PCBrakeinc Software

PCBrakeinc software was written as a companion tool to the book

Brake Design and Safety. To study the underlying engineering concepts,
software users should review the 3rd. Edition of Brake Design and Safety,
Rudolf Limpert, SAE International, 2011.
The chapters referenced in brackets are from the 3rd. Edition of
Brake Design and Safety. i.e., [Ch. 7].
Note: Air brake systems of trucks and truck-trailers can be analyzed with
PCBrakeAir software. [Chs. 7 and 8]
By downloading any PCBrakeinc software the users agree to the terms and
conditions of use as stated on the website.

See website www.pcbrakeinc.com for brake design workshop information.

 Brake System Design – Hydraulic Brakes 2013
Module Overview
Modules 3 through 10 allow the Brake engineer to design the brake system by comparing the optimum brake system with the actual
hardware to be installed. For novice brake engineers it is recommended to study the appropriate chapters of Brake Design and Safety,
(Module 1, Brake Factor Calculation, and Module 2, Brake Temperature Calculation, are available from www.pcbrakeinc.com)
Click on the link, or use the Tabs to navigate.
3 Optimization of Wheel Brakes and Valves. [Chs. 5 and 7]
It is used to select and optimize various brake system components: wheel cylinder diameters, brake factors, valve characteristics
and others and relate them to the optimum braking forces of a vehicle for the lightly and fully laden vehicle conditions. The final
component sizes and dimensions used in the brake system design are obtained from brake manufacturer design catalogues.
4 Master Cylinder Design. [Ch. 5]
It is used to determine the cross-sectional area, and hence, the diameter of the master cylinder required to produce a specific vehicle
deceleration under conditions of booster failure. The final master cylinder size in terms of diameter and piston travel(s) is selected
from brake manufacturer design catalogues.
5 Vacuum Booster Analysis. [Ch. 5]
It is used to determine the boost ratio and vacuum booster diameter (single or dual diaphragm) required to produce a specific vehicle
deceleration at the saturation point of the booster. The final boost ratio and booster diameter is selected from brake manufacturer
design catalogues.
6 Hydraulic Booster Design. [Ch. 5]
It is used to determine the hydro-boost, and if necessary, accumulator characteristics, to produce a specific vehicle deceleration
at the maximum cutout pressure. The final booster sizes are selected from brake manufacturer design catalogues.
7 Brake Fluid Volume Analysis. [Ch. 5]
It is used to determine the brake fluid volume requirements of all fluid users including non-pressure and pressurized components for
normal and hot brakes, as well as normal and partial brake failure conditions. The final result is obtained in terms of brake pedal
travel, pedal force and vehicle deceleration.
8 Specific Design Performance Measures. [Ch. 3]
It is used to determine actual brake system design performance measures and compare them with allowable limit design measures
for specified vehicle loading and braking severity conditions. When the allowable limit design measures are greater than the actual
values, satisfactory brake performance pad or lining wear life, rotor and drum life, brake temperatures and fade, and others can
be expected. Note: As brake and rotor materials improve, allowable limits of design measures also change.
9 Design of Parking Brake Systems. [Ch. 4]
It is used to compute the hill holding capacity as well as decelerations for the Parking Brake System.
10 Brake System Design Check for Braking in a Turn. [Ch. 8]
It is used to compute the Braking Efficiency and, hence, Lockup Sequence for specified lateral accelerations and turning radius.
 Brake System Design – Hydraulic Brakes 2013
3. Optimization of Wheel Brakes and Valves. [Chs. 5 and 7]
It is used to select and optimize various brake system components such as wheel cylinder diameters, brake factors,
valve characteristics and others and relate them to the optimum braking forces of a vehicle for the lightly and fully
component sizes and laden vehicle conditions. The final dimensions used in the brake system design are obtained
from brake manufacturer design catalogues. You may also use MARC1 Modules V for brake analysis.
This Module contains the followin (Click on the link or Button to access worksheet)
Design Data: It contains the Input Data necessary to perform the calculations.
DesignData
Design Table: The table contains the basic parameters calculated in the DesignData.
DesignTable
Design Chart: The chart is based on the Design Table and shows the Diagram of the Braking Forces (Normalized)
DesignChart
Brake Efficiency Rear Axle: This chart describes the Braking Efficiency of the Rear axle.
BrkEffRear
Brake Efficiency Front Axle: This chart describes the Braking Efficiency of the Front axle.
BrkEffFront
Braking Effectiveness: This chart describes the Braking Effectiveness/Deceleration of the vehicle.
BrkEff
Brake Force Distribution: This chart describes the Relative Rear axle Brake Force.
BrkForceDist
Friction Utilization: This chart describes the Tire-Road Friction Utilization.
FrictionUtiliz
 Brake System Design - Hydraulic Brakes 2013
3 Optimization of Wheel Brakes and Valves.
When designing brake systems, the Front brakes must Lock before the Rear
brakes for decelerations up to 0.9-1.0 g. Front brake pad and rotor wear must
be accounted for through proper sizing, pad area, cooling and pad material.
Project ID: PCB 5 -2007
Input Data
pl = 100 Starting Hydraulic Brake Line Pressure, psi
Dp = 100 Pressure Interval, psi
FRONT REAR
DwcF1 = 2.75 Diameter Wheel Cylinder (1), in DwcR1 = 1.75
DwcF2 = 0.00 Diameter Wheel Cylinder (2), in DwcR2 = 0.00
BFF = 0.7 Brake factor BFR = 0.7
poF = 5 Pushout Pressure, psi poR = 5
RF = 11.9 Tire Radius, in RR = 11.9
rF = 3.97 Drum or Effective Disc Radius, in rR = 4.57
hcF = 0.98 Wheel Cylinder Efficiency hcR = 0.98
Calculated Data
AwcF1 = 5.94 Wheel Cylinder Area (1), in2 AwcR1 = 2.41
AwcF2 = 0.00 Wheel Cylinder Area (2), in2 AwcR2 = 0.00
AwcFTotal = 5.94 Total Wheel Cylinder Area, in 2 AwcRTotal = 2.41
FxF = 258 Braking Force, lb FxR = 120
Input Data
pmc = 100 Master Cylinder Pressure, psi
pk = 250 Knee-point Pressure, psi
SL = 0.45 Valve Slope Reduction
kmc = 1.000 Master Cylinder Ratio Laden
W = 4500 Weight of Vehicle, lb W= 4500
h = 20.7 Height of CG, in h= 22
L = 104.8 Wheelbase, in L= 104.8
Rear Brake Line Pressure, psi PR = 182.5
FzR = 1500 Static Axle Load, lb FzR = 1500
Calculated Data
Y = 0.33 Relative Rear Axle Load Y= 0.33
C = 0.20 Relative CG Height C = 0.21
a = 0.08 Deceleration a= 0.08
Y/C 1.69 Deceleration for Rear Axle Load = 0, g Y /C = 1.59
FzFdyn = 3075 Dynamic Axle Load, lb FzRdyn = 1425
UTF = 0.08 Traction Coefficient UTR = 0.08
EF = 1.00 Braking Efficiency ER = 0.01
 Project ID: Test1

Starting Rear Optima Front Rear

Brake Brake Front Rear E l Dynamic Dynamic
Line Line Braking Braking Decel- Decel- Axle Axle Front Rear Front
Pressure Pressure Force Force eration eration Load Load Traction Traction Braking Rear Braking
psi psi lb lb g g lb lb Coefficient Coefficient Efficiency Efficiency
pl PRm FxF FxR a a FzFdyn FzRdyn UTF UTR EF ER
100 100.0 258.3 120.4 0.08 0.00 3074.8 1425.2 0.08 0.08 1.00 1.00
200 200.0 530.1 247.1 0.17 0.1 3153.5 1346.5 0.17 0.18 1.03 0.94
300 272.5 802.0 339.0 0.25 0.2 3225.4 1274.6 0.25 0.27 1.02 0.95
400 317.5 1073.9 396.0 0.33 0.3 3290.3 1209.7 0.33 0.33 1.00 1.00
500 362.5 1345.7 453.1 0.40 0.4 3355.3 1144.7 0.40 0.40 1.00 1.01
600 407.5 1617.6 510.1 0.47 0.5 3420.3 1079.7 0.47 0.47 1.00 1.00
700 452.5 1889.5 567.1 0.55 0.6 3485.2 1014.8 0.54 0.56 1.01 0.98
800 497.5 2161.3 624.2 0.62 0.7 3550.2 949.8 0.61 0.66 1.02 0.94
900 542.5 2433.2 681.2 0.69 0.8 3615.2 884.8 0.67 0.77 1.03 0.90
1000 587.5 2705.1 738.2 0.77 0.9 3680.1 819.9 0.74 0.90 1.04 0.85
1100 632.5 2976.9 795.3 0.84 1 3745.1 754.9 0.79 1.05 1.05 0.80
1200 677.5 3248.8 852.3 0.91 1.1 3810.0 690.0 0.85 1.24 1.07 0.74
1300 722.5 3520.7 909.3 0.98 1.2 3875.0 625.0 0.91 1.45 1.08 0.68
1400 767.5 3792.5 966.3 1.06 1.3 3940.0 560.0 0.96 1.69 1.10 0.63
1500 812.5 4064.4 1023.4 1.13 1.4 4004.9 495.1 1.01 1.69 1.11 0.67
1600 857.5 4336.3 1080.4 1.20 2.4 4069.9 430.1 1.07 1.69 1.13 0.71
1700 902.5 4608.1 1137.4 1.28 3.4 4134.9 365.1 1.11 1.69 1.15 0.76
1800 947.5 4880.0 1194.5 1.35 4.4 4199.8 300.2 1.16 1.69 1.16 0.80
1900 992.5 5151.8 1251.5 1.42 5.4 4264.8 235.2 1.21 1.69 1.18 0.84
2000 1037.5 5423.7 1308.5 1.50 6.4 4329.7 170.3 1.25 1.69 1.19 0.89
2100 1082.5 5695.6 1365.6 1.57 7.4 4394.7 105.3 1.30 1.69 1.21 0.93
2200 1127.5 5967.4 1422.6 1.64 8.4 4459.7 40.3 1.34 1.69 1.23 0.97
2300 1172.5 6239.3 1479.6 1.69 9.4 4500.0 0.0 1.39 1.69 1.22 1.00
2400 1217.5 6511.2 1536.6 1.69 10.4 4500.0 0.0 1.45 1.69 1.17 1.00

