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Universal Method of the Analysis of Multilayered

Planar Lines and Complex Waveguides
(Invited Article)

Alexander M. Lerer, Svetlana M. Tsvetkovskaya

Institute of Physics, Rostov State University, Rostov-on-Don, 344090 Russia; e-mail:
lerer@riphys.rnd.su
Recei¨ ed 15 December 1996; re¨ ised 16 April 1997.

ABSTRACT: A numerical–analytical method and a program for a personal computer have

been developed, which enable us to calculate the frequency dependence of the propagation
constant and characteristic impedance of the fundamental and higher order modes of waves
in complex metal–dielectric microwave and millimeter-wave transmission lines (planar
lines, complex guides with multilayered dielectric filling, etc.). The number and dimensions
of the metal strips, slots, anisotropic dielectric layers, as well as the shapes of the strips and
the screens are only limited by the capacity of the computer random-access memory.
Q 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Microwa© e Millimeter-Wa© e CAE 7: 483–494, 1997.

Keywords: integral equation; regularization; dispersion characteristics

INTRODUCTION regularized one way or another, are the most

Multiconductor transmission lines arranged in a
multilayered dielectric medium are widely used in
the design of microwave and millimeter-wave in-
tegrated circuits. A great deal of work devoted to
the calculation of these lines has been published,
and it is not a simple task to even list the majority
of them.
Increasing the number of conductors, the com-
ponent density, the frequency, and the design
complexity of transmission lines requires a sharply
increasing volume of calculation. Therefore, the
requirements of efficiency as well as high accu-
racy of the method used become more severe.
In our opinion, numerical]analytical methods,
whose integral equations Žobtained by the spec-
tral domain or Green’s function methods. are
Correspondence to: A. Lerer.
efficient. In this paper, this approach is used.
The original and useful features of this work,
in our opinion, are the following:
v simple and universal method of obtaining
the integral equations ŽIE. of multilayered
and multiconductor lines;
v analytical transformations of the matrix ker-
nel of the IE, which have allowed us to
significantly increase the efficiency of calcu-
lations Žto reduce the machine time by an
order of magnitude, to reduce the required
capacity of the computer random-access
memory.;
v universality and efficiency of the program
for a personal computer, which permits us
to calculate the parameters of the eigenval-
ues Žincluding higher order modes. in prac-
tically any planar transmission lines with
arbitrary dimensions and an arbitrary ar-

Q 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. CCC 1050-1827r97r060483-12

483
484 Lerer and Ts¨ etko¨ skaya

rangement of strips Žzero thickness, complex

shape}rectangular, trapezoidal, etc.., slots,
and anisotropic dielectric layers. In the ma-
jority of known complex guides with nonuni-
form dielectric filling Žridge, groove guides,
etc.., the number and sizes of strips, slots,
layers, and shape of the guide are limited
only by the capacity of the computer ran-
dom-access memory. Figure 1. Cross-sections of transmission lines.

In the theory of diffraction and propagation of

electromagnetic waves in structures containing
thin metal strips or slots in a metal screen, the that the magnetic permeability m and the tensor
Galerkin method is frequently used, with basis of permittivity:
functions expressed in terms of weighted Cheby-
shev polynomials, accounting for the behavior of «t 0 0
the electromagnetic fields near the metal edges.
However, the matrix elements in the obtained
sets of linear algebraic equations ŽSLAE. are
expressed in terms of improper integrals or slowly
«s 0
0  «n
0
0
«t 0
convergent series. Therefore, preliminary analyti- of each layer Ž bi is the thickness of the ith layer.
cal transformations are usually necessary to cre- do not depend on the coordinates. Let us sepa-
ate an effective numerical apparatus. These rate the construction of the IE into two steps. In
transformations can be made in two ways w1x: the first step, we consider a multilayered planar
structure containing only one strip or slot at a
v Initial integral ŽIE. or integro-differential plane y s y p . The number of dielectric layers is
equations ŽIDE. are regularized. For this Np . The structure can be either laterally open or
purpose, the term with a logarithmic singu- shielded. We introduce the Hertz electrical and
larity is extracted. The integral or integro- magnetic vectors P e,p m Ž x, y ., which only have a
differential operator with a logarithmic y-directed component Žthat is, the fields in a pla-
kernel may be inverted since Chebyshev nar line are represented by the superposition of
polynomials are eigenfunctions of these op- L-waves.. The functions P e,p m Ž x, y . can be put in
erators. the following form Žthe multiplier expŽ i v t y i b z .
v The problem is solved in the spectral do-
is omitted.:
main w2x, and the regularization is made at
the last stage. For this purpose, in the ma-
trix elements of the SLAE, the integrals or P ep Ž x, y . s iF A ep Ž a . Ppe Ž a , y . rP˙pe Ž a , y p .
series containing the first term of the asymp-
p x, y s F A p a Pp a , y r
Pm mŽ . mŽ
totic expansion of the spectral kernel of the Ž . .
IE are extracted and analytically evaluated.
Ž m Ž yp . Ppm Ž a , yp . . Ž1.
Both methods give identical results, but the sec-
ond method contains a smaller amount of calcula- where:
tion. This latter method is realized in the present
article. Some results obtained in similar ways
dPpm
were published in w3, 4x. Ṗpm s ,
dy
1 `
DEDUCTION OF
F w f Ž a .x s Ý f Ž a n . exp Ž i a n x .
INTEGRAL EQUATIONS L nsy`

