Cognitive Radio

Cognitive Radio
An Integrated Agent Architecture for

Software Defined Radio

Dissertation Defense
8 June 2000
J. Mitola III
2
Copyright Legend
This work is the intellectual property of Joseph Mitola III.
The copyright is herewith asserted.
No part of this material may be duplicated, reproduced, copied,
dowloaded, or stored electronically except for non-commercial
educational purposes.

The copyright owner is willing to provide copyright permission
for purposes that are generally in the public interest as defined
by the laws of the United States and/or Sweden.
Contact jmitola@compuserve.com

This legend applies to the Licentiate Thesis, to the Doctoral Dissertation
to the Radio Knowledge Representation Language (RKRL) frames,
and to the source code of the CR1 rapid prototype.
3
Agenda
Overview of Cognitive Radio
Mathematical Foundations
Cognitive Radio Rapid Prototype (CR1)
Questions
4
Motivation from the Users Perspective
Cost /QoS?
Who Pays?
Urgency?

It Depends
1995-99 Mitolas STATISfaction used with permission for Educational Purposes Only
5
Motivation from the Radio Perspective
Antenna RF Modem
INFOSEC
Baseband User Interface
Equalizer
RAM
...
Model-Based Reasoning
Cognition
Antenna RF Modem Baseband User Interface
Hardware
INFOSEC
Back End Control Baseband Modem
Equalizer
Algorithm
Software
Software Radio
Software Modules ..
G. Maguire and J. Mitola, Cognitive Radio: Making PCS Personal, IEEE PCS Magazine, August 99
J. Mitola III, Software Radio Architecture Evolution IEICE Transactions on Communications, July 00
RKRL Frames
Radio
Knowledge
Representation
Language
(RKRL)
Secure Downloads, Pro-Active Radio Resource Management
6
Cognitive Radio Overview
Wideband
A/D-D/A*
Wideband RF
Conversion
Programmable
Processor(s)
Software Radio
J. Mitola: Software Radio: Technology and Prognosis
Proc., IEEE National Telesystems Conference 1992
Software Radio Architecture
IEEE Communications Magazine, May 1995
Cognitive Radio, Licentiate Thesis,
KTH (Royal Institute of Technology), Stockholm
HF LVHF VHF-UHF Cellular Indoor & RF LAN VHDR
2 MHz 28 88 400 960 MHz 6 34 GHz 1.39 GHz
PCS
2.5 5.9
Software
Radios
Very Low Band Low Mid Band High Band
Cellular Mobile
Public Safety
Fixed Terrestrial

Antenna RF Modem
INFOSEC
Baseband User Interface
Model-Based Reasoning RKRL Frames
Spatial &
Temporal
Knowledge
7
Detect User Communications Context
Stadium
Airport
Autobahn
City Center
Industrial
Shopping
Residential
Suburb
J. Mitola, Cognitive Radio, KTH Licentiate Thesis, Sep 99
Where? When?
Compared to Observed Patterns?
Topics of Conversation? =>Natural Language Processing
Adapts to the User =>Machine Learning
and Arrange Appropriate Wireless Access
8
A Priori Radio Knowledge
(Global control,
Inference-Engine, Meta-level capabilities, Cognition cycle,
Agent-to-agent communications (KQML, KIF, )

Universe, Self, Concepts, Time, Space, User,

Spatial: Global, Satcom, Regional, Metro, Local,

Radio Functions: Air Interface, Internal, Hardware, Software,
Standards: SDL (Z.100), UML, ODP(X.900), MPI, References

Internal: Modem, Demodulator, Equalizer, Memory,
Protocol: Physical, Data Link, Network, Segmentation, Messages,
Physical Models: Radio Propagation, User, Context

