== ALLEN Structural organisation in Animals (Animal Tissue) h apter Oz ontents O1. Organ and organ system 79 02, Properties of epithelial tissues 80 03, Cell junctions 81 04, Simple epithelium 83 05, Compound epithelium 87 06. Glands - 90 07. Connective tissues (Properties, functions) 91 08. Cell and fibres of connective tissue proper 3 09. Loose connective tissue 94 10, Dense connective tinue - 8. 11, Cartilage 98 12, Bone 100 13. Exercise-I (Conceptual Questions) 107 14, Exercise-Il (Previous Yeats Questions) 112 15, _ Exercise-IIl (Analytical Questions) vas Animal tissues : Epithelial tissue, connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone.Marie Francois Xavier Bichat (14 November 1771 - 22 July 1802)was a French anatomist and physiologist who is best remembered as the father of modem histology and descriptive anatomy. Despite ‘working without a microscope, he was the first to introduce the notion of tissues as distinct entities, and maintained that diseases attacked tissues rather than whole organs or the entire body, causing a revolution in anatomical pathology.Bichat was born at Thoirette in Jura, France His father was Jean-Baptise Bichat, a physician who had trained at Montpellier and was Bichat's first instructor. His mother was Jeanne- Rose Bichat, his father's wife and cousin, He entered the college of Nantua, and later studied at Lyon. He made rapid progress in mathematics and the physical sciences, but ultimately devoted himself to the study of anatomy and surgery under the quidance of Mare-Antoine Petit (1766-1811), chief surgeon to the Hotel-Dieu at Lyon. The revolutionary disturbances compelled him to flee from Lyon and take refuge in Paris in 1793. There he became a pupil of P. J. Desault, who was so impressed with his genius that he took him into his house and treated him as his adopted son. For two years he took active part in Desault's work, at the same time pursuing his own research in anatomy and physiology. Desault passed in 1795. At age 29 he was appointed as the chief physician to the Hotel-Dieu. In 1796, he and several other colleagues formally founded the Societe d'Emulation de Paris, which provided an intellectual platform for debating problems in medicine. He died at age 30, fourteen days after falling down a set of stairs at Hotel-Dieu and acquiring a fever. He is buried at Pere Lachaise Cemetery.¢ ALLEM Pre Medical : Biology A STRUCTURE OF ORGANISATION IN ANIMALS (ANIMAL TISSUES) a Le ee ER Inunicellelar organisms. al functions like digestion, respiration and reproduction are performed bya single cell Inthe complex body of multicellular animals the same basic functions are carried out by different groups of cells in awell organised manner. The body of a simple organism like Hydra is made of different types of cells and the tuumber of cells in each type can be in thousands. ‘The human body is composed! of bilions of cells to perform various fuunctions. How do these cells in the body work together? In inulticelllar animals, a groupof similar cells alongwith intercellular substances perform a specific function. Such an organisation is calle tissue. You may be surprises io know that all complex anitaals consist of only four hasic iypesof tissues. These tissues are organised in specific proportion and pattern jo form an organ like stomach. luna, heart and kidney. ‘When two or more organs perform a common function by their physical and/or chemical interaction. they ogether form organ system. e.g... digestive system, respiratory system, etc. Cells tissues. organs and organ systems spl. up the work in 2 way that exbibitsclivision of labour and contribute to the survival. of the body asa whole. Complex body Organ system Organs t Tissues Calls ORGAN AND ORGAN SYSTEM ‘The base Hsstes mentionerl above organise to form organs which in turn associate to form organ sustems in the ‘multicellular organisms. Such an organisation is essential for more efficient and better coordinated activities of millions of cells constituting an organism. Each organ in our body is made of one or more type of tissues. For ‘example, our heart consists of ellthe four types of Hssues_.e., epithelia, connective, muscular ant neural, We ‘ako notice, alter some careful study tha! the complexity in organ and organ systems displays certain discemable trend. This discernable trend is called evolutionary trend (You wil study the details in class XI, You ate being introduced to morphology.and anatomy of three onanismsat different ewlutionary levels to showthelr organisation ‘and functionine Morphology refers to stuly of lorm or exiernally visible features. In the case of plants or miczobes. the tenm morphology precisely: means only this. In case of animals this refers to the extemal appearance ‘of the organs.or pats of the body, The word anatomy conventionally is used for the study of snorphology of infernal organs in the animals. You will learn the morphology and anatomy of earthworm, cockroach and frog representing invertebrates and verlebrates GOLDEN KEY POINTS = Inatissue cells may be dis imilar in structure and function but they are similar in origin, © Word animal tissue was coined by ~ Bichat (Plant tissue by Grew) = Shudy of issue ~ Histology. [Father - Bichat] Detail study of tisue is called Microscopic anatomy. (Founder - Marcello Malpighi) mo *ME Pre-Medical : Biology ALI ANIMAL TISSUES The structure of the cells vary according to their function. Therefore, the tissues are different and are broadly Classified into four types : (i) Epithelial, (i) Connective, (i Muscular and (iv) Neural zn ET. Cr. MT. NT. Covering and |” To connect structures Helps in contraction | To generate protective {To provide support the body. | and relaxation which | and conduct tissue * To transport substances in the | result into movement | impulses in body. and locomotion, box Loon EPITHELIAL TISSUE PROPERTIES OF EPITHELIAL TISSUES + Word epithelium is composed of two words Epi - Upon ‘Thelia- Nipple ‘A tissue which grows upon another tissue is called Epithelium, Basement membrane ‘Connective tissue ‘© It always rest upon underlaying connective tissue. Epithelial cells are compactly packed with little inter cellular matrix + Due to lack of/less intercellular spaces blood vessels. lymph vessels and capillaries are unable to pierce this tissue so blood circulation is absent in epithelium. Hence cells depend for their nutrients on underlying connective tissue. ‘+ During embryonic development epithelium orginates first s+ Power of regeneration is high in this tissue ‘+ Between epithelium and connective tissue, a thin non living non-cellular basement membrane is present which is selectively permeable. ‘Basement membrane is secreted by both epithelium and connective tissue and made up of glycoproteins, ‘mucopolysaccharides and protein fibres. + Thistissue has a free surface, which faces either a body fluid or the outside environment and thus provides a covering ora lining for some part of the body. AlL-cels in epithelium are held together with litle intercellular material. in nearly all animal tissues. specialised junctions provide both stnictural and functional links between its individual cells.¢ ALLEN Pre-Medical : Biology ‘CELL JUNCTIONS Cell junctions are found in epithelium and other tissues. () Tight Junctions help tostop substances from leaking across a tissue, (i) Adhering junctions wring cell cc) (iu) Interdigitation finger ike processes of plasma membrane which enter into cytoplasm of adjacent cel, Inter Digitations Desmosome (Macula Adherens) ‘Tonofibril Mf Tight-Junction ,Gap Junction Plasma membrane of free end get modified in three types of Functional structure Microvilli Cilia/Kinoci Stereodi 1. Minute process T. Long ajlindrical process | 1. Conical shape (ame diameter from base to apex) 2._Non motile 2_Motile 2,_Non motile 3._Non contractile 3._contractile 3_Non Contractile 5 4. Function - @ Function = 7 Function = z Increase surface area for | Helps in movement & | Increase surface area i absorption & secretion locomotion Eg, Epididymis & Vas deferens 7 Eg. Wall of intestine It moves particles or mucous 3 Gall bledder in specific direction over the d PeT of Nephron epithelium. (Movement is in 5 uniform direction) z Eg. Inner surface of hollow : organs like bronchioles & 3 fallopian tube. Uterus, Trachea Ependymal epithelium (inner lining of brain cavities (ventricles) & central canal of spinal cord) where it helps in cerebrospinal fluid ‘conductionREE Pre Medical : Biology Origin of Epithelial Tissue Itis the only tissue which originated from all the three primordial germinal layers. eg.) Ectodermal~ Epidermis (stratified squamous epithelium) (i) Mesodermal- Mesothelium, endothelium (simple squamous epithelium) (ii) Endodermal - Gastrointestinal tract (simple colurnnar epithelium). BEGINNER'S BOX-1 Who gave the term tissue for animals ? (1) Bichat (2) Mayer (3) Malphighi (4) Kerting 2, Epithelial tissue is originated from (1) Outer geminal layer (2}Innermost germinal layer (3) Middle germinal layer (4) All three germinal layer 8. Gap junctions (I)help to stop substances from leaking across a tissue. (2) perform cementing to keep neighbouring cells together (3) provide stretchability to the epithelium (4) facitate the cells to communicate with each other by connecting the cytoplasm of adjoining cells 4. Desmosomes (1) Connect the Epithelial cells (2) Types of lysosomes (3) Granules of muscle fibres (4) Foundin bone 5. — Whois father of microscopic anatomy ? ()Bichat (2)Ruysch (3) Malpighi (4) Hartwig 6. Basement membrane of epithelium tissue is composed of: (1) Lipoprotein (2) Polypeptide (3) Mucopolysaccharide and chromoprotein (4) Mucopolysaccharide and glycoprotein 2 7. Epithelial tissue form (1) Protective covering (2) Reproductive structure (3) Nerve cells (4) Corpuscles. 