UNIT I.

LESSON 2
The Art of Winemaking
Work in pairs.
Professions Related to Wine
Find the definition for the following professions.
1 Cooper _________
2 Garagiste _________
3 Negociant _________
4 Oenologist _________
5 Sommelier _________
6 Vintner, Winemaker _________
7 Viticulturist _________

a A wine producer; a person who makes wine

b A wine merchant, most specifically those who assemble the produce of smaller
growers and winemakers and sells them under their own name
c An amateur winemaker, or a derogatory term used for small scale operations of
recent inception, usually without pedigree and located in Bordeaux
d Craftsman of wooden barrels and casks. A cooperage is a company that produces such
casks
e Wine scientist or wine chemist; a student of oenology. A winemaker may be
trained as an oenologist, but often hires a consultant instead
f A restaurant specialist in charge of assembling the wine list, educating the staff
about wine, and assisting customers with their wine selection
g A person who specializes in the science of grapevines. Can also be someone who manages
vineyard pruning, irrigation, and pest control
(Source: Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Fl. Wikipedia Foundation Inc. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine)

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 WINE MAKING TALK

I.WORK ON THE VOCABULARY:

wine (n)- an alcoholic drink made from the juice of grapes that has been left to ferment
grape (n) - a green or purple berry growing in bunches on a vine, used for making wine or eaten
as fruit.

Steps of production:

1. Destemming - removing the stems.

2. Skin contact- the release of different compounds from the skin (the outer covering) of the grape.

3. Pressing- the appliance of a force or weight on grapes in order to squeeze juice from them.

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4. Fermentation – the creation of wine with the help of yeast.

5. Racking – removing the yeast from the bottom of the barrel

6. Fining – removing other unwanted substances.

7. Filtering – the purification of wine with the help of a filter.

8. Bottling- putting wine into bottles.

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 Actions designed by specialized verbs:
to ferment – to change by means of a chemical reaction involving yeast.
to press – to squeeze juice from fruit applying a weight on it.
to filter – to pass liquid through a filter to make it pure.
to bottle – to preserve something by storing it in glass containers with a narrow neck.
to process - to put a raw material, food through an industrial or manufacturing process in order to
change it, preserve it.
to mature - to become or to make something/somebody mature.

Variety of wine:
white wine, red wine, pink wine (known as “rose” or “blush”), sparkling wine, classic wine,
semi-sweet wine, semi-dry wine, sweet wine, dry wine, vintage wine, collection wine, country
wine, dessert wine, light wine, aperitif wine, dinner wine, table wine (“still”), cooking wine, old
wine, young wine, ordinary wine, vegetarian wine.

Text: Technology of winemaking

The winemaking begins with the decision to pick the grapes. It is of great importance that
the grapes arrive freshly picked. The processing starts immediately; the grapes are visually
checked, weighed, and then processed. The fresh grapes are tipped out of the bins and placed into
the destemmer – the machine that removes the stems. Once destemmed, the grapes are pumped
to one of three vessels (including the press) depending on the grape variety and style of wine to be
made. White aromatic grape varieties receive up to 24 hours of skin contact. This affects a greater
release of phenolic and other compounds from the skin of the grape. (It is in the skin that most of
these aromas and flavors are stored.) With red wine varieties, the skin also contains the color
pigments. To release the color, the red wine grape varieties are actually fermented in their skins.
At some point, all the grapes pass through the press. The function of the press is to
extract the grape juice from the skins and seeds of the grape. In the case of non-aromatic varieties
or champagne-base wines the grapes are either destemmed first or placed directly into the press.
In the case of aromatic varieties like Muscat Ottonel, they are pumped directly into the press after
24 hours of skin contact. Fermented or fermenting red wine grapes are either pumped or dumped
from bins into the press. The first juice to leave the press is classified as the free-run because it
leaves the press without any mechanical pressure being placed on it. This juice or wine is always
separated and represents the best portion of the pressing.
The process of fermentation involves the metamorphosis of grape juice to wine. Yeast
creates the wine by metabolizing the grape sugars. Pure cultured yeasts are selected for their
influences on each individual grape variety. Some yeast does not metabolize color and are best
suited for red wines. Other yeasts can tolerate the cold and are great for cold cellars or white wines.
Once fermentation is complete, racking begins. Racking is the process in which the yeast that has
settled to the bottom of the barrel is removed.
The wine is pumped out of the barrel or tank, leaving the yeast behind in the bottom of the
container. This process may take place a week or years after fermentation, depending on the style
of wine that is being made.
Fining is the process in which unwanted natural substances, like excess protein or tannins,
are removed.
Filtering takes place in many different ways. Some wines are ready to bottle right from racking
and aging. Others require filtering. Some filters are known as police filters because they screen
bacteria and yeast cells.
From the time, the last grape arrives in the fall to the time when the wine is ready for
bottling, many years of work have passed. Red wines often mature for years before being sold.
White wines tend to come to market earlier. Wine is made up of over a thousand different minerals,
vitamins and other components and once in the bottle, the wine continues to mature and improve.
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Questionnaire:
• What happens because of the skin contact?
• How to obtain red wine?
• What is the function of the press?
• What is a free-run wine?
• What does the process of fermentation involve?
• What is the role of the yeast?
• What is a police filter?
• What does the wine consist of?