Meta-Level
A Priori
Knowledge
Current States
Taxonomy
RKRL 0.3 Contains 4,000 frames of XML (Available in Excel)
9
RKRL Overview
RKRL j
<Frame>
<Handle><Model><Body><Context><Resource-specification>
RKRL contains
Meta, Universe
Meta contains
Universe contains ...
RKRL
0

contains
<Root><Source><Time><Place>
<Resources><Depth><Breadth><Sub-Elements><Sub-Frames>
Micro-world j := {<Frame>}*
Extensible Markup Language (XML) www.w3.org
Syntax
Air Interface contains GSM

GSM RF >860 MHz

The RF of GSM is at least 860 MHz

(Air Interface = GSM)&& ?RF => 860 MHz
Resource Models

Control of Software Radio Resources

Control of the Reasoning Process
10
Reasoning About Ones Own Internal Structure
Antenna RF Modem INFOSEC
Message
Processing
& I/O
Air
Router
I
C
I
C
I
C
I
C
C
C
V
D
FC
LAN
I/O I/O I/O I/O
RF IF
or
BB
Bits
CT
Bits
PT
Aux Aux Aux Fill
C
C C C C
Control and Common System Equipment
Remote
Control/
Display
User
Control
(MMI)
External Environment
Source
Set
Joint Control
Channel Coding & Decoding
Channel
Set
Multiple Personalities
Radio Node
Evolution
Support
INFO-
SEC
Service
&
Network
Support
Source
Coding
&
Decoding
Modem
IF
Process-
ing
RF/
Channel
Access
Software-Defined
Radio (SDR)
Forum
www.sdrforum.org
5 Technical Meetings / Yr
Mitola, J., Software Radio Architecture: A Mathematical Perspective IEEE Journal on Selected Areas of Communication, April, 1999
European,
Asian,
US Participation
Raises
Decideability
Questions
Entity Reference Model, Middleware
11
Software Radio Properties
Real Time Stream
Near Real Time
On/Off-Line
Service Bandwidth, Ws
Channel Bandwidth
Wc
Power
Frequency
Spectral
Purity
Environment
Characterization
Advanced
Control
Wideband A/D & D/A Spectrum Access
Channel Isolation
FFT
Upconvert
Bitstream
Processing
Demodulate
SNR/ BER Optimization
Interference Suppression
Band/Mode Selection
On Line Adaptation
Modulate
Bitstream
Processing
Larger Network
Transmit
WB Digital
Bitstream
Receive
I sochronism
Throughput
Response Time
Service
Quality
Wideband or
Multiband RF
ADCs
ASICs,
FPGAs,
DSPs,
Processors
Hardware
Platforms
Software
Factory
Appendix A, IEICE Invited Paper on Software Radio Architecture
12
Approach Based on the Cognition Cycle
Observe
Orient
Establish Priority
Plan
Decide
Act
Outside
World
Send a Message
Receive a Message
Set Display
Read Buttons
Save Global
States
Allocate Resources
Initiate Process(es)
(I sochronism I s Key)
Generate Alternatives
(Program Generation)
Evaluate Alternatives
Parse
Pre-process
Infer on Context Hierarchy
Urgent
Immediate
Normal
Register to Current Time
Prior
States
New
States
Learn
13
CR1 Research Prototype
14
Small Vocabulary Large
Continuous Words Isolated
Dependent Speaker Independent
Speech
Speech Recognition
Synthesis
Speech
Parse (Syntax)
Extract Structure
Analyze Structure
I
n
t
e
r
l
i
n
g
u
a
Lexical Mapper
Syntax Generator
Estimate
Statistics
Ontology
(Domain Concepts)
Grammar, Lexicon
Structure Models
Feature Models
Text
Phoneme Extraction
Modeling (e.g. HMM)
Structure Analysis
Transcript Generation
E
r
r
o
r
f
u
l

T
r
a
n
s
c
r
i
p
t
Speech Synthesizer
Text
Extract
Information
K
n
o
w
n

C
l
u
s
t
e
r
s
Machine
Processing
Natural Language Processing
Machine-
Generated
Streams
15
R
e
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n

