<} }<

Optimization-Oriented Design of Rectangular and

Circular Waveguide Components with the Use of
Efficient Mode-Matching Simulators in Commercial
Circuit CAD Tools (Invited Article)

F. Arndt,1 Th. Sieverding,1 T. Wolf,1 U. Papziner1

1
Microwave Department, University of Bremen, P.O. Box 330 440, Kufsteiner Str. NW 1, D-28334
Bremen, Germany; email: fritz.arndt@physik.uni-bremen.de
Recei¨ ed 17 March, 1996; re¨ ised 5 June, 1996

ABSTRACT: Efficient mode-matching waveguide building blocks are described for user-
friendly utilization in common commercial circuit CAD tools. This hybrid mode-matching r
circuit theory CAD approach allows the accurate, convenient, and fast design of a compre-
hensive class of rectangular and r or circular waveguide components, such as filters,
transformers, and multiplexers by advantageously combining the accuracy of the rigorous
electromatic simulators with the efficiency of mature and well-established circuit theory
design instruments. Moreover, an adequate multimode combination technique between the
individual elements enables the utilization of additional design parameters resulting from
higher-order mode interaction effects. The efficiency of the hybrid CAD method is demon-
strated at typical microwave design examples that are optimized by use of the mode-match-
ing waveguide building blocks in powerful commercial CAD packages, such as hp-EEsof’s
TOUCHTONE TM or LIBRATM and OSA’s OSA90 r hope TM. Advanced high-power asymmetrical
iris coupled TE 103 r TE 201 filters with high edge steepness show that the presented hybrid
method is also applicable to more specialized design tasks. Its accuracy is verified by
measurements and by comparison with the results of the conventional mode-matching r
modal scattering matrix technique. Q 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Microwa© e Millimeter-
Wa© e CAE 7: 37–51, 1997.

Keywords: mode-matching technique; CAD of waveguide components; hybrid technique

1. INTRODUCTION niques have stirred interest in interfacing rigor-

Increasing progress in modern communication
systems, such as satellite or high-capacity mi-
crowave radio relay links, has prompted the need
for the accurate design of high-performance
waveguide components for many different appli-
cations w1]4x. Recent advances in the develop-
ment of efficient circuit theory CAD tools and
progress in modern waveguide fabrication tech-
Correspondence to: F. Arndt
ous electromagnetic simulators into common
CAD frameworks w5x. Moreover, with the avail-
ability of powerful low-cost workstations, the stor-
age and CPU time requirements of appropriate
electromagnetic methods are no longer a limiting
factor for applying advanced field theory subrou-
tines for portions in the design that need it.
Although complete numerical 3D analysis
techniques, such as the finite-element w6x or
finite-difference approach have been commer-
cially available for some time, the analytical

Q 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. CCC 1050-1827r97r010037-15

37
38 Arndt et al.

mode-matching method w2]5, 7]11x proves to be
faster and more efficient for analyzing and opti-
mizing waveguide components that are composed
of the important class of stepped discontinuities.
Moreover, nearly all standard waveguide compo-
nents can be decomposed into a few basic build-
ing blocks, which are combined by homogeneous
waveguide sections of finite length.
Common waveguide components, such as fil-
ters, multiplexers, transformers Žcompare Fig. 1.,
include sections where the higher-order modes
evanesce to a negligible value. The most prudent
approach for fast but reliable design tools for this
class of waveguide components is, therefore, to
solve only the critical pieces Že.g., windows or
obstacles of finite thickness . by rigorous mode-
matching subroutines including all necessary
higher-order modes Že.g., up to 300 when neces-
sary., and combining them with the fast circuit
th eory tech n iqu e Ž i.e., w ith on ly th e
fundamental-mode network. of available CAD
programs w5, 9, 11x.
Many structures, for example, iris compen-
sated junctions w7x, where the distance between
the iris and the junction is less than about a
quarter of the guide wavelength, or filters with
improved stop-band behavior w2, 8x, where the
interaction with propagating higher-order modes
is utilized, require the rigorous inclusion of an
adequate number of higher-order modes to cas-