8. Basement membrane is formed of (1) Epidermal cells (2) Endodermal cells (3) Both 1 and 2 (4) None of the above but present below epithelial cel 9. In which example cell membrane modification is not related to absorption (1) Epididymis (2) Duodenum: (3) Ventricle of brain (4) Gall bladder: : 5 Pre-Medical : Biology Ja Simple epithelium ~ Composed of single layer of cells ~ Consists of 2 or more cell layers ~ Functions as lining for budy caviies, dy ~ ILhas protective function as it does in our skin On the basis of shane / structural modifications of calls = Nonstreichable Stretchable (D Sine Sexe s, (Transitional) > (2) Sinnple Cuboidal Stratified squamous (3) Simple Columnar Stratified columnar C (4) Pseudostratified Stratified cuboidal SIMPLE EPITHELIUM ‘SIMPLE JUS EPITHELIUM = Thesuamous epitholium is made ofa single thin aver of flattened cells with regular boundaries. They are found in the walls of blood vessels and air sacs of hungs and are involved in a functions like forming a diffusion boundary. ‘© _[tisalso called pavement epithelium due to its tile like appearance. Flattened cell ‘Simple epithelium: Squamous Nudews ‘ PO SS —— substanceMRE Pre-Medical : Biology ‘+ This epithelium is associated with filtration & diffusion. eg, - Outer surface of intestine. = Bowman's capsule (Podocyte) = Alveoli of lungs (Pneumocytes type-l) (air sacs of kings) ~ Mesothelium - Covering of coelom is called as mesothelium. ~ Endothelium — Inet lining of blood vessels and lymph vessels. ~ _ Endocardium — Inner most lining of heart is also made up of simple squamous, ~ Thin part of loop of Henle of nephron, = Peritoneum SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM The cuboidal epithelium is composed of a single layer of cube-like cells, This is commonly found in ducts of ‘glands and tubular parts of nephrons in_kidneus and its main fu nctions are secretion and absorption. The + Cells are cube like with rounded nucleus present in the centre. ‘+ Cells are same in length & width so they appear square shaped in vertical section BASEMENT A MEMBRANE Cubertike cell (Simple cuboidal epithelium) Simple epithelium Cuboidal + This epithelium helps in absorption, secretion. ‘+ [tis commonly found in ducts of glands and tubular parts of nephrons of kidneys, e.g. » Follicle of Thyroid gland - Type Il Pheumocytes of alveoli = Acini of Pancreas - Secretory unit of sweat glands - Iris, Choroid, Ciliary body of eye, epithelium of retina = DCT of nephron - Thick part of loop of Henle + This epithelium is also called Germinal epithelium because in gonads (testis & ovaries) cubodial cells 2 divide to form sperm & egg. Modifications of simple cuboidal epithelium =) When mictovili are present on free end of cuboidal ces then itis called as Brush bordered cuboidal epithelium. Found in PCT of nephron. Microw pon | no ~_S~sasement membrane 7) When cita present on free end of cuboidal cells then its called as ciliated cuboidal epithelium ~ Foundiin collecting duct. {f iS tclia --Cuboidal cell, Desens Basement membrane atALLEN Pre-Medical : Biology re ‘SIMI )LUMNAR The columnar epithelium is composed of a single laver of tall and slender cells, Their nuclei are located at the base. Free surface may have njcravil, They are found in the fining of stomach and intestine-and help in secretion and absorption. Ifthe columnar or cuboidal ces bear clia.on thei free surface they are called cllated epithelium, Their function isto mowe particles or mucts ina sneciic direction over the epithelium. They ace mainly present in the inner surface of hollow organs like bronchioles and fallopian tubes. - It is also found in liver, bile duct and uterus. “tong columnar cell }— Nucleus (Basal and elongated) Basement membrane Simple epithelium Columnar Modifications of Simple Columnar epithelium (1) Brush Bordered Columnar epithelium: When microvilli are present on free end of columnar epithelium. eg. Gall bladder (helps in concentrating bile ii «-) Connective Nucleus 2) Glandular columnar epithelium: Unicellular mucous secreting goblet cells ' Seer, are also present in between columnar cells 1c ol Tol Pe Sianner a “ eg. Stomach | Nucleus 0}010 tr Bssement membrane Colon = Rectum, (8) Glandular Brush-bordered columnar epithelium : ‘When microvilli present on free end of columnar cells and in between these cells goblet cells are also present. eg. Small intestine (Duodenum, jejunum, ileurn} Glandular surface — Microwill > Coksosnar calls 0] 0} Of mse = Basement membraneHRREGE Pre-Medical : Biology ALLEN . (4) Giliated Columnar epithelium: When cilia are present on free end of columnar cell, Eg. Fallopian Tube + (Conduction of gametes) (Inner linings of brain ventricle) Ependymal epithelium + —_ (Conduction of cerebrospinal fluid) [ Tal cite Simple epithelium Columnar cells bearing ci Om Colurnnar celle—| Nuclous Solo 0 | Ojo Basement membrane ©) Sterio ciliated columnar epithelium : When steriocilia are present on free en of columnar cells. Eg. Epididymis MANA —»S Stereocilia o}0 Nucleus Macula & crista of ear Te Basement membrane |PSEUDOSTRATIFIED EPITHELIUM + _Itisalso.a modification of columnar epithelium that contains long & short cells, ‘+ Nucleus in both cells are present on different level so it appears bilavered because few cells are too short to reach the top surface but al ces are present on single basement membrane. so itis unilavered. Modification : Pseudostratified columnar ciliated glandular epithelium : In this epithelium ciia are present of free enc! of long cells and goblet cells are also present in this epithelium eg. - Respiratory epithelium of nasal chambers = Trachea = Bronchi | ‘| “) Basement membr: Cilia 19 is Nee ysl @L Nucieus Het }— sinroning cells AN Mucus secreting cell Pseudo ciliated epitheliunAll Pre-Medical : Biology JA 1, Pseudostratified epithelium is present in := (1) Nephron & Neuron (2) Larynx & Pharynx (3) Trachea & Bronchi (4) Urinary Bladder & Intestine 2. Columnar epithelium with microvilli or brush border is present in = (1) Gall Bladder (2) Stomach (3) Appendix (4) Pharynx 3. The internal ining of blood vessels is called as = (1) Mesothelium (2) Endothelium, (3) Pavement epithelium (4) Stratified epithelium 4, Epithelial tissue origined from (1) Eetoderm (2) Endoderm (3) Mesoderm (A) All of above 5. Inner lining of gut, stomach & liver is made up of = (2) Simple squarnous (2) Simple cuboidal (3)Simple columnar (4) Pseudo stratified epithelium. 6. Epithelial tissue with thin flat cells appearing like packed tiles occurs on (1) Inner lining of intestine (2) nner ining of stomach (3) Inner lining of fallopian tubes (4) Outer surface of Intestine 7. Celis of Peritoneum comprise (1) Ciiated epithelium (2) Glandular epithelium (3) Columnnar epithelium (4) Squamous epithelium 8. Germinal epithelium of ovary is formed of = (2)Columnar epithelium (2) Squamous epithelium (3) Cuboidal epithelium (4) Stratified epithelium 9. inner lining of Blood vessels and heart is tessellated epithelium. Which is (1) Simple squamous due to wavy appearance _{2) Simple columnar due to cylinder like appearance (3) Simple cuboidal due to wavy appearance (4) Simple columnar epithelium 10. Nucleus of a epithelium found in stomach is located at_of cell? (1) Apex (2) Middle (3) Base (4) Nucleus is absent COMPOUND EPITHELIUM STRATIFIED EPITHELIUM Compound enithelum {s made of more than one laver (multilayered of cells ard thus has a hited role ction and absorntion (Fue), Their main function isto provide protection against chemical and mechanical stresses, They cover the dry surface ofthe skin. themoist surface of buccal caity. phar, iner-lining of ducts of salivary glands and of pancreatic duc On the basis of stretching ability its of 2 types ~ (1) Trans mnal epithelium :- (Stretchable) ; ‘layered (2) Non-streichable. +RE Pre-Medical : Biology TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM (UROTHELIUM) ‘+ _Inthis epithelium basement membrane becomes invisible during stretching. ‘+ Inthis epithelium 4-6 layers of cells are present, ~ __ Inner most layer of cell is composed of eube like cells. ~ Middle 2-4 layers are composed of pear shaped /Polyheadral cells, ~ Outermost 1 or 2 layers are of oval shaped cells. ‘+ These different shape of cells appears only in resting stage. When this tissue is stretched, all the cells become flattened. + Celis are interconnected by interdigitation. © Strectchable & water proof. Eg. = — Renal pelvis - — Ureter ~ Urinary bladder Proximal part of male urethra, Underlying Underhing connective connective pc tissue NON STRETCHABLE EPITHELIUM ‘+ Onthe basis of shape of the cells of outermost layer it is of three types, (1) Stratified squamous epithelium (2) Stratified cuboidal epithelium (3) Stratified columnar epithelium ‘STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM Innermost layer of cells are of cuboidal or columnar shaped. ‘+ They divide to form cells of outer layer in the epithelium, so this layer is called as Germinativum layer. “+ Middle layers are made up of polygonal cells ‘These cells are interconnected with desmosomes which provide rigidity or mechanical support. Calls of outermost layer are scale like flat cells. ao On the basis of presence of keratin protein in the outer most cells this epitheluim is of two types 1. Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. {f keratin protein is present, cells become non nucleated and dead. eg. _ Enidermis of skin & skin derivatives, Hair, Horn, Hooves, Scales, feathers,ALLEN Pre-Medical : Biology 2. Non Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. If Keratin protein is absent. Cells are nucleated and Living. eg It ines the moist surface of buccal cavity. Pharynx, Oesophagus, Anal canal, vagina etc. = Cornea of eye, Conjunctiva of eve - Inner lining of cheeks, lips, hard palate. RAT! IDAL EPITHELIUM Cell of outermost layer are cube like, nucleated and living, Eg. - — Secetory duct of sweat glands, mammary gland, salivary glands and sebaceous glands. Pancreatic duct. Female urethra ‘STRATIFIED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM Outermost layer is composed of pillar shaped cells, cells are nucleated. On the basis of presence of cilia this epithelium is of 2 types (1) Ciliated Eg. Larynx, Buccopharyngeal cavity of Frog (2) Nonciliated Eg, Distal part of male urethra, Epiglottis, NONSTRETCHABLE EPITHELIUM Calumnar Ciliates op mostlaver —] Middle 2 t0 4 Layers of pear_—| shaped cells Inner most layer cof calls are cube like 1. Transitional epithelium is found in :- (1) Renal pelvis & Ureter (2) Urinary bladder (3) Upper part of male urethra (4) Allof above 2, Stratified squamous epithelium found in =~ (1) Buccal cavity (2) Stomach G) Intestine (4) Spleen Which of the following tissue covers moist surface of buccal cavity and pharynx? (1) Cuboidal epithelium (2) Columnar epithelium {3) Transitional epithelium (4) Compound epithelium Non keratinised stratified squamous epithelium is found in = (1) Skin (2) Stomach. (3) esophagus (4) Intestine Epithelial lining of cornea is composed of = = i (1) Startified squamous nonkeratinised (2) Transitional i (3) Simple cuboidal (4) Simple squamous § 6. Compound squamous epithelium occurs in := z (1) Stomach (2) Phaynx (3) Intestine (4) Trachea E — +TE? re-Medical : Biology Epidermis of skin of vertebrates comprises ~ (1) Simple Epithelium (2) Stratified Epithelium (3) Tax sitional Epithelium (4) Columnar Epithelium 8. In which of the following epithelium is keratinised ? (1) Female urethra (2) Larynx (3) Scales of fishes (4)Comea Living cells without keratin is found in = (1) Hairs (2) Feathers (3) Epidermis (4) Buccal cavity 10. Exoskeleton originated form (Eg feathers, nail, horn, hoofs) = (1) Connective tissue proper (2) Epithelium tissue (3) Skeletal tissue (4) Vascular tissue STANDS A cell or a group of cells which secretes chemical substances are called glands, Alll glands are composed of epithelial tissue. Glands can be originate from all the three germinal layers. Ectoderm - Sweat gland Mesoderm — Gonads Endoclerm — Thyroid gland On the basis of number of cells (a) Unicellular glands (b) Multicethalar alan -g. Goblet cells. Paneth cells Eg. All_glands except Goblet cells anxl Paneth cells Some ofthe columnar or cuboidal eels get specialised for secretion andl are cae alandular epithelium (Figure. They are mainly of two types: unicelller. consisting of isolated glandular cells (aoblet cells ofthe alimentary canal), and multicellular, consisting of cluster of cells (salivary gland). ¢ Multiceifalar gland On the basis of nature of secretion On the basis of presence of secretory duct glands are of 3 lunes (0) __ Endocrine glands :- Secretory duct absent. 3 types of glands are. e.g. : Thyroid, pituitary, thymus. pineal, parathyroid, adrenalALLEN (b} Exocrine gland :- Secretory duct present ~ Liver (largest gland), Salivary gland, Gastric glands, intestinal glands ete. Exocrine glands secrete mucus (Goblet cells), saliva Salivary glands), earwax (Ceruminous glands) oil (Sebaceous glands), mill (Mammary glands), digestive enzymes (Gastric lands, jotestinal glands) ane! other cel products. {c}_ Heterocrine/mixed gland :- Both endocrine & exocrine parts are present. eg. Pancreas, Gonads ete. BEGINNER'S BOX-4 1 ‘Mucus cells (Goblet cells) (1) Unicellular gland (2) Multicellular glands (3) Endocrine glands (4) Parietal cells of gastric glands Glands of vertebrates are originated from :- (1) Ectoderm (2)Endoderm (3)Mesoderm (4) All the above ‘Sweat gland of human being are. originated from:- (1) Ectoderm (2)Mesoderm (3) Endoderm (4) All of the above In which gland secretions are directly released into blood ? (1) Sweat gland (2) Pineal gland (3) Sebasceous gland (4) Liver Which of the following is an example of multicellular endocrine gland ? (1) Salivary glands (2) Pituitary gland (3) Goblet cells (4) Gastric glands Pick out the odd one (1) Thymus (2) Thyroid (3) Mammary glands {4) Adrenal gland (CONNECTIVE TISSUE | Connective tissues.are the most abundant and wily distributed in the body of comples animals. Theyare named connective tissue because of theit special function of linking and supporting other tissues/organs of the hodly fibres. They range from soft connective tissues to specialised types, which include cartilage, bone, adipose, and blood, GOLDEN KEY POINTS Inall connective issues except blood, the cells secret fibres of structural proteins called collagen or elastin or reticulin, ‘The fibres provide strenath (collagen. fibres), elasticity (elastin fibres) and flexibility to the tissue, ‘Connective tissue is mesodermal in origin “These cells ako secrete modified polysaccharkle or mucopolysaccharides ike hyaluronic acid, between cells and fibres and acts as matrix (ground substance). “which accumulate — Pre-Medical : Biology i.HE Pre-Medical : Biology _ ALI ] Loose connective tissue Dense cannective tissue Specialised C1. (More matrix, less fibres) (More fibres, less matrix) Areolar Adipose Dense regular Dense irregular or ea tissue tissue tissue tissue 23: Tendons 69. Found in skin pang z and Liquid bei fibre “gaments mnineralised free matrix eg, Cartilage and bone eg Blood & moh The functions of connective tissues are To connect structures. To form packing around organs. To forma supporting framework. ‘To combat foreign toxins To replace tissues which have been destroyed by injury, 1. Fibroblast secretes (1) Matrix (2) Fibres (3)Both @)Cetts 2, Histeocytes destroy bacteria by (1)Phagocytosis (2)Produces Antitoxins (8) Produces antibodies (4) Produces antigen 3. Plasma cells, (1) Modified B -iymphoeytes of blood (2)Produces antigen (8) Produce Heparin, Histamine, serotonin (4) Produces matrix & Fibres 4. Mast cell secret (1) Anticoagulant : Heparin (2) Vasodilator : Histamine (3) Vaso constrictor : Serotonin (4) Allof the above Yellow, white & Reticulay fibres made up of protein (1) Elastin, Reticulin, Collagen respectively (2)Reticulin, Elastin, Collegen respectively (3) Collagen, Elastin, Reticulin protein respectively (4) Elastin, Collagen, Reticulin protein respectively 5 6. Yellow & White fibres occurs as i (1) Singly & Bundles respectively (2)Single only g (3) Bundles only (4) Network forms 3 7. During injury mast cel secrete i i (1) Elastin, (2)Hirudia (3) Heparin (4) SerotoninPre-Medical : Biolo, ALLEN saxsooaisty sanssy angaauti0o paBewrep 10 peap Konsep Aayy asneaag anssy ank2oUUo> Jo s1aBuaness pajfe> Os]y * sisovoobeyd fq sasnuya pure euapeq f01)59q] « ‘aunyou ut anfo0oBeyd + ‘saulososA| Jo saquunu zou o} anp seMuesB aq 0} sieadde yng swueIBe s} wiseIdoykD « ‘sanyonu