S
p
a
c
e

Numeric
Symbolic
Learning Strategy
Supervised Unsupervised
Artificial
Neural
Networks
Powerful Generalization
Performance Degrades
When Irrelevant
Features are Present
Conceptual
Clustering
Set Cover Using
Generalization &
Specialization
P
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
o
n

R
u
l
e
s

F
e
a
t
u
r
e

V
e
c
t
o
r
s

P
r
e
d
i
c
a
t
e

C
a
l
c
u
l
u
s

Feature
Clustering
Set Property
Reinforcement
Estimation over
Measurements,
Documents
Abductive
Inference
Occams Razor
Over Structured
Feature Spaces
W
o
r
d

V
e
c
t
o
r
s

N
-
G
r
a
m
s

Genetic
Algorithms
Blind Learning, Robust
Slow, Massively Parallel
Constrained by the Coding
of Chromosomes
Case-Based
Storage of Examples
Memory Based
Nearest-Neighbor
Inductive Retrieval
Adapt Pre-Stored
Solutions to Current
Situation
(Does not require
a-priori model of
the solution space)
Knowledge-Based
Structure background
knowledge in Rule Base
Acquires New Rules
May Use Certainty Calculus
Entropy
Network
Logic Tree
Transformed
to Neural Net
(N-0.5, 0.5)
Hidden
Markov
Models
Concept-
Based
Acquires New
Predicates
Machine Learning Approach
CLARION
16
Sleep
Dynamic Knowledge
H
i
e
r
a
r
c
h
y

o
f

R
e
i
n
f
o
r
c
e
d

S
e
q
u
e
n
c
e
s

Best Match
Need
Sleep
Known
Stimulus
Novel
Stimulus
Sequence
Formation
Stimulus
Correlation
Sensory Interface
Characters
Words
Phrases
Dialogs
Scenes
Response(s)
Sleep
srModels Stimulus
Response
Delta (e.g. Delay)
Reinforcement
Dynamic Knowledge is a mix of
Declarative Knowledge, Cues (Links),
and Procedural Knowledge
17
The Cognitive Radio Architecture
H
Sensory Data
Words
Phrases
Dialogs
Novel
Own User
Radio
Knowledge
Home
Network
Other Networks
Other People
Other Places
Other Things
World, W
S
e
q
u
e
n
c
e

F
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n

M
a
p
sNearest
Scenes
Known
Scene
Bindings
Dialog
Bindings
Phrase
Bindings
Word
Bindings
H
H
H
Dialog
States
u
Action
Requests
I
Plans
E
Actions
A E
World Model, S
PDA
0
O
18
Original Contributions
Characterized SDR Architecture (Appendix A)
Developed Necessary Mathematical Foundations
Topological Model of Radio Architecture (Appendix B)
Computability Proof for Bounded-Recursive Functions
Defined RKRL with Set-Theoretic Axioms
Invented the Cognition Cycle
Simulated the Contributions of a Notional Cognitive Radio
Spectrum Rental, Demand Shaping
Implemented a Research Prototype CR1
Simulated environment, not fully integrated, illustrative personalities
Articulated an Open Architecture Framework
19
Implications of Spectrum Rental
Current Research
Autonomous Evolution of Spectrum Rental Protocols
White Paper for the US FCC Technical Advisory Committee
Recommended DoD, APCO, ?, Experiment under FCC Lead
20
Towards Cognitive Radio
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

O
n
t
o
l
o
g
y

-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Model Structure
Aware
M
o
d
e
l

R
e
f
i
n
e
m
e
n
t
C
o
g
n
i
t
i
o
n

T
a
s
k
s
Pre-programmed None
Goal-driven User Service Objective RF Band Protocol
Context Aware
Environment Aware
Location Aware Geography, City Map
Building Floor Plan, Temperature, Lighting
Natural Language, Societal Roles, Discourse
Internally Aware
Radio Functions, Components, Design Rules
Network Aware
Signaling, Protocol Stacks
Model Scope
Capable of Planning
Computer Aware
Computational Resources (Memory, Processing)
Temporal Calculus, Constraint Language
Negotiations
KQML-capable, Gaming, Uncertainty, Value
Learns Fluents
Adapts Plans
Adapts Protocols
Builds signal models (unsupervised)
Cause-and-Effect Over Space-Time-Uses
General Models of User, Content, RF, Networks
-
-

