waste, chemicals, bore water, and
food materials. And the last type of Dynamic pumps are Fire hydrant pump, it’s
systems are also called as hydrant boosters, fire pumps, and fire water pumps. These
are high force water pumps intended to improve the capacity of fire fighting of
construction by increasing the force within the hydrant service as mains is not very
sufficient. The main applications of this system includes the irrigation as well as water
to deliver. The second main types of pumps are the positive displacement. Positive
displacement pumps are classified into different types and some of them are like
diaphragm, gear, peristaltic, lobe, and piston pumps. Diaphragm pumps are also called
Air operated diaphragms or AOD. The main applications of these pumps include in
continuous applications like in general plants, industrial and mining. AOD pumps are
particularly employed where power is not obtainable, otherwise in unstable and
combustible regions. These pumps are also helpful for transferring chemical and food
manufacturing. Gear pumps are rotating positive dislocation pump, which means that
when they force a stable amount of liquid for every revolution. These pumps moves
the liquid with machinery coming inside and outside of mesh. These pumps are
capable of pumping on high forces and surpass at pumping high thickness fluids
efficiently.

There three types of compressor for industrial machinery are reciprocating, rotary
vane, and rotary screw. Reciprocating compressors are the most common air
compressors that are found in mobile applications, and most of the people are familiar
with this type. It is more cheaper other than the two types and very suitable for low
duty cycle operations. And also can be serviced or rebuilt in the field with simple
hand tools. Rotary screw air compressors are mostly used in industrial applications
and are manufactured by more companies around the world. Rotary screw
compressors are durable and high air flow delivery in a relatively compact size. High
duty cycle applications are well suited for rotary screw compressors that are designed
to run a fully condition of the time.It does not need an air receiver tank for operation.
Compared to the other compressor types the rotary screw air compressors have less
wearing parts and maintenance are mostly consists of changing filters and oil. Vane
compressor compared to reciprocating compressors, their service parts are very hard
to find, which the manufacturers are fewer. Vane compressors are compact in size
when compared to reciprocating and rotary screw compressors when comparing the
equal CFM compressors. They are designed for full capacity duty and deliver a
enough pulsation free air flow to the tools or equipment. There are many things that
we will able to learn through this seminar that may help us with this basic knowledge.

Basic Occupational Safety and Health Seminar

Occupational safety and health system are very important and helpful especially
for us students to have this useful knowledge when it comes to the workforce which
can help us to minimize and prevent workplace accidents, injuries, hazard, medical
illnesses and death, that being said by Engr. Umbay, the speaker of this topic.
Occupational health and safety are mainly focus on primary prevention of hazards
when dealing with the employees or the co-workers at the workplace. The risk factors
at the workplace and several determinants of health of the workers are account for
accidents, respiratory diseases, cancers, hearing loss, circulatory and communicable
diseases, stress related disorders and others. Occupational health and safety are
similar to safety, health and welfare issues at the workplace. Occupational Health and
Safety includes the standards, laws and programs that aimed at improving workplace
conditions for workers and co-workers, family members and customers. We need to
improve occupational health and safety standards to ensure the better brand image, for
good business and higher employee morale. For company management and the
employers are obliged to provide a safe working environment for the sake of all
employees. Working conditions in employment in the economy is needed to improve
the important determinants of how many hours of working, monthly salary, maternity
