NAME : ANAM HIJAB

PROGRAMME: BS-ENGLISH
SUBJECT:MANAGEMENT
SECTION: “A”

DISCUSSION QS NO 1:
Contrast efficiency and effectiveness.Give an example of a time when an
organization was effective but not efficient,efficient but not effective both efficient
and effective and neither efficient nor effective.
ANS:
EFFICIENCY
• Efficiency means performing
activities with the minimum
wastage of resources which also
refers to optimum utilization of
resources so that the
organization can maximize the
profit.
• Work is to be done in a correct
manner.
• It can be measured quantitatively
by calculating and attaining the
input output ratios of company’s
resources like funds ,energy,
materials or labor.
• Efficiency is yield oriented.
• it emphasis on inputs and
outputs.
• The time scope for efficiency is
short run perspective.
• In efficiency the strategy is
implemented which is already
prepared.
EFFECTIVENESS
• The extent of nearness of the
actual result with the intended
result is known is effectiveness.
• It refers to the extent to which
something has been done ,to
achieve the targeted outcome.
• It means doing the precise work.
• Effectiveness is the degree of
closeness of the achieved goal
with the preplanned goal to
examine the power of the whole
organization.
• The approach for effectiveness is
that ,it is result oriented which
means that it aims on the
conclusion.
• The time scope for effectiveness
is that it is based on long run
perspective.
• It emphasis on means and ends.
• In effectiveness the strategy is
formulated which means the
organization choose the most
appropriate courses of action to
achieve its defined goal.
EXAMPLE:
An organization was effective but not efficient:
Apple phone company wanted to gain sells of USD 100 crore from their new
factory by end of the year. In order to get that targeted sells the organization
used resources(man , machine ,time ,raw material) of USD 120 crore. As the
organization was able to achieve the target sells so it was effective. But it use
more resources to achieve the target so the organization was not efficient.
An organization was efficient but not effective:
J. apparel limited wanted to produce 1lac garments by end of the month, but
at the end of the month the organization was able to produce 90 thousand
garments. The process of producing the garments was right but it was not
able to meet the target so the organization was efficient but not effective.
An organization was both efficient and effective:
Chenone apparel limited wanted to produce 1lac garments by end of the
month with predefined allocated resources. At the end of the month the
organization was able to produce 1lac garments by using less resources than
that was allocated. The process of producing the garments was right and it
was able to meet the target. so , the organization was both efficient and
effective.
An organization was neither efficient nor effective:
Gucci apparel limited wanted to produce 1lac garments by end of the month
with predefined allocated resources. And at the end of the month
organization was able to produce 90 thousand garments but it used more
resources than that was allocated. As organization was not able to meet the
target and use more resources to produce less so the organization was neither
efficient nor effective.

