Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis

Consider a sinusoidally varying voltage:

𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑉𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡
𝑽𝒎 is the amplitude of the waveform measured in [V]
𝝎 is the radian or angular frequency measured in [rad/s]
2𝜋
𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓 =
𝑇
f is the cyclic frequency measured in [Hz]
T is the period of the waveform measured in [s]

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 Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis
A more general form of the sinusoid,
𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃
where 𝜃 is the phase angle measured in degrees or radians.

𝑉𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 lags 𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃 by θ rad, or

𝑉𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 leads 𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃 by -θ rad.

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 Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis
Two sinusoidal waves whose phases are to be compared must:
• Each have the same frequency.
• Both be written as sine waves, or both as cosine waves.
• Both be written with positive amplitudes.
Example:
𝑣1 𝑡 = −𝑉𝑚1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 5𝑡 + 10𝑜 , 𝑣2 𝑡 = 𝑉𝑚2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 5𝑡 − 30𝑜
𝑣1 𝑡 = 𝑉𝑚1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 5𝑡 + 10𝑜 ± 180𝑜 , 𝑣2 𝑡 = 𝑉𝑚2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 5𝑡 − 30𝑜 − 90𝑜
𝑣1 𝑡 = 𝑉𝑚1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 5𝑡 − 170𝑜 , 𝑣2 𝑡 = 𝑉𝑚2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 5𝑡 − 120𝑜
∴ 𝑣1 𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑠 𝑣2 𝑡 𝑏𝑦 − 170 − −120 = −50𝑜
or 𝑣2 𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑠 𝑣1 𝑡 𝑏𝑦 − 120 − −170 = +50𝑜
or 𝑣1 𝑡 𝑙𝑎𝑔𝑠 𝑣2 𝑡 𝑏𝑦 − 120 − −170 = +50𝑜
or 𝑣2 𝑡 𝑙𝑎𝑔𝑠 𝑣1 𝑡 𝑏𝑦 − 170 − −120 = −50𝑜

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 The Phasor Values of Currents & Voltages
Sinusoidal time-domain voltages or currents can be represented
in the frequency-domain by a complex value called a Phasor.
𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃 ↔ 𝑽 ഥ or 𝑽
ഥ ω = 𝑉𝑚 ∠𝜃
𝑖 𝑡 = 𝐼𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜑 ↔ ത𝑰 or ത𝑰 ω = 𝐼𝑚 ∠𝜑
Example: 𝑰𝒎𝒂𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒓𝒚 𝑨𝒙𝒊𝒔

𝑣 𝑡 = 20 𝑐𝑜𝑠 5𝑡 + 10𝑜 𝑉 ഥ = 𝟐𝟎∠𝟏𝟎𝒐

𝑽

∴𝑽 ഥ = 20∠10𝑜 𝑉 @ 𝜔 = 5 [rad/s]
𝑖 𝑡 = 10𝑠𝑖𝑛 100𝑡 − 30𝑜 𝑹𝒆𝒂𝒍 𝑨𝒙𝒊𝒔
𝑜 𝑰ത = 𝟏𝟎∠ −𝟏𝟐𝟎𝒐
= 10𝑐𝑜𝑠 100𝑡 − 120
∴ ത𝑰 = 10∠ −120𝑜 𝐴 @ 𝜔 = 100 [rad/s]
ഥ = 100∠30𝑜 𝑉 @ 𝜔 = 5 [krad/s]
𝑽
∴ 𝑣 𝑡 = 100 𝑐𝑜𝑠 5000𝑡 + 30𝑜 𝑉
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 The Phasor Values of Currents & Voltages
As a complex number, the phasor can be represented in Polar or
Rectangular (Cartesian) forms, and manipulated using complex arithmetic.
Example: Find the amplitude and phase of:
𝑣 𝑡 = 40 cos 100𝑡 − 40𝑜 − 20sin(100𝑡 + 170𝑜 ) (note same frequency)

𝑣 𝑡 = 40 cos 100𝑡 − 40𝑜 − 20cos(100𝑡 + 80𝑜 )

∴𝑽ഥ = 40∠ − 40𝑜 − 20∠80𝑜
= 40 cos −40𝑜 + 𝑗40 sin −40𝑜 − 20 cos 80𝑜 − 𝑗20sin(80𝑜 )
= 30.642 − 𝑗25.712 − 3.473 − 𝑗19.696 = 27.169 − 𝑗45.408