Let us consider a simple method to transform the corresponds to shielded lines,

boundary value problem of the propagation of `
electromagnetic waves in a multilayered and mul- F w f Ž a .x s Hy` f Ž a . expŽ i a x . dx
tistrip planar line Žfor example, represented in
Fig. 1. to the construction of an IE. We assume corresponds to laterally open lines,
 Multilayered Planar Lines and Wa¨ eguides 485

np
an s , where L is the distance a P˙pe Ž a , y . vmb Ppm Ž a , y .
L
between lateral screens,
e pŽ a , y. s
 yb P˙pe Ž a , y . vma Ppm Ž a , y . 0 ;

Ae,p m Ž a . are unknown functions, v«b Ppe Ž a , y . a P˙pm Ž a , y .

Ppe, m Ž a , y . are solutions of the equations:

h pŽ a , y. s
 v«a Ppe Ž a , y . yb P˙pe Ž a , y . 0
The fields expressed in such form satisfy Maxwell’s
d2
y a y b q k «t Ž y . m Ž y .
2 2 2
Ppm s0 equations and the boundary conditions at the
dy 2 homogeneous interfaces between layers, except at
˜t
y s y p . Moreover, at y s y p , the continuity of E
«n d 2 is imposed.
y a 2 y b 2 q k 2« n Ž y . m Ž y . Ppe s 0 Ž 2 .
« t dy 2 We first assume that there is a slot in an
infinitely thin, perfectly conducting screen at a
If the distance between the lateral screens changes plane y s y p . From Ž3., we define the unknown
ŽFig. 1., then the structure is divided into do- functions Ae,k m Ž a . in terms of the Fourier trans-
mains, and in each domain, L is constant. In each forms of the tangential components of the elec-
domain, potentials are introduced in accordance tric field on a slot E˜x, p Ž a ., E˜z, p Ž a .:
with the formula Ž1.. Thanks to that, the bound-
ary value problem may be imposed at lateral A p Ž a . s iey1
p
˜ pŽ a .
Ž a , yp . E Ž5.
screens. Hence, there is no y-component of the
current in the integral equations. Now, one needs After substituting Ž5. into Ž3., and Ž4., we obtain
to fulfill the boundary conditions at the homoge- the expressions for the fields, expressed in the
neous interfaces of dielectric layers and domains. terms of a field component on the slot:
m Pkm , P˙km , « Pke, P˙ke are continuous at the ho-
mogeneous interfaces of the dielectric layers, ex- E t , p Ž x, y . s F e p Ž a , y . ey1 ˜ pŽ a .
Ž a , yp . E
p
cept at y k s y p . Moreover, we require the follow-
ing: H t , p Ž x, y . s iF h p Ž a , y . ey1
p
˜ pŽ a .
Ž a , yp . E Ž6.

m Ž y p q 0 . Ppm Ž y p q 0 . Next, we assume that an infinitely thin, per-

fectly conducting strip is placed at a plane y s y p .
s m Ž yp y 0 . Ppm Ž yp y 0. ,
From Ž4., we define unknown functions A e,k m Ž a .
in terms of the Fourier transforms of the current
and density on the strip:

P˙pe Ž y p q 0 . s P˙pe Ž y p y 0 . A p Ž a . s y h dp Ž a , y p .
y1
˜J p Ž a . Ž7.