Discussion QS.NO 2
Describe the organization's general enviroment. For each each
dimension give atleast one specific example.
ANS:
The levels of an organization's external enviroment that contains
component having broad long term implications for managing the
organization is known as the general enviroment.
Every organization whether business and non business has its
enviroment. The organizational enviroment is always dynamic and
over changing. Every organization have both internal and external
enviroment and the organization operations are effected by both.
EXTERNNAL ENVIROMENT:
Organization external enviroment consist of two parts:
1) The general enviroment
2) Task enviroment
The general enviroment which includes a range of external
influnences, such as the enviroment, technology, economic
conditions, demographics, sociocultural forces, political or legal
factors and they influence the performance and operation of a
business.
DIMENSIONS:
1) Economic dimension
2) Technological dimension
3) Sociocultural dimension
4) political legal dimension
5) international dimension
1) ECONOMIC DIMENSION:
The economic component is that part of general enviroment which
indicates how resources are being distributed and used within the
enviroment. This component is based on economics, the science
that focuses on understanding how people of community produce,
distribute and use various goods and services. Important problem
that is considered in an economic analysis of an enviroment are
generally wages paid to labour inflation, the tax paid by labour and
business, the cost of material used in production process and the
prices at which produced goods and services are sold to customers.
These economic problems can remarkabley affect the enviroment in
which the company operates and the ease or difficulty the
organization experiences in attempting to reach its objectives.
EXAMPLE:
1)Gross domestic product refers to the market values of goods and
services within a country produced in a given time period and serves
as a rough indicator of a country's standard of living. The United States
has a much larger GDP than China but China has enjoyed a much higher GDP
grown in recent years. Canada's GDP is about one tenth that of USA, but is the
top 15 economies in the world.
2) It should be somewhat easier for an organization to sell its products at
higher prices if potential consumer in the enviroment are earning relatively
high wages and paying relatively low taxes, if these same potential customers
are earning relatively low wages and have significantly fewer after tax dollars
to spend.
2) TECHNOLOGICAL DIMENSION:
It is that part of general enviroment that includes new perspectives to
manufacturing goods and services. These perspectives can be new procedure
as well as new equipment. The technological dimension of general enviroment
comprises of knowledge, tools and methods that are used to convert
resources ( raw material, information, labor) into products and services. It
includes advancement in a specific industry as well as in society at large
quantity. An organization in a country is greatly affected by the technological
development. Technology has changed the elementary ways that an
organizataion is structured and the ways in which the managers runs the
organization.
EXAMPLE:
The trends towards exploiting robots to improve productivity is an example of
technology component. The increasing use of robots in the next decade
should vastly improve the effiency of US industry.
3) SOCIO CULTURAL DIMENSION:
The socio cultural is that part of general enviroment that describes the
properties of a society in which the organization exists. Social factors involves
trends in demographic such as population size, age as well as cultural trends
such as attitudes towards obesity and consumer activism. Demographic and
social values are most important features of socio culture dimension.
Demographics are the statisticals characteristics of population. These
characteristics inculdes changes in number of people and income distribution
among various population segments.
EXAMPLE:
1)25 percent of canadians are obese, one in four people, obesity is a risk
factor for many long term illness and is attributed to the increase prevalance
of fast food meals and the popularity of inactive activities such as playing
video games.
2)The demand for retirement housing would probably increase dramatically if
both numbers and incomes of retires in a particular market area doubled.
Effective organizational strategy would include a mechanism for dealing with
such a probable increase in demand within the organization enviroment.
4) POLITICAL LEGAL DIMENSION:
It is that part of general enviroment that includes government affairs. It refers
to the business relationship of government and the overall political situation
of the country. A better business government relationship is essential to the
economy and most importantly for the business. This segment includes
elements such as tax policies, changes in trade restrictions and the stability of
government.its example includes the type of government in existence,
government's atttitude towards various industries, influencing efforts by
interest groups, progress on the crossing of laws and the platform of political
parties and cadidates.
EXAMPLE:
The reunification of germany and the shift from a marxist socialist government
in the soviet union in the 1980's illustrate how the political component of an
organization's general enviroment can change at the international level.
5) INTERNATIONAL DIMENSION:
It is the operating enviroment division that is composed of all the factors
related to the international implications of organizational operations. Though
not all organization deals with international issues, factors in international
component include other countries laws, culture, economics and politics.
Virtually every organization is affected by international factors. It refers to the
degree to which an organization is involved in, or affected by business in other
countries.
EXAMPLE:
US based kraft's recent acquisition of British candy maker Cadbury provides an
example illustrating the importance of the company's international
component. According to industry observers, the acquisition triples Kraft's
market share of chocolate and candy sales worldwide and cadbury was
expected to add $4 billion in value to the company. Another benefit of the
acquisition: a significant streamlining of the two companies IT capabilities.
Kraft chairman Irene rosenfeld also asserted that combining the two
companies would result in substaintial tax advantages that would increase the
company's profitability.
DISCUSSION QS NO 3
List the steps in the formal goal setting process. what are some of the
advantages for companies that use this approach? what are some of the
problems that may arise from the use of this approach?
ANSWER:
GOAL SETTING PROCESS:
It is a productive method of combining goal setting and planning. Most
organizations modify this process to place their own individual needs and
conditions. This process involves a sequence of well defined steps:
1) Establishment of organizational goals and plans:
This step is about managers that tells their employees, which type of
organizational and unit goal is established.
2) Collaborative goal setting and planning:
This steps means that the manager communicate with their subordinates to
decide goal together through a process that may include identifying needs,
prioritizing , listening, observing and assesing data.
3) communicating:
organization should clearly communicate organizational goals to engage
employees in their work and achieve the organization desired objectives.
4) Periodic review:
periodic review means a classic catalogue where the invetory level is reviewed
at a regular time intervals for example if the objective or plan is for one year
period, meeting quaterly to discuss the progress is than a best idea and at the
end of this period the manager communicates with their subordinates to
review level of goal achievement
5) Evaluation:
The purpose of evaluation is to make judgement about the achieved goal, how
to improve its effectiveness, then the reason for both success and failure are
explored and the subordinate is rewarded on basis of goal achievement.
ADVANTAGES:
Goal setting process is one of the ways an employee measure his
development in the company.This approach is useful for companies because:
1) Goal setting is designed to motivate an employee and and help increase
performance. When an employee is involved in the goal setting process, he
takes a personal interest in achieving that goal. The emotional involvement
becomes a strong motivator and can help the employee reach his goals and
realise greater success within the organization. Organization create a powerful
motivational system for their empolyees.
2) Goal setting helps the employees of a company to better focus on the
elements that create success. To achieve the goal the company must state
their desire to reach the accomplishment. Once the goal is stated, a process
will be created through which the comany will follow to reach it. With a list of
goal and procedure to reach them an employee can better focus his efforts on
achieving the things that will bring success to his career and also to the
company.
3) Another adavantage of goal setting is that it provides direction and
destination for a company.
4) Goal setting helps the company focuses on what is important, what the
company wants to accomplish and where it wants to be in the future. This
perspectives helps the company in decision making.
5) Goal setting helps the company take control of its future plans, when a
compnay dont have a plan for where its upcoming situation is headed so it
just go with the flow, however through goal setting, the company have more
control over where it is headed and how it get there.
PROBLEMS ARISE FROM GOAL SETTING:
Without proper planning goal setting can be as destructive for a company as it
can be motivating.
if goal srttings are too vague so it will leads to poor performance of the
company. goals that are not properly crafted can become demotivating for
example if a goal is too easy to achieve and is not specific enough, then the
employee is not interested and motivated to achieve it.
Another problem is incentivizing bad behavior for example in companies that
set aggresive goals, sometimes referred to as stretch goals, employees can
take the desire to achieve the goal too far. Given the desire to earn the
rewards for achieving the goals and avoid the sanctions for not hitting it,
employees may engage in unethical behavior to reach their targets. Over the
long run this behavior can harm the company
Setting goals that are too voilent can backfire. Over time if the employees
continually fails to attain their goals, the performance of the company may
decline. Goal setting may occasionally fail due to poor execution. Anothe
major problem is that some companies decide to use goal setting but the
implementation is executed to lower management as compared to top
management due to which the effectiveness of the programme is limited,
because the goals and plans flow through the organization may not actually
be the goals of top management and due to this other employees in
organization are not motivated to accept it.