𝑣 𝑡 = 52.9 cos 100𝑡 − 59.1𝑜 𝑉

amplitude = 52.9 [V]
phase=−59.1𝑜
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 The Phasor Values of Currents & Voltages
2−𝑗7
ഥ
Example: If 𝑽 = V at ω = 100[rad/s], find 𝑣 2𝑚𝑠 ?
3−𝑗
First Method
2−𝑗7 22 +72 −1 −7 −1
ഥ=
𝑽 = ∠ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1
3−𝑗 32 +12 2 3
ഥ = 2.30∠ − 55.6 𝑜 𝑉
𝑽 ∴ 𝑣 𝑡 = 2.30cos(100𝑡 − 55.6𝑜 )
180𝑜
𝑣 2𝑚𝑠 = 2.30 cos 0.2𝑟𝑎𝑑 − 55.6𝑜 = 2.30 cos 0.2 − 55.6𝑜
𝜋
= 2.30 cos 11.46𝑜 − 55.6𝑜 = 1.65 [𝑉]
Second Method
2−𝑗7 3+𝑗 13−𝑗19
ഥ
𝑽= × = = 1.3 − 𝑗1.9
3−𝑗 3+𝑗 10
−1.9
= 1.32 + 1.92 ∠𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 = 2.30∠ − 55.6𝑜 [V] (as before)
1.3

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 The Impedance ഥ
+ 𝐕 −
The ratio of the phasor voltage to 𝐈ҧ
the phasor current defines a complex
quantity called the impedance Z:
ഥ
𝐕
𝒁= (Ohms law applied in the frequency domain, remember PSC)
𝐈ҧ

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 The Impedance
• The impedance has a unit of Ohms [Ω].
• As a complex number the impedance has a real part (resistive part or
resistance) and an imaginary part (reactive part or reactance). Both
measured in ohms.
• The reciprocal of impedance is admittance Y measured in Siemens [S].
• Using the concepts of impedance, admittance, and phasor, all the
previously introduced time-domain circuit techniques can be applied to
the frequency domain.

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 The Impedance
Example 1:

𝑽𝑪

𝑅𝑒𝑓
𝑣𝑠 𝑡 = 8 sin 4𝑡 + 180𝑜 = 8cos(4𝑡 + 90𝑜 )
∴𝑽ഥ 𝑺 = 8∠90𝑜 = 𝑗8 𝑉 @ 𝜔 = 4 [rad/s]
−𝑗
𝑍𝐶 = = −𝑗4 [Ω] , 𝑍𝐿 = 𝑗4 [Ω]
4 × 62.5𝑚
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 The Impedance
ഥ 𝑪 −𝑗8
𝑽 ഥ 𝑪 −𝑗8
𝑽 ഥ𝑪
𝑽
𝑩𝒚 𝑵𝒐𝒅𝒂𝒍 𝒂𝒏𝒂𝒍𝒚𝒔𝒊𝒔: + + =𝟎
𝑗4 3 −𝑗4
ഥ 𝑪 − 𝑗24 + 𝑗4𝑽
3𝑽 ഥ 𝑪 + 32 − 3𝑽
ഥ𝑪 = 0
−32+𝑗24
ഥ
𝑽𝑪 = = 6 + 𝑗8 = 10∠53.1𝑜 [V]
𝑗4
10∠53.1𝑜 10∠53.1𝑜
ത𝑰𝑪 = = = 2.5∠143.1𝑜 [A]
−𝒋𝟒 4∠−90𝑜
∴ 𝑖𝐶 𝑡 = 2.5 cos(4t+ 143.1𝑜 ) A

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 The Impedance
Example 2:

𝐾𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒 ≡ 𝑠. 𝑐.

𝑗0.5 × −𝑗2 2
𝑍𝐿1 ∕Τ𝑍𝐶1 = = 𝑗 [Ω]
𝑗0.5 − 𝑗2 3
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 The Impedance
2 11
𝑗 + 𝑗3 = 𝑗 Ω
3 3
11
𝑗 3 ×−𝑗4 44
∴ 𝒁𝑻𝑯 = 11 = × 𝑗3 = 𝑗44 Ω 𝒁𝑻𝑯
𝑗 −𝑗4 3
3
ഥ 𝒐𝒄 first find 𝑽
To find 𝑽 ഥ𝑪 : ഥ 𝑻𝑯
𝑽
𝟏
−𝑗×𝑗0.5
(𝑍𝐿2 + 𝑍𝐶2 ) ∕∕ 𝑍𝐿1 = =𝑗 Ω
−𝑗+𝑗0.5
−𝑗2
ഥ 𝑪 = 2∠60𝑜
By voltage Div. 𝑽 = 4∠60𝑜 [𝑉]
𝟏 −𝑗2+𝑗
ഥ 𝒐𝒄 −4∠60𝑜
𝑽 ഥ 𝒐𝒄 −2∠60𝑜
𝑽
By nodal analysis: + =0
𝑗3 −𝑗4
ഥ 𝒐𝒄 -16∠60𝑜 − 3𝑽
4𝑽 ഥ 𝒐𝒄 + 6∠60𝑜 = 0
∴𝑽ഥ 𝑻𝑯 = 𝑽ഥ 𝒐𝒄 = 10∠60𝑜 [𝑉]

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