1 Matrix power:

In a dc circuit power is given by:

𝑃 = 𝑉𝐼 𝑜𝑟 𝑃 = 𝐼2 𝑅
And in ac circuit:
𝑃 = 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑉 𝐼 ∗ = 𝑉 ∗ 𝐼 = 𝐼𝑉 ∗
The Theory Of The Unified Machines Lecture 2&3 21-Feb-20
2 In matrix form for a dc system in figure:

𝑃 = 𝑉𝑎 𝐼𝑎 + 𝑉𝑏 𝐼𝑏 + 𝑉𝑐 𝐼𝑐
If we put:
𝑉𝑎 𝐼𝑎
𝑉 = 𝑉𝑏 &&& 𝐼 = 𝐼𝑏
𝑉𝑐 𝐼𝑐
The Theory Of The Unified Machines Lecture 2&3 21-Feb-20
 Ia
3 ∴ P = Va Vb Vc Ib = Vt I or P = It V
Ic
hence ∶ Vt ≡ transpose of V &&& It ≡ transpose of I
in an ac circuit:
P = real Vt ∗ I = real Vt I ∗ = real It V ∗ = real It ∗ V
Active transformation:
Consider the circuit:

The Theory Of The Unified Machines Lecture 2&3 21-Feb-20

 8 7 −1 I1
4 V=RI = =
6 −1 3 I2
1 3 1 8 1.5
I= R−1 V ==⇒ ∴ I = =
20 1 7 6 2.5
Now if: 𝑉𝑎 = 8 , 𝑉𝑏 = 0 &&& 𝑉𝑐 = 6
8 1.5
Then we will get the same cyclic voltage 𝑉 = and both come 𝐼 = .
6 2.5
In fact we can have an infinite number of possibility, one of these possibility
is special.
I.e. 𝑉𝑎 = 9 , 𝑉𝑏 = 1 &&& 𝑉𝑐 = −5
Because at this particular possibility point A and point B will have the same
voltage i.e. 𝑉𝐴𝐵 = 0

The Theory Of The Unified Machines Lecture 2&3 21-Feb-20

5 That is in each of the 3 branches the drop 𝐼𝑅 is equal to the voltage
source that is:
𝑉𝑎 = 𝑅𝑎 𝐼𝑎 , 𝑉𝑏 = 𝑅𝑏 𝐼𝑏 &&& 𝑉𝑐 = 𝑅𝑐 𝐼𝑐
And the circuit can be drown as:

𝑉𝑎 = 𝑅𝑎 𝐼𝑎 𝑉𝑏 = 𝑅𝑏 𝐼𝑏

21-Feb-20
The Theory Of The Unified Machines Lecture 2&3
6

𝑉𝑐 = 𝑅𝑐 𝐼𝑐

And these circuits are known as the primitive circuits.

𝑉𝑎 𝑅𝑎 0 0 𝐼𝑎
𝑉=𝑅𝐼 Or 𝑉𝑏 = 0 𝑅𝑏 0 𝐼𝑏
𝑉𝑐 0 0 𝑅𝑐 𝐼𝑐
Now if we compare the currents (the old currents: 𝐼𝑎 , 𝐼𝑏 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐼𝑐 )
with the new currents (new system) 𝐼1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐼2 .

The Theory Of The Unified Machines Lecture 2&3 21-Feb-20

7 𝐼𝑎 = 𝐼1
𝐼𝑏 = −𝐼1 + 𝐼2
𝐼𝑐 = −𝐼2
Or in matrix:
𝐼𝑎 1 0 𝐼
𝐼𝑏 = −1 1 𝐼1
𝐼𝑐 0 −1 2
Or: 𝐼 = 𝐶𝐼 ′ −−−−−−→ (1)
C is known as the connection matrix and it connects the old current 𝐼
with the new current 𝐼 ′ .
C is an active transformation.

The Theory Of The Unified Machines Lecture 2&3 21-Feb-20

 If we compare the old voltages 𝑉𝑎 , 𝑉𝑏 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑉𝑐 with the new voltages
8
𝑉1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑉2 .
𝑉1 = 𝑉𝑎 − 𝑉𝑏 && 𝑉2 = 𝑉𝑏 + 𝑉𝑐
Or in matrix form:
𝑉𝑎
𝑉1 1 −1 0 𝑉
=
𝑉2 0 1 1 𝑏
𝑉𝑐
Or: 𝑉 ′ = 𝐶𝑡 𝑉 −−−−−−−→ (2)
For the old system 𝑉 = 𝑅 𝐼 and for the new system 𝑉 ′ = 𝑅′ 𝐼 ′ .
And for invariant power i.e. power 𝑃 in the old system equal power in the new
system 𝑃′ I.e. 𝑃 = 𝑃′ .
∴ 𝑃′ = 𝑉𝑡 ′ 𝐼 ′ = 𝑉𝑡 𝐼 = 𝑉𝑡 𝐶𝐼 ′
Or: 𝑉𝑡 ′ = 𝑉𝑡 𝐶 and by take the transpose of each side:
The Theory Of The Unified Machines Lecture 2&3 21-Feb-20
9 𝑉𝑡 ′ 𝑡 = 𝑉𝑡 𝐶 𝑡
Or: 𝑉 ′ = 𝐶𝑡 𝑉
Now: 𝑉 ′ = 𝐶𝑡 𝑉 = 𝐶𝑡 𝑅 𝐼 = 𝐶𝑡 𝑅𝐶𝐼 ′
Or: 𝑉 ′ = 𝐶𝑡 𝑅𝐶 𝐼 ′
Or: 𝑉 ′ = 𝑅′ 𝐼 ′ =========> 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑅′ = 𝐶𝑡 𝑅𝐶
The lows of transformation are:
𝐼 = 𝐶𝐼 ′ & 𝑉 ′ = 𝐶𝑡 𝑉 & 𝑅′ = 𝐶𝑡 𝑅𝐶