F
o
r
m
a
l
i
z
e
d

K
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e

-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
M
o
d
e
l
s

M
e
d
i
a
t
e

P
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e

-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
M
o
d
e
l

A
c
q
u
i
s
i
t
i
o
n

-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
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-
-
-
-
-
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-
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-
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-
-
-
Competence
Knowledge-based
Competent
Inquisitive-Expert
21
Enduring Contribution
Architecture
Functions Components Design Rules
Detect User
Communications
Context
User Interface
Natural Language Processing
Machine Learning Components
Arrange
Appropriate
Wireless
Access
SDR Structure Control
Protocol Mediation
Self-Referential Components
Spatial-Temporal Components
Maps
Must
Preserve
Topological
Structure
Finitely
Enables the I ntegration of I nter-Disciplinary Contributions
22
Mathematical Foundations
23
Y(t)
Point Set Topology
A Set
o
o
o
o
Y
o
o
{o
o}
Y
Contains
|
{o}
{o}
O
Y

o}
{o
{o
o}
O
Y

Closed Under A Family
of Subsets
{o}
{o}
{o}
{o}
O
Y

o
o
o
o
Y(i)
1 2 3 4 i
24
Mappings Among Signal Spaces
Y(t)
o
o
o
o
Y(i)
1 2 3 4 i
Open Ball
f: Subsampling: Y(t) Y(I)
Infinite
Dimensional
Space
(Not Countable)
(e.g. Hilbert Space)
Finite
Dimensional
Space
(Countable)
(e.g. Z)
25
Topology Preserving Mappings
Y(t)
o
o
o
o
Y(i)
1 2 3 4 i
Open Ball
f: Subsampling ADC: Y(t) Y(I)
f
-1
: Shannon-Nyquist: Y(I) Y(t)
Homeomorphism
f: 1 to 1, ONTO
Inverse Images of Open Sets
Are Open Sets
Topology Preserving
26
Radio Domain
Hi Band RF
Low Band RF
IF ADC
Channel Filter
Modem
Vocoder
Interface Points
Functional Transformations
RF
User
Volume
Channel Selection
Control Transformations
Topological Analysis:
What are the domain and range? Are they explicit?
What are the open sets? What are the Unions, Intersections?
Hi Band Antenna
Low Band Antenna
IF ADC
IF Channel Filter
Demodu-
late
Voice Coder
Modulate
Voice Decoding RF Up Conversion
Speaker
I F Waveform
Clear Bits
Baseband Waveform
Analog Audio
Is each map a homeomorphism?
Are the inverse images of open sets open?
27
Topology of Models of the World
GPS
PDA
User
Home
Work
Today
Yeseterday
Monday
GSM
GPRS
RF LAN
Database
Europe
X
I nformal Knowledge:
I nsufficient Structure
Topological
Spaces
O
x
Contains
X, |
Countable Unions
and
Finite
Intersections
UserRFLAN: No
PDARFLAN: Yes
EuropeHome: No
EuropeWork: Sometimes?
Sufficient
Structure
Subsets of X
Time
Places
Radi
o
Peopl
e
Senso
r
GPS
PDA
User
Home
Work
Today
Yeseterday
Monday
GSM
GPRS
RF LAN
Europe Database
Software
X
28
RKRL Defines Knowledge Topology
GPS
PDA
User
Home
Work
Today
Yeseterday
Monday
GSM
GPRS
RF LAN
Europe Database
X
Model
Members
of
Subsets