The solution of eq. Ž2. with the specific boundary where:

conditions is described in w5x.
We can express the tangential components of
½ H˜ Ž a , y . 5
x p
the electromagnetic fields in terms of the intro-
duced potentials P e,p m Ž x, y . according to the for-
mulas:
˜J p Ž a . s
 ½ H˜ Ž a , y . 5
z p 0 ;

vb  « Pke Ž y p . 4 a  Pkm Ž y p . 4
E t , p Ž x, y . s iF e p Ž a , y . A p Ž a .

H t , p Ž x, y . s yF h p Ž a , y . A p Ž a .
Ž3.

Ž4.
h dp Ž a , yn . s
 va  « Pke Ž y p . 4 yb  Pkm Ž y p . 4 0 ;

H̃ x, z are the Fourier transforms of the compo-

where: nents of the magnetic field,

A ep ½ H˜ x, z
Ž a , y p . s H˜x , z Ž a , y p q 0 .
5
Ap s
ž /A mp
;
y H˜x , z Ž a , y p y 0 .
486 Lerer and Ts¨ etko¨ skaya
After substituting Ž7. into Ž3., and Ž4., we ob-
tain the formulas for the fields, expressed in terms
of the current density on the strip:
E t , p Ž x, y . s yiF e p Ž a , y . Ž h dp Ž a , y p . .
H t , p Ž x, y . s F h p Ž a , y . Ž h dp Ž a , y p . .
Let us now proceed to the second step of the
development of the IE. The tangential compo-
nents of the electric and magnetic fields meet the
following boundary conditions: E t s 0 on metal,
and H t is continuous across the slots, where E t , H t
are superpositions of fields created by all strips
and slots.
The field created by the pth strip is defined by
the formulas Ž8. for the structure which results
after: 1. metallizing all slots, and 2. removing all
strips, except the pth. The field created by the
qth slot is defined by the formulas Ž6. for the
structure which results after removing all strips
and metallizing all slots, except the qth. If there
is a jump change of the distance between the
lateral screens in a line wFig. 1Žb.x, we consider
that there is a slot at a horizontal plane. The field
created by this slot is obtained by the scheme
presented above. As a result, we obtain dual
integral equations ŽDIE. for laterally open lines
and dual series equations ŽDSE. for shielded lines,
where E ˜ p Ž a . and ˜J p Ž a . are the unknowns. We do
not give the form of the equations here.
We solve the obtained DIE and DSE by the
Galerkin method with the basis functions ex-
pressed as the weighted Chebyshev polynomials
Tj Ž x ., Uj Ž x . w1, 3, 6]8x:
Ex , p Ž x . ` xp
½ 5
Jz , p Ž x .
s Ý X j pTj
js0
ž /
lp
Ez , p Ž x . ` xp
½ 5Jx , p Ž x .
s Ý Z j pUj
js0
ž /
lp
Here, E x, z, p Ž x . are the components of the elec-
tric field on the pth slot, J x, z, p Ž x . are the compo-
nents of the current density on the pth strip,
X j p ,Z j p are unknown factors,
1r2
Tj Ž x . s Tj Ž x . r Ž 1 y x 2 .
2 . 1r2
Uj Ž x . s Uj Ž x .Ž 1 y x , form:
x p s x y x p , x p are the coordinates of the center
of the pth slot or strip, and l p is their half-width.
If the pth strip is under floating Žinduced. poten-
tial or the voltage between the edges of the pth
slot is equal to zero, it is necessary to put X 0 p s 0.
y1
˜J p Ž a . As a result, we obtain an infinite SLAE. The
zeros of the SLAE determinant are the propaga-
y1
˜J p Ž a . tion constants of the eigenwaves of the line.
Ž8.
NUMERICAL REALIZATION OF
THE METHOD
Let us consider some aspects of the numerical
realization of the developed algorithm. To find
the spectrum of eigenwaves of a transmission
line, especially of multiconductor lines, it is nec-
essary to identify and isolate the poles of the
SLAE determinant. These poles are identified
with the propagation constants of the eigenwaves
of the lines, which result after removing all strips
and metallizing all slots. The curve b s b p Ž f .,
where b p is the maximum magnitude of b for
poles at a given frequency, is a boundary separat-
ing the discrete and continuous spectra for open
lines. For shielded lines, this curve is a boundary
separating the spectrum of waves located close to
the strips and slots, and the spectrum of the
screen waves.
For open lines, it is more expeditious to calcu-
late the improper integrals using the formula w1,
eq. ŽA12.x. The integration can be converted into
a summation by making use of this formula. For
radiationless waves, that means a transition from
an open line to a shielded line. To use the for-
mula, it is necessary to calculate the Fourier
transforms of the basis functions at previously
determined points, independent of frequency f
and propagation constant b , leading to a reduc-
tion of computer time. Thus, both for the shielded
; and open lines, the matrix elements of the SLAE
are series. As was noted many times w1, 7, 8x, to
create an effective algorithm, these series should
Ž9. be previously transformed. For this purpose, se-
ries whose terms are the asymptotics of the terms
of the initial series are extracted and indepen-
dently summed.
That is, a given series:
`
Ss Ý sn
ns1
,
with the asymptotics sn f sna may be cast in the
`
Ss Ž sn y sna . q S a
Ý
ns1
 Multilayered Planar Lines and Wa¨ eguides 487