padeys Kauppy's[ja2 ploqaowy « requinu uy wnUMeUL 2 = 21s Ul YS2BIO .Z « 232 sapour dus] “ua9yds se yons sue6i0 proydussy ur puno} mae peu SAE? ao yuOuWA Fear oy soe ea eo ae uujajoud paureys 29 wo Aotp se $21 Sada BVINOUAT sadoud anssy angzeuuco jo xujeur pure uneday "(1 }4-¢) uluoro1es “aulureysty-2}0190g « snappnu pacleys-c (aim sj[ao ploqaoue pur [Pus « STO IS quasoxd upajoud e sty} « 3B PPA’ Soup Burpoq UD « oypung jo WHO} aut Spog wewny ur yunowe ys9b%0) (wopBupj jeutue us urajoud are sarpoguue uodsuen pue aonpoig « soyinoydunty jo uorstap fq OuLio) axe aso1p se sayiooyCug Jo SAUO}D PalfeD OsIyy « 529 [aaure eo se payed ose axe raya os aaum Ut (SMO wiper) sayods ayy pabueue st fevarew ueWO.YD \yptum ur juasaad st snajanu popunos sao 9sau) Uy « ‘129 ploqaoure YeUIg « STO VWSWId Taio 0} ‘arpoqnue jo uot ‘apinp | panjonut pue wk pue sna ‘SELADOHANAT Fe} umoig WHO + ‘snajonu uLpainguisip samuel arou s| wsedorf + faLAQOdIOW-YVINDOULION quasoud st 20 1B 0) foun 2640 af [LADOdIGV-aVINDOTONOW. aadoid anssy ant Jo s]p2 quaioduinayd pazis yews » jo1d uabeqoo jo dn apeyy « Le (sauais HW [S3¥al NJOVTIOO 29 Buronpoud jet saigy Ulaioud 2anpoxd 0} Ya UBno2 Ut YoU st sassaooid aqusejdoy6> Buo} 0} anp adeys sedoud anssn aansauu09 Jo 51729 ys06s27, IsvigOUals “TO-SNAHONSSIN. syeaqusayp 0} ruessisa4 6IYBIH juosoid 5} Ayyousey> UNLIKE} ‘Burs pebuexre ynq payoueig, suygjoud unseje jo pasodusory ‘Rua USVI (S3us1F MOTTA) YadOUd ANSSLL AALLOANNOO JO SAYaId GNV STTADRRR Pre-Medical : Biology LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE| © Ithas more matrix and less fibres. + The cells and fibres are loosely arranged in.a semifluid ground substance ‘© tis of two types - Areolar and adipose connective tissue, (A) [AREOLAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE © Also known as spongy connective tissue + IIs most widely distributed tissue in the body. + In this tissue maximum intercellular space and matrix is present, + Due to irregular arrangement of bundle of collagen fibres many gaps are present. These gaps are called Areolae, + Inareolze other components of connective tissue. Like fibres, cells & matrix are distributed, © Fewelastic fibres are present. + It contains fibroblasts (cells that produce and secrete fibres}, macrophages and mast cells + Mast cells, macrophages & fibroblasts are more in number. Function :- It serves as a suppori framework for epithelium, Eg. : Tela Subcutanea:- A thin continuous layer which connect skin with underlying skelatal muscles (Panniculas carnosus) : Sub mucosa of Trachea, Bronchi, Intestine, Oesophagus, Stomach. : Endomysium ~ Around single muscles fibre : Perimysium ~ Around bundle of muscle fibres, m ~ Around single nerve fibre. + Around blood vessels, Elastic fibres = Fibroblast. SS = 7 Fatstoraye area Monoloculat acipocytes— . Collagen fibres. }———- Nucleus Ss Plasma Memb @ Mast cell © Loose connective tissue : (a} Areolar tissue (b) Adipose tissue (8) [ADIPOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE + Acinose tissue is another type of loose connective tissue located mainly beneath the skin, ‘© Itcontains adipocytes / fat cells abundantly. + Thocollsare specialised tn sore fats the excess of nutrients which are not used immediately are converted into fais on ave stored in this tissue.ALLEN Pre-Medical : Biology © — Onthe basis of adipocytes 2 type of fats are found in animals. 1. White fat 2. Brown fat 1. White fat:- Itis composed of monolocular adipocytes in which single large fat globule and less number of mitochondria are present. So they produce less energy. Eg. Panniculas adiposus :- A thin continuous layer -of white fat under the dermis of skin which is also called hypodermis of skin. ‘Yellow bone marrow. Fat bodies of frog. Blubber of whale. Hump of camel It is also found around delicate organ like eyeballl, kidney etc. as a shock absorber. 2. Brown fat:- It is composed of multilocular adipocytes in which many fat globules are present and due to ‘more number of mitochondria it produces 20 times more energy than white fat. Eg. Cold resistance device in new born baby is due to presence of brown fat. © Hibemating Rodents like rat, shrew. DENSE / FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE ‘© It contains more fibres and less matrix. (a) [WHITE FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE = _Inthis tissue bundle of collagen fibres are more in quantity whereas Yellow fibres & reticular fibres are completely absent, © Fibroblast and mast cells are more in number. Colacen | GE fibres: (a) Dense regular connective tissue (b} Dense irregular connective tissue On the basis of arrangement of fibres & matrix this tissue occurs in two forms,HE Pe Medical = Biology (b) Sheath:- In this form there is no regular pattern of fibres & matrix, Cells and fibres are arranged in a criss - cross manner. eg. - — Pericardium = = Periosteum = = Perichondrium = ~ — Epimysium - ~ Renal capsule = - Tunicaalbugenia — - Duramater - = Comeaof eye All aN Covering of heart Outer covering of bone. Outer covering of cartilage Covering of muscle. Around kidney, Covering of testis ‘Outermost covering of brain. ~ Tunica adventia of Trachea, Bronchi, Oesophagus. - Glisson's capsule — Around liver lobules. Ligament White collagen fibres Aureos Merobleats White fibres tissues (Tendon) Yellow elastic fibres (Ligament) ® | YELLOW FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSU ‘+ __Inthis tissue yellow fibres are more in quantity but collagen fibres are less in quantity + Reticular fibres are absent. ‘+ Onthe basis of distribution of fibres & matrix they are of two types, Fl pvesensevcavemmanenunniss sesALLEN Pre-Medical : Biology (2) Cord :- In this form bundle of collagen fibres & matrix distributed in a regular pattern & in matrix yellow fibres form network. eg. Ligaments sprain is due to excessive pulling of ligament ~ A structure which connects bones. (&) Sheath — Irregular distribution of fibres and matrix with elastic fibre, eg. - Wallofalveoli of lungs = Wall of small bronchioles = Wall of lymph vessels & blood vessels = True vocal cords IC] RETICULAR FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE, + Itisalso called lymphoid tissue. = __Itismostly found in lymphoid organs. © Matrix of this tissue is like lymph. © Reticular fibres are more in amount & form dense network around reticular cells = Lymphocytes are also more in number, = Provide support and strength and form the stroma (Frame work) of soft organs. eg. - — Spleen - Lymph nodes (Tonsils, Payer's Patches). = Endosteum (covering of bone marrow cavity). BEGINNER'S BO! 1, Muscles are connected to Bone by means of = (1) Cartilage (2)Ligaments (8)Tendon (4) Adipose tissue 2. Abveol has (1) Yellow fibrous connective tissue (2) White fibrous connective tissue (8) Reticuar fibrous (4) Adipose connective tissue 3. Sprain of body is due to pulling of (1) Muscles (2)Ligaments (8) Tendon (4) Nerves 4. Collagen fiber and fibroblast arrangement is regular is E (1) Tendon (2) Ligament (9) Dura mater (4)1& 2both 2 5. Ligaments are made up of = (1) Only white fiber (2) Yellow fiber and white fiber a (3) Yellow fiber and muscle fiber (4) White fiber & muscle fiber 5 6. Which ofthe following is known is spongy connective tissue ? i (1) Dense fibrous connective tissue (2) Adipose connective tissue 3 (3) Areolar connective tissue (4) Reticlar fibrous connective tissue 5 7. Which type of connective tissue used to form perimysiuim ? : (1)Dense fibrous C.T. (2) Adipose C7. (8) Reticularfibrous C.T. (4) Areolar C.T. £8. Lymphooytes are more in (1) White fibrous connective tissue (2) Reticular fibrous connective tissue (3) Yellow fibrous connective tissue {) Adipose connective tissue mor | oMRED Pre-Medical : Biology ALLEN + —— Ha—X——_ SKELETON CONNECTIVE TISSUE VASCULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE L | Cartilage, Bone Blood Lymph (Included in circulatory system) ‘SKELETON CONNECTIVE TISSUE © Matix is dense & mineralised. Due to deposition of minerals it becomes hard. ‘© Also known as Supporting Tissue i.e. Provide support to the body. © Itisof 2 types 1. Cartilage 2, Bone [EARTILAGE™) Outer most covering of cartilage is called Perichondrium which is composed of white fibrous connective tisue Matrix (inter-cellular materials) is solid, pliable and can resists. compression, Cartilage producing cells are arranged on periphery of cartilage known as Chondroblast. = These are active cells & divide to form chondrocytes, and synthesize the matrix of cartilage. = Callsofthists ” inna). with in the matrix secreted ‘bythem. “1-4 chondrocytes (mature cals of cartilage) are found in one Lacuna “© Chondroclast are cartilage destroying cells ‘| __ Matrix of cartilage is called chondrin composed of Chondrotin-6-sulphate and mucopolysacchride (Hyaluronic