‫اﻟﻤﺎﻛﻴﻨﺎت اﻟﺘﺰاﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﺛﻼﺛﻴﺔ اﻟﻄﻮر‬

‫‪Three Phase Synchronous Machines‬‬

‫وﺑﻌﻜﺲ اﻟﻤﺎﻛﻴﻨﺎت اﻟﺤﺜﻴﺔ )‪ (Steady State‬ﺗﺪور اﻟﻤﺎﻛﻴﻨﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺰاﻣﻨﺔ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺮة‬
‫ﻓﺎن اﻟﻤﺎﻛﻴﻨﺎت اﻟﺘﺰاﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﺗﺪور ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺗﺴﺎوي ﺳﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﻤﺠﺎل اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻄﻴﺴﻲ )‪(Induction Machines‬‬
‫وﻟﻬﺬا اﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﺴﻤﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ )‪ (Machine Air Gap‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﺜﻐﺮة اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ )‪(Magnetic Field‬‬
‫‪.‬اﻟﻤﺘﺰاﻣﻨﺔ‬

‫‪ (Synchronous Generators‬ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﻤﺎﻛﻴﻨﺎت اﻟﺘﺰاﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻛﻤﻮﻟﺪات ﻟﻠﻘﺪرة وﻓﻲ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﺴﻤﻲ‬
‫وﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎدة ﺗﻜﻮن ﻫﺬه اﻟﻤﺎﻛﻴﻨﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺰاﻣﻨﺔ ﺑﺎﺣﺠﺎم ﻛﺒﻴﺮة ﻟﺘﻮﻟﻴﺪ اﻟﻘﺪرة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺤﻄﺎت )‪or Alternators‬‬
‫وﺗﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﻤﺎﻛﻴﻨﺎت )‪ (Thermal‬واﻟﻤﺎﻛﻴﻨﺎت اﻟﺤﺮارﻳﺔ )‪ (Nuclear‬واﻟﻤﺤﻄﺎت اﻟﻨﻮوﻳﺔ ))‪ Hydro‬اﻟﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫‪.‬اﻟﺘﺰاﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻛﻤﻮﻟﺪات وﻛﻤﺤﺮﻛﺎت‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﻣﻀﺨﺎت ﻣﺤﻄﺎت اﻟﺘﻮﻟﻴﺪ اﻟﺤﺮارﻳﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ )‪ (Synchronous Motors‬ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﻤﺤﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﺘﺰاﻣﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫وﻓﻲ اﻻﻗﺮاص اﻟﺪوارة )‪ (Timers‬واﻟﻤﻮﻗﺘﺎت )‪ (Electric Clocks‬ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﺎﻋﺎت اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫وﺑﺼﻮرة ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﺣﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻫﻨﺎك ﺣﻮﺟﺔ ﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ وﻫﻲ )‪ (Record Turntables‬ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺠﻼت‬
‫)‪ (LSM‬ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺷﺎﺋﻌﺔ اﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻛﻤﺤﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﺘﻴﺎر اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ واﻟﻤﺤﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﺤﺜﻴﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ان اﻟﻤﺤﺮك اﻟﻤﺘﺰاﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﻄﻲ‬
‫‪.‬ﻣﻘﺘﺮح ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻓﻲ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎت اﻟﻨﻘﻞ اﻟﺴﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‬

‫‪ (Lagging or Leading‬اﻟﺴﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺮك اﻟﻤﺘﺰاﻣﻦ اﻧﻬﺎ ﻗﺎدرة ﻋﻠﻲ ﺳﺤﺐ ﺗﻴﺎرﺣﺜﻲ ﻣﺘﻘﺪم او ﻣﺘﺎﺧﺮ‬
‫‪ (AC Supply System).‬ﻣﻦ ﻧﻈﺎم اﻟﺘﻴﺎر اﻟﻤﺘﺮدد )‪Reactive Current‬‬

‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺘﻢ اﺛﺎرة اﻗﻄﺎب )‪ (Doubly Excited Machines‬اﻟﻤﺎﻛﻴﻨﺎت اﻟﺘﺰاﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺎﻛﻴﻨﺎت ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ اﻻﺛﺎرة‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ )‪ (AC‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﻠﻔﺎت اﻟﻌﻀﻮ اﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ ﻣﻮﺻﻮﻟﺔ ﻟﻤﺼﺪر ﺗﻴﺎر ﻣﺘﺮدد )‪ (DC‬اﻟﻌﻀﻮ اﻟﺪوار ﺑﺘﻴﺎر ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ )‪ (Air Gap Flux‬ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ رﻗﻢ )‪ (1‬وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻳﻜﻮن اﻟﻔﻴﺾ اﻟﻤﻐﻨﻄﻴﺴﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺜﻐﺮة اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫‪.‬ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺘﻴﺎري اﻟﻌﻀﻮ اﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ واﻟﻌﻀﻮ اﻟﺪوار ﻟﻠﻤﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ )‪ (Fluxes‬ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ اﻟﻤﺤﺼﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﺎﻻت اﻟﻤﻐﻨﻄﻴﺴﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻳﻜﻮن ﺗﻴﺎر اﻻﺛﺎرة ﻫﻮ ﺗﻴﺎر اﻟﻌﻀﻮ اﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺗﻜﻮن )‪ (Induction Machines‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎﻛﻴﻨﺎت اﻟﺤﺜﻴﺔ‬
‫وﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﻤﺤﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﺤﺜﻴﺔ داﺋﻤﺎ )‪ (Induced Currents‬ﺗﻴﺎرات اﻟﻌﻀﻮ اﻟﺪوار ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﺗﻴﺎرات ﻣﺴﺘﺤﺜﺔ‬
‫ﻻن ﻫﻨﺎك ﺣﻮﺟﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻤﺮار ﻟﺘﻴﺎر ﺣﺜﻴﻰ ﻣﺘﺎﺧﺮ ﻟﻴﻘﻮم )‪ (Lagging Power Factor‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻗﺪرة ﻣﺘﺎﺧﺮ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻧﺸﺎء اﻟﺤﻘﻞ اﻟﻤﻐﻨﻄﻴﺴﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻤﻴﺰ اﻟﻤﺤﺮك اﻟﻤﺘﺰاﻣﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻗﺪرة ﻣﺘﻘﺪم‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻲ )‪ (Lagging Power Factor‬او ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻗﺪرة ﻣﺘﺎﺧﺮ )‪(Leading Power Factor‬‬
‫‪).‬ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﻘﺪرة ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺮك اﻟﻤﺘﺰاﻣﻦ ﺑﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺗﻴﺎر اﻻﺛﺎرة )ﺗﻴﺎر اﻟﺪوار‬
‫واﻟﻤﻮﺻﻮل ﺑﻨﻈﺎم ﺗﻴﺎر ﻣﺘﺮدد ﺳﻴﻌﻤﻞ ﻛﻤﻜﺜﻒ او )‪ (Not Loaded‬ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺎن اﻟﻤﺤﺮك اﻟﻤﺘﺰاﻣﻦ ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺤﻤﻞ‬
‫‪ (Field Current).‬ﻛﻤﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺘﺰاﻣﻦ ﺗﺒﻌﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻴﺎر اﻻﺛﺎرة‬

‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ )‪ (Synchronous Condenser‬اﻟﻤﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ اﻟﺘﺰاﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺤﻤﻠﺔ ﺗﺴﻤﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻜﺜﻒ اﻟﻤﺘﺰاﻣﻦ‬
‫‪.‬اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻈﺎم ﻧﻘﻞ اﻟﻘﺪرة اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺟﻬﻮد ﺧﻄﻮط ﻧﻘﻞ اﻟﻘﺪرة‬

‫ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﺤﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﺤﺜﻴﺔ )‪ (Synchronous Motors‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎ اﻟﻤﺤﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺰاﻣﻨﺔ‬
‫)‪ (Overexcited Mode‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﻤﺤﺮك اﻟﻤﺘﺰاﻣﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻻﺛﺎرة ﻓﻮق اﻟﻤﻌﺪل ‪(Induction Motors),‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ اﻟﺘﻴﺎر اﻟﻤﺘﺎﺧﺮ اﻟﻤﺴﺤﻮب ﻣﻦ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﺮﻛﺎت )‪ (Leading current‬ﺑﺴﺤﺐ ﺗﻴﺎر ﻣﺘﻘﺪم‬
‫اﻟﺤﺜﻴﺔ وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺗﻘﻮم اﻟﻤﺤﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺰاﻣﻨﺔ ﺑﺘﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﻘﺪرة اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺼﻨﻊ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‬
‫‪.‬اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫‪Example‬‬
 Tutorial 1

The infinite bus in the following figure operates at 480 V. Load 1 is an induction
motor consuming 100 kW at 0.78 PF lagging, and load 2 is an induction motor
consuming 200 kW at 0.8 PF lagging. Load 3 is a synchronous motor whose real
power consumption is 150 kW.
a. Ifthe synchronous motor is adjusted to operate at 0.85 PF lagging, what is the
transmission line current in this system?
b. Ifthe synchronous motor is adjusted to operate at 0.85 PF leading, what is the
transmission line current in this system?
c. Assume that the transmission line losses are given by:
PLL = 3 RL
Where LL stands for line losses. How do the transmission losses compare in
the two cases?