Figure 1. Design examples that demonstrate the efficiency of the hybrid mode-
matchingrcircuit theory approach for the optimization of advanced microwave structures.
Ža. Rectangular waveguide components: Rectangular iris coupled filters, inhomogeneous
transformers, metal insert filters, common junction diplexer with iris compensated metal
insert filters, multiaperture coupled filter. Žb. Examples for circular or mixed circularrrect-
angular waveguide structures: Rectangular waveguide filter with circular or rectangular
irises, circular waveguide filter with rectangular waveguide input and output ports. Žc.
Examples for circular or mixed circularrrectangular waveguide structures: Manifold triplex-
ers with circular waveguide filters. Žd. Example for the multimode combination technique:
Asymmetrical iris coupled filter design examples with stop-band poles for high edge
steepness requirements controlled by additional variations of the waveguide width.
 Mode-Matching Simulators in Commercial Circuit CAD Tools
Figure 1. Ž Continued.
cade the building blocks. In this article therefore,
an appropriate multimode combination technique
is described for user-friendly utilization in com-
mon circuit theory CAD packages.
The advantages of using mode-matching simu-
lators in commercial CAD tools for the design of
waveguide components include the following: In-
dividual codes for the different structures are not
required; the mode-matching building blocks are
conveniently available as additions to the usual
element catalogs Žhence no special knowledge of
the field theory behind the models is necessary .,
and full benefit can be taken of the available
design, optimization, and graphical user interface
capabilities of the familiar circuit CAD tool.
All features of the advanced mode-matching
technique w7]12x are consequently utilized. These
include a modified algorithm that requires only
the inversion of a submatrix a quarter of the size
of the conventional mode-matching technique
w13x. Moreover, the related submatrix is merely of
the order of the lower number of modes in the
39
smaller waveguide section because of an auto-
matic determination process of the required num-
ber of modes according to the fastest convergence
criterion w8x. The modes are selected conveniently
in order of increasing cutoff frequency.
Coupling-section elements of finite lengths Že.g.,
irises or metal inserts . are combined by consider-
ing two junctions at once w12x, where again only
one combination submatrix of reduced size has to
be inverted Ža technique rediscovered only re-
cently w14x.. Furthermore, the coupling integrals
are solved analytically Žwith the exception of the
step discontinuity larger circular to smaller rect-
angular, which is calculated as a contour integral
numerically by a fast Gaussian quadrature method
w15x.. For two-port structures, the frequency de-
pendency of the coupling integrals can be elimi-
nated. Although well known w7]13x, this feature
has been described in several articles again and
has been identified with different names; com-
pare, for example, w16x. Therefore, the waveguide
building blocks presented in this article involve as
40 Arndt et al.
the state of the art all efficiency advantages of the
mode-matching technique Žand their diverse des-
ignations. that have been reported in the last 10
years.
The efficiency of the hybrid mode-matchingr
circuit theory approach for the optimization of
advanced microwave structures is demonstrated
at typical waveguide component design examples
Žcf. Fig. 1.. For rectangular waveguides wFig 1Ža.x
these are: rectangular iris coupled filters, inhomo-
geneous transformers, metal insert filters, com-
mon junction diplexers with iris compensated
metal insert filters, and multiaperture coupled
filters. The examples for circular or mixed circu-
larrrectangular waveguide structures are shown
in Figure 1Žb. and 1Žc.: A rectangular waveguide
filter with circular or rectangular irises, a circular
waveguide filter with rectangular waveguide input
and output ports, and rectangular waveguide
manifold triplexers with circular waveguide filters.
The appropriateness of the multimode combi-
nation technique in this hybrid mode-matchingr
circuit theory approach is shown at the successful
optimization of asymmetrical iris coupled filter
design examples, wcf. Fig. 1Žd.x, with stopband
poles for high edge steepness requirements con-
trolled by additional variations of the waveguide
width. Measurements and comparisons with re-
sults of the conventional mode-matchingrmodal
scattering matrix technique verify the presented
hybrid approach that advantageously combines
the accuracy of rigorous electromagnetic simula-
tors with the powerful optimization and graphical
user interface capabilities of well-established
commercial CAD tools.
II. THEORY
The required basic mode-matching key building
blocks1 ŽFig. 2. for the formulation of the accu-
rate set of waveguide building blocks for the
adequate simulation of nearly all common wave-
guide structures Žcf. Fig. 1. are the asymmetric
rectangular waveguide double-plane step disconti-
nuity wFig. 2Ža.x w13x, the asymmetric rectangular
to circular wFig. 2Žb.x, and circular to circular
waveguide step discontinuities wFig. 2Žc.x w8x, and
the general six-port cross wFig. 2Žd.x, w10x which
1
The designation key building blocks is used for the basic
four building blocks in Figure 2 from which the currently
implemented 32 standard waveguide elements Ždesignated as
waveguide building blocks., such as irises, T junctions, and
bends, are derived.
can be reduced to T junctions or corners by
placing adequately short-circuited planes. The
generalized scattering matrix combination of the
corresponding key building blocks with homoge-
nous rectangular or circular waveguide sections of
finite lengths achieves the flexible formulation of
a comprehensive set of rigorous mode-matching
waveguide building blocks Žsuch as irises, cavities,
metal inserts of finite length or thickness . that
can be implemented conveniently in commercial
CAD tools as accurate and fast electromagnetic
simulators.
The asymmetric step discontinuities already in-
clude all information required for general multi-
port transitions or multiaperture isises Žcf. w3x..
Moreover, the coupling matrix expressions for the
step discontinuity key building blocks are fre-
quency independent and do not need to be re-
computed at each frequency point. This advanta-
geous feature has already been shown in w13x.
The full set of TE m n and TM m n modes in all
sections is required in order to model the general
mode-matching waveguide elements adequately.
For each homogeneous waveguide subregion un-
der consideration the fields w3, 7]11x
ª ª ª
E n s = = = = P ne y j vm= = P nh ,
ª ª
H n s j ve = = P ne q = = = = P nh Ž1.
are derived from the z-components of the suit-
ably normalized electric and magnetic Hertzian
vector potentials P e , P h , respectively,
ª
Ne
Pez s Ý Ž aŽni , j. ey g Ž i , j. z y bŽni , j. eq g Ž i , j. z .
Ži , j.
yj
? TŽ i , j.
ven Z nf Ž i , j.
'
Nh
ª
Phz s Ý Ž awnm , nx ey g w m , nx
z
q bwnm , nx eq g w m , nx z .
w m , nx
yj Z nf w m , nx
'
? Tw m , nx Ž2.
vmn
where aŽ i, j. , bŽ i, j. , aw m, nx , bw m, nx are the still un-
known normalized eigenmode amplitude coeffi-
cients of the forward Žy. and backward Žq.
waves in the z direction, Ž i, j . stands for the TM
and w m, n x for the TE modes, g is the propaga-
tion factor of the Ne and Nh considered TM p q-
and TE p q modes, Z f are the wave impedances,
 Mode-Matching Simulators in Commercial Circuit CAD Tools 41