acid) Collagen fibers Cartilage cells (chondrocyte) + Matrix of cartilage provides rigidity & elasticity to cartilage. + Blood sypply is absent in the matrix of cartilage but present in perichondriurn.Pre-Medical : Biology ff Cartilage — There are following 4 types of cartilages ALLER ‘Types of + snout snuiay Jo POH pa sued soy yo signd 6a ‘ainede Axons Jo uu} aip um sisodep pur auapery paylpou sie ‘Bees SNSe|> MOTTA, encoded sna} PRD Hos 6 ap reagpionzge jo Hed fem Kauryoo yeageuianjanioxd pue onal 9 OYE aun ain jo ped y ~ SIP reaqayzon39,UT “aatpo-ypee aim soarey asad aun og Spouuoy - sissqdmss 219d abeyqse9 yeaBuonis sy 08 Ayquenb ut a10u) ase 2.935 twboyoo jo. aipung NUEUL UL a6eie> con poutomuco 634m aero serevog tu2sqe $1 WPLOLDDd jo BBeAD HSE MOA eur] aig Seg uno jo aBeque> 11 08 yom abe y29 5 seyioo1pueti se agny weryseysne Jo [EM usr} owes Jo 98e[N20) pue siop6idy ~ xusse] ‘out #03 ason yo du. Pa p04 way eu oy) Uw ‘aBeynse euesH 28590 poi —_ umupuoyouiag aug Bu) jo Bem 9 ouseny Jo pasoduion s se) jo ved wnwxey + eBepeo yeoBusrery (e699 [2890/9444 jo wed yous -yypuoig pue eaypen jo sus padeys 9, sunydos fesen, (quaredsues #89) onysumsy 51909 UMA 1 THEW JNO). pam $508 * equi wos pada axne30q sauog stouabqi> aie Fog 1n0 jo Sig jo posed ved at j0 BON = ‘p09 wom abepHe> peyPrey ‘bey eS snoIay ‘SBoMES ONSET coarse ulnar ISL ON HOONMBN Pre-Medical ; Biology ALLE Glass like cartilage is = (1) Hyaline cartilage (2) Fibro cartilage (3) Calcified cartilage (4) Elastic cartilage 2, — Hyaline cartilage found in ;- (1) Santorini of larynx (2) Tracheal Rings (3) Epigiottis (4) Eustachian tubes 3. Strongest cartilage is ~ (1) White fibrous cartilage (2) Elastic cartilage (3) Hyaline cartilage (4) Calcified cartilage 4. — Epiglottis is composed of :- (1) Hyaline cartilage (2) Calcified cartilage (3) Both (4) Elastic cartilage Eustachian tube is supported by :- (1) Elastic cartilage (2) White fibrous cartilage (9) Calefied cartilage (4) Hyaline cartilage 6. Which cartilage is present at outer ear. Joints :- (1) Hyaline (2) Elastic (3) White fibrous (4) Caletied 7. Solid, pliable & compression resistance like characterstics of interceluar matrix is found in (2) Bones of arm (2) Cartilage like radius (3) Cartilage between adjacent bones of vertebral column (4) Humens & femur CBONE”) "* _ Outermost covering of bone is Periosteum composed of white fibrous connective tissue. ‘+ Bone producing ces called Osteoblast. They divide to form Osteoeyte & synthesize organic part of matrix, ‘7 Mature cellof bone is called Osteocyte which is found in lacuna. Only one osteocyte is found in one lacuna, "+ Bone destroying cells are called Osteoclast cell. ‘+ Process of bone formation is called OSSIFICATION. * Bones have.a hard and non-pliable ground substance rich in Ca-salts and collagen fibres which ives bone its strength, "+ Study of bones is called osteology, Features of bones : 1. Itis highly vascular, 2. itis mineralised, 3. Itishard and rigid. 4, Ithas a canalicular systems. 5. Ithas a regenerating capacity. ?Pre-Medical : Biology Functions of bone (1) It is the main tissue that provide structural framework to the body. (2) Bones support and protect softer tissues and organs. (3) Limb bones, such as the long bones of the legs, serve weight bearing functions. (4) They also interact with skeletal muscles attached to them, to bring about movements, (5) The bone marrow in some bones is the site of production of blood cells. Matrix = Ithastwo parts Inorganic Part :- 65 - 68% Ca¥PO,),~ 80% max, CaCO, (10%), Mg,(PO,), (10%), Flourides (very less). = Decalicified Bones :=If a bone is kept in dilute HCI for 3 days then complete mineral part of the matrix get dissolved in acid & organic part remain in the bone so bone becomes soft & flexible Organic part = 32-35% Ossein (protein component of Bone.) in which bundle of collagen fibres suspended in sulphated mucopolysacchande. Ifa bone is burnt or kept into very high temperature then complete organic part of bone is brunt and mineral part of matrix remain as such in the form of ash called dried bone, Structure of long bone : = Limb bones, such as long bones of the legs serve weight bearing functions. = _Longbone has three region @ Epiphysis «Ends oflong bone iscalled Epiphysis. This part is composed of spongy tissue. = Caxityis present in the form of trabeculae filled with red bone marrow which i the site of production of blood cells, (ii) Diaphysis ‘© Middle part or shaft of long bone is diaphysis which is composed of compact bone. In this region hollow cavity is present called bone marrow cavity filled with yellow bone marrow composed of white fat and matrix contain Haversian systems. Metaphysis = Itisa small part between epiphysis & Diaphysis 4 = _Inthis region epiphyseal plate is present which is made up of osteoblast cells It is responsible for elongation of bone. = After complete development of long bone this plate is destroyed. oo +ALLEN ° MRT Pre-Medical : Biology (eur uepsioneyy 4 ‘sua equazayuunouyo 42nG) ssqqgoaso 10 woalsorsd [ eh = . 5 g z & 3 g 3 i a wwnaysouag) \ 88 aneid peostiyahey f Z romunoapagn GD cama Woe+ ALLEN Pre-Medical : Biology INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF MAMMALIAN BONE thas following major structures. 1. Periosteum 2. Matrix 3. Endosteum 4, Bone marrow cavity 1. PERIOSTEUM © It consists of two layers. © Outerlayer consist of WFCT in which ‘blood circulation is present. a Innerlayer-consists of single ayer of osteoblast cells, which divide to form osteocyte and secrete layers of matrix. 2. MATRIX Itis composed of inorganic & organic compounds. = Inthe matrix of bone two types of canals are present. () _ HAVERSIAN CANAL Longitudinal canals which are arranged parallel to long axis of bone. In these canals one or two blood capillaries and nerve fibres are present. (@) VOLKMANN’S CANAL “= These are transverse/horizontal or oblique canals. Haversian canals ae interconnected by volkmann's canal. = Matrix of bone is deposited in the form of layer. These layers of matrix are called Lamellae, = On the basis of arrangement three types of lamellae are present in the matrix. (1) Haversian lamellae (2) Interstitial lamellae (3) Circumferential lamellae. (1) HAVERSIAN LAMELLAE. © Concentric layers of matrix which are present around Haversian canal. = _ Between these lamellae layer of osteocyte cells are also present. “= Haversian canal, Haversian lamellae & Osteocyte form Haversian system or Osteon, «Presence of Haversian system is a typical feature of mammalian compact bones. = Csteocyte ate present in the lacuna, Each osteocyte sinter connected with adjacent osteocyte by their i : 5 i cytoplasmic process, Cytoplasmic process of osteocyte are present inthe minute cana of lacuna called as canalicult - +MRE Pre-Medical : Biology ALLEN o 2) INTERSTITIAL LAMELLAE = These layers of matrix are present inthe space between two Haversian systems (3) CIRCUMFERENTIAL LAMELLAE Peripheral layer of matrix present just below the periosteum and around the bone marrow cavity 3. ENDOSTEUM Endosteum consist of two layers. 1. Towards bone marrow cavity ayer lined with reticular fibrous connective tissue 2. Towards matrix of bone endosteum lined with layer of osteoblast cel. They divide to form osteocyte & snthesize matrix. So growth of bone i bidirectional (Periphery & central region), While Growth of cartlage ‘s unidirectional 4. BONE MARROW CAVITY ‘+ Inthe central region hollow cavity is present which is filed with yellow bone marrow. TYPES OF BONES On the basis of development or location of ossification bones are of four iypes Cartilagenous Membranous ‘Sesamoid bones/Replacing/ bones/Dermal Bones Bones/Heterotypic Endochondral bone bones/Investing bone bones ~ These bones are formed ty | These bones are f= These bones | = I coslicalion lakes the ossification of cartilage. formed by ossification | are developed by_| place in the visceral = In the formation se | in the connective tissue | the ossification of | organs then visceral bones Be mation of these | OY Goris tendons atthe | are formed. In humans bones two types of cells are ee 7 rejuired fa. Pubis, temum, [2 these bones are absent. 1. Chondrodast + Nasal Bone, Clavicle, | patetta (ince 5 Which reabsorb Scapula, Jaw bone & | can) - Largest i cartlagenous mater, | flat bones of skull, | 2h) Largest. : 2. Osteoblast :- Pisiform 3 Which deposit bony (wrist bone) of ' matter into cartilage so human 4 cattilage is replaced by z bone. Hence these bones are also called replacing 2 bones. é Eg.Maximum bones of our 3 body like limb bones 3 Fore limbs & Hind i Limbs), Ribs. 3 3 3 i 2 a ENENA MOOUE A ATES MERA ALLEN Pre-Medical : Biology 1. 9. 