1712 Ray Optics

4. The graph between the lateral magnification (m) produced

by a lens and the distance of the image (v) is given by
[MP PMT 1994]

(a) m (b) m

1. In an experiment of find the focal length of a concave mirror 0 0

a graph is drawn between the magnitudes of u and v. The v v
graph looks like [AIIMS 2003]
m m
v v (c) (d)
(a) (b)
0 0
v v

u u 5. The graph shows variation of v with change in u for a

v mirror. Points plotted above the point P on the curve are for
v
(c) (d) values of v v [CPMT 1987]
(a) Smaller then f
(b) Smaller then 2f P
u u (c) Larger then 2f
2. As the position of an object (u) reflected from a concave 45°
(d) Larger than f u
mirror is varied, the position of the image (v) also varies. By
letting the u changes from 0 to  the graph between v 6. The graph shows how the magnification m produced by a
versus u will be convex thin lens varies with image distance v. What was the
(a) v (b) v focal length of the used [DPMT 1995]
b
(a)
u u c
b m
(b)
ca b
bc
(c)
(c) v (d) v a
c a c
(d) v
u u b
7. Which of the following graphs shows appropriate variation
of refractive index  with wavelength 
3. When light is incident on a medium at angle i and refracted (a) (b)
into a second medium at an angle r, the graph of sin i vs sinr  
is as shown in the graph. From this, one can conclude that

sin r
 
(c) (d)
30o
 
sin i
(a) Velocity of light in the second medium is 1.73 times the
velocity of light in the I medium
 
(b) Velocity of light in the I medium is 1.73 times the 8. For a concave mirror, if real image is formed the graph
velocity in the II medium
1 1
between and is of the form
(c) The critical angle for the two media is given by u v
1/v 1/v
1 (a) (b)
sin ic 
3
1
(d) sin ic 
2
1/u 1/u
1/v 1/v

1/u 1/u
 Ray Optics 1713

(c) (d) y y

(a) (b)
 

O x O x
9. The graph between u and v for a convex mirror is i i
v v y
f f y
f f
(a) (b) (c) (d)
 
u u

O x O x
i i
(c) v (d) v
f f f f
13. If x is the distance of an object from the focus of a concave
mirror and y is the distance of image from the focus, then
u u
which of the following graphs is correct between x and y

10. For a convex lens, if real image is formed the graph between
y y
(u + v) and u or v is as follows (a) (b)

u+v u+v
(a) (b)
x x
4f 4f

(c) y (d) y
2f u or v 2f u or v

u+v u+v
x x
(c) (d) 14. For a small angled prism, angle of prism A, the angle of
4f
minimum deviation () varies with the refractive index of
the prism as shown in the graph  Q
u or v 2f u or v
(a) Point P corresponds to  = 1

11. Which of the following graphs is the magnification of a real (b) Slope of the line PQ = A/2
image against the distance from the focus of a concave O
(c) Slope = A P 
mirror
(d) None of the above statements is true
y y
(a) (b) 15. The graph between sine of angle of refraction (sin r) in
medium 2 and sine of angle of incidence (sin i) in medium 1
m m
3
indicates that (tan 36°  )
4
x x
Distance Distance
(a) Total internal reflection can take place

(b) Total internal sin r

y y
reflection cannot take
(c) (d)
place
m m
(c) Any of (a) and (b) 2/10
O
sin i
x x (d) Data is incomplete
Distance Distance
16. A medium shows relation between i and r as shown. If
12. A graph is plotted between angle of deviation ( ) and angle speed of light in the medium is nc then value of n is
of incidence (i) for a prism. The nearly correct graph is (a) 1.5 sin r

30°
sin i
 1714 Ray Optics
(b) 2 (c) Parabola (d) Hyperbola
(c) 2–1
(d) 3–1/2
17. For a concave mirror, if virtual image is formed, the graph
between m and u is of the form

Read the assertion and reason carefully to mark the correct option
m m out of the options given below:
(a) (b)
(a) If both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the
1 correct explanation of the assertion.
(b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the
u f u
correct explanation of the assertion.
(c) If assertion is true but reason is false.
(c) m (d) m (d) If the assertion and reason both are false.
(e) If assertion is false but reason is true.

1 1. Assertion : A red object appears dark in the yellow light

u u Reason : A red colour is scattered less [AIIMS 2004]

18. A ray of light travels from a medium of refractive index  to 2. Assertion : The stars twinkle while the planets do not.
air. Its angle of incidence in the medium is i, measured from
Reason : The stars are much bigger in size than the
the normal to the boundary, and its angle of deviation is . 
planets. [AIIMS 2003]
is plotted against i which of the following best represents
the resulting curve 3. Assertion : Owls can move freely during night.

2 2 Reason : They have large number of rods on their

  retina. [AIIMS 2003]
(a) (b)
1 1
4. Assertion : The air bubble shines in water.
Reason : Air bubble in water shines due to refraction
O /2 O /2 of light [AIIMS 2002]
i i
5. Assertion : In a movie, ordinarily 24 frames are
(c) 2 (d)  2
 projected per second from one end to the
1 1 other of the complete film.
Reason : The image formed on retina of eye is
O /2 i O /2 sustained upto 1/10 second after the
i removal of stimulus. [AIIMS 2001]
19. The distance v of the real image formed by a convex lens is
measured for various object distance u. A graph is plotted 6. Assertion : Blue colour of sky appears due to scattering
between v and u, which one of the following graphs is of blue colour.
correct [BVP 2003]
Reason : Blue colour has shortest wave length in
(a) (b) visible spectrum. [AIIMS 2001]
v v
7. Assertion : The refractive index of diamond is 6 and
that of liquid is 3 . If the light travels from
u u diamond to the liquid, it will totally reflected
when the angle of incidence is 30o.
(c) v (d) v 1
Reason :  , where  is the refractive index of
sin C
diamond with respect to liquid. [AIIMS 2000]

u the distance of the object is taken on X- u 8. Assertion : The setting sun appears to be red.
20. For a convex lens
axis and the distance of the image is taken on Y-axis, the Reason : Scattering of light is directly proportional to
the wavelength. [AIIMS 2000]
nature of the graph so obtained is [BVP 2003]

(a) Straight line (b) Circle

 Ray Optics 1715

9. Assertion : A double convex lens ( = 1.5) has focal length magnification in mutually perpendicular
10 cm. When the lens is immersed in water ( directions.
= 4/3) its focal length becomes 40 cm. 21. Assertion : Critical angle of light passing from glass to air
1  l  m  1 1  is minimum for violet colour.
  