where the series S a s Ý`ns 1 sna is summed in a TABLE I. Convergence of the Solution for a
closed form or transformed into a rapidly conver- Microstrip Line on the Anisotropic Substrate
gent one. N
The asymptotic terms can be found at f ª 0
M 2 5 10 20 50
and bi ª ` Žstatic asymptotics. w1, 7x, or only at
bi ª ` Ždynamic asymptotics. w8x. The transfor- 1 2.8757 2.8900 2.8903 2.8906 2.8906
mation stated above is equivalent w1x to the ex- 2 2.8767 2.8900 2.8903 2.8924 2.8924
traction and subsequent conversion of the inte- 3 2.8767 2.8919 2.8922 2.8924 2.8924
gral or summation of operators with a static or
dynamic singularity into DIE or DSE. In the
present work, the following series is summed:
able to calculate with an error of less than 0.1%
using 1]5 basis functions on each strip and slot
1 ` J j Ž a n l 1 . Jm Ž a n l 2 .
Sm j s Ý Cj Ž an x1 . and 5]20 terms in each series. That enables the
L ns0 an development of a universal program for comput-
ing the propagation constant and characteristic
= Cm Ž a n x 2 . exp Ž ya n < y 1 y y 2 <. Ž 10.
impedance of practically any metal-dielectric line.
The needed time is small, even for a computer
where J j are Bessel functions, x i , yi are the coor-
such as an IBM ATr286 PC.
dinates of the center of the ith strip or slot,
The validity and accuracy of the numerical
results were also tested by comparing with known
np Ž2 n y 1. p
an s or a n s ; results, for example, w9]11x.
L 2L We now present some numerical results, illus-
trating the application of the developed method
for a strip: and programs.
Tables I]IV contain the numerical results of
sin Ž a n x . , for js2 q, qs0, 1, . . . propagation constants n s brk an exemplify the
Cj Ž an x . s
½ cos Ž a n x . , for js2 q q 1; inner convergence of the method.
Table I contains numerical results of a mi-
crostrip line with the thickness of a substrate
for a slot:
b s 1 mm, « n s 10.5, « t s 9.8, f s 20 GHz, dis-
cos Ž a n x . , for js2 q, qs0, 1, . . .
Cj Ž an x . s
½ ysin Ž a n x . , for js2 q q 1 TABLE II. Convergence of the Solution for a
Microstrip Line on the Anisotropic Substrate with
It is necessary to find a sum of series Ž10. when Finite Thickness of the Strip
strips and slots are placed at the same plane or N
when the distance between them along the y-co-
M 2 5 10 20 50
ordinate is small. The last situation arises for
lines with thin dielectric layers or for complex 1 3.1749 3.1788 3.1788 3.1788 3.1788
lines as, for example, represented in Figure 1. 2 2.9130 2.9078 2.9071 2.9071 2.9071
In the context of the Galerkin method, by 3 2.8327 2.8350 2.8345 2.8347 2.8347
taking into account the edge conditions and by 4 2.8272 2.8327 2.8326 2.8328 2.8328
improving the convergence of all series, one is 5 2.8342 2.8327 2.8328 2.8330 2.8330