policies, provisions for their health promotion and protection. Occupational health and
safety address different types of workplace hazards and that concerns in chemicals
and physical hazards, biological agents, psychological fallout, ergonomic issues and
accidents. Occupational health and safety which have a goal of occupational safety
and health programs is concerned to illustrate a safe and healthy work environment.
The main focus of the occupational health include promotion and maintenance of
working capacity and the most important are employee’s health, improvement of
working environment, development of work cultures and the organizations that
support the health and safety in promotion of positive social climate and smooth
operation to improve the productivity of the organization. It is consider as benefits for
the company, as healthy employees which are guaranteed to be more productive. The
employer or supervisors acting as the representatives are legally responsible for the
safety and health of the workforce at workplace. The most common goal is that it
remains to identify hazardous materials, conditions and practices at workplace, assist
employers and workers in reducing or eliminating the risks. With the goal to ensure
that employees work effectively, occupational health and safety targets employers and
employees. Occupational health and safety cooperation experts promote workplace
conditions. Occupational safety professionals, one of the example is an safety
engineer which are concerned about all the workplace hazards to explain clearly on
how the prevention of workplace fatalities and traumatic injuries. Industrial hygienists
are also a source of special expertise of this job which to identify and control hazards
associated with acute or chronic exposure to chemical, physical and biological agents.
Occupational medicine physicians and occupational health nurses are classified on
their specific job by providing clinical care programs aimed at health protection and
promotion of disease prevention to the employee. The services provided are include
the health screening and surveillance programs, diagnosis, prevention and treatment
of work related injury and illness, periodic return-to-work examinations, independent
medical examinations, impairment evaluations, disability and case management, drug
testing, behavioural and emotional counselling to avoid affect on job performance. In
simple improvements can increase competitiveness, profitability and motivates the
workforce of the employee. Safety demands is an cooperation on everyone's part of
the workplace. Which is important that communication is always be keep open at all
times between the management and employees. Workers who notice the hazards or
other safety problems, or they feel that there is a need for additional training, must
notify their supervisor or other superior to their workplace. Supervisors and
management in all levels must address these concerns and take corrective action as
soon as possible when warranted. Everyone in their workplace is obligated to know
all the safety standards for their specific area or job, and just as important, to observe
by them. Supervisors must still in a positive attitude and safety awareness in their
workers through personal adherence, personal contact, training, and regularly
scheduled safety meetings. It is their main duty of all employees to perform their
work with maximum regard for the safety of themselves and co-workers. Which our
safety policies are based on past experience and current standards, and are also an
basic part of the company's personnel policies. Which means that the compliance with
the policies is a condition of employment and must be taken seriously at all times. The
one who get failure to comply is sufficient grounds normally for disciplinary action or
even worst the termination of their employment. Safety and health are always a top
priority in this organization and is every bit as important as productivity and quality.
Which in fact, that they go hand in hand. Of course the best reason for us to observe
especially for us student that these policies is because it's in our own self-interest to
do so. Honestly, when we following them can help us stay safe, healthy, and able to
work, play, and enjoy life to its fullest.