Figure 2. Basic four key building blocks for the modal S-matrix description of the 32
currently available building blocks Žsuch as irises, T junctions etc... Ža. Asymmetric rectangu-
lar waveguide double-plane step discontinuity, Žb. asymmetric rectangular to circular wave-
guide step discontinuity, Žc. asymmetric circular to circular waveguide step discontinuity
Žboth polarizations., Žd. general six-port cross, Že. combination of the building blocks Že.g.,
iris. with empty waveguide sections by p modes
42 Arndt et al.
and T are the cross-section eigenfunctions for the
rectangular or circular waveguide, respectively,
which are explicitly given in w8x. The Hertzian
vector potentials in eq. Ž2. and the eigenfunctions
are suitably normalized, so that the power carried
by each mode is 1W for propagating modes, jW
for evanescent TE modes, and yjW for evanes-
cent TM modes. This leads then directly to the
modal S parameters of all key building blocks.
Matching the fields at all interfaces at the
individual step discontinuities leads to matrix
equations that can be conveniently written in
terms of the normalized voltage un and current
vectors in
un s an q bn , in s an y bn
in the form of w3, 4x
i 1 s yV t i 2 , u 2 s yVu 1
where 1, 2 denote the input and output ports, and
t the transposed ports.
The coupling matrix V is given for rectangular
waveguides in w13x and for circular and mixed
waveguide structures in w8, 15x. The coupling ma-
trices contain frequency-independent terms that
are only determined by the geometry; moreover,
all integrals can be solved analytically. The only
exception is the coupling integral of the step
discontinuity larger circular to smaller rectangu-
lar waveguide w15x, which is solved by a fast
Gaussian, quadrature method.
From eq. Ž3. and Ž4., the corresponding subma-
trices of the modal scattering matrix for a step
discontinuity larger to smaller waveguide can be
derived in the following form:
S11 s yE q VS 21 , S12 s V w E q S 22 x
S 21 s 2Ty1 V t , S 22 s Ty1 w E y V t Vx
where only a submatrix of the order n, n Žwith n
the lower number of modes in the smaller wave-
guide. T s E q V t V has to be inverted.
Although we investigated the modal admit-
tance matrix for each building block as well, the
generalized S-matrix technique was preferred. It
has turned out that the computational effort for
this kind of application is nearly the same for
both techniques, as a very different number of
localized and accessible modes has advanta-
geously been chosen in each subregion, which
also requires inversions of submatrices of high
order for the Y matrix w4x. Moreover, physically
realistic structures like irises can be modeled
more conveniently by eq. Ž5. rather than by the
boundary enlargement and reduction model w4x,
because only very few modes are required for the
large cavity regions of realistic filters. Further-
more, for the identical inverse step for irises, the
corresponding S matrix is merely the transposed,
so that, for example, for calculating the S matrix
of an iris only one matrix inversion of order Ž n, n.
Ži.e., the low number of modes in the smaller
region. is necessary to combine both steps of an
iris.
Subroutines for nearly all practical mode-
matching waveguide building blocks for use with
common commercial CAD circuit theory software
have been implemented based on the four key
Ž3. building blocks shown in Figure 2. The available
set of mode-matching waveguide building blocks
is currently comprised of 32 elements for rectan-
Ž4. gular, circular, and mixed rectangularrcircular
waveguides. It includes, for instance, rectangular
and circular irises of finite thickness, multiple
rectangular irises of finite thickness, single and
multiple metal inserts of finite thickness, corners,
T junctions, crosses, cavity elements of finite
length, rectangular irises with different port wave-
guides, single and multiple step discontinuities,
rectangular to circular waveguide transitions, and
circular irises with rectangular waveguide input
and circular waveguide output ports. The full set
of modes may be included for any building block
element up to 300 TE m n and 300 TM m n modes
Ždepending on the available RAM storage capac-
ity of the used computer., which guarantees high
accuracy of the results if required. Moreover, it is
possible to calculate each element with an indi-
vidual number of modes, if desired, independently
from the other elements.
The combination of the waveguide building
blocks we.g., iris in a filter; cf. Fig. 1Že.x, including,
Ž5.
for example, P modes, is conveniently provided
by the P port of an empty waveguide of length l
Žfor instance, the cavity length between two irises.
which is described by the simple modal scattering
matrix
O D
Sw g s
D O
D s diag  eyg p l 4 Ž6.
It has turned out that two higher-order modes
Ži.e., a total number of P s 3 modes. already give
reliable results even for filters where the next
mode, for example, TE 20 , is utilized for obtaining
stop-band poles.
 Mode-Matching Simulators in Commercial Circuit CAD Tools
The computing time depends on the number of
modes that are taken into account for the individ-
ual structures and on the computer used. The
influence of the number p of modes on the CPU
time, taken into account in the diagonal matrix
for the empty waveguide, is negligible. For exam-
ple, a typical computing time for analyzing a
four-resonator iris filter with 33 modes for the
irises and three modes in the cavity region is
about 1 s for each frequency point on a typical
workstation with 10 MFlops.
Together with the simple waveguide building
blocks, empty, short-circuited, and matched rect-
angular or circular waveguide sections of finite
lengths, nearly all common waveguide compo-
nents Žcf. Figure 1. can be formulated conve-
niently by using the schematic entry of familiar
Figure 3. Ža. E-plane and Žb. H-plane T-junction S parameters verified by measurements.
Ku-band ŽWR-62. waveguide.
43
common commercial circuit CAD tools, like hp-
EEsof’s TOUCHSTONE or LIBRA, and OSA’s
OSA90rhope. The further advantage is such that
the powerful optimization and graphical user in-
terface capabilities of TOUCHTONE, LIBRA, or
OSA90rhope can be fully utilized.
III. RESULTS
For the experimental verification of a typical
waveguide building block that has been imple-
mented in the described commercial CAD tools,
the example of the T junction ŽE and H planes.
has been chosen ŽFig. 3.. Only 20 modes in order
of increasing cutoff are required to achieve the
demonstrated excellent accuracy with measure-
ments.
44 Arndt et al.