12/22/2020 06:59:41
FxFOPT FxROPT E m Fconstant E m Rconstant NFxRO NFxFO NCONFR NCONFF 0 FxF/W FxR/W FxF/W
259.77 120.37 257.73 124.64 0.027 0.058 0.028 0.057 0 0.057 0.027 0.000
580.56 245.37 571.33 265.68 0.055 0.129 0.059 0.127 0 0.118 0.055 0.000
860.78 336.08 842.15 379.04 0.075 0.191 0.084 0.187 0 0.178 0.075 0.000
1077.47 395.82 1050.10 461.27 0.088 0.239 0.103 0.233 0 0.239 0.088 0.000
1346.21 458.64 1306.75 557.45 0.102 0.299 0.124 0.290 0 0.299 0.101 0.000
1617.65 510.61 1565.04 648.81 0.113 0.359 0.144 0.348 0 0.359 0.113 0.000
1954.24 560.69 1884.66 754.97 0.125 0.434 0.168 0.419 0 0.420 0.126 0.000
2355.25 601.88 2265.48 872.47 0.134 0.523 0.194 0.503 0 0.480 0.139 0.000
2836.28 627.99 2723.67 1002.34 0.140 0.630 0.223 0.605 0 0.541 0.151 0.000
3421.77 630.00 3285.49 1146.66 0.140 0.760 0.255 0.730 0 0.601 0.164 0.000
4146.59 593.79 3990.58 1307.98 0.250 0.750 0.400 0.667 0 0.662 0.177 0.750
5062.03 496.64 4901.75 1489.48 0.110 1.125 0.331 1.089 0 0.722 0.189 0.000
6246.15 300.92 6124.81 1695.20 0.067 1.388 0.377 1.361 0 0.782 0.202 0.000
7594.20 0.00 7594.20 1898.55 0.000 1.688 0.422 1.688 0 0.843 0.215 0.000
7594.20 0.00 7594.20 1898.55 0.000 1.688 0.422 1.688 0 0.903 0.227 0.000
7594.20 0.00 7594.20 1898.55
7594.20 0.00 7594.20 1898.55 FRONT NFxRO NCONFF NFxFO REAR NFxFO NCONFR
7594.20 0.00 7594.20 1898.55 0 0.027 0.057 0.058 0 0.058 0.028
7594.20 0.00 7594.20 1898.55 0 0.031 0.068 0.069 0 0.129 0.059 0.1
7594.20 0.00 7594.20 1898.55 0 0.059 0.139 0.141 0 0.191 0.084 0.2
7594.20 0.00 7594.20 1898.55 0 0.082 0.213 0.218 0 0.239 0.103 0.3
7594.20 0.00 7594.20 1898.55 0 0.102 0.290 0.298 0 0.299 0.124 0.4
7594.20 0.00 7594.20 1898.55 0 0.117 0.370 0.383 0 0.359 0.144 0.5
7594.20 0.00 7594.20 1898.55 0 0.129 0.454 0.471 0 0.434 0.168 0.6

12/22/2020 06:59:41
 MARC V1 Empty
psi chi

0.333333 0.197519 4500 coordinates for optimum curve

Phi a FxF/W FxR/W 0 aF aR 0

0.318 0 0.000 0.000 0 0
0.318 0.1 0.069 0.031 0 0.068 0.033 0
0.297 0.2 0.141 0.059 0 0.139 0.064 0
0.269 0.3 0.218 0.082 0 0.213 0.094 0
0.252 0.4 0.298 0.102 0 0.290 0.124 0
0.240 0.5 0.383 0.117 0 0.370 0.152 0
0.231 0.6 0.471 0.129 0 0.454 0.179 0
0.224 0.7 0.563 0.137 0 0.542 0.205 0
0.219 0.8 0.660 0.140 0 0.633 0.230 0
0.214 0.9 0.760 0.140 0 0.730 0.255 0
0.211 1 0.864 0.136 0 0.831 0.278 0
0.208 1.1 0.972 0.128 0 0.937 0.301 0
0.205 1.2 1.084 0.116 0 1.049 0.323 0
0.203 1.3 1.200 0.100 0 0
0.201 1.4 1.320 0.080 0 0
x y x y
NFxRO #NAME? NFxFO NCONFF 0 0
0.027 -3.375201 0.027 0 0.058 1 0 0
0.055 -3.375201 0.031 0.033 0.069 2 0 0.1 0.1 0
0.075 -3.375201 0.059 0.064 0.141 3 0 0.2 0.2 0
0.088 -3.375201 0.082 0.094 0.218 4 0 0.3 0.3 0
0.102 -3.375201 0.102 0.124 0.298 5 0 0.4 0.4 0
0.113 -3.375201 0.117 0.152 0.383 6 0 0.5 0.5 0
0.125 -3.375201 0.129 0.179 0.471 7 0 0.6 0.6 0

12/22/2020 06:59:41
 Empty Braking Forces Diagram Hydraulic Brakes
Project ID: _____

2.000

1.800
___ Optimum
___ Design
___ Constant m
1.600
___ Deceleration a

1.400
FxF (Normalized)

1.200

1.000

0.800

0.600

0.400

0.200

0.000
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
FxR (Normalized)

12/22/2020 06:59:41
 Project ID: Test1

Starting Rear Optima Front Rear

Brake Brake Front Rear L l Dynamic Dynamic
Line Line Braking Braking Decel- Decel- Axle Axle Front Rear Front
Pressure Pressure Force Force eration eration Load Load Traction Traction Braking Rear Braking
psi psi lb lb g g lb lb Coefficient Coefficient Efficiency Efficiency
pl PRm FxF FxR a a FzFdyn FzRdyn UTF UTR EF ER
100 100.0 258.3 120.4 0.08 0.00 3074.8 1425.2 0.08 0.08 1.00 1.00
200 200.0 530.1 247.1 0.16 0.1 3144.2 1355.8 0.17 0.18 0.96 0.89
300 272.5 802.0 339.0 0.24 0.2 3212.2 1287.8 0.25 0.26 0.96 0.91
400 317.5 1073.9 396.0 0.31 0.3 3274.8 1225.2 0.33 0.32 0.94 0.96
500 362.5 1345.7 453.1 0.38 0.4 3337.4 1162.6 0.40 0.39 0.94 0.97
600 407.5 1617.6 510.1 0.45 0.5 3400.0 1100.0 0.48 0.46 0.95 0.97
700 452.5 1889.5 567.1 0.52 0.6 3462.6 1037.4 0.55 0.55 0.95 0.95
800 497.5 2161.3 624.2 0.59 0.7 3525.2 974.8 0.61 0.64 0.96 0.92
900 542.5 2433.2 681.2 0.66 0.8 3587.8 912.2 0.68 0.75 0.98 0.89
1000 587.5 2705.1 738.2 0.73 0.9 3650.3 849.7 0.74 0.87 0.99 0.84
1100 632.5 2976.9 795.3 0.80 1 3712.9 787.1 0.80 1.01 1.00 0.79
1200 677.5 3248.8 852.3 0.87 1.1 3775.5 724.5 0.86 1.18 1.01 0.74
1300 722.5 3520.7 909.3 0.94 1.2 3838.1 661.9 0.92 1.37 1.03 0.69
1400 767.5 3792.5 966.3 1.01 1.3 3900.7 599.3 0.97 1.61 1.04 0.63
1500 812.5 4064.4 1023.4 1.08 1.4 3963.3 536.7 1.03 1.69 1.06 0.64
1600 857.5 4336.3 1080.4 1.15 2.4 4025.9 474.1 1.08 1.69 1.07 0.68
1700 902.5 4608.1 1137.4 1.22 3.4 4088.5 411.5 1.13 1.69 1.09 0.73
1800 947.5 4880.0 1194.5 1.29 4.4 4151.0 349.0 1.18 1.69 1.10 0.77
1900 992.5 5151.8 1251.5 1.37 5.4 4213.6 286.4 1.22 1.69 1.12 0.81
2000 1037.5 5423.7 1308.5 1.44 6.4 4276.2 223.8 1.27 1.69 1.13 0.85
2100 1082.5 5695.6 1365.6 1.51 7.4 4338.8 161.2 1.31 1.69 1.15 0.89
2200 1127.5 5967.4 1422.6 1.58 8.4 4401.4 98.6 1.36 1.69 1.16 0.93
2300 1172.5 6239.3 1479.6 1.65 9.4 4464.0 36.0 1.40 1.69 1.18 0.98
2400 1217.5 6511.2 1536.6 1.72 10.4 4526.6 -26.6 1.44 -57.85 1.19 -0.03