Steam Power Plant Seminar

This topic is discussed by Engr. Sator the Steam Power Plant. Steam power plants
are widely used all over the world for generating electricity, and Steam Power plant
often used is coal to fuel and operated these kind of plants. These technology is
largely used today to produce electricity from coal causes significant negative
environmental impacts which the coal reserves will be sufficiently estimated for about
two hundred years. The steam power plant is an important source to produce the
electricity. The main portion of electricity demand is fulfilled by this power plant. It is
also called a thermal power plant. It provides the electricity required to different
areas. The main components of these power plants are boiler, steam turbine,
condenser, and water feed pump. It has a coal storage the place where the coal is
stored which can be used when it is required. Then after that, the coal is converted
into the pulverized form or small particles before feeding to the furnace. Boiler
furnace is a proper system that is designed to deliver the pulverized coal. It converts
the water into high pressure steam. It contains the furnace inside or outside the boiler
shell. The combustion of coal takes place in the furnace. The Air-preheater is used to
pre-heat the air before entering into the boiler furnace. This pre-heating of air helps in
the burning of fuel to a greater factor. It takes the heat from the burnt gases from the
furnace to heat that the air comes from the atmosphere. Then, the Economizer takes
the heat from the burnt gases from the furnace to work and It heats the feed water to a
specified temperature before it enters to the boiler drum. The condenser is to
condensate the steam that goes out the turbine and after that, it converts the low
pressure from steam to water which is attached to the cooling tower. The cooling
tower which has contains cold water that is circulates to the condenser for the cooling
of the residual steam from the turbine. In the steam power plant the pulverized coal is
feed to the boiler and it is burn in the furnace. The water in the boiler drum changes to
high pressure steam. From the boiler the high pressure steam is passed to the
superheater where it is again heated up to its dryness. This superheated steam strikes
the turbine blades with high speed and the turbine starts rotating at high speed. A
generator is attached to the rotor of the turbine and as the turbine rotates it also rotates
with the speed of the turbine. The generator converts the mechanical energy of the
turbine into electrical energy. After striking on the turbine the steam leaves the turbine
and enters into the condenser. The steam gets condensed with the help of cold water
from the cooling tower. The condensed water with the feed water enters into the
economizer. In the economizer the feed water gets heat up before entering in the
boiler. This heating of water increases the efficiency of the boiler. The exhaust gases
from the furnace pass through the superheater, economizer and air pre-heater. The
heat of this exhaust gases is utilized in the heating of steam in the superheater, feed
water in the economizer and air in the air pre-heater. After burning of the coal into the
furnace, it is deliver to ash handling plant and the last to the ash storage. The steam
power plant working is based on the Rankine cycle, where the increasing of the
superheated steam temperature lead to improving the thermal efficiency of cycle to
the thermodynamics process which to improve the efficiency of the plant by
increasing steam pressure, which resulted in abasement of the steam quality at the
turbine exhaust. To overcome this problems, the steam is reheating was introduced by
our speaker when after high pressure turbine exhaust, which leads to decrease of the
moisture content at low-pressure turbine exhaust. The objective of efficiency is to
know the maximum output by providing the minimum output which means that is the
currently being produced and compares that with the existing consumption of the
resources. According to our fellow teachers, we know that while determining the
productivity the efficiency is one of the main factors.