Reason :
f m R  R  [AIIMS 1999]
Reason : The wavelength of blue light is greater than
 1 2 
the light of other colours.
10. Assertion : Different colours travel with different speed
in vacuum. 22. Assertion : We cannot produce a real image by plane or
convex mirrors under any circumstances.
Reason : Wavelength of light depends on refractive
index of medium. [AIIMS 1998] Reason : The focal length of a convex mirror is always
taken as positive.
11. Assertion : The colour of the green flower seen through
red glass appears to be dark. 23. Assertion : A piece of red glass is heated till it glows in
dark. The colour of glowing glass would be
Reason : Red glass transmits only red light.
orange.
[AIIMS 1997]
Reason : Red and orange is complementary colours.
12. Assertion : The focal length of the mirror is f and
distance of the object from the focus is u, the 24. Assertion : Within a glass slab, a double convex air
magnification of the mirror is f / u. bubble is formed. This air bubble behaves
like a converging lens.
Size of image
Reason : Magnification  [AIIMS 1994] Reason : Refractive index of air is more than the
Size of object
refractive index of glass.
13. Assertion : If a plane glass slab is placed on the letters of
25. Assertion : The images formed by total internal
different colours all the letters appear to be
reflections are much brighter than those
raised up to the same height.
formed by mirrors or lenses.
Reason : Different colours have different wavelengths.
Reason : There is no loss of intensity in total internal
14. Assertion : The fluorescent tube is considered better reflection.
than an electric bulb.
26. Assertion : The focal length of lens does not change
Reason : Efficiency of fluorescent tube is more than when red light is replaced by blue light.
the efficiency of electric bulb.
Reason : The focal length of lens does not depends on
15. Assertion : The polar caps of earth are cold in colour of light used.
comparison to equatorial plane.
27. Assertion : There is no dispersion of light refracted
Reason : The radiation absorbed by polar caps is less through a rectangular glass slab.
than the radiation absorbed by equatorial
Reason : Dispersion of light is the phenomenon of
plane.
splitting of a beam of white light into its
16. Assertion : The illumination of earth's surface from sun constituent colours.
is more at noon than in the morning. 28. Assertion : All the materials always have the same
Reason : Luminance of a surface refers to brightness of colour, whether viewed by reflected light or
the surface. through transmitted light.
17. Assertion : When an object is placed between two plane Reason : The colour of material does not depend on
parallel mirrors, then all the images found nature of light.
are of equal intensity. 29. Assertion : A beam of white light gives a spectrum on
Reason : In case of plane parallel mirrors, only two passing through a hollow prism.
images are possible. Reason : Speed of light outside the prism is different
from the speed of light inside the prism.
18. Assertion : The mirrors used in search lights are
parabolic and not concave spherical. 30. Assertion : By increasing the diameter of the objective of
telescope, we can increase its range.
Reason : In a concave spherical mirror the image
formed is always virtual. Reason : The range of a telescope tells us how far
away a star of some standard brightness can
19. Assertion : The size of the mirror affect the nature of the
be spotted by telescope.
image.
31. Assertion : For the sensitivity of a camera, its aperture
Reason : Small mirrors always forms a virtual image.
should be reduced.
20. Assertion : Just before setting, the sun may appear to be
elliptical. This happens due to refraction. Reason : Smaller the aperture, image focussing is also
sharp.
Reason : Refraction of light ray through the
atmosphere may cause different
 1716 Ray Optics
32. Assertion : If objective and eye lenses of a microscope 42. Assertion : The frequencies of incident, reflected and
are interchanged then it can work as refracted beam of monochromatic light
telescope. incident from one medium to another are
same
Reason : The objective of telescope has small focal
length. Reason : The incident, reflected and refracted rays are
33. Assertion : The illuminance of an image produced by a coplanar [EAMCET (Engg.) 2000]
convex lens is greater in the middle and less 43. Assertion : The refractive index of a prism depends only
towards the edges. on the kind of glass of which it is made of and
Reason : The middle part of image is formed by the colour of light
undeflected rays while outer part by inclined Reason : The refractive index of a prism depends upon
rays. the refracting angle of the prism and the
34. Assertion : Although the surfaces of a goggle lens are angle of minimum deviation [AIIMS 2000]
curved, it does not have any power. 44. Assertion : The resolving power of a telescope is more if
Reason : In case of goggles, both the curved surfaces the diameter of the objective lens is more.
have equal radii of curvature. Reason : Objective lens of large diameter collects more
35. Assertion : The resolving power of an electron light. [AIIMS 2005]
microscope is higher than that of an optical 45. Assertion : By roughening the surface of a glass sheet its
microscope. transparency can be reduced.
Reason : The wavelength of electron is more than the Reason : Glass sheet with rough surface absorbs more
wavelength of visible light. light. [AIIMS 2005]
36. Assertion : If the angles of the base of the prism are 46. Assertion : Diamond glitters brilliantly.
equal, then in the position of minimum
deviation, the refracted ray will pass parallel Reason : Diamond does not absorb sunlight.
to the base of prism. [AIIMS 2005]
Reason : In the case of minimum deviation, the angle 47. Assertion : The cloud in sky generally appear to be
of incidence is equal to the angle of whitish.
emergence.
Reason : Diffraction due to cloud is efficient in equal
37. Assertion : Dispersion of light occurs because velocity of measure at all wavelengths. [AIIMS 2005]
light in a material depends upon its colour.
Reason : The dispersive power depends only upon the
material of the prism, not upon the refracting
angle of the prism.
38. Assertion : An empty test tube dipped into water in a
beaker appears silver, when viewed from a
suitable direction.
Plane Mirror
Reason : Due to refraction of light, the substance in
water appears silvery.
1 d 2 b 3 b 4 c,d 5 c
39. Assertion : Spherical aberration occur in lenses of larger
6 c 7 d 8 b 9 b 10 c
aperture.
Reason : The two rays, paraxial and marginal rays 11 b 12 d 13 a 14 c 15 c
focus at different points. 16 b 17 c 18 b 19 c 20 a
40. Assertion : It is impossible to photograph a virtual 21 c 22 b 23 c 24 b 25 b
image.
26 b 27 c 28 c 29 c 30 c
Reason : The rays which appear diverging from a
virtual image fall on the camera and a real 31 b 32 a 33 b 34 c
image is captured.
41. Assertion : The speed of light in a rarer medium is Spherical Mirror
greater than that in a denser medium
Reason : One light year equals to 9.5 × 1012 km 1 a 2 c 3 d 4 c 5 a