4. Are these statements true (T) or false (F)? Correct the false ones.

1. Only half of the grapes pass through the press. _____

2. It is not of great importance that the grapes arrive freshly picked. _____
3. The free-run wine represents the best portion of the pressing. _____
4. The process of destemming involves the metamorphosis of grape juice to wine. _____
5. Racking is the process in which the yeast is removed. _____
6. Wines cannot be ready to bottle right from racking and aging. _____
77. White wines tend to come to market the last. _____

8. Most wines do not improve in quality during barrel storage. _____

9. During the aging period the flavour and aroma of wine change. _____
10. Ullage is the head space of air between the wine and the bottom of the barrel. _____
11.The wine barrels don't have to be regularly topped up. _____
12. Maturing in tanks is as labour intensive as aging in barrels. _____
13. Wine is made up of only two minerals and three vitamins. _____

2. Insert the right word:

1. Sugar is converted into alcohol through the process of _________.

2. The ________ have to be picked before optimal maturity levels.
3. He has an excellent _______ cellar.
4. To make bread rise _______ is used.
5. The _____ is a machine used to extract juice from grapes.
6. Do you _________ your fruit or freeze it?
7. Red wine often __________ for years before being sold.

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3. Rearrange the words in the sentences below to form correct sentences. (Add
capital letters, question marks and other punctuation marks where necessary.)
There is an example at the beginning (0).
0 in wine ways can be pressed two white
1 White wine can be pressed in two ways.
2 careful of alcoholic fermentation control process the requires
_________________________________________________________________________
3 derive from grape skins wines red colour their
_________________________________________________________________________
4 stainless or large fermented is wine steel vessels barrels usually either in oak
_________________________________________________________________________
5 fermentation caused by bacteria lactic-acid enzymes is the by produced certain
_________________________________________________________________________
6 must normal fermentation the usually take long how of does
_________________________________________________________________________

4. Fill in the gaps in the following sentences with the correct form of make, do or
have. There is an example at the beginning (0).

0. Why do politicians always take so long to make decisions?

1 It’s time you _____ a holiday, Margaret. It will _____ you the world of good.
2 Everyone over the age of thirty should _____ a will.
3 Your daughter is _____ excellent progress, Mrs. Grove.
She ought to _____ well in next year’s exam.
4 It _____ no difference to me when you finish it, as long as you _____ a good job.
5 I’ve decided to _____ a big party on my birthday. Could I
leave you to _____ the arrangements, darling?
6 You must ____ the exam, I’m afraid. You ____ no alternative.
7 The two countries _____ talks last week and are optimistic about ____ peace soon.
8 Take this medicine. It will _____ you good.
9 This photograph doesn’t ______ Sally justice. She is much better-looking really.
10 If we are going to ____ this company profitable again, we are going to have to ________ a lot of
changes.

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Task-based activities
Discussions and debates
Drinking wine can damage your teeth

Drinking wine can damage your teeth. That is the conclusion of a report from the Johannes Gutenberg
University in Mainz, Germany. Researchers tested the effects of eight red and eight white wines on
teeth from men and women aged between 40 to 65. They discovered all of the wines damaged the
enamel that protects our teeth. This makes our teeth more sensitive to hot and cold food and drinks. It
also means the teeth will stain quicker if someone drinks coffee. The research team said white wine
causes more damage than red. The acid in white wines attacks the enamel and wears it away. The bad
news is that brushing your teeth after drinking wine will only make things worse. Wine drinkers
previously thought red wine was worse for your teeth.

