LABORATORY RECORD

DIGITAL COMMUNICATION LABORATORY

Experiment No: 08

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT:

Simulate the process of Pulse code modulation.

DATE OF LAB SESSION: 30 / 11 / 2020

DATE OF SUBMISSION: 05 / 12 / 2020

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

C.V. RAMAN GLOBAL UNIVERSITY, ODISHA
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT:

Simulate the process of Pulse code modulation.

THEORY:

Pulse Code Modulation is a digital modulation technique by which an analog signal

is converted to an equivalent sequence of binary codes. The analog signal is first
sampled at regular intervals and these samples are then quantized to predefined
levels. An analog to digital convertor converts these quantized symbols to their
corresponding binary codes. PCM is in binary form, so there will be only two
possible states high and low(0 and 1). We can also get back our analog signal by
demodulation. The Pulse Code Modulation process is done in three steps Sampling,
Quantization, and Coding. There are two specific types of pulse code modulations
such as differential pulse code modulation (DPCM) and adaptive differential pulse
code modulation (ADPCM).
To get a pulse code modulated waveform from an analog waveform at the
transmitter end (source) of a communications circuit, the amplitude of the analog
signal samples at regular time intervals. The sampling rate or a number of
samples per second is several times the maximum frequency. The message signal
converted into the binary form will be usually in the number of levels which is
always to a power of 2. This process is called quantization

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

C.V. RAMAN GLOBAL UNIVERSITY, ODISHA
BLOCK DIAGRAM:

This above block diagram describes the whole process of PCM. The source of the
continuous-time message signal is passed through a low pass filter and then
sampling, Quantization, Encoding will be done.

EXPECTED WAVE FORM:

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

C.V. RAMAN GLOBAL UNIVERSITY, ODISHA
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
C.V. RAMAN GLOBAL UNIVERSITY, ODISHA
MATLAB Code for Pulse Code Modulation:
clc;
clear all;
b=8
t = 0:0.0005:10;

a=20;
x = a*sin(t);
subplot(3,1,1);
plot(t,x,'black');
xlabel('Time(s) ---->')
ylabel('Amplitude(V) ---->')
legend('Message Signal ---->');
grid on

x1 = x+a
subplot(3,1,2);
plot(t,x1);
xlabel('Samples ---->')
ylabel('Amplitude(V) ---->')
legend('Amplitude Shifted Signal ---->');
grid on
q_op = round(x1)
subplot(3,1,3);
plot(t,q_op);
xlabel('Samples ---->')
ylabel('Amplitude(V) ---->')
legend('Quantized Signal ---->');
grid on

encode = de2bi(q_op,'left-msb')
decode = bi2de(encode,'left-msb')
xr = decode-a
figure
plot(t,x,'r',t,xr,'b')
xlabel('Samples ---->');
ylabel('Amplitude(V) ---->')
legend('PCM Signal at 20V ---->');
grid on

ha = axes ('Position',[0 0 1 1],'Xlim',[0 1],'Ylim',[0

1],'Box','off','Visible','off','Units','normalized', 'clipping' , 'off');
text (0.5, 1,'\bf Pulse Code Modulation
','HorizontalAlignment','center','VerticalAlignment', 'top')

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

C.V. RAMAN GLOBAL UNIVERSITY, ODISHA
RESULTS AND OBSERVATIONS:

Figure 1

Figure 2

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

C.V. RAMAN GLOBAL UNIVERSITY, ODISHA
RESULT FOR DIFFERENT STEP SIZE:

Figure 3

Figure 4

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

C.V. RAMAN GLOBAL UNIVERSITY, ODISHA
Figure 5

Figure 6

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

C.V. RAMAN GLOBAL UNIVERSITY, ODISHA
CONCLUSION:
In this experiment we perform Pulse code modulation in which, we observe that
the Quantization level of input signal can be change by changing the value of
sampling frequency, while there is another method too i.e., we have to take some
loop (if else case) instead of rounding the quantizing value.
To keep the quantization error small relative to the message signal level, use
smaller quantization steps.

Name of student: Subhashree Dash

Registration no: 1801227547
Roll no: ET180042

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

C.V. RAMAN GLOBAL UNIVERSITY, ODISHA