[AIIMS 1999] 6 b 7 c 8 b 9 a 10 b
 Ray Optics 1717

11 d 12 b 13 b 14 b 15 c 11 c 12 d 13 b 14 c 15 b

16 d 17 b 18 b 19 a 20 a 16 d 17 c 18 d 19 c 20 c

21 a 22 b 23 d 24 d 25 b 21 c 22 a 23 d 24 a 25 d

26 bc 27 c 28 b 29 a 30 b 26 a 27 b 28 a 29 a 30 c
31 c 32 d 33 d 34 c 35 b
31 d 32 c 33 a 34 d 35 d
36 b 37 c 38 d 39 b 40 d
36 b 37 d 38 d 39 d 40 a
41 a 42 c 43 a 44 c 45 d
41 d 42 d 43 a 44 a
46 d 47 c 48 b 49 a 50 b
51 c 52 a 53 a 54 b 55 a
Refraction of Light at Plane Surfaces
56 b 57 a 58 a 59 d 60 c
1 d 2 a 3 b 4 a 5 d 61 b 62 b 63 d 64 d 65 d

6 a 7 c 8 d 9 c 10 a 66 a 67 d 68 c 69 c 70 b

11 b 12 d 13 b 14 a 15 b 71 d 72 b 73 a 74 c 75 a

16 a 17 c 18 c 19 d 20 a 76 c 77 a 78 b 79 b 80 d
81 c 82 a 83 d 84 a 85 c
21 b 22 b 23 c 24 a 25 c
86 c 87 b 88 a 89 a 90 b
26 a 27 b 28 d 29 a 30 c
91 b 92 d 93 c 94 a 95 c
31 c 32 c 33 b 34 b 35 b
96 c 97 c 98 a 99 d 100 a
36 b 37 a 38 b 39 c 40 d
101 a 102 d 103 c 104 d 105 a
41 a 42 d 43 c 44 c 45 a
106 c 107 b 108 a 109 d 110 b
46 a 47 c 48 a 49 c 50 c
111 c 112 c 113 c 114 d 115 a
51 d 52 b 53 b 54 b 55 b 116 c 117 a 118 d 119 c 120 b
56 a 57 d 58 b 59 c 60 b 121 c 122 d 123 a 124 b 125 d
61 d 62 a 63 b 64 d 65 b 126 c 127 d 128 b 129 b 130 c
66 a 67 b 68 b 69 a 70 d 131 b 132 b 133 b 134 d 135 b
71 c 72 c 73 d 74 d 75 b 136 d 137 d 138 b 139 a 140 c
76 d 77 c 78 c 79 b 80 b 141 b 142 b 143 c 144 b 145 c

81 a 82 a 83 b 84 b 85 c
Prism Theory & Dispersion of Light
86 b 87 d 88 d 89 b 90 d

1 b 2 b 3 b 4 c 5 c
Total Internal Reflection 6 a 7 a 8 d 9 d 10 d
11 c 12 b 13 b 14 a 15 a
1 b 2 c 3 d 4 d 5 c
16 b 17 d 18 a 19 d 20 b
6 c 7 b 8 c 9 a 10 d
21 a 22 c 23 a 24 a 25 b
11 b 12 c 13 c 14 d 15 d
26 c 27 c 28 b 29 a 30 a
16 c 17 c 18 cd 19 c 20 d
31 c 32 b 33 a 34 c 35 d
21 a 22 c 23 b 24 c 25 a
36 a 37 b 38 a 39 d 40 b
26 c 27 c 28 a 29 d 30 d
41 b 42 b 43 a 44 c 45 a
31 a 32 c 33 a 34 c 35 a
46 c 47 b 48 a 49 c 50 c
36 d 37 b 38 b 39 c 40 a
51 c 52 a 53 d 54 d 55 a
41 c 42 b 43 b 44 d 45 B
56 c 57 a 58 a 59 a 60 c
46 a 61 c 62 b 63 d 64 d 65 a
66 b 67 c 68 c 69 b 70 c
Refraction at Curved Surface 71 a 72 d 73 a 74 b 75 a
76 b 77 b 78 b 79 d 80 a
1 a 2 a 3 d 4 c 5 a
81 b 82 a 83 b 84 c 85 a
6 d 7 b 8 a 9 c 10 c
 1718 Ray Optics