10. Longitudinal channels of bone called :- (1) Haversian canal (3) Narrow cavity Volkmann's canal Inter connect ~ (1) Bone marrow (3) Central canals & 4th ventricle ‘Major Inorganic components of bone =~ (1) Calcium phosphate (3) Sodium hydroxide Decalcified Bone is = (1) Bone with organic matter (3) Bone without living cells Dried bone possesses (After burn) ~ (2) Volkmann's canals (4) Lacunae (2)3" & 4" ventricle of Brain (4) Haversian canals (2) Calcium carbonate (4) Potassium hydroxide (2)Bone with Inorganic matter (4) Bone without peristomium (1) Matrix lacunae, canaliculi, canals & marrow cavity (2) Living Cells osteocytes (3) Only minerals, (4) Only osteocyte & matrix Femur & Humerus are (2) Membranous Bone (3) Cartilagenous Bone Patella is largest (1) Membranous Bone (Develop in dermis) (3) Heterotypic Bone (Visceral Bone) Epiphysis & Diaphysis of bone is (1) End and shaft of long bone respectively (3) Head & neck of long bone Haversian system is feature of ()Amphibian Bone —_(2)Reptiles Bone Bone dissolving cells = (2) Osteoblast (2) Osteoeyte (2) Investing Bone (4) Sesamoid Bone (2) Cartilage Bone (Replacing Bone) (4) Sesamoid Bone (Develop in Tendon) (2) Shaft & end of long bone respectively (4) Spongy bone only (3) Pneumatic Bone (4) Mammalian Bone (3) Osteoclast (4) FibroblastPre-Medical : Biol MRD Medical: Biology ALLEN , ANSWER KEY BEGINNER'S Que. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Ans.| 1 4 4 1 3 4 1 4 3 Oat WM Que. | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 | >| COMO ee] i | 2 ts tats el?) Ss] 9 | 10 ns. | 4 1 eee ece i posts | ays 6 BEGINNER'S BOX-4 ‘Ans.| 1 ny 1 2 2 3 renee psp s)4,s)e,7 BEGINNER'S BOX-5 Ane Ss 1 T a a 1 a ues Fis S20 3 [ane sores ee ry 0. PISO a eo te) ey ‘Ans.| 3 T 3 3 2 3 4 2 's BOx-7 CS EE a a a RRS Ans 1-2 t+ tS 4 eemoe! i tes Tats Tel7]s] 9) 10 PFS a ete 9 ‘Ans.| 1 a 1 1 3 3 4 1 4 3EPITHELIAL TISSUE Stretchable & Water proof Epithelium :- (2) Simple cuboidal (2) Simple squamous (3) Simple Columnar (4) Transitional Mesotheliumis = (1)Lining of coelom which originated from mesoderm (2) Lining of coelom which originated from ectoderm {@) Lining of heart which originated from Endoderm (4) Lining of heart which originated from Mesoderm Lining of brain ventricle & central canal of spinal cord is called as:~ (1) Ependyma (2)Endothelium (3) Mesothelium (4) Neurosensory This epithelium is made up of a single thin layer of flattened cells and is involved in diffusion, itis found (1) Walls of blood vessels (2) Ducts of glands (3) Tubular parts of nephrons (4) Allof these Exoskeleton originated form (Eg feathers, nail, hom, hooves) = (1) Connective tissue proper (2) Epithelium tissue (3) Skeletal tissue (4) Vascular tissue Germinative layer of Keratinized stratified squamous Epithelium :- (1) Cuboidal (2)Squamous (3) Pseudo stratified (4) Transitional Ependyma is = (1) Ciliated pseudostra tified columnar (2) Ciliated colurnnar (3) Ciliated cubical epithelium (4) Non Ciliated Columnar 10. iL. 12. 13. 14, Pre-Medical : Biology Build Up Your Understanding Stratified squamous epithelium = (1) Outer most layer squamous & Inner mostis cuboidal (2) Outer most layer cuboidal & Inner most is squamous {@) Outer most layer columnar 8 Inner mostis cuboidal (4) Outer mos layer cuboidal & Inner most cohumnar Air sacs of lungs and Bowman's capsule or are made upof = (1) Pavement Epithelium (2) Columnar Epithelium (3) Cuboidal Epithelium (4) Pseudo stratified Epithelium Clliated epithelium found in (1) Oviduet (2) Trachea (3) Uterus @)1,2&3all Brush border epithelum (Microuili containing) foundin: (pcr (2) Loop of Henle (3) Collecting duct (4) Bowman's capsule Characteristic of simple epithelium is (1) They are arranged in discriminately (2) They make a definite layer (3) Never divide (4) Large intercellurlar spaces Tesselated epithelium is present in:- (1) Ependymal membrane (2)Endothelium (3) Schneidarian membrane (4) Alveoli of lungs Germinal epithelium is composed of = (2) Cubodial epithelium (2)Columnar epithelium (3) Squamous epithelium (4) Glandular epithelium[Pre-Medical : Biology 15. 16. 17. 18, 19. 20. 21 22. 23 ‘Select the false statement with respect to epithelial tissue. (1) Ithas a free surface (2)It faces body fluids sometimes (3)It faces the external environment sometimes. (4) t sometimes forms mice structure part of organs Inner lining of blood vessel is composed of = (1) Pseudostratified epithelium (2) Simple cubodial epithelium (3) Simple squamous epithelium (4) Ciliated columnar epithelium Gall bladder lined by == (2) Simple columnar epithelium (2) Stratified columnar epithelium (3) Brush border columnar epithelium (4) Brush border cuboidal epithelium Inner ining of stomach, rectum and colon is made of: (1) Simple squamous epithelium (2) Simple cuboidal epithelium (3) Simple columnar epithelium (4) Pseudostratified epithelium The correct statement with respect to epithelial tissue is ‘A ~ cells are compactly packed B-cells have no intercellular matrix C- cells have litle intercellular material D itis single or multilayered (WA&D (2)B&C @)A.C&D (4) Allof these Wall of Bowman's capsule in nephton is made up of (1) Cuboidal epithelium — (2)Colurmnar epithelium (3)Squamous epithelium (4) Glandular epithelium Which of the following is macle up of cube hike ces? (1) Epithelium of fallopian tubes (2) Epithelium ot PCT (3) Epithelium of stomach (4) Epithelium of alveoli Mesothelium or Peritoneum is originated from: (1) Ectoderm (2)Endoderm (3) Ectomesoderm (4) Mesoderm Follicle of thyroid gland is composed of.- (1) Simple squamous epithelium, (2) Simple cuboidal epithelium (3) Stratified squamous epithelium (4) Stratified cuboidal epithelium ALLEN + 24. Compound squamous epithelium occurs in (1) Stomach (2) Pharyns: )Intestine (4) Trachea. 25. Stratified and nonkeratinised squamous epithelium occurs in (1) Epidermis of skin (2) Vagina and cervix (3) Buccal cavity 4) Both 2 and 3. 26. Regeneration after injury is absent in (1) Nervous tissue (2) Skin epidermis (3) Tendon (4) Smooth muscles 27. Brush border epithelium occurs in (1) Trachea (2) Stomach (3) Small intestine (4) Fallopian tube 28. Adjacent epithelia cells are held together by means of (1) Liposomes {2} Glyoxisomes/glyoxysomes, (3) Desmosomes (4) Microsomes. 29. Simple epithelium is made of (2) Noncellular layer of hyaluronic acid (2) Actively dividing cells (G) Loosely arranged cells (4) Compactly packed single layer of cells. 30. Characteristic of epithelial tissues is (1) Never produce glands (2) Cells can undergo rapid divisions (3) Abundant vasularisation (4) Large intercellular spaces. CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER |") 31. Hypodermis of Human skin is composed of (1) Mucoid C. T, (2) Adipose C. T. (3) Areolar €. T, (4) Pigmented C.T. 32, Scavenger cellof connective tissue properis called (1) Fibroblast cell (2) Mast call (3) Mesenchymal cell (4) Macrophages 33. Which proteinis present in largest amount in human body ? (1) Collagen (3) Albumin i i (2) Elastin § (4) Keratin j E5 ALLEN Pre-Medical : Biology ETO 4. Matrix of connective tissue properis secreted by- | 45, Loose connective tissue is (1) Plasma cell (2) Fibroblast cell (1) Areolar (2)Bone (8) Adipose cell (4) All the above (8)Blood (4) Cartage. 35. Yellow fibers are present in = 46. Ligamentis (1) Arrange in bundles (1) Modified white fibrous tissue (2) Singly ané branched (2) Inelastic white fibrous tissue (3) Singly ané unbranched (8) Modified clastic connective tissue (A) Unbranched & arrange in bundles (4) Modified epithelia issues 36. ‘The covering of articular cartilage is made up of ~~ | 47- Collagen and elastin are formed by (1) Areolar C.T. (2) Yellow fibrous C.T. ° Nacropiaaes : eee )WhitefibrousC.T. (4) Reticular CT. te) Mest ce (A) Chondrooses 7, Mevteltheces provisos vvetumue | 48: "igement connects | Mostof thecllspresentin areolar connective tissue fh bee bone ae (2) Bone to muscle (1) Mast cell (2) Plasma cell 8 Mate te uscle (3) Fibroblast (4) Macrophages pees 88, Which sins composed of yetaw Ars | 49, Tenons nd ign ve spec es of ie oycveoid (1) Nervous tissue (Thy: ac (2) Epithelial tissue {8)Santorini cartilage (4) Tracheal rings £2) Maseaiar tiene 39. Marcophages of Lymph nodes are (4) Fibrous connective tissue (1) Dust cell (2) Monocyte 50. Which of the following cells of connective tissue (3) Reticular cell (4) Kupffer cell secrete antibodies? 40. Undifferentiated cal of connective tissue proper is Uiietesticats (2) Reticular cels (3) adipose cells (4) Plasma cells (1) Plasma cell (2) Mesenchymal cel | 51. Ligament is mainly made up of (3) Mast cell (4) Macrophages 0) Reticutn (2) Elastin 41. Connective tissue originate from (3) Myosin (4) Collagen (1) Ectoderm (2)Mesoderm 52. The main function of ligament is (3)Endoderm (4) Any of the above (1) Joining of two bones 42. Which one is unrelated ? {2) doining of muscles ih) Koran Gea {3) Joining of rauscle to bone Denn aco (4) Joining of muscle to nerves 43, Most cells cceurin 53. In human fibrous cartilage is found abundantly (1) Connective tissue (2) Epithelial tissue (1) Hiyaline cartilage of joints (3) Skeletal tissue (4) Nervous tissue. (2) Nostrils (3) intervertebral dises 44, White fibrous tissue is (a) Extemal ear (1) Nervous (2)Bone (5) losments (a) Tendon, 54. Red coloured fluid connective tissue which help in transport of gases is (2) Blood (4)Tendon (1) Lymph (3) HaemoglobinHRP e-Medical : Biology 55, 56. 