A WR-62 waveguide rectangular iris coupled
five-resonator filter is shown in Figure 4. Compar-
ison of the fundamental-mode combination of the
irises by using the TOUCHSTONE or OSA90rhope
circuit CAD environment with the standard over-
all modal S-matrix combination, including the full
set of modes, demonstrates the excellent accuracy
of the hybrid mode-matchingrcircuit theory ap-
proach. The irises are modeled by 60 modes in
order of increasing cutoff.
A multiaperture coupled iris filter ŽFig. 5. has
been chosen for the experimental verification of a
rectangular waveguide filter. This filter achieves
identical iris shape Žsuitable, e.g., for stamping
tools., low insertion loss, and high breakdown
voltage in the irises. Also, the middle iris is asym-
metrically located in order to maintain the same
aperature size. The filter housing is silver plated,
and the 0.21-mm thick irises are fabricated by
etching techniques. Excellent agreement between
theory and measurements is found; the insertion
loss is only 0.05 dB. The irises have been modeled
by inclusion of 100 modes, and only the funda-
mental mode need be considered in the cavity
region.
A circular iris coupled narrow-band filter with
rectangular waveguide input and output ports is
shown in Figure 6. Excellent agreement with
measurements is demonstrated. One hundred
higher-order modes in order of increasing cutoff