86 c 87 c 88 a 89 b 90 b 71 c 72 b 73 a 74 a 75 b
91 c 92 a 93 c 94 c 95 b 76 d 77 c 78 b 79 a 80 c
96 c 97 c 98 a 99 a 100 c 81 b 82 b 83 b 84 a 85 b
101 a 102 b 103 a 104 b 105 d 86 abcd 87 a 88 a 89 b 90 c
106 b 107 b 108 a 109 b 110 a 91 b 92 d 93 c 94 d 95 c
111 a 112 d 113 a 114 b 115 a 96 c 97 d 98 a 99 b 100 d
116 d 117 d 118 d 119 c 120 d 101 c 102 b 103 a 104 b 105 b
121 a 122 d 123 c 124 d 125 b 106 c 107 c 108 a 109 c 110 c
126 a 127 c 128 c 129 d 130 a
111 d 112 a 113 d 114 a 115 a
131 a 132 c 133 a 134 c 135 b
116 a 117 b 118 a 119 a 120 a
136 c 137 a 138 d 139 c 140 b
141 a 142 a 143 b 144 b 145 a Photometry
146 a 147 d 148 b 149 c 150 a
151 c 1 d 2 b 3 d 4 c 5 d
6 b 7 a 8 b 9 c 10 c
Human Eye and Lens Camera 11 a 12 c 13 c 14 c 15 a
16 a 17 b 18 b 19 c 20 b
1 c 2 a 3 b 4 d 5 b
21 c 22 c 23 a 24 b 25 bc
6 c 7 b 8 a 9 d 10 a
26 c 27 d 28 b 29 d 30 b
11 c 12 c 13 a 14 b 15 d
31 d 32 a 33 d 34 d 35 a
16 b 17 c 18 c 19 b 20 c
36 c 37 c 38 d 39 d 40 c
21 b 22 a 23 a 24 a 25 d
26 a 27 d 28 c 29 b 30 c 41 c

31 c 32 c 33 b 34 b 35 a
36 c 37 d 38 a 39 d 40 a
Critical Thinking Questions
41 b 42 c 43 d 44 a 45 b
1 d 2 b 3 b 4 a 5 d
46 b 47 d 48 d 49 b 50 b
6 b 7 b 8 a 9 b 10 c
51 c 52 a 53 a 54 c 55 d
11 a 12 b 13 b 14 a 15 b
56 a 57 a 58 d 59 a 60 d
16 b 17 a 18 b 19 c 20 c
61 d 62 a 63 b 64 d 65 a
21 c 22 d 23 d 24 ad 25 c

Microscope and Telescope 26 b 27 d 28 d 29 d 30 d

31 b 32 a 33 d 34 c 35 c
1 c 2 b 3 b 4 b 5 b
36 d 37 a 38 b 39 a 40 c
6 d 7 c 8 a 9 b 10 b
41 c 42 d 43 b 44 a 45 b
11 a 12 b 13 b 14 a 15 c
46 c 47 c 48 c 49 a 50 d
16 d 17 a 18 b 19 b 20 b
51 d 52 c 53 b 54 a 55 b
21 a 22 d 23 c 24 a 25 d
56 d 57 c 58 b 59 d 60 b
26 c 27 c 28 d 29 d 30 b
61 d 62 a 63 a 64 a 65 c
31 a 32 d 33 d 34 c 35 d
66 c 67 b 68 b 69 b 70 d
36 b 37 a 38 a 39 b 40 d
71 b 72 d 73 b 74 d 75 a
41 d 42 b 43 d 44 a 45 c
76 c 77 c 78 b 79 b
46 b 47 b 48 d 49 b 50 d
51 c 52 a 53 a 54 a 55 b
Graphical Questions
56 a 57 d 58 d 59 c 60 c
61 c 62 a 63 b 64 a 65 b 1 c 2 a 3 bc 4 c 5 c
66 a 67 a 68 c 69 a 70 b 6 d 7 a 8 a 9 a 10 a
 Ray Optics 1719

11 d 12 a 13 b 14 ac 15 b
16 d 17 b 18 a 19 d 20 d
5. (c) Suppose at any instant, plane mirror lies at a distance x
from object. Image will be formed behind the mirror at
Assertion and Reason the same distance x.

1 b 2 b 3 c 4 c 5 c
O I
6 a 7 e 8 c 9 a 10 e
x x
11 a 12 a 13 e 14 a 15 c
16 b 17 d 18 c 19 d 20 a
When the mirror shifts towards the object by distance
21 c 22 e 23 d 24 d 25 a
‘y’ the image shifts  x  y  (x  y )  2 y
26 d 27 b 28 d 29 d 30 b
So speed of image = 2  speed of mirror
31 c 32 d 33 a 34 a 35 c
2 1
36 a 37 b 38 c 39 a 40 e y
41 b 42 b 43 c 44 a 45 c
46 b 47 c O I2 I1

(x – y) (x – y)
x x
(x + y)

 360   360 
6. (c) Number of images    1    1  5
    60 
Plane Mirror 7. (d) Fo using distance of image = 4.5 m + 3 m = 7.5 m.

1. (d)   (360  2 )  (360  2  60 )  240 o

O I

2. (b) When converging beam incident on plane mirror, real

image is formed as shown 3m 3m
4.5 m

Plane mirror 8. (b) Several images will be formed but second image will be
Real image
brightest
O Incident light
90% 100%
I Virtual First image
90%
object 10%
10%
10% 80% Second brightest
10% image
3. (b) Incident ray and finally reflected ray are parallel to
9% Third image
each other means   180 o
9. (b) According to the following ray diagram length of mirror
1
 (10  170 )  90 cm
2
P Q H
10 cm

E
180 cm

1m 180/2 cm

From   360  2  180  360  2    90 o 10. F act as two mirrors inclined to each other
(c) The walls will
4. (c, d) By keeping the incident ray is fixed, if plane mirror  360 
at 90  and so will form   1   4 – 1 i.e. 3 images
rotates through an angle  reflected ray rotates through  90 
an angle 2.
of the person. Now these images with person will act as
objects for the ceiling mirror and so ceiling mirror will

form 4 images further. Therefore total number of
 images formed  3  3  1  7

 1720 Ray Optics
Note : He can see. 6 images of himself.
h
11. (b) tan 45    h  60 m
60 Tower

h 26. (b)