Water Treatment for Cooling Towers and Boilers Seminar

This Topic is discussed by Engr. Sator. Boilers and cooling towers are main
components of many facilities. Boilers can supply a steam in the of process heating,
space heating, power generation. The cooling towers can provide the process and
equipment for cooling. Both boilers and the cooling towers are require to combine
water to function and both generate wastewater to remove. There are available to
minimize the water usage requirements. These are the purpose of some boiler and
cooling tower water saving methods that can be applied to save water, sewer, and the
cost of energy. In the boilers, High Purity Water Makeup is the Pre-treatment
equipment whih is reverse osmosis and demineralization that will allow the boiler to
run at higher cycles of concentration compare to just softened and non alkalized water
only. Running in higher cycles of concentration which means that the boiler can
operate in a higher conductivity. The result will be in lower makeup water and
reduction rates and less energy consumption to heat the fresh makeup water. The
Increase Condensate Return is to condensate a high-purity, high-heat content water
that should be returned to the boiler system if possible. The more condensate that can
be returned to the boiler, the higher the cycles of concentration will be and less
blowdown, makeup, and heat energy will be required. The value of condensate can
easily pay the cost to fix the bad condensate pump or installing a new piping to get the
condensate to return to the boiler system. Reducing the steam leaks in a plant is
another way to directly to conserve a water. The Eliminate Condensate Contamination
is one of the reason why the condensate is not being returned to its condensate
contamination. The more condensate that can be returned the better because of the
value of the condensate and because boiler cycles can be increased with large
amounts of returned condensate. Condensate contamination may also be the reason
the boiler is run in a set of conductivity. If it were not for the contamination, the
conductivity would be higher. We remember, that the higher the conductivity or
cycles in a boiler, the lower the makeup and reduction rates and energy consumption.
In Water Chemistry, It is always a good practice to examine again the boiler water
chemistry. If the feed water quality has changed, this may be directly impact to the
number of cycles the boiler can run. The impact may be positive or negative, but we
must be realized it already. The New chemistry may be available to allow the boilers
to run at higher cycles too. Also in Blowdown Controller, Many boilers are manually
blown down to control the conductivity. With the manual blowdown, there are times
that when the conductivity is below the control range and times when it is above the
control range. The worse the control, can be more the swings occur. Its automatically
in controlling the blowdown on a boiler to ensures the boiler runs through the set
conductivity limits. This will results in either the water savings if the boiler was
typically under cycled or improved steam quality if it was in over cycled. Some
boilers that have blowdown. Controllers cannot use them because they don’t work
properly. Crown has found that the key to work properly the blowdown controller is
to have a cooled sample. In the cooling tower Soft Water Makeup, Calcium and
magnesium are normally the two primary scale former in a cooling system. In
removing the ions through the water softener, the cooling tower is able to run at
higher cycles of concentration. This reduces the amount of blowdown and makeup the
water required.Blended City/Soft Water Makeup, is the softener regeneration costs
which may make using a hundred percent of soft makeup non economical for a
cooling tower. By using a blend of hard water and soft water, the cooling tower may
still be able to run at higher cycles requiring less blowdown and makeup water. The
most economical balance for the blend will have to be calculated. Water Chemistry: It
is always a good exercise to evaluate the water chemistry of the cooling tower system.
If makeup water quality changes, the control parameters will change accordingly. If
the water quality gets worse, perhaps softened makeup water becomes viable. If the
water quality improves, the cooling tower may be able to run higher cycles which will
reduce blowdown and makeup rates. Also, there are improved treatment chemistries
becoming available that may allow the Langelier Saturation Index of a system to
approach 3.5 instead of the standard 2.5. Running at a higher would allow for higher
cycles which that would be to reduce the blowdown and makeup. It should be
carefully, though, that precise control of the cooling tower water chemistry becomes
vitally important as the LSI is increased. The risk of scale formation on heat transfer
surfaces can be greatly increased even with small system upsets. The benefits of
running higher LSI unlike in the risk to the system must be weighed. In Acid Feed,
feeding acid to a cooling tower system will increase the solubility of calcium and
magnesium and allow for higher cycles to be achieved. Many facilities have acid
handling safety concerns that make them shy away from this alternative. In feeding
acid to the system can reduce the blowdown and makeup rates required. Reverse
Osmosis Concentrate, If a facility has a reverse osmosis unit nearby, the concentrate
or reject it from the unit may be used for cooling tower makeup. Reverse Osmosis
concentrate is normally sent down the drain. Reusing the concentrate could almost be
considered free water if this is the case. Then, if the water is softened prior to the
Reverse Osmosis, the concentrate will be soft water. Reverse Osmosis concentrate is
high in alkalinity though. A degasser may be required, and care must be taken to
ensure this high alkalinity soft water is not mixed with hard city or well water. High
alkalinity plus hardness can result in scale on heat exchange surfaces. Recycled
Wastewater, are some wastewaters which are of high enough quality to use as cooling
tower makeup without any extra treatment. The Reverse Osmosis concentrate is just
describing an example of this. Waters used for only once in cooling can be collected
and used for makeup. It may also be possible to treat a wastewater to achieve a high
enough quality for cooling tower makeup. This has the double benefit of reducing the
wastewater discharged from a plant and reducing the blowdown and makeup water
required.The Blowdown Controller, which the Cooling towers are far too dynamic
for manual control or malfunctioning in the controllers. Having a good controller
which keep the system running in the proper conductivity that will help to minimize
the water usage and the risk of scale. We remember, if a cooling tower’s conductivity
is below parameters, more water is used than the necessary. If the cooling tower’s
conductivity is above parameters, the risk of scale and corrosion are increases. In
Fixing Leaks the water leaks in the process or in the cooling tower only are non
controlled water loses that could be considered another form of blowdown. Leaks
start to become a problem when the cycles of concentration or conductivity in a
cooling tower cannot be maintained. This is because the rate of water loss due to leaks
has exceeded the rate of water loss required for the blowdown. If a cooling tower
system is not blowing down and it is still having trouble maintaining the set
conductivity, this is the sign of an excessive leak in the system. As a result, the
cooling tower will also require more makeup water than it normally do.