Time
Places
Radi
o
Peopl
e
Senso
r
Software
Identify
Families
of
Subsets
29
Computational Domain
ADC 2 Input Stream
Direct Memory Access
Channel Filter
Phase Estimator
State Decision
Bit Decision
Timing Recovery Logic
Demodulator DSP
Hardware Space
ADC 1 Input Stream
Direct Memory Access
Use of DSP Hardware Indicated as Area
Advanced Timing Recovery Logic

Processor Unit (s)
Program
I/O
RAM
ROM

I SA
x
x
x
x
I sochronous
(Real-time)
Domain
Turing/Recursive
Capability
x
x
x
x
I sochronous Window
t<A
Bounded
For
E I <N <A*C
C =MI PS
Constrained
30
PDA Architecture Domain
S(t) c W
Sets of Points
in the
World, W
Amplitude
Time
0 1 2 3
1
0
1
1
-0.99998
s
k
2.048 0.004 t
k
PDA
Receive
World-
Model,
S
Nyquist
Open Ball
Propagation
Model Error
G ( ) =
Propagation (
Nyquist ( ) )
ADC
Amplitude
Time
*
*
*
*
* *
*
x(i) c S
H ( ) =
ADC (
Receive ( ) )
31
World, W
PDA
Sets of Points
World-
Model,
S
Space
Time
Frequency
Behavior as (Homeo?)morphism
5 Act
Sense
1 Observe
3 Plan
4 Decide
Error
Open
Ball
2 Orient
Predict
Describe
32
Architecture Mappings
H
Sensory Data
Words
Phrases
Dialogs
Novel
Own User
Radio
Knowledge
Home
Network
Other Networks
Other People
Other Places
Other Things
World, W
S
e
q
u
e
n
c
e

F
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n

M
a
p
sNearest
Scenes
Known
Scene
Bindings
Dialog
Bindings
Phrase
Bindings
Word
Bindings
H
H
H
Dialog
States
u
Action
Requests
I
Plans
E
Actions
A E
World Model, S
PDA
0
O
33
Experimental Aspect
CR-1
34
RF Bands and Modes
GSM (IS-136, etc)
GPRS (UWC-136 ...)
3G (W-CDMA )
RF LAN
AM Broadcast
FM Broadcast
NOAA Weather
Police, Fire, etc.
Environment Sensors
Location:
GPS (Glonass, )
Accelerometer
Magnetometer (North)
Positioning:
Environment Broadcast
(Doors, Coke Machines, ...)
Timing:
Precision Clock
GPS Clock Updates
Other:
Ambient Light
Digital Image, Video Clip
Temperature
Effectors
Speech Synthesizer
Text Display
RF Band/ Mode Control
Local Sensors
Speech Recognizer
Speaker ID
Keyboard, Buttons
Environment-aware PDA
J. Mitola., Cognitive Radio for Mobile Multimedia Communications, MoMuC 99 Nov 99
J. Mitola III, Software Radio Remarks before the Federal Communications Commission Apr 99
1995-99 Mitolas STATISfaction used with permission for DoD Use Only
{
PDA
35
Simulated PDA(s)
36
Simulation Control
37
PDANode
srModel,srCount, srDelay
nodeName, modelName
PDASensor
observation
capability
PDAEffector
currentEffect
capability
PDANodeCum
enableSlot, trigger-,state
window, parseWindow
PDANodeLinks
linksModel,-Count, -Delay
state
PDANodeSequencer
state
PDANodeTrigger
state
PDANodeWord
runNode( )
PDANodePhrase
runNode( )
PDANodeNovelty
enableSlot,
state, capacity
PDANodeNullDet
Array stimSlot
PDANodeOr
Array stimSlot
PDANodeBuffer
window
Cognitive Radio 1 (CR1)
Java Class Hierarchy
1995-99 Joseph Mitola III and The MITRE Corporation used with permission for DoD Use Only
38
Atomic Stimuli
Atomic Symbols
Primitive Sequences
Basic Sequences
Sequence Clusters
Context Cluster
RKRL
Handle
Body
Model
-World
CR1
Term, Example
Words, token, image
Phrases, video clip, messages
Dialogs, Paragraphs, Protocol
Scenes in a play, Session
Phoneme, pixel
Observation Hierarchy
Reinforced Hierarchical Sequences
39
Proc0
Sensors, Sequencers, Triggers
Proc1
Character-level Processing
Known/new Letters,
Word Aggregation, Word Links
Proc2
Word-level Processing
Known/new Words,
Phrase Aggregation, Phrase Links
Proc3
Phrase-level Processing
Known/new Phrases,
Dialog Aggregation, Dialog Links
Proc4
Dialog-level Processing
Known/new Dialogs,
Scene Aggregation, Scene Links
Proc5
Scene-level Processing
Known Scenes, New Scenes
Proc6 Orient Phase
Proc7 Plan Phase
Proc8 Decide Phase
Proc9 Act Phase
Effectors
Environment
O
b
s
e
r
v
e