The research has been published in the journal “Nutrition Research”. Report co-author Dr. Brita
Willershausen told reporters: “Within the limits of this study, it can be predicted that frequent
consumption of white wines might lead to severe dental erosion.” The researchers did have some good
news for wine lovers. They said food that is rich in calcium could help limit the damage. The report
stated: “The tradition of enjoying different cheeses for dessert or in combination with drinking wine
might have a beneficial effect on preventing dental erosion because cheese contains calcium in a high
concentration.” Other factors can also help reduce the amount of erosion wine causes. Less frequent
sips and swallowing the wine a little more quickly can help save your teeth.

WORK ON THE VOCABULARY

Circle any words you do not understand. In groups, pool unknown words and use dictionaries
to find their meanings.

Look in your dictionary / computer to find collocates, other meanings, information, synonyms
… for the words ‘white’ and ‘wine’.

white wine

• Share your findings with your partners.

I. In pairs / groups, decide which of these topics or words from the article are
most interesting and which are most boring.

drinking wine / teeth / enamel / sensitive / stains / acid / wearing away / bad news /
research / journals / calcium / limiting damage / cheese / frequent sips / swallowing

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II. BEVERAGES: Complete this table about different drinks with your partner(s). Change partners
and share your ideas. Change again share what you heard again.

Good/Bad? Why?
Wine
Whiskey
Cola
Coffee
Energy drinks
Milkshake

III. Spend one minute writing down all of the different words you associate with
the word ‘damage’. Share your words with your partner(s) and talk about them.
Together, put the words into different categories.

IV. Read the headline. Guess if a-h below are true (T) or false (F).

a. Wine will damage the teeth of anyone who drinks it. T/F
b. Half of the wines tested in a study damaged the enamel of teeth. T/F
c. Drinking wine can make it easier for coffee to stain our teeth. T/F
d. Brushing your teeth after a glass of wine helps reduce any damage. T/F
e. A study said drinking wine could cause a lot of damage to teeth. T/F
f. Eating food with lots of calcium can reduce the damage of wine. T/F
g. Cheese has very low levels of calcium. T/F
h. Swallowing wine quickly can reduce the damage wine does to teeth. T/F

V. Match the following synonyms from the article.

1. damage a. regular
2 tested b. earlier
3. sensitive c. helpful
4. stain d. examined
5. previously e. printed
6. published f. harm
7. predicted g. points
8. frequent h. discolour
9. beneficial i. delicate
10. factors j. forecast

VI. Match the following phrases: (Sometimes more than one choice is possible.)

1. Drinking wine can a. someone drinks coffee

2 wines damaged the enamel b. calcium
3. teeth will stain quicker if c. red wine was worse
4. The acid in white wines d. a little more quickly
5. Wine drinkers previously thought e. erosion
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6. The research has f. attacks the enamel
7. lead to severe dental g. damage your teeth
8. food that is rich h. been published
9. cheese contains i. in calcium
10. swallowing the wine j. that protects our teeth

VII. Put the words into the gaps in the text.

Drinking wine can damage your teeth. That is the ____________ of a report
from the Johannes Gutenberg University in Mainz, Germany. Researchers tested
the ____________ of eight red and eight white wines on teeth from men and sensitive
women ____________ between 40 to 65. They discovered all of the wines aged
damaged the enamel that ____________ our teeth. This makes our teeth more previously
____________ to hot and cold food and drinks. It also means the teeth will protects
____________ quicker if someone drinks coffee. The research team said white conclusion
wine causes more damage than red. The ____________ in white wines attacks effects
the enamel and wears it away. The bad news is that brushing your teeth after acid
drinking wine will only make things worse. stain

Wine drinkers ____________ thought red wine was worse for your teeth.

The research has been ____________ in the journal “Nutrition Research”.