37. 58. Which one of the following contains the largest quantity of extracellular material ? (1) Striated muscle (2) Areolar tissue (3) Stratified epithelium (4) Myetinated nerve fibres Areolar connective tissue joins ~ (1) Fat body with muscles (2)Integument with muscles (3) Bones with muscles (4) Bones with bones Mast cells secrete ~ (1) Hippurin. (2) Myoglobin (3) Histamine (4) Hemoglobin Given below is the diagrammatic sketch of a certain type of connective tissue. Identify the parts labelled A, B, C and D, and select the right option about them, Options Part-A PartB Part-C— Part-D {1)Macro- Collagen Fibroblast Mast cell phage fibres (2) Mast cell Collagen Fibroblast Macro- fibres phage (3)Macro- Fibroblast Collagen Mast cell phage fibres (4) Mast cell Macro- Fibroblast Collagen phage fibres BONE AND CARTILAGE, 59. Haversian canal contain :- (1) Blood vessels & Nerves (2) Blood vessels only (2) Lymphatic only (4) Connective tissue only 60. 61. 62. 63. 64, 65. 67. 68. Perichondrium is, (1) Adipose tissue (2) White fibrous connective tissue (3) Yellow elastic tissue (4) Areolar connective tissue Matix of cartilage produced by (1) Chondroeytes (2)Chondro clasts (3) Osteocytes (4) Histiocytes ‘Which of following is lack of blood supply ? (1) Bone (2) Cartilage (3) Connective tissue (4) None In Hyaline cartilage matrix is - (1) Granular (2) Transparent (3) Agranular (4) Semi transparent Protein present in cartilage & bone = (1) Chondrin & ossein respectively (2)Chondrotin sulphate (3) Cartlagein (4) Ossein & chondrin respectively ‘Skeletal tissue originated from which embryonic germinal layer (1) Ectoderm (3)Endoderm (2) Mesoderm (4) All the above Endosteum is composed of := (1) White fibrous C. T. (2) Reticular C. T (3) Yellow fibrous C. T. (4) Areolar C. T. Maximum cartilage of larynx are the example of (1) Calcified cartilage (2) Elastic cartilage (3) White fibro cartilage (4) Hyaline cartilage ‘Which of the following are specialised connective tissue ? (2)Bone (4) aul (1) Cartilage (3)Blood iALLEN Pre-Medical : Biology [XA tDowalarface ofnasalchamborismade upofwhich | 77. Which one ofthe following isa transparent tissue? bone := (1) Tendon (1) Nasal (2) Ethmoid (2) Ligament (3) Maxilla (4) omer (3) Fibrous cartilage 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. Cartilage is present in ~ (1)Between adjacent bones of vertebral column and limb (2) ln middle of the long bone (3)Both (4)None Which cartilage present on the end of long bone =~ (1) Hyaline cartilage (2) Fibrous cartilage 3) Calcified cartilage (4) Elastic cartilage Which of the following have hard and non pliable ground substance ? (1) Adipose tissue (2)Bones (3) Both (4) Areolar tissues ‘Mammalian pinna is supported by (1) Hyaline cartilage (2) Caleified cartilage (3) Elastic cartilage (4) White fibrous connective tissue. Protein present in cartilage ts (2) Cartilagin (2)Chondrin (3)Ossein (4) Oesein Ends of two long bones are’connected' by (1) Cartilage (2) Muscles (3) Ligaments (4) Tendons. Haversian canal is situated in (1) Glandular connective tissue (2) Skeletal connective tissue (3) Fibrous connective tissue (4) Hyaline cartilage 78. Difference between bone and cartilage is (1) Haversian canal (2) Blood vessel (3) Volkmann canal (4) All of these 79. Which is a sesamnoid bone? (1) Patella (2) Femur (3) Utna (4) Pterygoid 80. Haversian canals are found in the (1) Bones of birds (2) Bones of mammals (3) Bones of frog (4) Cartilage 81. Volkmann's canals are found in (2) Bones of birds (2) Bones of amphibians (3) Bones of mammals (4) Cartilage of mammals 82. Bones formed by ossification of a tendon is called (1) Membrane bone (2) Sesamoid bone (3) Dermal bone (4) Cartilage 83, The kind of issue that forms the supportive structure in our pinna (external ears) is also found in (1) Tip of the nose (2) Vertebrae (3) Nails (4) Ear ossicles 84, The supportive skeletal structures in the human external ears and in the nose tip are examples of (1) bone (2) cartilage (4) areolar tissue (4) Epithelial tissue (3) ligament EXERCISE-I (Conceptual Questions) IO ache ould La Saeed 8 poe [tof asspaeeas 14 [15 Traitit2z{112[i1{1]4][i]2]2]i/4 qectar [as [as | oe 22 foes [ea | 2s [26 [27 fee | 29} 0 373731313 }21/4;2{/2}/4|1|3{3|4/2 a1 ar as 13435) se. [Lo7 | 38 | son) 40 fan [rae as faa | 45 Zrajtitztz{3/3|3|/3{2|2]3{1}a4lt qe ar as [49 [50 | St be | bs [54 | 55 | 56 [57 fsa | 59 | 60 zt2t1tatat2{/1|3]/2{2t2{3{3 1/2 IGuel 61 [627] 63 | 64 pes |e | 67 [res | 69 [70 [imi f 72 | 78 a stant? t214t112]/2{4{4]i[i1{1]2)3|2 3 76 [77 [78 | 79. | 80 | 81 | 82 | 83.| 84 z 214,4fi1,/2{3[2]1]2 tw e4. 6. ® 8. Areolar connective tissue joins (1) Fat body with muscles (2) integument with muscles (3) Bones with muscles (4) Bones with bones Mast cells secrete — (1) Hippurin (2) Myoglobin (3) Histamine (4) Hemoglobin ROLRAIPMT2007/00 5s ROY In which one of the following preparations are you likely to come across cell junctions most frequently? (1) Hyaline cartilage (2) Ciliated epithetium (3) Thromboeytes (4) Tendon © AIPMT:2009) The cell junctions called junctions are found in eS ‘ght, adhering and gap (1) Neural tissue (3) Connective tissue (2) Muscular tissue (4) Epithelial tissue The kindof issue that forms the supportive structure in our pinna (external ears) is also found in = (1) Tip of the nose. (2) Vertebrae (8) Nails (4) Ear ossicles The epithelial tissue present on the inner surface of bronchioles and fallopian tubes is (1) Squamous (2) Cuboidal (3) Glandular (4) Ciliaied SS( AIPME-Pié 2010) SGD ‘The kind of epithelium which forms the inner walls of blood vessels is (1) squamous epithelium (2) cuboidal epithelium (3) columnar epithelium (4) ciliated columnar epithelium SS NENAIPME Mains 2012 Ween Given below s the diagrammatic sketch ofa certain type of connective tissue. Identifv the parts labelled A.B, Cand D, and select the right option about them 10. Db Options PartA PartB Part-C_— Part-D (1) Macro- Collagen Fibroblast Mas cell phage fibres (2) Mast cell Collagen Fibroblast Macro- fibres, phage (8)Macro- Fibroblast Collagen Mast cell phage fibres (4) Mast cell Macro- Fibroblast Collagen phage fibres The four sketches (A,B,C and D) given below, represent four different types of animal tissues Which one of these is correctly identified in the options given, along with its correct location and function? [ocation 1) ])f music | ean | He tise Seaton 21] vy [ame I Nepton | ane aboot sonal (3) | Sere" peexinw | Secretion 5 ‘Attach | 3 Catagee | riage | slo : eit fibres OME cles iy @ bene: : ‘The supportive skeletal structures In the ‘extemal ears and in the nose tip are examples of = (1) bone (2) cartilage (8) tigament (4) areolar tissixe humanMy cofinnosx wu wove nob n a si eneMK TMS (ROE aT 11, Choose the correctly matched pair (1) Tendon-Specialized connective tissue (2) Adipose tissue ~ Dense connective tissue (3) Areolar tissue ~ Loose connective tissue (4) Cartlage-Loose connective tissue 12, The function of the gap junetion is to (1) stop substance from leaking across a tissue (2) performing cementing to keep neighbouring cells together (3) Facilitate communication between adjoining cells by connecting the cytoplasm for rapid transfer of fons, small molecules and some large molecules (4) separate two cells from each other. a eS 13. Which type of tissue correctly matches with its location ? Tissue (1) Smooth muscle (2) Areolar tissue (8) Transitional epithelium — Tipnose (@) Cuboidal epithelium Lining of stomach 14. Connective tissues are derived from embryonic (1) Ectoderm (2) Endoderm (G)Endo mesoderm _(4) Mesoderm 15. The ciliated epithelial cells are required to move particles or mucus in a specific direction. In humans, these cells are mainly present in : (1) Bile duct and Bronchioles (2) Fallopian tubes and Pancreatic duct (3) Eustachian tube and Salivary duct (4) Bronchioles and Fallopian tubes: ALLE Location Wall of intestine Tendons Pre-Medical : Biology 16. Match the following cell structure with its characteristic feature: (@) Tight junctions (0 Cement neighbouring cells together to form sheet (i) Transmit information through chemical to another cells (ii) Establish a barrier to prevent leakage of (b) Adhering Junctions (6) Gap junctions fluid across epithelial cells (iv) Cytoplasmic channels to