45o
Real image
45o 60 m O
Image I Virtual object

12. (d)   180   60   120 

 360   360 
13. (a)  i  r  0  27. (c) n    1  n    1  4
    72 
14. (c) When light is reflected from denser medium, a phase
difference of  always occurs.  360   360 
28. (c) n    1  3    1     90 
     
15. (c) Ray after reflection from three mutually perpendicular
mirrors becomes anti-parallel. 29. (c)
16. (b) In two images man will see himself using left hand. 360
30. (c) n  1  7
17. (c) In plane mirror, size of the image is independent of the 45
angle of incidence. 31. (b) Diminished, erect image is formed by convex mirror.
18. (b) Size of image formed by a plane mirror is same as that 32. (a) When a mirror is rotated by an angle , the reflected
ray deviate from its original path by angle 2 .
of the object. Hence its magnification will be 1 .
19. (c) R
Incident ray 33. (b) f  , and R   for plane mirror.
2
30°30° Reflected ray 34. (c) Let required angle be 

60° 
B
30° 50°
Surface 
hr . min . 
20. (a) Subtract the given time from 11 : 60 A
60° 40° (90°–)
21. (c) Relative velocity of image w.r.t. object C D
From geometry of figure
 6  (6)  12 m / sec
In  ABC;  = 180° – (60° + 40°) = 80°
  = 90° – 80° = 10°
6m/sec 6m/sec
In  ABD; A = 60°, B = ( + 2)
O I = (80 + 2  10) = 100° and D = (90° – )
 A + B + D =180°  60° + 100° + (90° – ) =
22. (b) 180°   = 70°
23. (c) See following ray diagram
Spherical Mirror
Object Image
1 v u
1. (a) m    v 
n u n
10cm 10cm 1 1 1
By using mirror formula    u  (n  1) f
30 cm f u u

n
The distance focussed for eye  30  10  40 cm
2. (c)
24. (b) Distance between object and image  0.5  0.5  1 m 3. (d)
Object Image I f I 10
4. (c)     I  0 .55 cm
O ( f  u)  5  10  (100 )
f
0.5m 0.5m 5. (a) For real image m = – 2, so by using m 
f u
 50
25. (b) Relative velocity of image w.r.t. man 2  u   75 cm
 50  u
 15  (15 )  30 m / s

Man Image

15m/s 15m/s
 Ray Optics 1721

I f f 20
6. (b) By using  By using m  , 2   u  30 cm
O f u f u  20  u
I (25 / 2) For virtual image; m  2
   I  1 .78 cm
 (7 .5)  25   20
   (40 ) So,  2   u  10 cm
 2   20  u
24. (d) Convex mirror always forms, virtual, erect and smaller
7. (c) image.
I f I f 25. (b) When object is placed. Between focus and pole, image
8. (b)  ; where u = f + x   
O f u O x formed is erect, virtual and enlarged.
9. (a) Image formed by convex mirror is virtual for real object 26. (b, c) Convex mirror and concave lens form virtual image
placed anywhere. for all positions of object.
27. (c) Here focal length  f and u   f
10. (b) Given u  ( f  x 1 ) and v  ( f  x 2 )
1 1 1
uv ( f  x 1 )( f  x 2 ) On putting these values in  
The focal length f   f u v
u  v (f  x1 )  (f  x 2 ) 1 1 1 f
   v 
On solving, we get f 2  x 1 x 2 or f  x1 x 2 f f v 2
28. (b) Erect and enlarged image can produced by concave
11. (d) The image formed by a convex mirror is always virtual. mirror.
12. (b) Object should be placed on focus of concave mirror. I f 3 f
    f   6 cm
O f u 1 f  ( 4 )
Point image  R  2 f   12 cm
29. (a)
f f
30. (b) m  3  f   15 cm
f u f  (20 )
f  1 (30 ) 31. (d) When object is kept at centre of curvature. It’s real
13. (b) m       u   90 cm
( f  u)  4  (30 )  u image is also formed at centre of curvature.
1 1 1
14. (b) Size is
1
. It can’t be plane and concave mirror, 32. (c) u  20 cm, f  10 cm also  
f v u
5
because both conditions are not satisfied in plane or 1 1 1 20
   v  cm ; virtual image.
concave mirror. Convex mirror can meet all the  10 v (20 ) 3
requirements. 33. (a) Mirror formula
15. (c) Plane mirror and convex mirror always forms erect 1 1 1 1 1 1 20
      f  cm . If object
images. Image formed by concave mirror may be erect f v u f  20 (10 ) 3
or inverted depending on position of object.
moves towards the mirror by 0.1 cm then.
16. (d) Virtual image is seen on the photograph.
u  (10  0.1)  9.9 cm. Hence again from mirror
v 1 1 1 u u
17. (b)  m   also      1 1 1 1
u f v u f v formula    v  20 .4 cm i.e. image
 20 / 3 v  9 .9
u u v f f shifts away from the mirror by 0.4 cm.
  1   so m  .
v f u f u f u
34. (d) Image formed by convex mirror is always. Erect
18. (b) To make the light diverging as much as possible. diminished and virtual.
v R
19. (a) Let distance  u. Now  16 and v  u  120 35. (d) f   R  40 cm
u 2
120  u 36. (b) f  15 cm, m  2 (Positive because image is virtual)
  16  15 u  120  u  8 cm .
u v
m    v  2u . By using mirror formula
20. (a) Virtual image formed is larger in size in case of concave u
mirror. 1

1 1
  u  7 . 5 cm
21. (a) Real, inverted and same in size because object is at the  15 (2u) u
centre of curvature of the mirror. 37. (d) u  30 cm, f  30 cm, by using mirror formula
R
22. (b) Image is virtual so m = + 3. and f   18 cm 1 1 1 1 1 1
2     
f (18 ) f v u  30 v (30 )
So from m  3  u   12 cm.
f u (18 )  u v  15 cm, behind the mirror
R
23. (d) f   20 cm, m  2 For real image; m  2,
2