Report co-author Dr. Brita Willershausen told reporters: “Within the
____________ of this study, it can be predicted that frequent consumption of rich
white wines might lead to ____________ dental erosion.” The researchers did causes
have some good news for wine lovers. They said food that is ____________ in limits
calcium could help limit the damage. The report stated: “The tradition of combination
enjoying different cheeses for dessert or in ____________ with drinking wine published
might have a beneficial effect on preventing dental erosion because cheese save
____________ calcium in a high concentration.” Other factors can also help contains
reduce the amount of erosion wine ____________. Less frequent sips and severe
swallowing the wine a little more quickly can help ____________ your teeth.

VIII. TEST EACH OTHER: Look at the words below. With your partner, try to recall how they
were used in the text:

• conclusion • journal
• aged • frequent
• sensitive • severe
• stain • limit
• wears • high
• worse • save

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TEETH DISCUSSION

STUDENT A’s QUESTIONS (Do not show these to student B)

a) What did you think when you read the headline?

b) What springs to mind when you hear the word ‘teeth’?
c) What condition are your teeth in?
d) What do you do to look after your teeth?
e) Are you surprised at what you read in this article?
f) What do you eat or drink that is bad for your teeth?
g) Would you stop drinking or eating things that are bad for your teeth?
h) How important is having white teeth to you?
i) Do you think this article will reduce wine sales?
j) What other things damage your teeth?

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STUDENT B’s QUESTIONS (Do not show these to student A)

a) Did you like reading this article?

b) Do you read journal articles or the science sections of newspapers?
c) Why do you think scientists have taken so long to find this out?
d) Do you think cheese is a good dessert?
e) What do you think dental care will be like in 100 years?
f) How would you feel if you had to wear dentures (false teeth)?
g) In what way would you like your teeth to be better?
h) Do you think it is important to have perfectly straight white teeth?
i) Do you like going to the dentist?
j) What questions would you like to ask Dr. Brita Willershausen?

LANGUAGE – MULTIPLE CHOICE

Drinking wine can damage your teeth. That is the conclusion (1) ____ a report from the Johannes
Gutenberg University in Mainz, Germany. Researchers tested the (2) ____ of eight red and eight white
wines on teeth from men and women aged between 40 to 65. They discovered all of the wines damaged
the enamel that (3) ____ our teeth. This makes our teeth more sensitive to hot and cold food and
drinks. It also means the teeth will stain (4) ____ if someone drinks coffee. The research team said
white wine causes more damage than red. The acid in white wines attacks the enamel and (5) ____ it
away. The bad news is that brushing your teeth after drinking wine will only make things worse. Wine
drinkers (6) ____ thought red wine was worse for your teeth.

The research has been published in the journal “Nutrition Research”. Report co-author Dr. Brita
Willershausen told reporters: “Within the (7) ____ of this study, it can be predicted that frequent
consumption of white wines might lead to (8) ____ dental erosion.” The researchers did have some
good news for wine lovers. They said food that is rich (9) ____ calcium can help limit the damage.
The report stated “The tradition of enjoying different cheeses for dessert or in (10) ____ with drinking
wine might have a beneficial effect on preventing dental erosion because cheese contains calcium in
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a high concentration.” Other factors can also help (11) ____ the amount of erosion wine causes. Less
frequent (12) ____ and swallowing the wine a little more quickly can help save your teeth.

Put the correct words from the table below in the above article.

1. (a) for (b) by (c) on (d) of

2. (a) effects (b) affects (c) effective (d) affected
3. (a) protect (b) protects (c) protective (d) protected
4. (a) quickly (b) quick (c) quicker (d) quicken
5. (a) wore (b) wearing (c) wears (d) wear
6. (a) previous (b) previously (c) preview (d) previews
7. (a) limit (b) limiting (c) limitless (d) limits
8. (a) severe (b) severely (c) sever (d) severs
9. (a) of (b) in (c) for (d) by
10. (a) combined (b) combining (c) combines (d) combination
11. (a) low (b) down (c) reduce (d) decreases
12. (a) sips (b) slips (c) ships (d) skips

OVER TO YOU:

1. Search the Internet and find out more about wine.

2. Make a poster about teeth. Include things that damage them and protect them. Show your work to
your classmates in the next lesson. Did you all have similar things?

3. Write a magazine article about the things that damage your teeth. Include an imaginary with a
dentist.

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