TABLE III. Convergence of the Solution for a Waveguide Presented in Fig. 6a. The First Digit
Corresponds to Strip Mode, the Second one Corresponds to Waveguide Mode
N
M 2 5 10 20
1 2.8638; 1.1336 2.8788; 1.1313 2.8792; 1.1313 2.8796; 1.1313
2 2.8612; 1.0810 2.8786; 1.0707 2.8791; 1.0705 2.8794; 1.0705
3 2.8695; 1.0880 2.8815; 1.0744 2.8819; 1.0742 2.8822; 1.0742
4 2.8721; 1.0891 2.8833; 1.0752 1.8835; 1.0748 2.8837; 1.0748
5 2.8731; 1.0902 2.8836; 1.0752 2.8837; 1.0749 2.8840; 1.0749
488 Lerer and Ts¨ etko¨ skaya

TABLE IV. The Transition from a Shielded Line to TABLE VI. Comparison of Calculated Results of
an Open Line Characteristic Impedance for Microstrip Line
L 5 10 25 ` f, GHz
n 2.8733 2.8924 2.8924 2.8924 1 11 21
Zi Zu Zi Zu Zi Zu
tance between lateral screens L s 10 mm, strip 48.84 48.70 50.93 34.25 57.50 20.82
width w s 1 mm, and strip thickness t s 0. M is 58.67 58.42 62.02 34.78 69.30 18.60
the number of basis functions, N is the number 37.34 37.33 37.13 35.28 39.95 29.57
of terms in the series. 37.33 33.85 24.145
Table II contains numerical results of the same
line, but with the thickness of the strip t s 0.3
mm wthe line with finite thickness of conductors is
microstriplines ŽMSL. ŽTable VI. and suspended
a special case of the common line presented in
MSL ŽTable VII.. The dimensions of the screen
Fig. 1Žb.x.
are 10 ? 11 mm3 , the thickness of the substrate is
Table III contains numerical results of the
1 mm, « s 9.8, the width of the strips is 1 mm,
same line Ži.e., with strip thickness t s 0., but
and the distance between the strips in the cou-
placed in a ridged waveguide with dimensions
pled MSL is 0.5 mm. The results are arranged in
10 = 5 mm2 ; the width of a ridge is 1 mm and the
the following order: a single line, even and odd
height of it is 3.5 mm wFig. 6Ža.x. Table IV displays
modes of coupled lines. The voltage was defined
a passage from a shielded line to a laterally open
between the strip and the lateral screen along the
one.
strip, and for the odd mode of the coupled lines,
In Table V, results for « e f s Ž brk . 2 of a sym-
it also was defined between the strips Žlast digit..
metric stripline ŽSSL. with limited width Ws of
Note the qualitative difference of the fre-
horizontal screens are represented. The width of
quency dependences of Zi and Zu . The character
the central strip is w s 0.4 b Ž b is the distance
of the curves depends on the type of MSL, for
between screens ., the permittivity « s 5. If Wsrb
example, for MSL ŽTable II., Zi grows with the
changes from 0.5 to 5.0, the characteristic
growth of f, and for MSL on a suspended sub-
impedance of the quasi-TEM wave changes by
strate ŽTable III., it decreases. If f ª 0, then
11.5% at f ? b s 1 GHz ? mm and by 4.5% at
Zu ª Zi .
f ? b s 20 GHz ? mm. The more significant change
In Figure 2 graphs of the frequency depen-
of parameters at low frequencies is explained by a
dence of the propagation constant n s brk of
slower exponential decrease of fields outside the
waves in coupled dielectric guides with the metal-
central strip.
lized top side Ž wrb s 1, « n s 10.5, « t s 9.8. are
The program permits us to calculate the char-
shown. The top curves correspond to an even
acteristic impedance of lines in various ways. In
mode, and the bottom ones correspond to an odd
Tables VI and VII, there is a comparison of
mode.
computed results, obtained in accordance with
Similar graphs for coupled MSL, lying at dif-
the following formulas:
ferent planes Ž b 2rb1 s 0.1, « 1 s 12.9, « 2 s 3.3,
2P U2 w 1rb1 s 0.3, w 2rb1 s 0.6., are represented in
Zi s , Zu s
I2 2P
Here, P is the transmitted power, I is the total TABLE VII. Comparison of Calculated Results of
longitudinal current, and U is the voltage for Characteristic Impedance for a Suspended
Microstrip Line
TABLE V. Effective Dielectric Permittivity of a f, GHz
Symmetric Strip Line with Limited Width WS
of Horizontal Screens 1 11 21
Zi Zu Zi Zu Zi Zu
WSrb
f?b 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 5.0 107.87 108.70 75.00 135.53 51.68 124.64
162.25 163.44 118.51 220.54 74.42 232.88
1.0 4.6832 4.9203 4.9825 4.9963 4.9995 44.60 44.58 41.85 42.16 38.60 41.72
20.0 4.8092 4.9539 4.9900 4.9979 4.9996 44.65 45.98 44.29
 Multilayered Planar Lines and Wa¨ eguides 489