O I

15cm
30cm
 1722 Ray Optics

h 4 x
     x  12 cm
h' 3 21  x
8. (d) In vacuum, the speed of light is independent of wave
length. Thus vacuum (or air) is a non dispersive
38. (d) R  30 cm  f  15 cm medium in which all colours travel with the same
speed.
O  2.5 cm, u  10 cm
1 1  
9. (c)     2 
By mirror formula
1 1
 
1
 v  30 cm .  2 1 1
 15 v (10 )
1
10. (a) v  ,  rarer   denser
Also
I v
 
I

30
 I  7.5 cm. 
O u (2 . 5 ) (10 )
1
11. (b)  
39. (d) 
I f I f c 3  10 8
40. (a)     I   2 cm. 12. (d) v    1 . 5  10 8 m / s  1 . 5  10 10 cm / s
O f u  6  f  (4 f )  2
41. (d) Convergence (or power) is independent of medium for
13. (b)   i >  r, it means light ray is going from rarer
mirror. medium (A) to denser medium.
I f I 20 1 So v( A)  v(B) and n( A)  n(B)
42. (d)      I  1 mm
O f u 2 20  20 2
h 8
14. (a)    h  6m
43. (a) m =  3 and f = – 6 cm h 4 /3
f 6 d1 d2  1 
Now m   3  15. (b) h    d  
1

f u 6 u 1 2 
 1  2 
6
For real image  3   u   8 cm 16. (a) Normal
6 u
 1
6 shift x   1   t
For virtual image 3   u   4 cm    I I'
6 u
44. (a) Focal length of the mirror remains unchanged. and shift takes place x
in direction of ray. 
t
Refraction of Light at Plane Surfaces distance t nt
17. (c) time   
speed c/x c
1. (d) 18. (c) Let   and   represents frequency and wavelength of
2. (a) blue  red light in medium respectively.
v c/ c
3. (b)  
1
, r  v so      
   / 
air 6000 ca tw 25 4 1
4. (a) medium    4000 Å 19. (d)     tw    11  11 min 6 sec
 1.5 cw ta 3 9 9
20. (a) Optical path =  t
5. (d) Velocity and wavelength change but frequency remains
same. In medium (1), optical path = 1d1

c c 3  10 8 In medium (2), optical path = 2d2

6. (a)      1 .5
v  4  10 14  5  10 7  Total path = 1d1  2d2
7. (c) To see the container half-filled from top, water should 21. (b) Refractive index of liquid C is same as that of glass
be filled up to height x so that bottom of the container piece. So it will not be visible in liquid C.
should appear to be raised upto height (21–x). 3 4
22. (b) a  g  , a w 
As shown in figure apparent depth h'  (21  x ) 2 3
Real depth h  x 
a g 3/2 9
 w g   
(21 – x ) a w 4/3 8
1  2  3  1
(21 – x )
23. (c) 2 1 3  2 4  3     1  4 1 
2 3 4 4 14
21 cm x

Bottom Raised bottom

 Ray Optics 1723

24. (a) Colour of light is determined by its frequency and as  v w  2 . 25  10 8 m / s

frequency does not change, colour will also not change
and will remains green. a c 3  10 8
37. (a)  m     4000 Å
25. (c) Ray optics fails if the size of the object is of the order of   5  10 14  1 . 5
the wavelength.
air 7200
n n gl n gas n 38. (b)  glass    4800 Å
26. (a) a nw  w n gl  gl n gas  gas na  w    a 1  1.5
n a nw n gl n gas
39. (c)
v1 
27. (b) v     1 a r r / a w
v 2 2 40. (d)    a w
w r r / w a
v1 4500
 v2    2  3  10 8   2.25  10 8 m/s 3
1 6000  5  10  3
x
sin i 1 41. (a) t   2  0 . 25  10 10 s
28. (d) Since a  g  2 , so g a   c 3  10 8
sin r 2
c 3  10 8
42. (d) Distance = v  t  t   10  9
 sin r  1  r  90 o  1 .5
c 1 / o o  = 0.2 m = 20 cm.
29. (a)    
v 1 /  o o 1
43. (c) f  . As b   g  fb  fg
1 1 x 
30. (c)      x  3150 Å
 4 / 3 4200 44. (c) Real depth = 1 m
 Apparent depth = 1  0 . 1  0 . 9 m
31. (c)    r K
0 0 Refractive index  =
Real depth

1

10
Apparent depth 0 .9 9
C C
32. (c)    Cm  h h
Cm 1 .5 45. (a)    h 
h n
33. (b) In the case of refraction if CD is the refracted wave
front and v1 and v2 are the speed of light in the two 1
46. (a) Refractive index 
media, then in the time the wavelets from B reaches C, (Temperatu re)
the wavelet from A will reach D, such that
47. (c) Snell’s law in vector form is ˆi  nˆ  (rˆ  nˆ )
B
48. (a)

 c 3  10 8
  C 49. (c) v    1 . 25  10 8 m / s
 2 .4
A 
  50. (c) Velocity of light in the window
D
3  10 8
= ms 1  2  10 8 ms 1
1 .5
BC AD BC v a
t    .....(i) 4  10 3
va vg AD v g Hence t = s  2  10 11 s
2  10 8
But in ACB , BC  AC sin .....(ii)
51. (d) Ray optics is valid when size of the objects is much
while in ACD , AD  AC sin   .....(iii) larger than the order of wavelength of light.
va sin 
From equations (i), (ii) and (iii)  c 3  10 8
vg sin   52. (b) v    2 . 25  10 8 m/s
 1 . 33
1 v g sin sin 
Also    a    g  x 1 .5  2  10 3
v vg a sin   sin   53. (b) t    10 11 sec
c 3  10 8
34. (b) w
60o 60o 4 /3 8
35. (b) From figure 54. (b) g w   
90o g 3/2 9
 i  60 o ,  r  30 o 55. (b) Frequency does not change with medium but
30o
sin 60 wavelength and velocity decrease with the increase in
so    3 refractive index.
sin 30
 g vw x 3  4  10 3
1 3/2 vw 56. (a) t    4  10 11 sec
36. (b)       c 3  10 8
v w v g 4 / 3 2  10 8
 1724 Ray Optics