Figure 4. Optimized WR-62 waveguide rectangular iris coupled five-resonator filter. Com-
parison of the fundamental-mode combination of the irises by using the TOUCHSTONE or
OSA90rhope circuit CAD environment with the standard overall modal S-matrix combina-
tion, including the full set of modes. The irises are modeled by 60 modes in the order of
increasing cutoff. Iris and resonator dimensions in millimeters: waveguide 15.799 = 7.899;
iris thickness 0.2; square irises 6.955, 4.854, 4.055; resonator lengths 11.637, 12.853, 12.982;
the filter is symmetric.
 Mode-Matching Simulators in Commercial Circuit CAD Tools 45

Figure 5. Optimized multiaperture coupled iris filter. Verification with measurements.

WR-62 waveguide. Iris and resonator dimensions in millimeters: waveguide 15.799 = 7,899;
iris thickness 0.21; resonator length 12.155; irises 5.0 = 3.0; displacements of the first and
third irises 2.47, 0.5 from the waveguide side walls, or top and bottom walls, respectively;
displacement of the middle iris 2.133 from the side wall; the filter is symmetric.

have been included for modeling of the individual
building blocks, that is, the irises and the rectan-
gular to circular waveguide transitions.
Figure 7 shows an optimized K- to Ku-band
ŽWR-42 to WR-62. inhomogeneous waveguide
step transformer. Broadband 30dB return loss is
achieved.
In order to prove the powerful optimization
capabilities to TOUCHSTONE and OSA90rhope in
combination with the accurate mode-matching
models for more complex structures, Figure 8 and
9 show the optimized results for diplexer and
multiplexer structures. For the adequate CAD of
these components, as the initial step, first the
corresponding individual filters have been opti-
mized. The optimization parrameters chosen for
the diplexer and triplexer structures are the iris
dimensions, their distance to the T junction, and
the distance to the first iris or metal insert, re-
spectively, of the corresponding filter section.
Overall return losses of more than 25 dB demon-
strate the efficiency of the presented hybrid
mode-matchingrcircuit theory method in combi-
nation with commercial CAD tools.
Asymmetrically located irises provide filters
with improved stop-band characteristics w8, 17x, a
technique that also has been rediscovered re-
cently w16x. The improved stop-band characteristic
is due to the fact that the fundamental TE 10 and
next higher TE 20 mode can interact with each
other to generate transmission zeros. Such filters
are, therefore, particularly appropriate to verify
the usefulness of the described CAD tool, be-
cause the higher-order modes in the cavity region
play the role of an additional design parameter.
The first example is a four-resonator asymmetric
iris coupled filter in the Ku band ŽFig. 10.. The
TE 20 mode is above cutoff at about 19 GHz and
causes the stop-band pole between 20 and 21
GHz. Excellent agreement between the presented
technique Žwith only three modes in the cavity
region, dashed lines. and the conventional overall
mode-matching technique Žsolid lines. is demon-
strated Žwith the full set of 50 modes of the iris
region also used in the cavities.. The fundamen-
tal-mode combination Ždotted lines., however,
yields wrong results in this case.
The location of the stop-band poles can be
controlled, for instance, by changing the wave-
guide width in the resonators. This is demon-
strated in Figure 11, where the stop-band poles
for filters with the same passband as in Figure 10
have already been generated at about 17 GHz,
providing an improved edge steepness. Also here,
only three modes are required in the cavity region
to model the filter response Ždashed line. accu-
46 Arndt et al.

