Sinusoidal Source

Sinusoidal Source

- A source (voltage or current) that varies sinusoidally with time.

𝒗(𝒕) = 𝑽𝒎 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝝎𝒕 + 𝜽)

𝒗(𝒕) = 𝑽𝒎 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝝎𝒕 + 𝜷)
𝟐𝝅 𝟏
𝝎 = 𝟐𝝅𝒇 = 𝑻=𝒇
𝑻

Where:

𝑉𝑚 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒(𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒)

𝜔 = 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠/𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑

𝑡 = 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠

𝜃, 𝛽 = 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑠

From Trig Identities:

𝑽𝒎 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝝎𝒕 + 𝜽) = 𝑽𝒎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝝎𝒕 + 𝜽 + 𝟗𝟎°)

𝑽𝒎 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝝎𝒕 + 𝜷) = 𝑽𝒎 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝝎𝒕 + 𝜷 − 𝟗𝟎°)

The Phasor:

- A complex number that carries both the amplitude and the phase angle information of any
given sinusoidal function
 - A sinusoidal wave can be represented by a Phasor

The Domain:

𝒗(𝒕) = 𝑽𝒎 𝐜𝐨𝐬 (𝝎𝒕 + 𝜽)

Polar Form

𝒗(𝒕) = 𝑽𝒎 /𝜽
Rectangular Form

𝒗(𝒕) = 𝒂 ± 𝒋𝒃

Where:

𝑉𝑚 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒(𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒)

𝜃 = 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑠

𝑎 = 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡

𝑗𝑏 = 𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡

𝑽𝒎 = √𝟐 𝑽𝒓𝒎𝒔

𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒

𝒂
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 =
𝑽𝒎

𝒂 = 𝑽𝒎 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽

𝒋𝒃 = 𝑽𝒎 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽

From Pythagorean theorem:

𝑽𝒎 = √𝒂𝟐 + 𝒋𝒃𝟐
𝒃 𝒃
𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽 = 𝒂 𝜽 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒂
 PHASORS
Sinusoids are easily expressed in terms of phasors which are more convenient to work with than
sine and cosine functions.
Phasor

- it is a complex number that represents the amplitude and the phase of a sinusoid
Let’s review first our complex number:
Complex umber z in:

1. Rectangular Form 𝒛 = 𝒙 + 𝒋𝒚
2. Polar Form 𝒛 = 𝒓 /∅
3. Exponential From 𝒛 = 𝒓𝒆𝒋∅
• 𝒓 = √𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐
𝒚
• 𝜽 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒙
• 𝒙 = 𝒓𝒄𝒐𝒔∅ 𝒚 = 𝒓𝒔𝒊𝒏∅
Example Problem 1:

How long does it take for a waveform 𝑣(𝑡) = 200𝑠𝑖𝑛377𝑡 to complete 1⁄4 cycle?

𝑣(𝑡) = 200𝑠𝑖𝑛377𝑡

𝑇 = 1⁄4

𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓
1
sine, 𝑓 = 𝑇

2𝜋
𝜔=
𝑇
 2𝜋
𝑇=
𝜔
2𝜋
𝑇=
377
𝑇 = 16.667𝑚𝑠
16.667
4𝑇 =
4
𝑻 = 𝟒. 𝟔𝟔𝟕𝒎𝒔
Example Problem 2:

Given a sinusoidal voltage 𝑉 = 200cos (377𝑡 + 10°) volts, what is the magnitude of the voltage
at 𝑡 = 3.24𝑚𝑠?

𝑉 = 200cos (377𝑡 + 10°)

𝑣 @ 𝑡 = 3.24𝑚𝑠

𝑣(𝑡) = 𝑉𝑚 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃)

𝜔𝑡 = (377 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐)(3.24 𝑥 10−3 )

180
𝜔𝑡 = 1.221 𝑥
𝜋
𝜔𝑡 = 69.958°

𝑣(𝑡) = 200cos (69.958° + 10°)

𝑣(𝑡) = 200cos (79.958°)

𝒗(𝒕) = 𝟑𝟒. 𝟖𝟕𝟒 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒔

Example Problem 3:

Given a sinusoidal voltage 𝑉 = 200cos (377𝑡 + 30°) volts, what is the smallest positive value
of t which the voltage V will be equal to zero?

𝑉 = 200 cos(377𝑡 + 30°) 𝑡 =? 𝑉=0

180
0 = 200cos (377𝑡 ( ) + 30°)
𝜋
180
cos (377𝑡 ( ) + 30°) = 0
𝜋
 180
377𝑡 ( ) + 30° = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1
𝜋
180
377𝑡 ( ) + 30° = 90°
𝜋
180
377𝑡 ( ) = 60°
𝜋
60𝜋
377𝑡 =
180
𝜋
𝑡=
3(377)

𝒕 = 𝟐. 𝟕𝟕𝟖𝒎𝒔