h 1  1
57. (d)    h  So h 1    1  h  4 cm
h    
1  vg  2  10 8
71. (c)    l   l    l  1 .2
v g vl 1 .5 2 .5  10 8
72. (c) Stars twinkle due to variation in R.I. of atmosphere.
sin i
73. (d) Refraction at air-oil point oil 
sin r1
sin 40
 sin r1   0 .443
1 .45
  R   V so hR  hV sin r1
Refraction at oil-water point oil water 
i.e. Red colour letter appears least raised. sin r
c sin i sin 45 o 1 .33 0 .443 0 .443  1 .45
58. (b)       or sin r   r  28 .9 o
v sin r sin 30 o 1 .45 sin r 1 .33
74. (d) Objects are invisible in liquid of R.I. equal to that of
3  10 8 object.
 v  2 . 12  10 8 m / s
2 75. (b) When light ray travels from denser to rarer, it deviates
v 1 vg  4/3 8 away from the normal.
59. (c) v   1  2   w  
 v2 1 vw g 3 / 2 9 c 3  10 8
76. (d)    = 2.
v 1 .5  10 8
60. (b) Time taken by light to travel distance x through a
medium of refractive index  is 77. (c) Frequency remain unchanged.

x B x A 6 ag 1 .5 5
t  
3
  A  B   1.5 78. (c) w  g     1 .25 .
c A x B 4 2 
a w 1 .2 4
a 5890
a g 1 .5 79. (b)  g    3681 Å .
61. (d) w g   g 1.6
a w 1 .3
Real depth 120 s 1.5  10 8  10 3
62. (a)     1 .5 80. (b) t    500 sec = 8.33 min.
apparent depth 80 v 3  10 8
63. (b) Apparent depth of bottom 81. (a) For vacuum t  n o .....(i)
H /4 H /4 H /4 H /4 For air t  (n  1) a .....(ii)
=   
1 2 3 4 From equation (i) and (ii)
H  1 1   6  10 7   
 
1 1
 t    o 
         1 1 . 0003  1 
  a 
4  1 2 3 4 

64. (d) For successive refraction through different media  2  10 3 m = 2mm.

 sin   constant. Here as  is same in the two c n a 
82. (a)  m    a
extreme media, 1  4 . v n m m
65. (b) The sun appears 83. (b) As no scattering of light occurs. Space appears black.
above the horizon
1
Horizon B 84. (b) v  ,  is smaller for air than water, glass and

As seen from diamond.
Atmospheric the earth 85. (c) In vacuum speed of light is constant and it is equal to
A
refraction
3  108 m/sec
Actual position of vacuum
86. (b) medium 
the sun 
h' (Just below 4
66. (a)    h '  h   18  24 cm 87. (d) In vacuum speed of light is constant and is equal to
h horizon) 3
3  10 8 m / s.
67. (b) Optical path x  constant i.e. 1 x1  2 x 2
88. (d) When viewed from face (1)
 1.53  4  2  4.5  2  1.36
68. (b) Velocity of light is maximum in vacuum.
6 cm 4 cm
69. (a)   tan i  i = tan 1   tan 1 1.62  58 .3
Air
70. (d) Suppose water is poured up to the height h, Face 1 bubble Face 2
x
15 cm
 Ray Optics 1725

u x x 1
   .....(i) 16. (c) Critical angle = sin1  
v v 6 
Now when viewed from face (2)
 1   
15  x 15  x    sin 1   and  '  sin 1  1 
  .....(ii)    
v 4   1   2 
15  6  Since  2   1 , hence  '  
From equation (i) and (ii)      1 .5 .
4 17. (c)
89. (b) The apparent depth of ink mark 18. (c, d) For TIR i > C
real depth 3
   2 cm  sin i > sin C  sin 45  
1
 n  2  n > 1.4
 3/2 n
Thus person views mark at a distance  2  2  4 cm . 19. (c)
 20. (d)
1   3
90. (d) Apparent rise  d 1    12   1   = 3 cm.
 1 g 5 / 3 1
 a w   4 21. (a) w g    
sin C  w 4 / 3 sin C
Total Internal Reflection 4 4
 sin C   C  sin1  
1. (b) Due to high refractive index its critical angle is very 5 5
small so that most of the light incident on the diamond 22. (c) Total internal reflection occurs when light ray travels
is total internally reflected repeatedly and diamond from denser medium to rarer medium.
sparkles. c c
2. (c) When incident angle is greater than critical angle, then 23. (b)       2 also for total internal reflection
v c/2
total internal reflection takes place and will come back
1
in same medium. i  c  sin i  sin c  sin i 
3. (d) 

4. (d) a  g 
1
 sin C 
1 1
Hence i  sin1   or i  30 o
sin C a g 
As  for violet colour is maximum, so sin C is minimum  1   
and hence critical angle C is minimum for voilet 24. (c) C  sin1    sin1  w   sin1  8 
 w g   g  9
colour.    
5. (c) The critical angle C is given by 25. (a) w   g  cw  cg .
n  3500 1
sin C  2  1    C  30 o 26. (c)  
1