P
h
a
s
e
Context?
Training?
Done?
Command?
Here? Now?
What?
Conflicts?
Allocated
Resources?
CR1 Rapid Prototype
Case Matching
Binding
Warping
40
GPRS Sensor
GPRS Effector
3G Sensor
3G Effector
Text
messageBuffer
Messages
Model
E-MailSystem
E-MailSystem
Cost
Model
Observation
Mode Choice
Model
Models
Communications
Context
Sending or Delaying E-mail
41
Understanding CR1s Behavior
42
Modulator
3G Sensor
3G Effector
Observe
Protocol
Here, Now
RF/
Channel
SNR/BER Model
3G Parameters
Model
Models
Protocol
Demod
User Context
SNR
BER
Constellation
Data Rate
Mode Control Models
43
Dialog1
Observe

Scenes

Dialogs

Phrases

Words
Orient
Intro-
duction
Plan
Intro-
duction
Firstname = chip
r.f.l.a.n, n.o.w, h.e.r.e,t.c.p, q.u.e.r.y, f.i.r.s.t.n.a.m.e
=> r.f.l.a.n, n.o.w, h.e.r.e, t.c.p, r.e.s.p.o.n.s.e, l.a.s.t.n.a.m.e|
s.a.y, n.o.w, h.e.r.e, a.r.e, y.o.u, l.a.s.t.n.a.m.e.?
r.f.l.a.n,
n.o.w, h.e.r.e,
q.u.e.r.y,
c.h.i.p
Next-phrase pointer
Scenes and Dialogs
44
Conclusions
Dissertation Sets Forth the Principles & Vision
Bounded Loops, Integrated RKRL Model of SDR
The Cognition Cycle, Reinforced Hierarchical Sequences
Case-based Machine Learning (ML)
Interesting Future Research
Spectrum Rental and Related Policy
Performance Aspects: Metrics, Test Cases
Detect, Learn, Predict Rote Behavior of Users
Simulate PDA-Network Interactions
45
Backup Slides
46
RKRL Overview
47
Formalization in Micro-worlds
Micro-world
Task Domain
Formal Model
Computable Semantics
Informal
Inferences
Plausible Event
Streams
Formal
Inferences
Mathematically Viable
Axiomatization
Mathematical Statements
Language
Ontology, Syntax
Knowledge Base
Expressions That Are
Defined in the Domain
Inference Engine
Pattern Matching
Plan Generation
Describes
Models
True-In Defines J
u
s
t
i
f
y
Proves
Operates-On
Supports
Formalize
S
u
p
p
o
r
t
s
Describes
Defines
Stated-In
48
Ontological Models
(Global control,
Inference-Engine, Meta-level capabilities, Cognition,
Agent-to-agent communications (KQML, KIF, )