Figure 6. Optimized circular iris coupled narrow-band filter with rectangular waveguide
input and output ports. Comparison with measurements. Dimensions in millimeters. Rectan-
gular waveguide ports: 15.8 = 7.9; radius of the circular waveguide 6.985; radii of the irises:
3.208, 1.695, 1.695, 3.205; resonator lengths: 16.605, 17.219, 16.599; thickness of the irises:
0.192.

rately. This is demonstrated by the very good
agreement with the overall mode-matching
method combination Žsolid line..
The full CAD capability of the presented hy-
brid mode matchingrcircuit theory approach may
be demonstrated in Figure 12 which is an exam-
ple of a new high-power nine-resonator asymmet-
rically iris coupled filter that also controls cavity
width. The optimized filter achieves extremely
high edge steepness, providing 60-dB rejection at
frequencies that are only about 1% higher than
the higher band edge. This result demonstrates
clearly}in contrast to the statements in w16x }
that the transmission zeros can be placed very
close to the passband of these filters if required
by adequate optimization.
Filters of this class are particularly appropriate
for high-power applications, because no tuning
screws or bypass couplings in the E plane are
necessary. Also, for this example ŽFig. 12., a com-
parison to the overall mode-matching analysis
shows excellent agreement. The iris and step dis-
continuities have been calculated by inclusion of
60 modes in order of increasing cutoff, and the
cavity region again was modeled with only three
modes.
IV. CONCLUSION
Efficient mode-matching waveguide building
blocks are developed for user-friendly utilization
in common commercial circuit theory CAD tools
on usual workstations. This hybrid mode-match-
ingrcircuit theory CAD approach allows the ac-
curate and fast design of a comprehensive class of
rectangular andror circular waveguide compo-
nents, such as filters, transformers, and multiplex-
ers. The exciting advantages of using the mode-
matching simulators in commercial CAD tools
include fast and reliable customer-oriented wave-
guide designs with powerful and matured optimiz-
 Mode-Matching Simulators in Commercial Circuit CAD Tools 47

Figure 7. Optimized K- to Ku-band ŽWR-42 to WR-62. inhomogeneous waveguide step

transformer. Dimensions Ž a, b, and lengths l . of the transformer sections between the
WR-62 and WR-42 waveguides in millimeters: 12.19, 6, 53, 7.23; 10.85, 4.88, 7.15.

Figure 8. Optimized common junction type diplexer with iris compensated H-plane T
junction and seven resonator metal insert filters. Dimensions in millimeters: Waveguide
15.799 = 7,899, compensation H-plane iris widths through waveguide 9.839, side waveguide
12.934, thickness 1.0; distances of the compensation irises to T junction 3.625, 3.686 to first
filter insert 9.5, 5.236; metal insert thicknesses 0.190; through waveguide filter metal insert
lengths 3.970, 11.987, 13719, 14.082; resonator lengths 8.298, 8.293, 8.293, 8,293; side
waveguide filter metal insert lengths 3, 507, 10.971, 12.669, 13.034; resonator lengths 8.961,
8.971, 8.971, 8.971. The filters are symmetric.
48 Arndt et al.

Figure 9. Optimized rectangular waveguide manifold triplexer with iris compensated E-

plane T junctions and circular iris coupled circular waveguide filters.

Figure 10. Optimized asymmetrically located H-plane iris coupled rectangular waveguide
filter. The fundamental TE 10 and next higher TE 20 mode interact in order to generate
transmission zeros. Comparison of the circuit combination with three modes Ždashed lines.
along the cavity sections with the conventional full-wave mode-matching combination Žsolid
lines.. Dimensions in millimeters: Waveguide 15, 799, 7.899; iris thickness 0.190; asymmetri-
cal iris gap widths 7.8744, 5.2789, 4.964; resonator lengths 11.67531, 12.5614. The filter is
symmetric in z dimension.
 Mode-Matching Simulators in Commercial Circuit CAD Tools 49

Figure 11. Optimized asymmetrically located H-plane iris coupled rectangular waveguide
filter with additional step discontinuities in the resonator section. Dimensions in millimeters.
Waveguide 15.799, 7, 899; iris thickness 2.0; first iris gap width 8.8805; distance to step
discontinuity 4.0; inner section waveguide width 26.0; iris gap widths 9.248, 6.1834; resonator
lengths 6.9862, 9.7618, 10.6204. The filter is symmetric in z dimension.