12/22/2020 06:59:41
 FxFOPT FxROPT L m Fconstant L m Rconstant NFxRO NFxFO NCONFR NCONFF 0 FxF/W FxR/W
259.77 120.37 257.73 124.64 0.027 0.058 0.028 0.057 0 0.057 0.027
531.09 243.89 523.25 244.76 0.054 0.118 0.054 0.116 0 0.118 0.055
804.42 333.28 787.87 356.91 0.074 0.179 0.079 0.175 0 0.178 0.075
1079.33 392.00 1051.88 461.95 0.087 0.240 0.103 0.234 0 0.239 0.088
1354.20 449.57 1314.36 560.22 0.100 0.301 0.124 0.292 0 0.299 0.101
1628.49 504.45 1575.33 652.34 0.112 0.362 0.145 0.350 0 0.359 0.113
1901.71 554.38 1834.80 738.88 0.123 0.423 0.164 0.408 0 0.420 0.126
2173.46 596.03 2092.78 820.33 0.132 0.483 0.182 0.465 0 0.480 0.139
2443.40 624.47 2349.28 897.12 0.139 0.543 0.199 0.522 0 0.541 0.151
2711.23 632.29 2604.32 969.64 0.141 0.602 0.215 0.579 0 0.601 0.164
3938.59 608.18 3786.95 1263.44 0.250 0.750 0.400 0.667 0 0.662 0.177
4759.27 534.53 4597.47 1431.88 0.119 1.058 0.318 1.022 0 0.722 0.189
5798.91 383.18 5656.21 1620.87 0.085 1.289 0.360 1.257 0 0.782 0.202
7148.18 107.74 7097.83 1834.41 0.024 1.588 0.408 1.577 0 0.843 0.215
7594.20 0.00 7594.20 1898.55 0.000 1.688 0.422 1.688 0 0.903 0.227
7594.20 0.00 7594.20 1898.55
7594.20 0.00 7594.20 1898.55 FRONT NFxRO NCONFF NFxFO REAR NFxFO NCONFR
7594.20 0.00 7594.20 1898.55 0 0.027 0.057 0.058 0 0.058 0.028
7594.20 0.00 7594.20 1898.55 0 0.031 0.068 0.069 0 0.118 0.054
7594.20 0.00 7594.20 1898.55 0 0.058 0.139 0.142 0 0.179 0.079
7594.20 0.00 7594.20 1898.55 0 0.081 0.213 0.219 0 0.240 0.103
7594.20 0.00 7594.20 1898.55 0 0.100 0.291 0.300 0 0.301 0.124
7594.20 0.00 7594.20 1898.55 0 0.114 0.372 0.386 0 0.362 0.145
2801354.87 -3061693.69 -13966.20 8322.52 0 0.124 0.458 0.476 0 0.423 0.164

12/22/2020 06:59:41
 MARC V1 Empty
psi chi

0.333333 0.209924 4500 coordinates for optimum curve

FxF/W Phi a FxF/W FxR/W 0 aF aR 0

0.000 0.318 0 0.000 0.000 0 0
0.000 0.318 0.1 0.069 0.031 0 0.068 0.033 0
0.000 0.297 0.2 0.142 0.058 0 0.139 0.064 0
0.000 0.269 0.3 0.219 0.081 0 0.213 0.094 0
0.000 0.252 0.4 0.300 0.100 0 0.291 0.123 0
0.000 0.240 0.5 0.386 0.114 0 0.372 0.151 0
0.000 0.231 0.6 0.476 0.124 0 0.458 0.178 0
0.000 0.224 0.7 0.570 0.130 0 0.547 0.203 0
0.000 0.219 0.8 0.668 0.132 0 0.641 0.228 0
0.000 0.214 0.9 0.770 0.130 0 0.740 0.252 0
0.750 0.211 1 0.877 0.123 0 0.844 0.275 0
0.000 0.208 1.1 0.987 0.113 0 0.954 0.298 0
0.000 0.205 1.2 1.102 0.098 0 1.069 0.320 0
0.000 0.203 1.3 1.221 0.079 0 0
0.000 0.201 1.4 1.345 0.055 0 0
x y x y
NFxRO #NAME? NFxFO NCONFF 0 0
0.027 -3.375201 0.027 0 0.058 1 0 0
0.1 0.054 -3.375201 0.031 0.033 0.069 2 0 0.1 0.1 0
0.2 0.074 -3.375201 0.058 0.064 0.142 3 0 0.2 0.2 0
0.3 0.087 -3.375201 0.081 0.094 0.219 4 0 0.3 0.3 0
0.4 0.100 -3.375201 0.100 0.123 0.300 5 0 0.4 0.4 0
0.5 0.112 -3.375201 0.114 0.151 0.386 6 0 0.5 0.5 0
0.6 0.123 -3.375201 0.124 0.178 0.476 7 0 0.6 0.6 0

12/22/2020 06:59:41
 Laden Braking Forces Diagram Hydraulic Brakes
Project ID: _____

2.000

1.800
___ Optimum
___ Design
___ Constant m
___ Deceleration a
1.600
FxF (Normalized)

1.400

1.200

1.000

0.800

0.600

0.400

0.200

0.000
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
FxR (Normalized)

12/22/2020 06:59:41
 Empty - Rear Braking Efficiency
Project ID: E=k,m______
Rear Braking Efficiency

3.0

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8
Rear Tire-Road Friction

12/22/2020 BrkEffRear 06:59:41

 Empty - Front Braking Efficiency
Front Braking Efficiency

Project ID: E=J,L____

3.0

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
Front Tire-Road Friction

12/22/2020 BrkEffFront 06:59:41

 Empty Braking Effectiveness
Project ID: ____

2.0
1.9
Deceleration, g

1.8
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600
Brake Line Pressure, psi

12/22/2020 BrkEffE 06:59:41

 Laden Braking Effectiveness
Project ID: ____

2.0
1.9
Deceleration, g

1.8
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600
Brake Line Pressure, psi

12/22/2020 BrkEffFL 06:59:42

 Brake Force Distribution
Project ID: ____

1.000

Brake Temperature (Module 2) and Specific Design Measures

0.900 (Module 8)
require F - values to accurately determine braking energy produced
by
0.800 front or rear brakes.

0.700

0.600

F
0.500

0.400

0.300

0.200

0.100

0.000
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
Brake Line Pressure, psi

12/22/2020 BrkForceDist 06:59:42

 Empty, Front-Rear Axle Tire Road Friction Utilization
Project ID: ____

1.8

1.7___ Front Axle This chart is the basis for complying with friction-
utilization requirements of European braking

1.6
___ Rear Axle standards such as
EEC 71/320, ECE R13
___ Optimum
m Tire-Road Friction

1.5

1.4

1.3

1.2

1.1

1.0

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0.0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6
a Deceleration, g

12/22/2020 FrictionUtilizE 06:59:42

 Loaded, Front-Rear Axle Tire Road Friction Utilization
Project ID: ____

1.8

1.7___ Front Axle This chart is the basis for complying with friction-
utilization requirements of European braking

1.6
___ Rear Axle standards such as
EEC 71/320, ECE R13
___ Optimum
m Tire-Road Friction

1.5

1.4

1.3

1.2

1.1

1.0

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0.0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6
a Deceleration, g

12/22/2020 FrictionUtilizL 06:59:42

 Brake System Design – Hydraulic Brakes 2013

4. Master Cylinder Design. [Ch. 5]

It is used to determine the cross-sectional area, and hence, the diameter of the master cylinder required to produce a specific
vehicle deceleration under conditions of booster failure. The final master cylinder size, in terms of diameter and piston travel(s),
is selected from brake manufacturer design catalogues.
This Module contains the foll (Click on the link or Button to access worksheet)
Master Cylinder:
MasterCylinder
nal master cylinder size, in terms of diameter and piston travel(s),
 Brake System Design - Hydraulic Brakes
4. Master Cylinder Design - (Manual/Vacuum Boost/Hydro Boost Brakes)
Project ID: Test1
Input Data
FRONT REAR
DwcF1 = 2.25 Diameter Wheel Cylinder, in DwcR1 = 0.63
DwcF2 = 0 Diameter Wheel Cylinder, in DwcR2 = 0.00
BFF = 0.64 Brake factor BFR = 1.9
rF = 3.8 Drum or Effective Disc Radius, in rR = 4
hcF = 0.98 Wheel Cylinder Efficiency hcR = 0.96
Calculated Data
AwcF1 = 3.98 Wheel Cylinder Area (1), in2 AwcR1 = 0.31
AwcF2 = 0.00 Wheel Cylinder Area (2), in2 AwcR2 = 0.00
AwcFTotal = 3.98 Total Wheel Cylinder Area, in2 AwcRTotal = 0.31
Input Data
PoF = 5 Pushout Pressure, psi PoR = 5
Fp = 100 Pedal Force, lb
lp = 5.3 Pedal Lever Ratio
BRatio = 1 Boost Ratio
hp = 0.8 Pedal Efficiency
pk = 0 Knee-point Pressure, psi
SL = 1 Valve Slope Reduction
W= 2755 Weight of Vehicle, lb
a= 0.30 Deceleration, Gs
R= 11.8 Tire Radius, in
Calculated Data
Amc = 1.01 Master Cylinder Cross-Sectional Area, in 2
dmc(in) = 1.133766 Master Cylinder Diameter (1), in
dmc(mm) = 28.79766 Master Cylinder Diameter (1), mm
Input Selected* Data
*i.e.: Teves.pdf
dmcSel(mm) = 28.57 Master Cylinder Diameter, mm
SmcSel(mm) = 36.00 Master Cylinder Piston Travel, mm
SpRSel(mm) = 19.00 Travel Split Push Rod Piston, mm
SpFSel(mm) = 17.00 Travel Split Floating Piston, mm
VpRSel(cm3) = 9.60 Volume Push Rod Piston, cm3
VpFSel(cm3) = 9.50 Volume Floating Piston, cm3
Calculated Selected* Data
V 3
mc(in )
= 1.17 Total Volume Master Cylinder, in 3
AmcSelect = 0.99 Master Cylinder Cross-Sectional Area, in 2
 Brake System Design – Hydraulic Brakes 2013
5. Vacuum-Booster Analysis. [Ch. 5]
It is used to determine the boost ratio and vacuum booster diameter (single or dual diaphragm) required to produce a specific
vehicle deceleration at the saturation point of the booster. The final boost ratio and booster diameter is selected from brake
manufacturer design catalogues.