HVAC System Seminar

HVAC stands for heating, ventilation, and air conditioning was discussed by
Engr. Dominguez. This is a system that provides heating and cooling to residential
and commercial buildings. We can find HVAC systems from a residential homes or at
the city where they provide the means for environmental comfort. Becoming more
and more popular in new construction, these systems is use for fresh air from outdoors
to provide a high indoor air quality. The V in HVAC, is ventilation, which is the
process of replacing or exchanging air through the space in the room. This provides a
better quality of air indoors and involves the removal of moisture, smoke, odors, heat,
dust, airborne bacteria, carbon dioxide, and other gases as well as temperature control
and oxygen replenishment. The three main functions of an HVAC system are related,
especially when providing a indoor air quality and thermal comfort. The heating and
air conditioning system is often one of the most complicated and extensive systems in
our home, but when it stops working we know that soon enough. In some parts of the
country, where temperature and humidity levels permit, natural ventilation through
operable windows can be an effective and energy efficient way to supplement the
HVAC systems to provide outside air ventilation, cooling and thermal comfort when
conditions permit through temperature, humidity, outdoor air pollution levels,
precipitation. Every windows that open and close can be enhance or improve the
person sense of well-being and feeling of control over their environment. They can
also provide part of exhaust ventilation during renovation activities that may
introduce pollutants into the space. However, the sealed buildings with appropriate
designed and operated in HVAC systems can often provide better indoor air quality
than a building with operable windows. The uncontrolled ventilation with outdoor air
can allow the outside air contaminants to bypass filters, and potentially put off the
balance of the mechanical ventilation equipment and permit the excess moisture if
access is not controlled. To have a strategy using natural ventilation include the wind
consumed to cross ventilation and stack ventilation that employs the different in air
densities to provide air movement across a space. Both types of natural ventilation
require careful engineering to ensure convective flows. The proper sizing and
placement of openings is critical and the flow of air from entry to exit must not be cut
off. I heard that there are nine parts in our HVAC system that you should be familiar
with the return of air, filter, exhaust outlets, ducts, electrical elements, outdoor unit,
compressor, coils and blower. Air Return Your air return is the part of your system
that marks the starting point of the ventilation cycle. This return sucks in air, draws it
through a filter, and then passes it into the main system. Pro tip: Make sure to dust
your returns frequently as debris and dust can easily build up on your filters. Filter
Your filter is the second part of the air return in which the air is drawn through. Pro
tip: Make sure to change your filters regularly to keep your system in tip-top shape.
Exhaust Outlets Another part of your system is the exhaust outlets where the exhaust
created by the heating system is expelled. Pro tip: Check our chimney flue or vent
stack annually and tune it up if necessary. Ducts are the channels in which the heated
or cooled air passes through. To get the ducts cleaned every 2 to 5 years in order to
keep everything in working condition. Electrical Elements This part of your system
can be a bit harder, but often problems originate here first. If something isn’t working
right check for a tripped breaker or dead batteries in your thermostat. Outdoor Unit
This is likely the part of your system you think of when someone mentions an HVAC
system. The outdoor unit houses the fan which provides air flow. Keep your unit clear
of debris and vegetation as it can cause serious problems if plants are sucked into your
fan. Compressor As a part of the outdoor unit, the compressor is responsible for
converting refrigerant from a gas to liquid and sends it to the coils. Pro tip: If
something isn’t working quite right, check your compressor. It is often the cause of
many system failures. Coils Usually another part of the outdoor unit, coils cool the air
as it passes through with a little help from the refrigerant. Pro tip: Check your coils
annually. If they freeze up you may want to check your filter or refrigerant levels.
Blower The blower draws in warm air through the main section of the unit. Pro tip:
The more efficiently this air moves through, the more durable your system will be.
The heating element usually refers to a furnace or boiler. It includes a pipe system for
the fluid carrying the heat or duct work if you’re working with a forced air system.
The ventilation element is either natural or forced and when it is forced it is more
often than not used for air cleaning purposes as well. As many of us know the third
and final element of an HVAC system is air conditioning which is the exact opposite
of the heating. The main focus of it is to remove the existing heat from the interior of
the home. Air conditioning is actually the last portion of what HVAC stands for, but
they are often used reciprocally in reference to any type of heating or cooling device
in a home. When we think about HVAC as the overall term and air conditioning as
one piece of the puzzle. HVAC system consists of probably wondering how long a
new one will last. This really depends on the equipment to know how long the system
will last. But, if we keep up with your recommended annual maintenance in our
equipment will last for years and years to come, according to our teachers.

