PHASE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WAVES

I. In-phase

𝑉1 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑃ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑉2

𝜽𝒅 = 𝜽 − 𝜷

II. Out of phase by 𝟗𝟎°

𝑉2 𝑙𝑎𝑔𝑠 𝑉1 𝑏𝑦 90°

III. Out of phase by 𝜽

𝑉1 (𝑡) = 𝑉𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡) 𝑉2 𝑙𝑎𝑔𝑠 𝑉1 𝑏𝑦 𝜃

𝑉2 (𝑡) = 𝐼𝑚 sin (𝜔𝑡 − 𝜃)

𝜃𝑑 = 𝜃𝑣𝑖 − 𝜃𝑣2

𝜃𝑑 = 0 − (−𝜃)

𝜃𝑑 = 𝜃
Example Problem 1:
What is the phase relationship between two given equations?
A.

𝑉1 = 100 cos(377𝑡 + 30°) 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠

𝑉2 = 120 cos(377𝑡 + 60°)𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠

Solution:

𝜃𝑑 = 𝜃1 − 𝜃2

𝜃𝑑 = 30° − 60°

𝜽𝒅 = −𝟑𝟎°

Conclusion:

𝑽𝟏 𝒍𝒂𝒈𝒔 𝑽𝟐 𝒃𝒚 𝟑𝟎°

𝑽𝟐 𝒍𝒆𝒂𝒅𝒔 𝑽𝟏 𝒃𝒚 𝟑𝟎°

B.

𝑉 = 250 sin(314𝑡 − 45°) 𝑉

𝑖 = 10sin (314𝑡 + 30°)𝐴

Solution:

𝜃𝑑 = 𝜃1 − 𝜃2

𝜃𝑑 = −45° − 30°

𝜽𝒅 = −𝟕𝟓°
Conclusion:

𝑽 𝒍𝒂𝒈𝒔 𝒊 𝒃𝒚 𝟕𝟓°

𝒊 𝒍𝒆𝒂𝒅𝒔 𝑽 𝒃𝒚 𝟕𝟓°
C.

𝑉 = 120 sin(4𝜋𝑡 + 35°) 𝑉

𝑖 = 15 cos(4𝜋𝑡 − 15°) 𝐴

Solution:
Convert:

𝑖 = 15 cos(4𝜋𝑡 − 15°) 𝐴 [𝑉𝑚 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃) = 𝑉𝑚 sin (𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃 + 90°)

𝑖 = 15 sin(4𝜋𝑡 − 15° + 90°)

𝑖 = 15sin (4𝜋𝑡 + 75°)

𝜃𝑑 = 𝜃1 − 𝜃2

𝜃𝑑 = 35° − 75°

𝜽𝒅 = −𝟒𝟎°

Conclusion:
𝑽 𝒍𝒂𝒈𝒔 𝒊 𝒃𝒚 𝟒𝟎°

VOLTAGE-CURRENT RELATIONSHIP OF DIFFERENT PASSIVE CIRCUIT

ELEMENTS
I. Resistor Pure R = In phase (zero phase difference)

In time domain:
If;

𝒊 = 𝑰𝒎 𝐜𝐨𝐬 (𝝎𝒕 + 𝜽𝒊 )

𝒗 = 𝑽𝒎 𝐜𝐨𝐬 (𝝎𝒕 + 𝜽𝒊 )
Since;

𝑽𝒎 = 𝑰 𝒎 𝑹

𝒗 = 𝑰𝒎 𝑹𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝝎𝒕 + 𝜽𝒊 )
In phasor domain:

The voltage V across R and the current I passing through it are in phase

II. Inductor Pure L = voltage leads current by 90°

In the domain:

𝒅𝒊
𝑽=𝑳
𝒅𝒕
If:

𝒊 = 𝑰𝒎 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝝎𝒕 + 𝜽𝒊 )

𝒗 = 𝑽𝒎 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝝎𝒕 + 𝜽𝒊 ) 𝑽 = 𝑰𝒎 𝑿𝑳 𝐜𝐨𝐬 (𝝎𝒕 + 𝜽𝒊 + 𝟗𝟎°)

𝑽𝒎 = 𝑰𝒎 𝑿𝑳

𝑿𝑳 = 𝝎𝑳𝜴 𝑿𝑳 = 𝟐𝝅𝒇𝑳𝜴

𝝎 = 𝟐𝝅𝒇 𝑽 = (𝟐𝝅𝒇𝑳)𝑰𝒎 𝐜𝐨𝐬 (𝝎𝒕 + 𝜽𝒊 + 𝟗𝟎°)

Where:

𝑋𝐿 = 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝛺

𝐿 = 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑟𝑦 𝐻
Phase Difference

𝜽𝒅 = 𝜽𝒗 − 𝜽𝒊

𝜃𝑑 = 90°
In phasor domain:

𝑽 = 𝑰𝑿𝑳 𝑽 = 𝒋𝝎𝑳𝑰 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒔

𝑿𝑳 = 𝒋𝝎𝑳/𝟗𝟎°

𝑿𝑳 = 𝒋𝟐𝝅𝒇𝑳

𝑿𝑳 = 𝟐𝝅𝒇𝑳 𝟗𝟎°
The current I passing through the pure inductor L lags the voltage V across it by 𝟗𝟎°

III. Capacitor Pure C = current leads voltage by 90°

In time domain:

𝒅𝒗
𝒊 = 𝒄 𝒅𝒕

𝒊𝒇 𝒗 = 𝑽𝒎 𝐜𝐨𝐬 (𝝎𝒕 + 𝜽𝒗 )

𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒊 = 𝑰𝒎 𝐜𝐨𝐬 (𝝎𝒕 + 𝜽𝒗 + 𝟗𝟎°)

Since:
𝑽𝒎
𝑰𝒎 =
𝑿𝑪
𝟏
𝑿𝑪 = 𝝎𝑪

𝑰𝒎 = 𝝎𝑪𝑽𝒎

𝒊 = 𝝎𝑪𝑽𝒎 𝐜𝐨𝐬 (𝝎𝒕 + 𝜽𝒗 + 𝟗𝟎°)

In Phasor Domain:
𝟏
𝑽 = 𝑿𝒄 𝑰 = 𝒋𝝎𝑪

𝟏
𝑽 = −𝒋 ( )𝑰
𝝎𝑪
Where:

𝑿𝒄 = 𝒄𝒂𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆, 𝜴

𝑪 = 𝒄𝒂𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝑭𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒅, 𝑭
The current I passing through the pure capacitor C leads the voltage V across it by 𝟗𝟎°
Summary:
Pure R:
Current and voltage are in-phase

𝜃𝑑 = 0° 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠

Pure L:

Voltage leads current by 90°

Pure C:

Current leads voltage by 90°

Example problem 1:
An inductor when connected to a voltage source of 110 volts. 50 Hz draws a current of 10A.
What are the expressions of the voltage and the current?
Solution:

𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 110 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠 (𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝜃𝑣 = 0°)

𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 10𝐴 𝑓 = 50𝐻𝑧

Expression: v & i

𝑉𝑚 = √2 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝐼𝑚 = √2 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓

𝑉𝑚 = √2(110) 𝐼𝑚 = √2 (10) 𝜔 = 2𝜋(50)

𝑽𝒎 = 𝟏𝟓𝟓. 𝟓𝟔𝟒 𝑰𝒎 = 𝟏𝟒. 𝟏𝟒𝟐 𝝎 = 𝟑𝟏𝟒. 𝟏𝟓𝟗

𝑣 = 𝑉𝑚 sin (𝜔𝑡)

𝒗 = 𝟏𝟓𝟓. 𝟓𝟔𝟒 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟑𝟏𝟒. 𝟏𝟓𝟗) 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒔

𝑖 = 𝐼𝑚 sin (𝜔𝑡 − 90°)

𝒊 = 𝟏𝟒. 𝟏𝟒𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟑𝟏𝟒. 𝟏𝟓𝟗𝒕 − 𝟗𝟎°) 𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒔

Phase difference:

𝜃𝑑 = 𝜃𝑣 − 𝜃𝑖

90° = 0 − 𝜃𝑖
𝜽𝒊 = −𝟗𝟎°
Example problem 2:
Given the following expressions:

𝑣 = 120 sin(377𝑡 + 30°)

𝑖 = 3sin (377𝑡 − 60°)

Solution:
Determine the circuit element and its value.

𝜃𝑑 = 𝜃𝑣 − 𝜃𝑖

𝜃𝑑 = 30° − (−60°)

𝜽𝒅 = 𝟗𝟎° therefore, it is Pure L circuit (voltage leads current by 90°)

𝑉𝑚
𝑋𝐿 =
𝐼𝑚
120
𝑋𝐿 = 3

𝑋𝐿 = 40𝛺

𝑋𝐿 = 𝜔𝐿
𝑋𝐿
𝐿=
𝜔
40
𝐿=
377
𝑳 = 𝟏𝟎𝟔. 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝒎𝑯

Example problem 3:
A capacitor when connected to a voltage source of 120 volts, 60 Hz draws a current of 5A. What
are the expression of the voltage and current?
Solution:

𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 120 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠

𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 5 𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑠

𝑓 = 60 𝐻𝑧

𝑉𝑚 = √2 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝐼𝑚 = √2 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓

𝑉𝑚 = √2 (120) 𝐼𝑚 = √2 (5) 𝜔 = 2𝜋(60)

𝑽𝒎 = 𝟏𝟔𝟗. 𝟕𝟎𝟔 𝑰𝒎 = 𝟕. 𝟎𝟕𝟏 𝝎 = 𝟑𝟕𝟔. 𝟗𝟗𝟏

𝑣 = 𝑉𝑚 sin(𝜔𝑡)

𝒗 = 𝟏𝟔𝟗. 𝟕𝟎𝟔 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟑𝟕𝟔. 𝟗𝟗𝟏𝒕)

𝑖 = 𝐼𝑚 sin(ωt + 90°)

𝒊 = 𝟕. 𝟎𝟕𝟏𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝟑𝟕𝟔. 𝟗𝟗𝟏𝒕 + 𝟗𝟎°)

Example problem 4:
Given the following expression

𝑣 = 120 sin(377𝑡 + 40°)

𝑖 = 4sin (377𝑡 + 130°)

Solution:
Determine the circuit element and its value.

𝜃𝑑 = 𝜃𝑣 − 𝜃𝑖

𝜃𝑑 = 40° − 130°

𝜽𝒅 = −𝟗𝟎° therefore, Pure C

𝑉𝑚
𝑋𝑐 =
𝐼𝑚
 120
𝑋𝑐 =
4
𝑋𝑐 = 30𝛺
1
𝑋𝑐 =
𝜔𝐶
1
𝐶=
𝜔𝑋𝑐
1
𝐶=
(377)(30)

𝑪 = 𝟖𝟖. 𝟒𝟏𝟕𝝁𝒇