This Module contains the following: (Click on the link or Button to access worksheet)

Booster
iameter (single or dual diaphragm) required to produce a specific
 Brake System Design - Hydraulic Brakes
5. Vacuum Booster Design
Project ID: Test1
Input Data
FRONT REAR
DwcF1 = 2.25 Diameter Wheel Cylinder, in DwcR1 = 0.63
DwcF2 = 0 Diameter Wheel Cylinder, in DwcR2 = 0.00
BFF = 0.64 Brake factor BFR = 1.9
rF = 3.8 Drum or Effective Disc Radius, in rR = 4
hcF = 0.98 Wheel Cylinder Efficiency hcR = 0.96
Calculated Data
AwcF1 = 3.98 Wheel Cylinder Area, in2 AwcR1 = 0.31
AwcF2 = 0.00 Wheel Cylinder Area, in2 AwcR2 = 0.00
AwcFTotal = 3.98 Total Wheel Cylinder Area, in 2 AwcRTotal = 0.31
Input Data
Fp = 100 Pedal Force, lb
lp = 5.3 Pedal Lever Ratio
hp = 0.8 Pedal Efficiency
pk = 0 Knee-point Pressure, psi
SL = 1 Valve Slope Reduction
W= 2755 Weight of Vehicle, lb
a= 0.90 Deceleration, G
R= 11.80 Tire radius, in
Fb = 67 Booster Spring Force, lb
PVac = 11.6 Vacuum Pressure of Booster, psi
PoF = 0 Pushout Pressure, psi PoR = 80
Input Selected* Data
*i.e.: Teves.pdf
dmcSel(mm) = 28.57 Master Cylinder Diameter, mm
ABCql = 489.47 Calculated Booster Area, cm2
ABCql = 75.87 Calculated Booster Area, in 2
Input Selected* Data
ABCql = 475.00
Booster Area Selected from Manufacterer based on ABCal, cm 2
ABCql = 73.60
Booster Area Selected from Manufacterer based on ABCal, in 2
Calculated Selected* Data
AmcSelect = 0.99 Master Cylinder Cross-Sectional Area, in 2
pl = 1245 Brake Line Pressure, psi
BRatio = 3.08 Boost Ratio
pBSat = 1325 Brake Line Pressure at Booster Saturation for a Pedal Force of 125 lbs.
 Brake System Design – Hydraulic Brakes
6. Hydraulic Booster Design. [Ch. 5]
It is used to determine the hydro-boost, and if necessary, accumulator characteristics, to produce a specific vehicle deceleration
at the maximum cutout pressure. The final booster sizes are selected from brake manufacturer design catalogues.

This Module contains the following: (Click on the link or Button to access worksheet)
Design Process:
Process
cumulator characteristics, to produce a specific vehicle deceleration
 6. Hydro-Boost Brake Systems
Design Process:
From Module 4 – Master Cylinder Design - obtain the minimum master cylinder cross-sectional area required for braking with the
boost primary energy source disabled if appropriate. Then select the proper master cylinder listed below or from the manufacturer’s
catalog. With the master cylinder selected use “ Hydraulic Booster Performance Analysis” (Module 4) to determine the design
performance hydraulic brake line pressure of the laden vehicle for specified pedal forces. The design performance brake line pressure
should be 30 to 40% less than the brake line pressure associated with booster saturation point. This design method ensures that braking
effectiveness reserves exist when the brakes get hot and fade.The pump must be large enough to supply both brakes and power steering
6.1 Hydraulic Booster with Gas-Charged Accumulator (Continental Teves – Ate)
Detailed information on boosters available can be obtained from the Continental Teves (Ate) Catalogwww.ate.com
Continental Teves (Ate) provides two master cylinder sizes:
22.2 mm (7/8 in) diameter with 18/16 mm stroke split
26.99 mm (1-1/16 in) diameter with 17/19 mm stroke split.
The accumulator pressure, and hence pedal force boost, ranges between a minimum and maximum of 36 bar (522 psi) to
57 bar (826 psi).
For the 22.2 mm master cylinder diameter the maximum hydraulic brake line pressure ranges from 130 bar (1885 psi) to
214 bar (3103 psi).
The corresponding values for the 26.99 mm master cylinder are 89 bar (1290 psi) and 154 bar (2233 psi).
The input force at the booster pushrod for both master cylinder sizes ranges between 1150 N (258 lb) and 1680 N (378 lb)
corresponding to the minimum at maximum accumulator pressures and should be designed such that for a pedal force of
approximately 175 lb (800 N) a brake line pressure of 3000 psi (200 bar) (booster saturation) is not exceeded.
6.2 Hydro-Boost Booster (Bosch)
Variable gains ranging from 4:1 to 8.2:1 are available with a maximum relief pressure of 1800 psi.
Master cylinder diameters range from 25.4 to 40 mm.
The system uses a gas-charged accumulator and manual push-through application to meet safety standards for brake failure conditions.
6.3 Hydro-Max Hydraulic brake Booster (Bosch)
Under normal non-failure conditions the Hydro-Max booster typically saturates at approximately 1800 to 1900 psi master cylinder
brake line pressure (2 in. master cylinder diameter) for a booster pushrod input force of approximately 325 lb.
For the backup electric pump driven system with manual push through ability a booster pushrod force of 325 lb produces a hydraulic
brake line pressure in the 2-in. master cylinder of approximately 800 psi, that is, approximately 42% of the design braking effectivenes
without primary boost failure.
The manual effort push through without electric pump backup produces approximately 100 psi for a booster push rod force of 175 lb.
ter cylinder listed below or from the manufacturer’s

al forces. The design performance brake line pressure

turation point. This design method ensures that braking
e large enough to supply both brakes and power steering.

on to meet safety standards for brake failure conditions.

booster pushrod force of 325 lb produces a hydraulic

, approximately 42% of the design braking effectiveness

imately 100 psi for a booster push rod force of 175 lb.
 Brake System Design – Hydraulic Brakes 2013
7. Brake Fluid Volume Analysis. [Ch. 5]
It is used to determine the brake fluid volume requirements of all fluid users including non-pressurized and
for normal and hot brakes, as well as normal and partial brake failure conditions. The final result is obtained
in terms of brake pedal travel, pressurized components pedal force and vehicle deceleration.
Here, all individual brake fluid volumes used by the brake system are computed for normal and hot brakes.
The volume required is compared with the volume provided by the master cylinder determined (selected) in
Module 2. The brake pedal travel required to produce certain decelerations for different operative conditions
including partial brake failure are computed.
The Accident Reconstructionist will use this Module to determine Pedal Travel and Deceleration for a Partial
Brake Failure condition. See PCB 9 - 2006 at www.pcbrakeinc.com.
 Calculated Data
VFL = 0.097865 Brake Fluid Volume Loss due to Fluid Compression, in3