In a general form for an ac system (sinusoidal) and for variant power

and variant reactive power:
′ ′ ′
𝑉𝑡 ∗ 𝐼 = 𝑉𝑡 ∗ 𝐼 ′ Or: 𝑉𝑡 ∗ 𝐼 ′ = 𝑉𝑡 ∗ 𝐶𝐼 ′ Or: 𝑉𝑡 ∗ = 𝑉𝑡 ∗ 𝐶

The Theory Of The Unified Machines Lecture 2&3 21-Feb-20

10 And takes the conjugate of each side:
∗′ ∗
𝑉𝑡 = 𝑉𝑡 ∗ 𝐶 ∗ ======> 𝑉𝑡 ′ = 𝑉𝑡 𝐶 ∗
Hence: the conjugate of the product is the product of the
conjugate.
And now takes the transpose of the each side:
𝑉𝑡 ′ 𝑡 = 𝑉𝑡 𝐶 ∗ 𝑡 ======> 𝑉′ = 𝐶∗𝑡𝑉
This result is more general because it’s proved ac and for dc and
transient when 𝑖 & 𝑣 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 can be
omitted:
𝑉 ′ = 𝐶 ∗ 𝑡 𝑉 = 𝐶 ∗ 𝑡 𝐼𝑍 = 𝐶 ∗ 𝑡 𝑍𝐶𝐼 ′ Or: 𝑍 ′ = 𝐶 ∗ 𝑡 𝑍𝐶

The Theory Of The Unified Machines Lecture 2&3 21-Feb-20

11 The general three lows of transformation are:
𝐼 = 𝐶𝐼 ′ & 𝑉′ = 𝐶 ∗𝑡 𝑉 & 𝑍 ′ = 𝐶 ∗ 𝑡 𝑍𝐶
 And they are foundation of unified theory of electrical machines.

The purpose of active transformation:

When the circuit of any electrical machine is separated into primitive circuit
then the circuit of all electrical machine become same.
Their voltage and torque equation are all the same and the only differs are:
a. In the manner in which the various windings are interconnected.
b. The algebraic form and the numerical values of their parameters.
c. The type of voltage source to which the machine is connected.

The Theory Of The Unified Machines Lecture 2&3 21-Feb-20

12 Example:
Using matrix algebra determine the current in each branches of the network:

The Theory Of The Unified Machines Lecture 2&3 21-Feb-20

13 Solution:
Hence: develop an alternative system of voltage sources which will enable
each branches to short circuit upon itself and isolated from the network
without effecting the branch currents.
Drive a transformation matrix C such that the equation 𝐼 = 𝐶𝐼 ′ gives the
relationship between the branch current 𝐼 and cyclic current 𝐼 ′ and
deduce the corresponding low of transformation for the voltage.
Also show that 𝑃 = 𝑃′ .

−10 9 −2 −4 𝐼1
2 = −2 6 −3 𝐼2
10 −4 −3 9 𝐼3
𝑉 = 𝑅 𝐼 ======> 𝐼 = 𝑅−1 𝑉

The Theory Of The Unified Machines Lecture 2&3 21-Feb-20

14 1 45 30 30
R−1 = 30 65 35 hence ∶ Δ = 225 (calculated)
Δ
30 35 50
I1 1 45 30 30 −10 −0.4
∴ I2 = 30 65 35 2 = 0.8
I3 225
30 35 50 10 1.2
So:
I1 = −0.4 , I2 = 0.8 & I3 = 1.2
Ia = 0.4A , Ib = 0.8A , Ic = 1.2A
Id = 1.6A , Ie = 0.4A & If = 1.2A

Va = 1.2V , Vb = 0.8V , Vc = 2.4V

Vd = 6.4V , Ve = 1.2V & Vf = 2.4V

The Theory Of The Unified Machines Lecture 2&3 21-Feb-20

 −1 0 0
15 0 1 0
−1 1 0
𝐼 = 𝐶𝐼 ′ &&& C=
−1 0 1
0 −1 1
0 0 1

Now we can draw the circuit as shown below

The Theory Of The Unified Machines Lecture 2&3 21-Feb-20

16

The Theory Of The Unified Machines Lecture 2&3 21-Feb-20