Figure 3. The top curve corresponds to a
quasieven mode.
It is also possible to analyze lines, whose con-
tour is not described by intercepts of a straight
line, parallel two axes Ox or Oy. For this purpose,
their contours are replaced by step ones, and the
above described algorithm is used. Usually, parti-
tioning into three]ten steps provides an error of
less than 1% Žon internal convergence or in com-
parison with known results .. This technique was
used to analyze MSL with a trapezoidal conduc-
tor ŽFig. 4, b s 0.635 mm, w s 3 mm, t s 0.3
mm, « s 9.8. and a finline ŽFig. 5, brr s 0.1,
d s b, « s 2.1.. The calculated results of the

Figure 2. Fundamental mode dispersion curves for coupled dielectric waveguides.

Figure 3. Fundamental mode dispersion curves for coupled microstriplines.

490 Lerer and Ts¨ etko¨ skaya

Figure 4. Fundamental mode dispersion curves for microstriplines of trapezoidal cross-

section.

trapezoidal MSL were compared with w9x, and to
check the calculated results of the finline in a
round guide, the described method was used to
obtain the propagation constant of a round guide.
The plots of nŽ f . given in Figure 7 pertain to
two unusual transmission lines represented in
Figure 6Žb. Žcurves 1]3. and in Figure 6Žc. Žcurves
4]7.. The curves 1, 2, 4, and 5 correspond to strip
modes, and the curves 3, 6, and 7 correspond to
waveguide modes. The dimensions of the wave-
guides are 10 = 5 mm2 , the widths of the strips
are 1 mm, the thickness of the substrate is 1 mm,
« n s 10.5, and « t s 9.8. The upper MSL given in
Figure 6Žb. has a substrate of thickness 0.5 mm
and « s 3.82.
In conclusion, the developed method and the
program permit us to effectively and precisely
calculate the parameters of complex transmission

Figure 5. Fundamental mode dispersion curves for finline in round waveguide.

 Multilayered Planar Lines and Wa¨ eguides 491

Figure 6. Cross-sections of transmission lines.

lines with nonuniform, anisotropic, dielectric fill- ` cos a n Ž x 1 q l 1 x . cos a n Ž x 2 q l 2 xX .

ings, using even an elementary PC. = Ý
ns1
½ sin a n Ž x 1 q l 1 x . sin a n Ž x 2 q l 2 xX . 5
APPENDIX exp Ž ya n < y 1 y y 2 <.
= Ž A1.
an
Series Ž10. can be put in the form:
In ŽA1., the top line corresponds to slots, and the
w jr2 xq w mr2 x 1 X X bottom one corresponds to strips. The summation
S j, m s Ž y1. r Ž Lp 2.
Hy1T m
Ž x . dx
of series for a structure containing a strip and a
1 slot was done by the method described below, and
= Hy1T Ž x . dx
j is not presented here. It is noteworthy that the
series for the ‘‘strip]slot’’ configuration converges
492 Lerer and Ts¨ etko¨ skaya

Figure 7. Fundamental mode dispersion curves for waveguides shown in Figure 6Žb., Žc..

faster than in the ‘‘strip]strip’’ or ‘‘slot]slot’’ If a n s Ž2 n q 1.prŽ2 L., then:

cases. Therefore, it is possible to forego their
acceleration in their convergence. p
Let us transform ŽA1. as follows: L 1 y 2 r cos t q r2
2L
f Žt. s y ln p ,
1 2p 1 q 2 r cos t q r2
w jr2 xq w mr2 x
Sm , j s Ž y1. 2L
2p 2
p
X r s exp y < y1 y y 2 <
= Sm , j x1 y x 2 q l1 x y l 2 x
1 Ž . ž 2L /
X
"Sm , j x1 q x 2 q l1 x q l 2 x
1 Ž .
After extracting the logarithmic singularity in
where: ŽA2., we have:

1 1 1
1
Ž xX . dxX
1
,j t s
1 Ž . Ž xX . dxX
,j t s
1 Ž .
Sm H T m Hy1T Ž x . dx
j
Sm Hy1T m Hy1T Ž x . j
L y1
` cos a n t 1
= Ý exp Ž ya n < y 1 y y 2 <. = f Žt. q
½ ln Ž t 2 q < y 1 y y 2 < 2 . dx 5
an 2p
ns1
Ž A2. 1
y Sm2 j Ž t , < y 1 y y 2 <. Ž A3.
2
The sum of the series in ŽA2., which is known,
will be denoted by f Ž t .. If a n s nprL, then where:

1 pt 1
f Žt. s y ln 1 y 2 r cos
ž q r2 ,/ S m2 j Ž t , y . s H T
1
Ž xX . dxX
2p L p y1 m

p
r s exp y < y1 y y 2 < 1
ž L / = Hy1T Ž x . ln Ž t
j
2
q y 2 . dx Ž A4.
 Multilayered Planar Lines and Wa¨ eguides 493

Integrals in ŽA3. can be calculated in various ¡e cos jn ,

yj u

s~ j
ways, for example, by series expansion or by nu- j/0
¢ln 2 y u,
Ž A6.
merical integration. We use the second method.
The integral in ŽA3. can be converted into a js0
summation by making use of the numerical
quadrature of the best accuracy, such as: where:

ch Ž u y i¨ . s b q iy,
1 Tj Ž x .
Hy1 Ž1 y x 2 . 1r2
f Ž x . dx u s arch R,
b
p N ¨ s arccos ,
s cos Ž jt k . f Ž cos t k . R
N
Ý
ns1 1 2 1r2
Rs Ž Rqq Ry . , R "s Ž Ž b " 1 . q y 2 .
2
where t k s Ž2 n y 1r2 N .p . This numerical
quadrature provides high accuracy when the num- A particular case of ŽA6. is the known integral:
ber of quadrature nodes is equal to j q r and
m q r at r F 2. In view of the fact that in the 1 1
overwhelming majority of cases the maximum y H T Ž x . ln < x y b < dx
p y1 j
magnitudes of j, m do not surpass 2, this series
expansion is acceptable. Tj Ž b . rj, j/0
Let us proceed to the calculation of the inte-
gral ŽA4.. To find the internal integral in analyti-
s ½ ln 2, js0
Ž A7.

cal form, we use the following formula: It is easy to see that the internal integral in ŽA3.
is reduced to ŽA6., and at l 1 s l 2 , x 1 s x 2 and
` cos n a exp Ž yn v . t s l 1Ž x y xX ., it is reduced to ŽA7..
Ý n The calculation of the external integral is ele-
ns1
mentary if the internal integral is expressed in
1
sy w v q ln 2 Ž ch v y cos a . x accordance with ŽA7.. Otherwise, it can be calcu-
2 lated either by series expansion or Žpreferably. by
using a quadrature sum of the best accuracy. By
from which we obtain: virtue of the smoothness of the function, which is
the right part of ŽA6., the number of nodes does
1 p
not, in the quadrature sum, surpass m q 2 in the
y H cos j a ln <ch v y cos a < d a
p 0 majority of cases.
¡e , yj v
The described method of convergence im-

s~ j
j/0 provement of the series confirms the equivalence

¢ln 2 y v , js0
of the following two approaches to the solution of
the original IE:

v IE are solved in the context of the Galerkin

and after substituting x s cos a, we have:
method by improving the convergence of the
1 series in the manner described above.
1
y
p
Hy1T Ž x . ln Žch v y x . dx
j
v The singular part in a matrix kernel of the
IE is extracted; IE are solved in the context
¡e , yj v of the Galerkin method by evaluating the
s ~ j/0 matrix elements with the singular part of the
¢ln 2j y v ,
Ž A5.
kernels in closed form by the method de-
js0 scribed above.