7.2.11 Total Brake Fluid Volume Loss.

VFLPo = 0.25 Brake Fluid Volume Loss at Zero Pressure, in3
VFLpr = 0.35 Volume Loss of Pressurized Brake Fluid at Design Point, in3
VFLTotal = 0.605 Total Brake Fluid Volume Loss, in3
7.2.12 Brake Pedal Travel at Design Point.
Sp = 3.23 Brake Pedal Travel at Design Point, in
7.2.13 Maximum Brake Line Pressure When Brake Pedal Contacts Floor.
plmax = 3843 Maximum Brake Line Pressure When Brake Pedal Contacts Floor, psi
7.2.14 Master Cylinder Volume Split for Front-to-Rear Dual System.
VmcF = 0.444 Front Brake Volume, in3
SmcF,in = 0.566 Front Master Cylinder Piston Travel Required, in
SmcF,mm = 14.37 Front Master Cylinder Piston Travel Required, mm
VmcR = 0.161 Rear Brake Volume, in3
SmcR,in = 0.205 Rear Master Cylinder Piston Travel Required, in
SmcR,mm = 5.20 Rear Master Cylinder Piston Travel Required, mm
7. Brake Fluid Volume Analysis.
7.1 Enter data. The results will be used in subsequent calculations.
Brake Fluid Volume Analysis. Disc Front - Disc Rear.
Project ID: Test1
Input Data
FRONT REAR
DwcF1 = 2.25 Diameter Wheel Cylinder, in DwcR1 = 1.50
DwcF2 = 0 Diameter Wheel Cylinder, in DwcR2 = 0.00
BFF = 0.76 Brake factor BFR = 0.7
rF = 4 Drum or Effective Disc Radius, in rR = 4.1
hcF = 0.98 Wheel Cylinder Efficiency hcR = 0.98
Calculated Data
AwcF1 = 3.98 Wheel Cylinder Area (1), in2 AwcR1 = 1.77
AwcF2 = 0.00 Wheel Cylinder Area (2), in 2 AwcR2 = 0.00
AwcFTotal = 3.98 Total Wheel Cylinder Area, in 2 AwcRTotal = 1.77
Input Data
PoF = 5 Pushout Pressure, psi PoR = 5
Fp = 100 Pedal Force, lb
lp = 4.2 Pedal Lever Ratio
BRatio = 1 Boost Ratio
hp = 0.8 Pedal Efficiency
pk = 300 Knee-point Pressure, psi
SL = 0.3 Valve Slope Reduction
W= 3700 Weight of Vehicle, lb
a= 0.90 Deceleration, g
R= 12.5 Tire Radius, in
SPmax = 5.00 Maximum Design Pedal Travel, in
Calculated Data
Input Selected* Data (from Module 4, Master Cylinder Analysis)
dmcSel(mm) = 25.40 Master Cylinder Diameter, mm
SmcSel(mm) = 36.00 Master Cylinder Piston Travel, mm
SpRSel(mm) = 19.00 Travel Split Push Rod Piston, mm
SpFSel(mm) = 17.00 Travel Split Floating Piston, mm
VpRSel(cm3) = 9.60 Volume Push Rod Piston, cm3
VpFSel(cm3) = 9.50 Volume Floating Piston, cm3
Calculated Selected* Data
Vmc(in3) = 1.17 Total Volume Master Cylinder, in 3
AmcSelect = 0.79 Master Cylinder Cross-Sectional Area, in 2
7.2 Disc Brakes on Front and Rear Axle.
7.2.1 Front Caliper Pad - Rotor Clearance and Gas Inclusions (brake line pressure equals zero).
Input Data
LEFT FRONT RIGHT FRONT
LROLF = 0 Front rotor Lateral Run Out, in LRORF = 0
Calculated Data

VCLF = 0.051 Fluid Volume, Caliper, in3 VCRF = 0.051

7.2.2 Rear Caliper Pad - Rotor Clearance and Gas Inclusions (brake line pressure equals zero).

Input Data
LEFT REAR RIGHT REAR
LROLR = 0 Rear rotor Lateral Run Out, in LRORR = 0
Calculated Data

VCLR = 0.025 Fluid Volume, Rear Caliper, in3 VCRR = 0.025

7.2.3 Other Brake Components Requiring Volume with Zero Brake Line Pressure.
7.2.3.1 Hydro Vac
VHyd = 0 Fluid Volume, in3
7.2.3.2 ABS Valves
VABS = 0 Fluid Volume, in3
7.2.3.3 Combination (Proportioning) Valve.
VComb = 0.1 Fluid Volume, in3
VOther = 0.1 Fluid Volume, in3
7.2.4 Brake Line Pressure for Design Effectiveness Stop. (This is the Brake Line pressure level for which pressurized
brake system components volume used is calculated).
pl eff = 1489 Design Brake Line Pressure, psi
7.2.5 Elastic Deformation of Caliper
7.2.5.1 Front Calipers.
dwcF = 2.25 Diameter Wheel Cylinder, in
kcalF = 4.8E-05 kcal, in3 /psi
VcalF = 0.143 Fluid Volume, Front Calipers, in3
7.2.5.2 Rear Calipers.
dwcR = 1.50 Diameter Wheel Cylinder, in
kcalR = 9E-06 kcal, in3 /psi
pleffR = 657 Design Brake Line Pressure, Rear, psi
VcalR = 0.012 Fluid Volume, Rear Calipers, in3
7.2.6 Brake Pad Compression
7.2.6.1 Front Pads.
kpadc = 3E-06 Pad Compression factor, in /psi
VpadF = 0.071025 Fluid Volume, Front Pad, in3
7.2.6.2 Rear Pads.
VpadR = 0.014 Fluid Volume, Rear Calipers, in3
7.2.7 Elastic Deformation of Brake Lines.
Input Data
LBL = 100 Length of metallic brake line, in
kBL = 6.4E-09 kBL, in3 /psi-in
Calculated Data
VBL = 0.000953 Fluid Volume, Brake Line, in3
7.2.8 Brake Hose Expansion.
Input Data
LH = 10 Length of brake hose, in
kH = 4.7E-07 kBL, in3 /psi-in
Calculated Data
VH = 0.006996 Fluid Volume, Hose Expansion, in3
7.2.9 Volume "Losses" in Master Cylinder.
kmc = 6E-06 Specific Volume Loss in Master Cylinder, kmc, in3 /psi-in
Vmc = 0.008932 Fluid Volume, Master Cylinder, in3
7.2.10 Brake Fluid Compression.
Brake Fluid Compression is a function of the active volume of brake fluid being pressurized. It increases with pad wear.
Input Data
wLF = 0.1 Left Front wear distance of both pads, in
wRF = 0.1 Right Front wear distance of both pads, in
wLR = 0.1 Left Rear wear distance of both pads, in
wRR = 0.1 Right Rear wear distance of both pads, in
Vo = 12 Brake Fluid Volume pressurized with New pads, in3
VA = 13.15 Brake Fluid Volume pressurized with Worn pads, in3
CFL = 5E-06 Specific Brake Fluid Compressibility Factor, 1/psi
7.3 Disc Front - Drum Rear.
Enter data. The results will be used in subsequent calculations.
Brake Fluid Volume Analysis.
Project ID: Test1
Input Data
FRONT REAR
DwcF1 = 2.25 Diameter Wheel Cylinder, in DwcR1 = 0.63
DwcF2 = 0 Diameter Wheel Cylinder, in DwcR2 = 0.00
BFF = 0.64 Brake factor BFR = 1.9
rF = 3.8 Drum or Effective Disc Radius, in rR = 4
hcF = 0.98 Wheel Cylinder Efficiency hcR = 0.96
Calculated Data
AwcF1 = 3.98 Wheel Cylinder Area (1), in 2 AwcR1 = 0.31
AwcF2 = 0.00 Wheel Cylinder Area (2), in 2 AwcR2 = 0.00
AwcFTotal = 3.98 Total Wheel Cylinder Area, in 2 AwcRTotal = 0.31
Input Data
PoF = 5 Pushout Pressure, psi PoR = 80
Fp = 100 Pedal Force, lb
lp = 5.3 Pedal Lever Ratio
BRatio = 1 Boost Ratio
hp = 0.8 Pedal Efficiency
pk = 0 Knee-point Pressure, psi
SL = 1 Valve Slope Reduction
W= 2755 Weight of Vehicle, lb
a= 0.90 Deceleration, g
R= 11.8 Tire Radius, in
SPmax = 7.00 Maximum Design Pedal Travel, in
Calculated Data
Input Selected* Data (from Module 4, Master Cylinder Analysis)
dmcSel(mm) = 28.57 Master Cylinder Diameter, mm
SmcSel(mm) = 36.00 Master Cylinder Piston Travel, mm
SpRSel(mm) = 19.00 Travel Split Push Rod Piston, mm
SpFSel(mm) = 17.00 Travel Split Floating Piston, mm
VpRSel(cm3) = 9.60 Volume Push Rod Piston, cm3
VpFSel(cm3) = 9.50 Volume Floating Piston, cm3
Calculated Selected* Data
Vmc(in3) = 1.17 Total Volume Master Cylinder, in 3
AmcSelect = 0.99 Master Cylinder Cross-Sectional Area, in 2
7.3 Front Disc Brakes - Rear Drum Brakes
7.3.1 Front Caliper Pad - Rotor Clearance and Gas Inclusions (Brake Line Pressure = 0)

Input Data
LEFT FRONT RIGHT FRONT
LROLF = 0 Rotor Lateral Run Out, in LRORF = 0

Calculated Data
VCLF = 0.051 Fluid Volume, Caliper, in3 VCRF = 0.051
7.3.2 Volume Loss Due to Air and Gas Inclusions in Drum Brakes (Brake Line Pressure = 0)
kGR = 0.014
VGR = 0.009
7.3.3 Volume Loss Due to Brake Shoe Return Travel (Brake Line Pressure = 0)
kSR = 0.051
VSR = 0.032

7.3.4 Volume Loss Due to Thermal Drum Expansion (Brake Line Pressure = 0)
Input Data
aT = 1.67E-05 Thermal Expansion Coefficient, in/in oF
D= 10.00 Drum Diameter, in
Tdr = 300 Drum Temperature , oF
Calculated Data
VdT = 0.031 Volume Loss Due to Thermal Drum Expansion, in3

7.3.5 Other Brake Components Requiring Volume (Brake Line Pressure = 0)

7.3.5.1 Hydro Vac.
VHy = 0.000 Fluid Volume, in3
7.3.5.2 ABS Valves.
VABS = 0 Fluid Volume, in3
7.3.5.3 Combination (Proportioning) Valve.
VComb = 0.100 Fluid Volume, in3
7.3.5.4 Total Other Volume Users.
VOther = 0.100 Fluid Volume, in3