facilitate ‘communication between adjacent cells Select correct option from the following (1) (abi), (Hiv), (CH), ii) (2) (aHtiv), (OW), (CHE), di) (3) (ati), (D4, (cHiv}, dt) (4) (aC), (OM) (cH), dt) (@) Synaptic junctions acdRT Pe Medical : Biology How many of the following structures are examples of connective tissue? Cartilage, Bone. Tendon, Ligament, Cardiac muscle, Smooth muscle, Neuron and Glisson’s capsule (1) Three (2)Four —(3)Five (4) Six Mast cells secrete a Histamine b - Serotonin ¢ - Heparin (1) only a (2) only a and b (3) only ¢ (alla. bande Reai! the following {A-D) statements ‘A -Itis composed of single layer of talland slender calls B . Their nucler are located at the base C~Biea (They are fownd in the walls of Blood vessels and anface may have microvilli a sae of lungs How many of the above statements are incorrect for simple columnar epithelium U)Fou: (2) Three (3)Two (4) One Which tissue faces either a body fluid or the outside environment ? (1) Epithelium tissue (3) Connective tissue (2) Muscular tissue (4) Nervous tissue Which one of the intercellular junetion will check the flow of material from epithelial surface? (2) Desmosome (4) Gap junetion (4) Tight junction (3) Interdigitation Witch of the following statements is wrong ? (1) Intercellular material of cartilage is solid (2) The bone cells are present in the lacunae (3) Communication junctions are present in cardiac muscles (4) Bone has pliable ground substance Which one of the statements is not related with loose connective tissue ? (1) Often servesasa support frame work for epithelium (2) t contains fibroblast, macrophages and mast cell (3) Fibres and fibroblast are compactly packed (4) Cells ofthis tissue are also specialised to store fats 10. aT 12, 13. 14, 15. 16. a7. ALLEN Master Your Understanding ‘The intestine and stomach in mammals is lined by (1) Squamous epithelium (2) Columnar epithelium (3) Cuboidal epithelium (4) Stratified epithelium Mammalian pinna is supported by (1) Blastic cartilage (3) Hyaline cartilage (2) Caleified cartilage (4) Fibrous cartilage In all connective tissues cells secrete fibre of structural protein except (1) Bone (3) Cartilage (2) Blood (4) All of the above Which tissue 1s associated with filtration and diflusion ? (1) Simple squamous epitheliuan (2) Simple cuboidal epithelium {3} Simple columnar epithelium (4) All of these Which of the following contributes maximum part cof our body weight? (1) Epithelium tissue (3) Muscular tissue (2) Connective tissue (4) Nervous tissue Major protein of connective tissue is (1) Myosin (2) Melanin (3) Collagen (4) Keratin Fibreless and glass-like appearance is the characterstic of which cartilage (1) Hyaline (2) Fibrocartilage (3) Elastic cartilage (4) Both (1) and (2) Areolar tissue joins (1) Bone with bones (2) Fat body with muscles (3) Bone with muscles (4) Integument with muscles Covering and protective tissue is (1) Epithelium (2)Connective (3) Muscular (4) Nervous Tissue, helps in contraction and locomotion is (1) Epithelium (2) Connective 8) Muscular (4) NervousALLEN Pre-Medical : Biology J "18. Basement membrane is present below 29. Epithelial tissue which is ectodermal in origin (2) Epitheliuen (2) Connective tissue be {) Muscular tissue (4) Nervous issue (1) Epidermis of skin 19. Pavement epithelium is Bveoheien : {@) Endothelium (2) Simple squamous (2) Simple cuboidal (i) All of these {@) Simple columnar (4) Pseudo stratified 30. Animal tissues are classified into four basic types 20. Simple squamous epithelium is generally used for onthe bach (1) Filtration & diffusion (CD funetion and org ey Diese eae (2) structure and functions (8) Absorption & secretion ata aa oy (A) Secretion & filtration (origin and structures 21. Brush bordered simple cuboidal epithelium is found 31. Which of the following tissues provides a covering ie layer for some of the body parts? () pcr (2)DcT (1) Connective tissue (2) Muscular tissue (3) his (4) Choroid (3) Epithelial tissue (4) Neural tissue 82. Which of the following statements is related with, 22. Unicellular gland is epithelium? (1) Goblet gland (2) Gastric gland (1) Cells are loosely packed with large intercellular () Brunner'sgland (4) Sweat gland spaces 23. Largest cell of connective tissue is- (2) Cells are highly vascularised (Q) Fibroblast (2) Macrophage (3)Cells are compactly packed with little (3) Mast cell (4) Adipocycte intercellular spaces (4) Epithelial tissue is a supporting tissue 24, Amoeboid cell with kidney shaped nucleus is 33. Lining of body cavities , ducts and tubes are made (1) Fibroblast (2) Macrophage upof (3) Masi cell (4) Adipocycte (1) transitional epithelium: 25, Ear pinna has (2)compound epithelium 11) Fieve exrtlage {@)keratinised epithelium (2) ae crane an, Cm ace (3) Caled cartlage The epithelium of proximal convoluted tubule PCT) (4) White fibrous cartilage of nephron in the kidney has ——- () ca (2) vat 26. Loose connective tisue is = (3) microvill (4) stereoclia (1) Areolar tissue (2) Cartilage 85. Epithelium of stomach is lined by (8) Tendons (4) Ligament (1) simple squamous epithelium al Naor eae (simple columnar epithe ed {Q) stratified columnar epithelium @Aapone ies (4) simple cuboidal epithelium : 36. Which statement is correct about simple cuboidal @) Mucoid tissue (4) Dense regular tissue 28, _____helpto stop substances from leaking across a tissue (1) Tight junctions (3) Gap junctions (2) Adhering junctions (4) Inter digetation epithelium? (1) it consist of single ayer of cube like cells (2)itis commonly found in ducts of glands (3) its main function is secretion and absorption {4)all of the aboveMY Pre-Medical : Biology _ ALLEN “483, Maich the folowing cohumns.and choose the comes answer from the following given options ‘Column-A | Column-B 4 J Simple squamous [7 | Alveoli epithelium B | Simple cuboidal Ducts of epithelium glands C7 Simple cuboidal [i [PCT of brush border | nephron epithelium D | Simple columnar | iv | Fallopian Identify A ,B and C above figures of simple ciliated epithelium [tubes epithelium issue ma oT) A 8 c Oi i 1 | Cuboidal | columnar squamous Qi ii 2 | squamous | cuboidal | columnar (CO 3 [squamous | columnar | cuboidal CS 4_| Cuboidal_| squamous | columnar 44. In human beings intestine is internally ined by 38. The epithelial tissues present on the inner surface (1) Simple columnar epithelium with microvilli of bronchioles and fallopian tubes (2) Simple columnar epithelium with cilia (1) squamous tksue (2) glandular tssve (8) Simple cuboidal epithelium with cilia ; (4) Simple cubo‘dal epithelium with microvilli (3) ciated tissue (4) cuboidal tis Eiciatel ira Weibotdal tems La, Part of human body located between oesophagus 39. Which of the following is an example of unicellular and duodenum is internally lined by land? (1) Simple columnar glandular epithelium (1) salary gland (2) sebaceous glands (2) Simple columnar epithelium with cilia (3) Simple cuboidal epithelium with cl (8) goblet ceils (4) pancreas ) Stnple cuboidal epithelium with ca (4) Simple cuboidal epithelium with microvilli 40. The type of cell junctions , which facilitates cell to 46. Wihich ofthe following is corect with respect to cell communication is called the cepithetal tissue ? (1) tight junction (2) adhering junction (a) The structure ofthe cells vary according to their § function F Slepmndions By desmosomes (©) The ces of epithelial tissues are compactly 41, Ductless glands in human beings produces packed with litle intercellular matrix (©) Epitheiat tissue has a free surface, which faces eis as either a body fhidor the outside environment and (@)hormones (4) mucous thus prodives a covering ora lining for some part of the body 42+ Wich ofthe folowing is an example of speciaised (@) The cells of epithelial tissues are compactly connective tissue? packed with large intercelilar matrix (1) blood (2)bone Mabe @aed @) cartilage (4) all of the above Baba )bandd only TM rcceensooss vera ncincincALLEN Pre-Medical : Bic ‘47.‘The cells of epithelial tissues are _packed with intercellular matrix. (1) tightly, little (2) loosely, large (3) loosely, little (4) tightly, large 48. Which of the following statement is incorrect? oy ae (1) The interellular material of cartilage is solid and. pliable and resists compression (2) All the cartilages in vertebrate embryo are replaced by bones in adults (3) Cartilage is present in the tip of nose, outer ear joints, between adjacent bones of vertebral column, limbs and hands of adults (4) Cells of cartilage are enclosed in small cavities within the matrix secretes by them EXERCISE-III (Analytical Questions) si jAns.| 3 1[4 [3 {2 1|4 lAns.| 1 1{if|i 1 | 2 5 - 5 3 lans| 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 4[2|3 afi é z = 5 Tane| 1 [1 | 2 7MRT re Medical : Biology ALLEN ly IMPORTANT NOTES