Contents

I Introduction and Background

1-1 The Transportation Engineering
1-2 Classification of Transport Studies
1-2.1 Modal Classification
1-2.2 Elemental Classification
1-2.3 Functional Classification
1-2.4 Transportation Terms
1-2.5 Summary
Homework#1

Feb-13 Background & Introduction by CSP 1

 I- INTRODUCTION & BACKGROUND

1-1 Transportation Engineering

 Mobility has always been important to human society.

 All civilization built roads because human valued efficient mobility and
because communication and trade were treated essential to the
functioning of societies.
 Efficient and safety is a direct correlation in Modern Society.
 The lesser the rate of infant mortality, the more developed the country.
Referred to table 1
 Transportation does play a vital role in country’s development by
facilitating trade between regions, reducing travel time costs, improving
accessibility, etc
 Transportation engineering here concerned with the field of building safe
and efficient transportation systems.
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 I- INTRODUCTION & BACKGROUND

 Transportation engineering is the application of scientific

processes (like observation, analysis, and deduction
“Conclusion”) to the planning, designing, building,
operation and management transportation facilities.
 There are various kinds of transportation facilities,
 Human-powered vehicles (like cycles)
 Jet-powered vehicles (like aircraft)…
 Handling stationary vehicles (parking lots or ports)

Feb-13 Background & Introduction by CSP 3

 I- INTRODUCTION & BACKGROUND

 Transportation engineering Country Total paved

roads
Paved road
density
Infant mortality
deaths per
is also multidisciplinary and (1000 Km) (m/1000
persons)
1000 live
births)
requires knowledge from Argentina 63.35 1.71 18
specialized field such as Australia 353.33 18.41 5
Bulgaria 34.30 4.19 14
 psychology, Cambodia 5.751 0.45 97
 economics, Egypt 49.98 0.78 47
Ethiopia 3.81 0.06 104
 ecology and environment, France 893.50 15.18 5
sociology, management, Greece 107.41 10.17 6
Hungary 81.68 8.15 8
 optimization, India 1393.22 1.37 71

Table 1
Italy 654.68 11.35 5
 graph theory, probability Mexico 109.40 1.12 29
theory, Pakistan 109.40 0.79 90
Puerto rico 14.40 3.67 10
 statistics, Sierra Leone 0.90 0.18 168
 computer simulation, and South Africa 63.03 1.47 62
Thailand 62.99 1.04 28
 other areas of civil U.S.A 3732.76 13.26 7
engineering (such as structural Zimbabwe 8.69 0.72 70
and geo-technical
engineering)
Source: WB 2001

Feb-13 Background & Introduction by CSP 4

 1-2 CLASSIFICATION OF TRANSPORT
STUDIES
 Any transportation system consists of various modes of travel
ranging from walking to driving to use of craft to fly.
 One way of classifying a transportation system is to form classes of
different modes of travel. Such classification is termed modal
classification.
 All modes of travel consist of the same set of elements such as a
person who drives, the vehicle is driven, the path that is used, the
users who use the mode and the like. Therefore another way of
looking at a transportation system could be to look at its element.
Such classification is termed elemental classification.
 Functional classification: a transport engineer needs to analyze and
design facilities to be used by vehicles or may need to determine
routes of buses, or may even need to chalk out a plan of
transportation – related activities.
Feb-13 Background & Introduction by CSP 5
 1-2 CLASSIFICATION OF TRANSPORT
STUDIES

 Transportation System  Transportation system

 Modal classification  Fixed facilities

 Elemental classification  Flow entities
 Functional classification  Control system

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Feb-13 Background & Introduction by 7
CSP
 1-2.1 Modal Classification

 A mode of transport may

be simply defined as a
 Roadways means of transportation,
 Railways including walking,
 Waterways automobile, bus, train,
 Airways ferry-boat, ship, aircraft,
helicopter, and so on.

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 Example Modes

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 Local roads are predominantly designed for
accessibility rather than mobility.

Mobility = the ability to travel

to many different destinations
Accessibility = the ability to
gain entry to a particular site or
area