Universe, Self, Concepts, Time, Space, User,

Spatial: Global, Satcom, Regional, Metro, Local,

Radio Functions: Air Interface, Internal, Hardware, Software,
Standards: SDL (Z.100), UML, ODP(X.900), MPI,
Internal: Modem, Demodulator, Equalizer, Memory,
Protocol: Physical, Data Link, Network, Segmentation, Messages,
Nave Physics: Radio Propagation,

References, )

Meta-Level
A Priori
Knowledge
Current States
Taxonomy
Goal: I ncremental Formalization across Various Domains
1995-99 Joseph Mitola III used with permission for DoD Use Only
49
RKRL Overview
RKRL j
<Frame>
RKRL contains
Meta, Universe
Meta contains
RKRL
0

contains
Syntax

GSM RF >860 MHz


(Air Interface = GSM)&& ?RF => 860 MHz
Resource Models

Control of Software Radio Resources

Control of the Reasoning Process
50
Incremental Formalization
Meta-Level
Concepts
Stockholm
Time
Now
Date-Time
Year
Month
Day
Space
Person
PDA
Radio Knowledge

(partial)
Self
DSP Pool
Constellation
Modulator
Universe
Physical World
Global Plane
Regional Plane
Centrum
Metropolitan Plane
Iridium
Models

Space*
Time*
RF*
Entity*
* Axiomatic
Models
Ontological Models
(Representation Sets)
Informal Models
(Natural Language)
New RKRL Frames:
DSP Pool Processors
Type = C6x
DSP Pool Processors
Number = 4
DSP Pool Processors
MIPS = 2600
Alternate RKRL Frames:
DSP Pool Contains
Processors
Processors
Number 4
Processors
MI PS 2600
Space
Frequency
Time
51
RKRL Interpretations
RKRL j
<Frame>
RKRL contains
Meta, Universe
Meta contains
RKRL
0

contains
Syntax

GSM RF >860 MHz
Air Interface = GSM & RF? => 860 MHz
srModel: Stimulus -> Response

Propositional Calculus
Entity-Attribute-Value Analysis
Vector Attributes
Neural Networks
Genetic Structures (partial GA)
IF (Model, Handle, Context)
THEN (Body)

Rule-based Expert Systems
Forward Chaining
Predicate Calculus
Limited Theorem Proving
CASE: Model(Handle, Body, Context)

Case-based Reasoning
Nearest-Neighbor Retrieval
Decision-tree Retrieval
Data Base Analysis
Conceptual Clustering
I nterpretations
52
Spectrum Rentals
53
A Spectrum Pool Etiquette
HF LVHF VHF-UHF Cellular Indoor & RF LAN VHDR
2 MHz 28 88 400 960 MHz 6 34 GHz 1.39 GHz
PCS
2.5 5.9
Software
Radios
Very Low Band Low Mid Band High Band
Cellular Mobile
Public Safety
Fixed Terrestrial

54
Pooled Spectrum Rental
Offeror
10 ms
Peak Power
time
10 ms
Advertise
Express Interest
Time, Locale,
Price (TLC)
TLC Bid,
Authenticate
Accept/Reject Bid,
Authenticate
Tender and
Flag
Renter
Use
No Objections
Monitor
Release
8 ms
(Dissertation Plan: Use RKRL and a Genetic Algorithm to Autonomously
Derive the Details of this Protocol and to Use I t in A Simulated Environment)
55
Pooled Spectrum Backoff Protocol
Legacy
20 ms
time Transmit
Renter
Listen
5 ms
20 ms 20 ms
5 ms
Conflict
Recognize
Defer
(Report)
Transmit
Listen
Transmit
Listen
Transmit
56
Cognitive Radios Can Obey Rental Constraints
Renters should not interfere with legacy users
Self-regulated power: location and propagation/ interference models
Renters must limit their power to those specified in the rental posting
Take advantage of shadowing and 1/R
4
losses
Accurate prediction = dynamic siting
Renting radio must tell user of constraints (dont go up the hill)
Renters Must Obey Use Precedence
1. Emergencies - Established by authorities, inferred from events
2. Government - Attributed by band, channel modulation, coding, KQML
3. Public Interest - Default by band, KQML, inferred from events
4. Commerce - Default by band and mode, inferred (messages, actions)
5. Other - Recreational, sports, hobbies, etc. inferred
Renters must create dynamic network & gateways
Protocol choice should be content/context-driven
Protocol evolution
57
Modeling the Propagation Context
Handle: SAS
Body: RV at door tw CS
Context: Stockholm/
Model: "/stockholm/Sunday 980516a/RVATDO~1.JPG
The Dynamic Model Frame I s Continuously Updated.
Processing Yields Fine-scale Local Context (Near Curb)
Storage At Critical Events Provides Memory
LCC, RF CAD, WrAP, ...
58
59
Morning Rush
S
T
C