7.3.6 Brake Line Pressure for Design Effectiveness Stops.

pl eff = 1264 Brake Line Pressure, lbs.
7.3.7 Elastic Deformation of Caliper
7.3.7.1 Front Calipers.
dwcF = 2.25 Diameter Wheel Cylinder, in
kcalF = 4.8E-05 kcal, in3 /psi
VcalF = 0.121 Fluid Volume, Front Calipers, in3

7.3.8 Brake Pad Compression

7.3.8.1 Front Pads.
kpadc = 3E-06 Pad Compression factor, in /psi
VpadF = 0.060331 Fluid Volume, Front Pad, in3
7.3.9 Volume Loss Due to Drum Deformation.
kd = 4.4E-05 Specific Drum Deformation Factor, in /lb
pleffR = 1264 Design Brake Line Pressure, Rear, psi
Vdd = 0.011 Fluid Volume, Front Calipers, in3

7.3.8 Volume Loss Due to Brake Shoe/Lining Compression.

D = 10.00 Drum Diameter, in
w = 2.50 Width of Brake Shoe, in
r = 0.1 Apply Mechanism Correction Factor.
kSC = 3.5E-05
VSC = 0.003 Fluid Volume, in3
7.3.9 Elastic Deformation of Brake Lines.
LBL = 100 Length of metallic brake line, in
kBL = 6.4E-09 kBL, in3 /psi-in
VBL = 0.000809 Fluid Volume, Brake Line, in3
7.3.10 Brake Hose Expansion.
LH = 50 Length of brake hose, in
kH = 4.7E-07 kBL, in3 /psi-in
VH = 0.029715 Fluid Volume, Hose Expansion, in 3
7.3.11 Volume "Losses" in Master Cylinder.
kmc = 6E-06 kBL, in3 /psi-in
Vmc = 0.007587 Fluid Volume, Master Cylinder, in3
 Brake System Design – Hydraulic Brakes 2013
8. Specific Design Performance Measures. [Ch. 3]
It is used to determine actual brake system design performance measures and compare them with allowable
limit design measures for specifiedvehicle loading and braking severity conditions. When the allowable limit
design measures are greater than the actual values, satisfactory brake performance pad or lining wear life,
rotor and drum life, brake temperatures and fade, and others can be expected.
The design measures that follow have proven to be helpful (practical) brake design indicators. When the actual
performance measures calculated are equal to, or less than, the "allowable" design measures, the brake system
design, in terms of rotors and pads or drum and lining, is expected to perform (wear, temperature, pad or lining
life, fading) within accepted ranges. The design engineer should realize that, as pad or lining materials improve,
certain design measure limit values may also change. SAE brake colloquium papers may be consulted.

Surface cracks/rupture of brake rotors will be less when the following are small:
thermal expansion coefficient, elastic modulus, Poisson's ratio, thermal diffusivity, rotor thickness 2L
and thermal conductivity will be large.
er should realize that, as pad or lining materials improve,
8. SPECIFIC DESIGN MEASURES. NOTE: Allowable Values of Design Measures May Change!
8.1 DISC FRONT - DISC REAR.
Project ID: Test1
Input Data
FRONT REAR
DwcF1 = 2.25 Diameter Wheel Cylinder, in DwcR1 = 1.50
DwcF2 = 0 Diameter Wheel Cylinder, in DwcR2 = 0.00
BFF = 0.76 Brake factor BFR = 0.7
rF = 4 Drum or Effective Disc Radius, in rR = 4.1
hcF = 0.98 Wheel Cylinder Efficiency hcR = 0.98
1-f F 0.68 Relative Rear Brake Force f= 0.32
= Calculated Data
AwcF1 = 3.98 Wheel Cylinder Area, in2 AwcR1 = 1.77
AwcF2 = 0.00 Wheel Cylinder Area, in2 AwcR2 = 0.00
AwcFTotal = 3.98 Total Wheel Cylinder Area, in 2 AwcRTotal = 1.77
Input Data
pk = 300 Knee-point Pressure, psi
SL = 0.3 Valve Slope Reduction
W= 3700 Weight of Vehicle, lb
ad = 0.5 Design Point Deceleration, g's
R= 12.50 Tire radius, in
PoF = 5 Pushout Pressure, psi PoR = 5
Vmax,mph = 100 Maximum Velocity, mph
Vmax,ft/sec = 147 Maximum Velocity, ft/sec
Calculated Selected* Data
pl = 789 Brake Line Pressure, psi
pl eff = 793 Front Brake Line Pressure at Design Point, lbs.
Rear Brake Line Pressure at Design Point, pl effR = 448
 8.2 Disc Brakes.
8.2.1 Mechanical Pressure between Pad and Rotor.
8.2.1.1. Front Disc Brakes.
Front Brake Line Pressure at Design Point.
Front Actual Mechanical Pressure.
ApadF = 4 Area of one pad in contact with rotor, in2
pmpF = 789 Front Actual Mechanical Pressure, psi
Allowable Mechanical Pressure Between Pad and Rotor.
pmpal = 1700 Allowable Mechanical Pressure Between Pad and Rotor, psi
8.2.1.2. Rear Disc Brakes.
Rear Brake Line Pressure at Design Point.
Actual Rear Mechanical Pad Pressure.
ApadR = 3 Area of one pad in contact with rotor, in2
pmpR = 264 Rear Actual Mechanical Pressure, psi
8.2.2. Specific Braking Energy per Unit Pad Area.
8.2.2.1. Front Disc Brakes.
Actual Specific Front Pad Braking Energy.
epAF = 52528 lb ft/in2
8.2.2.2. Rear Disc Brakes.
Rear Actual Specific Pad Braking Energy.
epAR = 32958 lb ft/in2
8.2.3. Specific Braking Energy per Unit Area of Swept Rotor Surface.
8.2.3.1. Front Disc Brakes.
Front Actual Specific Braking Energy per Unit Area of Swept Rotor Surface.
ros = 5 Outer radius of swept disc surface, in
ris = 3 Inner radius of swept disc surface, in
ASF = 12.57 Swept surface of one front brake of one side, in2
eSRAF = 16720 lb ft/in2
8.2.3.2. Rear Disc Brakes.
Rear Actual Specific Braking Energy per Unit Area of Swept Rotor Surface.
ros = 4.8 Outer radius of swept disc surface, in
ris = 2.8 Inner radius of swept disc surface, in
ASR = 11.94 Swept surface of one rear brake of one side, in2
eSRAR = 8282 lb ft/in2
 8.2.4. Nominal Brake Temperature and Specific Braking Energy per Unit Weight of Active Rotor Weight
8.2.4.1. Front Disc Brakes.
Active Front Rotor Weight
rRF = 0.263 Rotor specific weight, lb/in3
lRF = 0.85 Rotor thickness, in
ros = 6 Outer radius of swept disc surface, in
ris = 2.5 Inner radius of swept disc surface, in
WRAF = 5.22 Active Front Rotor Weight (without hub), lbs
eWF = 40225 Specific Braking Energy per Unit Weight of Active Rotor Weight, lb ft/lb
Brake Temperature Increase of Active Rotor Weight of Front Brakes.
cRF = 0.1 Specific heat of rotor material, BTU/lb oF
DTF = 517 Brake Temperature Increase of Active Rotor Weight of Front Brakes, oF
D T Fallw = 440 Allowable Brake Temperature Increase of Active Rotor Weight, oF
8.2.4.2. Rear Disc Brakes.
Rear Active Rotor Weight
rRR = 0.263 Rotor specific weight, lb/in3
lRR = 0.75 Rotor thickness, in
ros = 4.8 Outer radius of swept disc surface, in
ris = 2.3 Inner radius of swept disc surface, in
WRAR = 2.75 Active Rear Rotor Weight (without hub), lbs
eWR = 35957 Specific Braking Energy per Unit Weight of Active Rotor Weight, lb ft/lb
Brake Temperature Increase of Active Rotor Weight of Rear Brakes.
cRR = 0.1 Specific heat of rotor material, BTU/lb oF
DTR = 462 Brake Temperature Increase of Active Rotor Weight of Rear Brakes, oF
DTRallw = 440 Allowable Brake Temperature Increase of Active Rotor Weight, oF
8.2.5. Specific Braking Power per Unit Area of Pad Surface.
8.2.5.1. Front Disc Brakes.
Actual Specific Front Braking Power per Unit Area of Pad Surface.
qpadAF = 11532 Actual Specific Front Braking Power per Unit Area of Pad
Surface, lb-ft/sec-in2
qpadallwF = 13000 Allowable Actual Specific Front Braking Power per Unit Area of Pad
Surface, lb-ft/sec-in2
8.2.5.2. Rear Disc Brakes.
Rear Actual Specific Braking Power per Unit Area of Pad Surface.
qpadAR = 7236 Actual Specific Rear Braking Power per Unit Area of Pad
Surface, lb-ft/sec-in2

8.2.6. Specific Braking Power per Unit Area of Swept Rotor Surface.
8.2.6.1. Front Disc Brakes.
Front Actual Specific Braking Power per Unit Area of Swept Rotor
Surface (at onset of braking), lb-ft/sec-in2
qSRAF = 3671 Actual Specific Front Braking Power per Swept Area of Rotor Surface
, lb-ft/sec-in2
Allowable Actual Specific Front Braking Power per Unit Area of Rotor Surface, lb-ft/sec-in2
TF = 400 Front Brake Temperature, oF
qSRallwF = 1146 Allowable Actual Specific Front Braking Power per Unit Area of Swept Rotor
Surface, lb-ft/sec-in2