Essential Elements of Fire Protection Seminar

When hearing about fire protection, and we have to think about automatic
sprinklers to remove the fire and fire alarm to warn us about if there any smoke or
fire, these are just two among many components that protect building occupants from
fire. Smoke is also dangerous, capable of causing death by poisoning, so it must be
controlled as well. Our city buildings must include measures to help firefighters work
more effectively when fire cannot be controlled by sprinklers alone. It describes the
main components of fire protection systems, while indicating our Building Code
sections with the corresponding technical requirements. I keep in mind always this is
just an informative guide, and not to be used in the place of building codes for an
actual project. automatic sprinklers respond to fire with no need for human
intervention. In Movies and TV series have spread and I get some including ideas
about fire sprinklers, example, is a common belief that sprinklers shower indoor
spaces completely with the small sign of smoke. In the reality, fire sprinklers operate
automatically when it respond to heat, and in some cases that one sprinkler is enough
to put out a fire. With an automatic sprinkler system for a large building can represent
a big investment, but repairing the damage of an uncontrolled fire can be much more
expensive. A fire alarm system monitors the building for the presence of fire,
producing audible and visual signals if fire is detected. A control unit receives inputs
from all fire detection devices, automatic or manual, and activates the corresponding
notification systems. In addition, fire alarms can be used to initiate the adequate
response measures when fire is detected. It is important to note that fire alarm
requirements change significantly depending on the occupancy classification of the
building in question. The following is the right set of requirements is the first step for
a code compliant fire alarm design. Many People avoid the fire by instinct, but the
hazards associated with smoke are not common knowledge. In addition to limiting
visibility, smoke can cause poisoning if large enough amounts are inhaled. Therefore,
a fire protection system must also be capable of handling smoke effectively, avoiding
its accumulation and removing it from the building. I take note that the smoke
movement is driven by pressure and temperature and we will not see the smoke
flowing from a lower-pressure area to a higher-pressure area, and it also tends to rise
along with hot air. Mechanical systems use fans to control smoke movement. Passive
systems use smoke barriers to limit is movement, which don’t consume the power.
One of the most important requirements for a smoke control system is keeping
elevator shafts and staircases is clear. These areas are used to evacuate the building,
and smoke accumulation can make escaping more difficult for the people. A fire
command center is required in various occupancy classifications, including high-rise
constructions. The fire command center is a centralized location that displays the
status of various fire protection systems, such as detection equipment, alarms,
communication systems and controls. It also provides manual control for many of
these systems. fire pumps are normally powered by electricity. Our codes provide a
list of requirements for the backup power systems for fire pumps, ensuring their
operation even if the electric service is interrupted during an emergency. Fire pumps
are expensive, but they are not mandatory for all fire protection systems. With their
smart design decisions, it may be possible to avoid their use completely while still
having a code compliant system. smoke hinders visibility and is extremely dangerous
when inhaled. Clearing the smoke in a building is important to resume building
operation as soon as possible once a fire is extinguished. This is exact for me because
of what post fire smoke purge systems can do through eliminating smoke quickly
after a fire incident. Since post fire smoke purge systems operate after a fire, which
they are not classified as life safety systems. Fire protection requirements are very
demanding, and the associated equipment is expensive. However, you can optimize
cost while ensuring code compliance by working with qualified design professionals
from the design phase. Lower costs do not necessarily mean reduced fire protection.
Structural fire protection guards essential structural components for such as structural
steel and joint systems from the effects of fire. This is accomplished with a
fireproofing material or building the structure out of concrete products.
Compartmentation Fire barriers, firewalls, fire partitions, and smoke barriers are all
included in compartmentation. Fire barriers include fire-rated walls, floors, and
ceilings are often made of concrete, combination wood, gypsum, or masonry. These
barriers are used to limit the spread of fire in a building and allow safe egress. Walls
extend from a fire-rated floor to the fire-rated ceiling above, and continue into
concealed spaces for full protection. Opening protection Fire doors and windows are
installed in an opening of a fire barrier to maintain its fire resistance. It explains, that
Doors, builders hardware, and frames work together to form an effective smoke and
fire barrier.” Fire-rated glass and framing are tested as a complete assembly that
maintains the protection of the fire barrier. Additionally, fire and smoke dampers is
often used in duct systems are considered as an opening protection and complete the
fire barrier where air ducts penetrate the fire rated or smoke resistant assemblies. Fire
stopping materials are used to limit the fire to spread through penetrations in a fire
barrier. It is not uncommon to see a fire barrier penetrated during a minor building
alteration, and then the penetrating item is not enough to be protected by firestopping.
Electricians, plumbers, communications engineers, cannot identify all hidden holes in
the barriers as they perform their services. It is a key to understand that a particular
product a window, for example is not fire rated in and it’s rated only when it’s
installed properly and used in a fire rated assembly or tested system. It observe that,
unless that if we missing our building’s construction documents, knowing that the
required and is not difficult. On construction documents, fire-resistance-rated walls
are [indicated],” he says, adding that the life-safety drawings included with
construction documents make it clear where you need fire rated components. If part of
your building is rewired or plumbed, or if new communications systems are added,
chances are good that penetrations have been made in fire barriers. “Workmanship,
odd opening sizes, missing caulk, pipe penetrations, and top-of-wall conditions could
all be signs that fire stopping has not been addressed, that adds the existing
construction always provides a unique challenge. “Structures with installations older
than 10 years rarely have any fire stop installed, and contain unprotected penetrations.
A mixed bag of contractors, service professionals, and installers working in your
building all need to be educated, monitored, and held accountable,” he says. Because
many older buildings already have some compartmentation, finishing the
compartmentation can be done effectively, with costs depending on the quantity of
mechanical, electrical, and plumbing items routed in the building and penetrating fire
barriers. In common new construction projects, though, costs seem to be relatively
negligible. “Since there is already labor used to install the walls, doors and seal holes.
The additional cost to move from non resistance construction to rated construction is
minimum in compared to the cost of the complete structure.