From ŽA5., it follows that:

REFERENCES
1 1
y Hy1T Ž x . ln Ž x y b . 2 q y 2 dx 1. A. M. Lerer and A. G. Schuchinsky, ‘‘Full-Wave
2p j
Analysis of Three-Dimensional Planar Structures,’’
IEEE Trans. Microwa¨ e Theory Tech., Vol. 41, Nov.
1993, pp. 2002]2015.
494 Lerer and Ts¨ etko¨ skaya
2. R. H. Jansen, ‘‘The Spectral-Domain Approach for
Microwave Integrated Circuits,’’ IEEE Trans. Mi-
crowa¨ e Theory Tech., Vol. MTT-33, Oct. 1985, pp.
1043]1056.
3. C. M. Butler and D. R. Wilton, ‘‘General Analysis
of Narrow Strips and Slots,’’ IEEE Trans. Antennas
Propagat., Vol. 28, No. 1, 1990, pp. 42]48.
4. J. G. Fikioris, J. L. Tsalamengas, and G. J. Fikioris,
‘‘Exact Solution for Shielded Printed Microstrip
Lines by the Carleman-Vekua Method,’’ IEEE
Trans. Microwa¨ e Theory Tech., Vol. 37, Jan. 1989,
pp. 21]33.
5. A. M. Lerer, V. S. Mikchalevskyi, and A. S. Tsupko,
‘‘Characteristics of Finlines on Multilayered Sub-
strate,’’ Radiophys. Quantum Electron., Vol. 28,
1985, pp. 251]254.
6. A. M. Lerer, ‘‘Accounting the Edge Condition in
Calculation of Cutoff Frequency and Fields in
Rectangular Waveguide with T-Ridge,’’ Radioelec-
tron. Commun. Syst., Vol. 17, No. 9, 1974, pp.
91]94.
BIOGRAPHIES
Alexander M. Lerer was born in Rostov-
on-Don, USSR, on May 1, 1946. He re-
ceived the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in
radiophysics from Rostov State Univer-
sity, USSR, in 1968 and 1974, respec-
tively, and the D.Sc. degree from Saratov
State Universities, USSR, in 1989. In
1976, he was awarded the academic title
of Senior Research Scientist. Since 1969,
he has worked at the Microwave Electrodynamics Laboratory
at Rostov State University. In 1991, he was elected Professor
of the Department of Applied Electrodynamics and Computer
Modeling at Rostov State University. His research interests
include the development of numerical]analytical methods for
the problems of microwave field theory; numerical modeling
and investigations of planar, dielectric, and waveguide trans-
mission lines; resonators; and discontinuities of microwave
and millimeter-wave circuits.
7. A. N. Kovalenco, ‘‘Eigenwaves in Microstrip Line,’’
Radiophys. Quantum Electron., Vol. 21, No. 3, 1978,
pp. 188]194.
8. A. M. Lerer and V. S. Mikchalevskyi, ‘‘Dispersion
of Electromagnetic Wave in Microwave Planar
Lines,’’ So¨ . J. Commun. Technol. Electron., Vol.
26, No. 3, 1981, pp. 470]480.
9. K. A. Michalski and D. Zheng, ‘‘Rigorous Analysis
of Open Microstrip Lines of Arbitrary Cross Sec-
tion in Bound and Leaky Regimes,’’ IEEE Trans.
Microwa¨ e Theory Tech., Vol. 37, Dec. 1989, pp.
2005]2010.
10. M. D. Prounty and S. E. Schwarz, ‘‘Hybrid Coupler
in Bilevel Microstrip,’’ IEEE Trans. Microwa¨ e
Theory Tech., Vol. 41, Nov. 1993, pp. 1939]1944.
11. K. Yasumoto, ‘‘Coupled-Mode Formulation on
Multilayered and Multiconductor Transmission
Lines,’’ URSI Int. Symp. Electromag. Theory. St.
Petersburg, Russia, May 1995, pp. 117]120.
Svetlana M. Tsvetkovskaya received the
M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in radiophysics
from Rostov State University, USSR, in
1969 and Kiev State University, USSR, in
1985, respectively. In 1993, she was
awarded the academic title of Associate
Professor of the Department of Physics.
During 1971]1986, she worked at the
Microwave Electrodynamics Laboratory
at Rostov State University. Since 1986, she has been an
Associate Professor at Rostov Technical University. Her re-
search interests include the computer modeling of electromag-
netic wave propagation.