8.2.6.2. Rear Disc Brakes.

Rear Actual Specific Braking Power per Unit Area of Swept Rotor Surface
(at onset of braking), lb ft/sec in2
qSRAR = 1818 Actual Specific Rear Braking Power per Unit Area of Swept Rotor
Surface, lb-ft/sec-in2
Allowable Actual Specific Rear Braking Power per Unit Area of Swept Rotor Surface, lb-ft/sec-in2
TR = 400 Rear Brake Temperature, oF
qSRallwR = 1299 Allowable Actual Specific Rear Braking Power per Unit Area of Swept Rotor
Surface, lb-ft/sec-in2
8.2.7. Specific Friction-Pad Pressure Wear Measure.
8.2.7.1. Front Disc Brakes.
Front Specific Friction-Pad Pressure Wear Measure.
fppmF = 245.70 Front Specific Friction-Pad Pressure Wear Measure, psi
The Maximum allowable Front Specific Friction-Pad Pressure Wear Measure may change as
pad materials improve.
8.2.7.2. Rear Disc Brakes.
Rear Specific Friction-Pad Pressure Wear Measure.
fppmR = 150.41 Rear Specific Friction-Pad Pressure Wear Measure, psi
 8.3 DISC FRONT - DRUM REAR
Project ID: Test1
Input Data
FRONT REAR
DwcF1 = 2.25 Diameter Wheel Cylinder, in DwcR1 = 0.75
DwcF2 = 0 Diameter Wheel Cylinder, in DwcR2 = 0.00
BFF = 0.76 Brake factor BFR = 1.5
rF = 4 Drum or Effective Disc Radius, in rR = 4.1
hcF = 0.98 Wheel Cylinder Efficiency hcR = 0.96
1-f F = 0.7 Relative Rear Brake Force f= 0.3
Calculated Data
AwcF1 = 3.98 Wheel Cylinder Area, in2 AwcR1 = 0.44
AwcF2 = 0.00 Wheel Cylinder Area, in 2 AwcR2 = 0.00
AwcFTotal = 3.98 Total Wheel Cylinder Area, in 2 AwcRTotal = 0.44
Input Data
pk = 300 Knee-point Pressure, psi
SL = 0.3 Valve Slope Reduction
W= 3700 Weight of Vehicle, lb
ad = 0.5 Design Point Deceleration, g's
R= 12.50 Tire radius, in
PoF = 5 Pushout Pressure, psi PoR = 80
Vmax,mph = 100 Maximum Velocity, mph
Vmax,ft/sec = 147 Maximum Velocity, ft/sec
Calculated Selected* Data
pl = 872 Brake Line Pressure, psi
pl eff = 892 Front Brake Line Pressure at Design Point, lbs.
Rear Brake Line Pressure at Design Point, pl effR = 477
 8.4 Disc Brakes.
8.4.1 Mechanical Pressure between Pad and Rotor.
8.4.1.1. Front Disc Brakes.
Front Brake Line Pressure at Design Point.
Front Actual Mechanical Pressure.
ApadF = 4 Area of one front pad in contact with rotor, in2
pmpF = 886 Front Actual Mechanical Pressure, psi
Allowable Mechanical Pressure Between Pad and Rotor.
pmpal = 1700 Allowable Mechanical Pressure Between Pad and Rotor, psi
8.4.1.2. Rear Disc Brakes - NOT USED
Rear Brake Line Pressure at Design Point.
Actual Rear Mechanical Pad Pressure.
ApadR = 3 Area of one pad in contact with rotor, in2
pmpR = 70 Rear Actual Mechanical Pressure, psi
8.4.2. Specific Braking Energy per Unit Pad Area.
8.4.2.1. Front Disc Brakes.
Actual Specific Front Pad Braking Energy.
epAF = 54073 lb ft/in2
8.4.2.2. Rear Disc Brakes - NOT USED
Rear Actual Specific Pad Braking Energy.
epAR = 30899 lb ft/in2
8.4.3. Specific Braking Energy per Unit Area of Swept Rotor Surface.
8.4.3.1. Front Disc Brakes.
Front Actual Specific Braking Energy per Unit Area of Swept Rotor Surface.
ros = 5 Outer radius of swept disc surface, in
ris = 3 Inner radius of swept disc surface, in
ASF = 12.57 Swept surface of one front brake of one side, in2
eSRAF = 17212 lb ft/in2
8.4.3.2. Rear Disc Brakes - NOT USED
Rear Actual Specific Braking Energy per Unit Area of Swept Rotor Surface.
ros = 4.8 Outer radius of swept disc surface, in
ris = 2.8 Inner radius of swept disc surface, in
ASR = 11.94 Swept surface of one rear brake of one side, in2
eSRAR = 7765 lb ft/in2
 8.4.4. Nominal Brake Temperature and Specific Braking Energy per Unit Weight of Active Rotor Weight
8.4.4.1. Front Disc Brakes.
Active Front Rotor Weight
rRF = 0.263 Rotor specific weight, lb/in3
lRF = 0.85 Rotor thickness, in
ros = 6 Outer radius of swept disc surface, in
ris = 2.5 Inner radius of swept disc surface, in
WRAF = 5.22 Active Front Rotor Weight, lbs
eWF = 41408 Specific Braking Energy per Unit Weight of Active Rotor Weight, lb ft/lb
Brake Temperature Increase of Active Rotor Weight of Front Brakes.
cRF = 0.1 Specific heat of rotor material, BTU/lb oF
DTF = 532 Brake Temperature Increase of Active Rotor Weight of Front Brakes, oF
D T Fallw = 440 Allowable Brake Temperature Increase of Active Rotor Weight, oF
8.4.4.2. Rear Disc Brakes - NOT USED
Rear Active Rotor Weight
rRR = 0.263 Rotor specific weight, lb/in3
lRR = 0.75 Rotor thickness, in
ros = 4.8 Outer radius of swept disc surface, in
ris = 2.3 Inner radius of swept disc surface, in
WRAR = 2.75 Active Rear Rotor Weight, lbs
eWR = 33710 Specific Braking Energy per Unit Weight of Active Rotor Weight, lb ft/lb
Brake Temperature Increase of Active Rotor Weight of Rear Brakes.
cRR = 0.1 Specific heat of rotor material, BTU/lb oF
DTR = 433 Brake Temperature Increase of Active Rotor Weight of Rear Brakes, oF
DTRallw = 440 Allowable Brake Temperature Increase of Active Rotor Weight, oF
8.4.5. Specific Braking Power per Unit Area of Pad Surface.
8.4.5.1. Front Disc Brakes.
Actual Specific Front Braking Power per Unit Area of Pad Surface.
qpadAF = 11871 Actual Specific Front Braking Power per Unit Area of Pad
Surface, lb-ft/sec-in2
qpadallwF = 13000 Allowable Actual Specific Front Braking Power per Unit Area of Pad
Surface, lb-ft/sec-in2
8.4.5.2. Rear Disc Brakes - NOT USED
Rear Actual Specific Braking Power per Unit Area of Pad Surface.
qpadAR = 6783 Actual Specific Rear Braking Power per Unit Area of Pad
Surface, lb-ft/sec-in2

8.4.6. Specific Braking Power per Unit Area of Swept Rotor Surface.
8.4.6.1. Front Disc Brakes.
Front Actual Specific Braking Power per Unit Area of Swept Rotor
Surface (at onset of braking), lb-ft/sec-in2
qSRAF = 3779 Actual Specific Front Braking Power per Unit Area of Swept Rotor
Surface, lb-ft/sec-in2
Allowable Actual Specific Front Braking Power per Unit Area of Swept Rotor Surface, lb-ft/sec-in2
TF = 400 Front Brake Temperature, oF
qSRallwF = 1146 Allowable Actual Specific Front Braking Power per Unit Area of Swept Rotor
Surface, lb-ft/sec-in2

8.4.6.2. Rear Disc Brakes - NOT USED

Rear Actual Specific Braking Power per Unit Area of Swept Rotor Surface
(at onset of braking), lb ft/sec in2
qSRAR = 1705 Actual Specific Rear Braking Power per Unit Area of Swept Rotor
Surface, lb-ft/sec-in2
Allowable Actual Specific Rear Braking Power per Unit Area of Swept Rotor Surface, lb-ft/sec-in2
TR = 400 Rear Brake Temperature, oF
qSRallwR = 1299 Allowable Actual Specific Rear Braking Power per Unit Area of Swept Rotor
Surface, lb-ft/sec-in2
8.4.7. Specific Friction-Pad Pressure Wear Measure.
8.4.7.1. Front Disc Brakes.
Front Specific Friction-Pad Pressure Wear Measure.
fppmF = 252.93 Front Specific Friction-Pad Pressure Wear Measure, psi
The Maximum allowable Front Specific Friction-Pad Pressure Wear Measure may change as
pad materials improve.
8.4.7.2. Rear Disc Brakes - NOT USED
Rear Specific Friction-Pad Pressure Wear Measure.
fppmR = 141.01 Rear Specific Friction-Pad Pressure Wear Measure, psi
 8.5. Drum Brakes Rear
8.5.1. Specific Braking Power into Lining.
AL = 10 Lining or rubbing area of leading or secondary shoe, in2
l= 0.70 Relative portion of Braking Power absorbed by Leading/Secondary Shoe.
edA = 19.4 Actual Specific Braking Power into Lining, lb-ft/sec-in2
8.5.2. Specific Braking Power into Drum Swept Surface.
AdR = 60 Swept Drum Area, [(3.14)Drum Diameter x Brake Shoe Width], in 2
edAR = 678.3 Actual Specific Braking Power into Lining, lb-ft/sec-in2