Building System’s Operation and Maintenance Seminar

In the last seminar, the building design/build phases was not common to assign
considerable resources to life cycle Operation and Maintenance. It is now widely
recognized that Operation and Maintenance represents the greatest costs in owning
and operating a facility to its life cycle. The accuracy of well-developed, user friendly
Operation and Maintenance manuals are becoming important. Because, it is starting
more common for detailed, facility specific Operation and Maintenance manuals to be
prepared priority to place an order. Which the goal is an effective and efficient to
support the life cycle of the facility by removing unplanned shutdowns and realizing
the life-cycle cost savings. The training for new personnel is considered a key element
of operation and maintenance, especially when a new equipment is installed or to
come up the technology is being employed. It is important to the overall facility
management program that the facilities personnel must be properly instructed and
motivated. The training courses will familiarize by the personnel together with the
procedures necessary to operate and maintain complex systems and equipment, often
using the system level Operation and Maintenance manual as the basis of information.
Which the courses can be developed for presentation by subject matter experts or
trainers, or if specified, through computer-based training and the technologies of the
multimedia, which ideal for individual training in a classroom setting or through the
company internet. Operation and Maintenance manuals, are likewise conducive for
use in training, can be provided in both paper and as an on the line interactive
electronic manuals developed using the web-based and other accepted applications
like an PDF, etc. The training should be always keep in pace with technology and
equipment changes in the facility. The Maintenance Program Preventive Maintenance
consists of a series of maintenance requirements that provide a basis for planning,
scheduling, and executing scheduled maintenance, planned compared to corrective for
the purpose of improving equipment life and to avoid any unplanned maintenance
activity to minimize equipment breakdowns. These can be defined through a
Maintenance Plan. Preventive Maintenance includes adjusting, lubricating, cleaning,
painting, and replacing minor components. Time intensive in Preventive Maintenance,
such as bearing or sealing the replacement as identified by preventive maintenance
would typically be scheduled or planned for regular plant or shutdown periods. The
Operation and Maintenance manual itself, and particularly the data, should be
maintained on an as the needed basis, typically whenever systems/equipment are
changed out. The purpose of a Maintenance Plan is to describe the best means to
maximize equipment operational availability, while minimizing equipment downtime.
Once developed, the Maintenance Plan will typically identify Preventive Maintenance
task descriptions and schedules, troubleshooting, corrective maintenance repair task
descriptions, and spare parts identification, stock and any unique storage
requirements. This information will be incorporated in the manual, both as tabular
data and text. Operation and Maintenance Manuals provide procedures to operate and
maintain a facility's various systems and equipment. It is important to analyze and
evaluate a facility from the system level, then develop procedures to attain the most
efficient systems integration, based on as-built information and the Maintenance
Program philosophy. The following paragraphs provide an example of system-level
Operation and Maintenance Manual layout and technical content/description that can
be successfully applied to many facility types. The elements of narrative text like
PDF, etc. Graphics including the, sound, photographs, and videos can all be
organized into a user-friendly, interactive, stand-alone PC or web-based application or
platform. For Operation and Maintenance manuals, it is often referred to as the
Interactive Electronic Manual, for training materials, Computer-Based Training .
Similar to this document, text and graphical information is typically linked to related
data within the Operation and Maintenance manual, or to external sources such as an
Owner's intranet or the internet, accessed by a click of the mouse. One caution
relative to linking to internet sources is that of security. The Owner's information
technology department should be consulted in these instances. Screens can be printed
on demand. All information, including text, 3D models or animations, CAD
drawings , illustrations, and digital photographs can be viewed and manipulated
which read only by on-line viewers and can only be modified off-line.
Updates/modifications are typically through a configuration management process and
formal authorization. However, many organizations have developed their own
standards which vary from organization to organization. Much is dependent upon the
Operation and Maintenance philosophy and the particular nature and purpose of the
facility. For example our Department of Defense requires the development of a
Facility Electronic Operation and Maintenance that Support Information manual for a
facility that the houses engine test cells. And others are simply require that the
equipment vendor or manufacturer commercial manuals must be organized by service
or the trade.