Feb-13 Background & Introduction by 13

CSP
 Roadways and Railway

 From a transportation engineer’s  From a transportation engineer’s

standpoint, the important aspects standpoint, the important
aspects related to the railways
related to the roadways mode of mode of transport include:
transport include:  Safe and efficient
 Safe and efficient operation operation and control of
and control of road traffic rail traffic
 Layout of roads  Layout of rail tracks
 Structural design of the  Structural design of the
roadway (pavement) sub-grade on which rail
track run
 Roadway-based public
 Planning of stations or
transportation terminals for railway
vehicles
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 Waterways and Airways
 From a transportation
engineer’s standpoint, the
important aspects related to
this waterways mode of
transport include:
 Safe and efficient
operation and control of
ship traffic especially at
and near ports
 Planning and operation
of ports
Feb-13 Background & Introduction by CSP
 From a transportation engineer’s
standpoint, the important aspects
related to the airways mode of transport
include:
 Safe and efficient operation and
control of air traffic especially, at
and near airports
 Planning and operation of airports
 Orientation of runways and layout
of taxiways
 Planning the parking pattern aircraft
 Structural design of the runways,
taxiways, and aprons
 Planning and operation of vehicle
circulation and parking on the land-
side of airports
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 1-2.2 Elemental Classification
 Driver  Control
 Vehicle  To ensure safety and efficiency of operation,
there are system level controls imposed on
 Way the movement of vehicles.
 Control  Static (No U-turn or one-way, No left-turn)
 Dynamic (instructions from air traffic
 Terminal control)
 Users  Terminal
 Location where vehicles of a mode stop for
•Driver- Every mode of transportation has a various reasons including
driver who control the vehicle.  Boarding (loading) and alighting (unloading)
Varies from mode to mode of passengers (goods)
(analysis&design)- Ch.2  Resting
•Vehicle- Turning radius, braking distance,  Refueling
accelerating capabilities, etc) which  Maintenance
influence the design and operation of the  User
transportation facility- Ch.2  The public at large for transportat. modes
•Way- every mode of transportation used
 The organization
specified path which is either constructed or
charted. Transportation system must be sensitive to the
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needs of its users.
Background & Introduction by CSP 16
 1-2.3 Functional Classification
 Classification of
transportation engineering
divides in terms of the
different functions
 Functionally, transportation
engineering can be divided
into the following primarily
class:-
1. Traffic engineering
2. Pavement engineering
3. Public transportation
4. Transport planning
5. Transport economics
Note: ITE- Institute of Transportation Engineering
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1. Traffic engineering- dealing with
the analysis, design and operation
of transportation facilities used by
vehicles of various transportation
modes.
 Utmost importance in the case of
roadways as the number of
vehicles using the transportation
facilities are the highest and
most varies.
 ITE defines traffic engineering
as “ that phase of transportation
engineering which deals with
planning, geometric design and
traffic operations of roads,
streets, highways, their
networks, terminals, abutting
lands and relationship with
other transportation modes”.
Background & Introduction by CSP 17
 1-2.3 Functional Classification, Cont…
2. Pavement engineering- deals with the 3. Public transportation- concerns with
structural analysis and design of the
way used by different modes.
 The analysis, structural design,
construction and maintenance of
roadway pavements, runways,
taxiways and rail tracks and their
drainage and other associated
structures, and
 The materials used in the
construction of all structures
Feb-13 Background & Introduction by CSP
the analysis, design and operation of
public transportation systems.
 The public transportation system is
a transportation system which
operates to move the general
public from one point to another.
 Para-transit system (informal)
 Rapid transit system (formal)
 The design of a public
transportation system includes
 The design of routes (stop
locations), design of
schedules, determination of
fare structures and screw
scheduling 18
 1-2.3 Functional Classification, Cont…
4. Transportation planning- dealing
with planning transportation
facilities which will be able to
meet the present and future needs
in a sustainable manner.
 This field focuses on issues
like estimation of future
demands, needs and
problems, generation of
alternative transportation
solutions, studying the
financial, economic and
technological implications of
these alternatives and
analyzing their impact on the
environment, land-use and
demographic trends of the
area
Feb-13 Background & Introduction by CSP
5. Transport economics- studies the
various economic costs and benefits
of buildings and operating different
transportation facilities. The area
focuses on
 Identifying the economic costs
and benefits and their incident
sectors
 Studying numerous technique
available and formulating new
techniques to estimate these costs
and benefits
 Analyzing the financing and cost
recovery aspects of
transportation projects
 Suggesting economic ways of
solving certain transportation
problems
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Q. WHAT IS TRANSPORTATION?

A B

Movement of persons and

goods over space.
 Q. TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING?

One of the specialty areas of civil engineering

 Development of facilities for the movement of goods and people
 Planning, design, construction, operation and maintenance
Multidisciplinary study
Multi objectives
Multi problems
Multi sectors
Multi modal
 Mobility

ROAD FUNCTIONS

Accessibility
HIERARCHICAL
Rural
STRUCTURE OF ROAD
NETWORKS

Urban
MOBILITY VS ACCESSIBILITY

Road Class Road Function

Freeways Through movement exclusively
Surface Arterials Through movement primary and
some land access

Collectors Traffic movement to higher rank

roads, access to abutting properties

Local Roads Access to abutting land and local

traffic movement
HIERARCHICAL
STRUCTURE OF
ROAD NETWORKS
MOBILITY VS.
ACCESSIBILITY
HIGHWAY
COMPONENTS
CROSS-
SECTION
TYPICAL CROSS SECTION (1/4)

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TYPICAL CROSS SECTION (2/4)

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TYPICAL CROSS SECTION (3/4)

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TYPICAL CROSS SECTION (4/4)

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 1-2.4 Transportation Term’s Summary

 Mobility-
 Efficient and safety –
 Transportation engineering-
 Transportation facility-
 Accessibility-
 Transportation system-
 Transportation engineering
classification-

Feb-13 Background & Introduction by CSP 32

 Homework#1
(9 October 2009)

1. The study of transportation system that meets the

travel need of several people by sharing a vehicle is
a. Mass transportation
b. ITS (Intelligent Transportation System)
c. Passenger transport
d. None of the above
2. What are the advantages of the roads? Please list at
least 8 points?
3. What are the main classification of roads?
4. What types of roads are constructed nowadays?

Feb-13 Background & Introduction by CSP 33

 Homework#2
1. The application of technology and scientific principles to the planning, functional design,
operation and management of facilities for any mode of transportation in order to provide
for the safe, rapid, comfortable, convenient, economical and environmentally compatible
movement of people and goods.
a) Transportation engineering
b) Traffic engineering
c) Highway engineering
d) None of the above
2. A phase of transportation engineering which deals with the planning, geometric design and
traffic operations of roads, streets and highways, their networks, terminals, abutting lands
and relationships with other modes of transportation.
a) Traffic engineering
b) Environmental engineering
c) Highway engineering
d) Geological engineering
3. An area where two or more roads come together
a) Intersection
b) Channel
c) Skyway
d) Freeway
4. The road approaching the intersection are called
1. Legs of the intersection
2. Channel
3. Flare
4. Frog
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