Figure 12. High power, high edge steepness nine-resonator asymmetric iris coupled filter
with additional controlled cavity width: Ž ??? . combination only by fundamental mode in the
cavity region, Ž }} . combination with three modes in the cavity region, Ž } } . combination
with all modes in the cavity region.
50 Arndt et al.
ers, mode-matching building blocks that are
conveniently available as additions to the usual
element catalogs Žand, hence, no special knowl-
edge of the field theory behind the models is
necessary ., and full utilization of the available
design, optimization, and graphical user-interface
capabilities of the familiar circuit CAD tool.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors greatly acknowledge the kind support of
this challenging project by hp-EEsof and by Optimiza-
tion Systems Associates, Inc. Their powerful CAD tools
TOUCHSTONETM and OSA90rhopeTM, respectively, are
very approapriate for the convenient implementaion of
the mode-matching waveguide building blocks. This
advantageous combination yields a reliable, powerful,
and efficient tool for the waveguide designer. The
authors thank Mr. Hirsekorn and Professor Bandler for
their valuable help and stimulating discussions.
REFERENCES
1. C. Kudsia, R. Cameron, and W.-C. Tang, ‘‘Innova-
tions in Microwave Filters and Multiplexing Net-
works for Communications Satellite Systems,’’
IEEE Trans. Microwa¨ e Theory Tech., Vol. MTT-40,
June 1992, pp. 1133]1149.
2. U. Rosenberg and W. Haegele, ‘‘Consideration of
Parasitic Bypass Couplings in Overmoded Cavity
Filter Designs,’’ IEEE Trans. Microwa¨ e Theory
Tech., Vol. MTT-42, July 1994, pp. 1301]1306.
3. W. Hauth, R. Keller, U. Papziner, R. Ihmels, T.
Sieverding, and F. Arndt, ‘‘Rigorous CAD of Multi-
port Coupled Rectangular Waveguide Compo-
nents,’’ in Proc. 23rd European Microwa¨ e Conf.,
Madrid, Sept. 1993, pp. 611]614.
4. F. Allesandri, M. Dionigi, R. Sorrentino, and
M. Mongiardo, ‘‘A Fullwave CAD Tool of Wave-
guide Components Using a High Speed Direct Op-
timizer,’’ in IEEE MTT-S Int. Symp. Digest, San
Diego, May 1994, pp. 1539]1542.
5. Th. Sieverding, U. Papziner, T. Wolf, and F. Arndt,
‘‘Efficient Design of Rectangular and Circular
Waveguide Components Using Mode-Matching
Simulators in Common Circuit CAD Tools,’’ in
Proc. of the IEEE MTT-S Int. Symp. Workshop,
WMFE, May 1995.
6. Z. J. Cendes and J.-F. Lee, ‘‘The Transfinite Ele-
ment Method for Modeling MMIC Devices,’’ IEEE
Trans. Microwa¨ e Theory Tech., Vol. MTT-36, Dec.
1988, pp. 1639]1649.
7. Th. Sieverding and F. Arndt, ‘‘Field Theoretic CAD
of Open or Aperture Matched T Junction Coupled
Rectangular Waveguide Structures,’’ IEEE Trans.
Microwa¨ e Theory Tech., Vol. MTT-40, Feb. 1992,
pp. 353]362.
8. U. Papziner and F. Arndt, ‘‘Field Theoretical Com-
puter-Aided Design of Rectangular and Circular
Iris Coupled Rectangular or Circular Waveguide
Cavity Filters,’’ IEEE Trans. Microwa¨ e Theory
Tech., Vol. MTT-41, March 1993, pp. 462]471.
9. Th. Sieverding, U. Papziner, T. Wolf, and F. Arndt,
‘‘New Mode-Matching Building Blocks for Com-
mon Circuit CAD Programs,’’ Microwa¨ e J., Vol.
36, Dec. 1993, pp. 69]79.
10. Th. Sieverding, and F. Arndt, ‘‘Rigorous Analysis
of the Rectangular Waveguide Six-Port Cross Junc-
tions,’’ IEEE Microwa¨ e Guided Wa¨ e Lett., Vol. 3,
July 1993, pp. 224]226.
11. T. Sieverding and F. Arndt, ‘‘Combined Circuit-r
Field-Theory CAD Procedure for Manifold Multi-
plexers with Circular Cavities,’’ in Proc. 24th Euro-
pean Microwa¨ e Conference, Cannes, Sept. 1994, pp.
437]442.
12. J. Dittloff and F. Arndt, ‘‘Rigorous Field Theory
Design of Millimeter-Wave E-Plane Integrated
Circuit Multiplexers,’’ IEEE Trans. Microwa¨ e The-
ory Tech., Vol. MTT-37, Feb. 1989, pp. 340]350.
13. H. Patzelt and F. Arndt, ‘‘Double-Plane Steps in
Rectangular Waveguide and Their Application for
Transformers, Irises, and Filters,’’ IEEE Trans. Mi-
crowa¨ e Theory Tech., Vol. MTT-30, May 1982, pp.
771]777.
14. Z. Shen, and R. H. MacPhie, ‘‘An Improved Modal
Expansion Method for Two Cascaded Junctions
and its Application to Waveguide Filters,’’ IEEE
Trans. Microwa¨ e Theory Tech., Vol. MTT-43, Dec.
1995, pp. 2719]2722.
15. R. Keller, and F. Arndt, ‘‘Rigorous Modal Analysis
of the Asymmetric Rectangular Iris in Circular
Waveguides,’’ IEEE Microwa¨ e Guided Wa¨ e Lett.,
Vol. 3, June 1993, pp. 185]187.
16. M. Guglielmi, F. Montauti, L. Pellegrini, and P.
Arcioni, ‘‘Implementing Transmission Zeros in In-
ductive-Window Bandpass Filters,’’ IEEE Trans.
Microwa¨ e Theory Tech., Vol. MTT-43, Aug. 1995,
pp. 1911]1915.
17. F. Arndt, T. Duschak, U. Papziner, and P. Rolappe,
‘‘Asymmetric Iris Coupled Cavity Filters with Stop-
band Poles,’’ in IEEE MTT-S Int. Symp. Digest,
Dallas, TX, May 1990, pp. 215]218.
pg 11/21/96 4:42 PM Page 5