F
r
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
Spatial Regions
Airport Autobahn CityCenter Industrial Shopping Residential Suburb Stadium
0
0.2
0.4
Key User Classes
Infrequent
Commuter
Pwr Commutr
Police
Fire & Rescu
Govt Users
Emailer
Browser
TeleCommutr
S
T
C

F
r
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
Spatial Regions
0
0.2
0.4
Key User Classes
Infrequent
Commuter
Pwr Commutr
Police
Fire & Rescu
Govt Users
Emailer
Browser
TeleCommutr
Morning-Afternoon
S
T
C

F
r
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
Spatial Regions
0
0.25
0.5
Key User Classes
Infrequent
Commuter
Pwr Commutr
Police
Fire & Rescu
Govt Users
Emailer
Browser
TeleCommutr
Evening Rush
S
T
C

F
r
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
Spatial Regions
0
0.2
0.4
Key User Classes
Infrequent
Commuter
Pwr Commutr
Police
Fire & Rescu
Govt Users
Emailer
Browser
TeleCommutr
Wee Hours
User Traffic
Model
RF Model
Space-Time-
Context
Space-Time-
Context
Distribution
Baseline
Case
Alternative
Cases
C
u
m
u
l a
t i v
e
P
r
o
b
a
b
i l i t y
Demand Distribution
0 0.1 0.2 0.3
0
0.5
1
Key Daily Epochs
Morning Rush
Morning
Lunch
Afternoon
PM Rush
Evening
Night
Late Night
Wee Hours
C
u
m
u
l a
t
i v
e
P
r
o
b
a
b
i l i t
y
(Erlangs) P
r
o
b
a
b
i
l
i
t
y

D
e
Demand Distribution
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
0
50
100
Key Daily Epochs
Morning Rush
Morning
Lunch
Afternoon
PM Rush
Evening
Night
Late Night
Wee Hours
60
Scenarios
Channel Type
NB Modem
2G Nominal
GPRS-like
3G Low
3G High
RF LAN
Wireline
1 0.7 0.2 1
0 0.2 0.1 0
0 0.1 0.1 0
0 0 0.3 0
0 0 0.3 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
A B C D
Channel Type
NB Modem
2G Nominal
GPRS-like
3G Low
3G High
RF LAN
Wireline
2400
8000
13.4K
64K
384K
7M
100M
Data Rates Fraction Per Scenario
Baseline 2G 3G 1G
Erlangcomp
Scenarios
A
B
C
D
13.53K 17.71K
21.94K 20.56K
25.18K 22.9K
69.33K 30.97K
Lost Erlangs Real Erlangs
Not Pooled
Erlangcomp
Scenarios
A
B
C
D
4553 26.69K
8505 33.99K
10.63K 37.45K
47.85K 52.44K
Pooled
Erlangcomp
Scenarios
A
B
C
D
2811 28.43K
5713 36.78K
7305 40.78K
36.98K 63.32K
RF LANs
Va4
Scenarios
A
B
C
D
29.66K 1318
38.4K 4011
42.77K 5280
65.34K 35.65K
Alt Erlangs Alt Lost
Pooled Pooled & Delay Shaped
61
KQM L Coordination

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An Integrated Agent Architecture for

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