8.5.3. Specific Friction-Lining Pressure Wear Measure.

ALPR = 15 Projected Rear Lining Area, in2

fLpmR = 92.1 Specific Rear Friction-Lining Pressure Wear Measure, psi
 Brake System Design – Hydraulic Brakes 2013
9. Design of Parking Brake Systems. [Ch. 4]
It is used to compute the hill holding capacity as well as decelerations for the Parking Brake System.
FMVSS do not require deceleration performance. Since it may be used in hyd. brake failures, designers must consi
This Module contains the following: (Click on the link or Button to access worksheet)

9Data Data Input

9Calc Parking Brake Design Using Wheel Brakes of One Axle.

t may be used in hyd. brake failures, designers must consider it.
 9. Parking Brake System: Wheel Brakes or Drive Shaft Brake

Project ID: Test1

Input Data
W = 6000 Weight of Vehicle, lb
WB = 120 Wheelbase, in
BF = 4 Brake factor
FH = 100 Hand or Foot Force, lb
FS = 15 Return Spring Force, lb
l1 = 1 Brake Dimension, in
l2 = 4 Brake Dimension, in
l3 = 5 Brake Dimension, in
l5 = 6 Brake Dimension, in
hH = 0.7 Mechanical Efficiency of Parking Brake from Hand to Cable Force
hB = 0.8 Mechanical Efficiency Inside Wheel Brake
R= 15 Tire radius, in
r= 6 Drum radius, in
S= 11 Slope, degrees
froll = 0.01 Coefficient of Tire Rolling Resistance
lR = 60 Horizontal distance from CG to Rear Axle (Level Road), in
lF = 60 Horizontal distance from CG to Front Axle (Level Road), in
h= 30 Vertical distance from Ground to CG, in
rH = 9 Displacement Gain between Hand Force and Cable Force
rDB = 2.5 Mechanical Gain of Drive Shaft, Disc or Drum Brake
rFD = 4 Rear Axle Final Drive Ratio.
ht = 0.9 Mechanical Eficiency between Drive Shaft and Driven Wheels
 9.1. Parking Brake Design Using Wheel Brakes of One Axle.
9.1.1. Drum Parking Brake.
rB = 2.58 Mechanical Gain of Wheel Brake
FXH = 1984 Braking Force on Braked Axle, lb
a= 0.33 Deceleration achieved with Parking Brake, g
Slopea, deg = 19.31 Slope on which Parking Brake will hold vehicle Stationary, Degrees
Slopea, %
= 35.03 Slope on which Parking Brake will hold vehicle Stationary, %
Tire-Road Friction Coefficient Required to Hold Vehicle Stationary on Grade.
mR = 0.83 Parking Brake on Rear Axle (Vehicle Facing Downhill)
mF = 0.83 Parking Brake on Front Axle (Vehicle Facing Uphill)
9.1.2. Disc Parking Brake.
Input Data
rDisc = 2.5 Mechanical Gain of Wheel Brake
FXH = 1968 Braking Force on Braked Axle, lb
a= 0.33 Deceleration achieved with Parking Brake, g
Slopea, deg = 19.15 Slope on which Parking Brake will hold vehicle Stationary, Degrees
Slopea, %
= 34.72 Slope on which Parking Brake will hold vehicle Stationary, %
Tire-Road Friction Coefficient Required to Hold Vehicle Stationary on Grade.
mR = 0.82 Parking Brake on Rear Axle (Vehicle Facing Downhill)
mF = 0.82 Parking Brake on Front Axle (Vehicle Facing Uphill)
9.2. Parking Brake Design Using Single Drive-Shaft-Mounted Drum or Disc Brake.
FXD = 11200 Braking Force on Braked Axle, lb
aD = 1.87 Braking Force on Braked Axle, lb
Slopea, deg
= #NUM! Slope on which Parking Brake will hold vehicle Stationary, Degrees
Slopea, % = #NUM! Slope on which Parking Brake will hold vehicle Stationary, %
TB = 37800 Brake Torque of Parking Brake, lbin.
TSC = 3864 Drive Shaft Torque Developed by Weight of Vehicle Parked on Down Slope, lbin.
 Brake System Design – Hydraulic Brakes 2013
10. Brake System Design Check for Braking in a Turn (Fig. 7-33)
It is used to compute the Lockup Sequence of Individual Wheels for specified lateral
accelerations and turning radius using the traction coefficient concept.
This Module contains the following: (Click on the link or Button to access worksheet)

10Turn1 Brake System Design Performance Check for Braking in a Turn. Data Input.

10Turn2 Brake System Design Performance Check for Braking in a Turn. Calculated.

See detailed discussion of optimum brake line pressures (Fig. 7-34) for braking-while-turning in Chapter 7 of Brake Design and Safety, 3rd ed.
 Brake System Design - Hydraulic Brakes
10. Brake System Design Performance Check for Braking in a Turn.
Input Data
pl = 800 Hydraulic Brake Line Pressure, psi
REAR
DwcF1 = 2.75 Diameter Wheel Cylinder (1), in DwcR1 = 1.75
DwcF2 = 0.00 Diameter Wheel Cylinder (2), in DwcR2 = 0.00
BFF = 0.7 Brake factor BFR = 0.7
poF = 5 Pushout Pressure, psi poR = 5
RF = 11.9 Tire Radius, in RR = 11.9
rF = 3.97 Drum or Effective Disc Radius, in rR = 4.57
hcF = 0.98 Wheel Cylinder Efficiency hcR = 0.98
Calculated Data
AwcF1 = 5.94 Wheel Cylinder Area (1), in 2 AwcR1 = 2.41
AwcF2 = 0.00 Wheel Cylinder Area (2), in 2 AwcR2 = 0.00
AwcFTotal = 5.94 Total Wheel Cylinder Area, in 2 AwcRTotal = 2.41
FxF = 2161 Braking Force, lb FxR = 624
Input Data
pmc = 100 Master Cylinder Pressure, psi
pk = 250 Knee-point Pressure, psi
SL = 0.45 Valve Slope Reduction
kmc = 1.000 Master Cylinder Ratio
W = 4500 Weight of Vehicle, lb
h = 22 Height of CG, in
L = 104.8 Wheelbase, in
Rear Brake Line Pressure, psi PR = 497.5
Rear Static Axle Load, lb FzR = 1500
Calculated Data
Y = 0.33 Relative Rear Axle Load
C = 0.21 Relative CG Height
a = 0.62 Deceleration
Y/C = 1.59 Deceleration for Rear Axle Load = 0, g
FzFdyn = 3585 Dynamic Axle Load, lb (Lateral Accel=0) FzRdyn = 915
wF = 100 Front/Rear Suspension Unsprung Weight, lb wR = 100
hCG = 24 Height of CG, in
WS = 4250 Vehicle Sprung Weight, lb
pF = 0.25 Height of Front/Rear Suspension Roll Center, in pR = 11.75
KF = 27217 Front/Rear Suspension Roll Stifness, lb-ft/rad KR = 10772
tF = 63 Front/Rear Track Width, in tR = 63
hF = 8 Height of CG of Front/Rear Unsprung Mass, in hR = 8
hr = 18 Perpendicular distance CG and Roll Axis, in
ay = 0.3 Lateral Acceleration, g-units
Rc = 300 Curve Radius, ft
 Brake System Design - Hydraulic Brakes
10. Brake System Design Performance Check for Braking in a Turn.
Project ID: Test1
Calculated Data:
FRONT REAR
SF = 0.252 Front/Rear Suspension Normalized SR = 0.162
Roll Stifness, lb-ft/rad
FzF,i = 1524 Normal Force at Inner Front Wheel, lb
FzF,o = 2060 Normal Force at Outer Front Wheel, lb
FzR,i = 285.538 Normal Force at Inner Rear Wheel, lb
FzR,o = 630 Normal Force at Outer Rear Wheel, lb
FyF,i = 319 Tire Side Force on Inner Front Wheel, lb
FyF,o = 431 Tire Side Force on Outer Front Wheel, lb
FyR,i = 117 Tire Side Force on Inner Rear Wheel, lb
FyR,o = 258 Tire Side Force on Outer Rear Wheel, lb
FxF,i = 1081 Braking Force on Inner Front Wheel, lb
FxF,o = 1081 Braking Force on Outer Front Wheel, lb
FxR,i = 312 Braking Force on Inner Rear Wheel, lb
FxR,o = 312 Braking Force on Outer Rear Wheel, lb

Traction Coefficient on Individual Wheel. Wheel with highest traction coeff. locks first.

mTF,i = 0.73916 Inner Front Wheel Itterate brake line pressure untill traction
mTF,o = 0.56469 Outer Front Wheel coefficient first reaches tire road friction
mTR,i = 1.16723 Inner Rear Wheel coefficient to determine pressure at lockup.
mTR,o = 0.64302 Outer Rear Wheel

Note: The Friction Circle is only valid if the vehicle mass is thought of being concentrated
in a single point. In the Evaluation of Braking in a Turn the engineer must distinguish
between low to medium, and high braking deceleration. Yaw velocity is a mesure for
directional stability, lateral acceleration is for steerability. These parameters are
normally analyzed 1 second after beginning of braking.