Mode-Matching Simulators in Commercial Circuit CAD Tools 51

BIOGRAPHY

Fritz Arndt received the Dipl.-Ing., Dr.- Atlas Elektronik GmbH in Bremen as a research engineer in
Ing., and Habilitation degrees from the the field of acoustic waves and ground penetrating radar.
Technical University of Darmstadt, Ger- ŽPhoto not available..
many, in 1963, 1968, and 1972, respec-
tively. From 1963 to 1972 he worked on
directional couplers and microstrip tech-
Thomas Sieverding received his Dipl.-Ing. and Dr.-Ing. de-
niques at the Technical University of
grees in electrical engineering from the University of Bremen,
Damstadt. Since 1972 he has been a pro-
Germany, in 1984 and 1990, respectively. From 1985 to 1987,
fessor and Head of the Microwave De-
he worked on software engineering at BICC Vero Electronics,
partment of the University of Bremen, Germany. His research
Bremen. Since 1987, Sieverding has been with the Microwave
activities are in the areas of the solution of field problems of
Department of the University of Bremen and with OTCE-
waveguide, finline, and optical waveguide structures, antenna
Consulting. In 1991, he became an assistant professor at the
design, and scattering structures. Dr. Arndt is a member of
University. Sieverding’s research interests deal with the com-
the VDE and NTG ŽGermany.. He received the NTG Award
puter-aided design of rectangular waveguide components, and
in 1970, the A. F. Bulgin Award Žtogether with three coau-
analysis and synthesis of couplers, junctions, and filters. ŽPhoto
thors. from the Institution of Radio and Electronic Engineers
not available..
in 1983, and the Best Paper Award of the Antenna Confer-
ence JINA 1986 ŽFrance..

Tomas Wolf received his Dipl.-Ing. degree in electrical engi-

Uwe Papziner received his Dipl.-Ing. and Dr.-Ing. degrees in
electrical engineering from the University of Bremen, Ger-
many in 1986 and 1990, respectively. From 1986 to 1990, he
worked on waveguide filter, diplexer, taper and horn antenna
design problems. Since 1990, Papziner has been working at
neering from the University of Bremen, Germany, in 1993.
Since 1994, he has been with the Microwave Department of
the University of Bremen. Wolf’s research interests deal with
the development of fast CHD software for waveguide compo-
nents. ŽPhoto not available..