1
2
n1  2 7000 2
sin C sin 30
6. (c) From figure given in question   2c  98 . 27. (c) Ray from setting sum will be refracted at angle equal to
1 1 critical angle.
7. (b)    2
sin C sin 30 28. (a) Optical fibres are used to send signals from one place to
another.
3  10 8
v   1.5  10 8 m / s 29. (d)
2 30. (d) When total internal reflection just takes place from
sin i sin r  1
8. (c) D  R  R D   lateral surface i  C i.e. 60 o  C
sin r  sin i sin C 1 2
sin i sin i sin i  sin 60 o  sin C    
 sin C    (as i = r)  3
sin( 90  r) cos r cos i Time taken by light to traverse some distance in a
 sin C  tan i  C  sin 1 (tan i) 2
 10 3
9. (a) For total internal reflection i > C x 3
medium t    3 .85  sec.
 sin i  sin C  sin i  
1 1
 . c 3  10 8
 sin i 2 v1 1 
31. (a)    1  2(1  2 )
10. (d) For total internal reflection light must travel from 1 v2 2 2
denser medium to rarer medium.
11. (b) 1 
For total internal reflection 2  1   1
sin C 2
1 3
12. (c) Semi vertical angle  C  sin 1    sin 1  

  4 
1
2
1
 C  30 o
sin C sin C
13. (c)
So, for total (Internal reflection angle of incidence must
1 1 be greater than 30°.
14. (d)    C  sin 1    30 o
sin C 2 32. (c)
15. (d)
 1726 Ray Optics

1 1 2 1  1 v 1 v 1
33. (a)     38. (b) 2 1   1   2   2 
sin C sin 60 o 3 sin  2 sin v1 sin v sin
1 1 v
34. (c) ag   .....(i)  v2 
sin  sin sin
sin i sin 39. (c) From the formula sin C 
1
 sin C 2 1
Now from Snell's law   
sin r sin r 12

sin u1 v 10 x / t 2
 sin r  .....(ii)   2  sin C 
 u2 v1 x / t1
From equation (i) and (ii) 10 t1  10 t1 
 sin C   C  sin 1  

1  1  t2  t2 
sin r  2  r  sin 1  2 

   40. (a) sin 45 o 
1
 2  1 .41
1 1

35. (a) C  sin 1   and   41. (c)
 
42. (b) Critical angle C is equal to incident angle if ray reflected
Yellow, orange and red have higher wavelength than
normally  C  90 o
green, so  will be less for these rays, consequently
critical angle for these rays will be high, hence if green 43. (b)
is just totally internally reflected then yellow, orange 3 h 3  12 36
44. (d) r    .
and red rays will emerge out. 7 7 7
1 1 3 3 r
36. (d) We know C  sin 1   45. (b) Here sin i   and hence tan i  
  5 4 4
Given critical angle iB  i A This gives r  3 m , hence diameter = 6 m

So  B   A i.e. B is rarer and A is denser. 3h 3 7

46. (a) Radius of horizon circle    3 cm .
Hence light can be totally internally reflected when it 7 7
passes from A to B
Now critical angle for A to B Refraction at Curved Surface
 1 
C AB  sin 1    sin 1  A  B  1  1 1 
  (  1)   
 BA  1. (a) By formula
f R R 
 1 2 
   sin i A 
 sin 1  B   sin 1    1
= (1 .5  1) 
1  1 1
   0 .5  
 A  sin iB   40 40  20 40
37. (b) At point A, by Snell’s law  f  40 cm
sin 45 1
  sin r  .....(i) 2. (a)
v
 m and v  u  x  u 
x
sin r  2 u 1m
1 1 1 1 mx
At point B, for total internal reflection sin i1    f .
 f v u (m  1)2
From figure, i1  90  r 45° r 2
Air
 
2 r 2 
I A 4  3
1 A 3. (d) I  A 2  2   2  
 sin(90   r)  r I1  A 1  r 2
4

90° 3
1 i1  I2  I1 and focal length remains unchanged.
 cos r  .....(ii) 4
 B 

1
Now cos r  1  sin 2 r  1 
2 2

2 2  1
 .....(iii)
2 2

1 2 2  1
From equation (ii) and (iii) 
 2 2

3
Squaring both side and then solving we get  
2
 Ray Optics 1727

1 1 1 P P 1 fl (a  g  1)
4. (c)    1  2   f  100 cm 19. (c)   fl   if l  g  1  a l a  g .
f f1 f2 100 100 100 fa (l  g  1)
 A convergent lens of focal length 100 cm. I1 v I u
20. (c)  and 2   O 2  I1 I2
5. (a) Focal length of the combination can be calculated as O u O v
1

1

1

1

1

1
F
200
cm 21. (c) A lens shows opposite behaviour if  medium   lens
F f1 f2 F (40 ) (25 ) 3
22. (a) A concave lens always forms virtual image for real
100 100 objects.
P    1 .5 D
F  200 / 3 23. (d)
1 1 1 1 1 1 80 I
6. (d)       f2   cm O
F f1 f2 80 20 f2 3
Power of second lens 2f 2f
100 100 4f
P2    3.75 D 1 1 1
f2  80 / 3 24. (a)   (Given u  20 cm, f  10 cm, v  ? )
f v u
7. (b) In each case two plane-convex lens are placed close to
1 1 1 1 1 1
each other, and   .     v  20 cm
F f1 f2 10 v (20 )

8. (a) Power of the combination P  P1  P2  12  2  10 D 25. (d)

1 1 1
  
1

1
 F  30
F f1 f2 60 (20 )
 Focal length of the combination
100 100 26. (a) fwater  4  fair , air lens is made up of glass.
F   10 cm
P 10 1 1 1 1 1 100 1
27. (b)      F cm  metre
9. (c) Resultant focal length =  F f1 f2 20 25 9 9
 It behaves as a plane slab of glass. 1
R 10  P D  9D
10. (c) f  30     1 .33 . 1/9
(  1) (  1)
1 1 1 f
28. (a)   (Given u  )
11. (c) In case of convex lens if rays are coming from the focus, f v u 2
then the emergent rays after refraction are parallel to
principal axis. 1 1  1  1 1 2
     
12. (d) Because to form the complete image only two rays are f v  f / 2  v f f
to be passed through the lens and moreover, since the
1 1 v f
total amount of light released by the object is not   and m   2
passing through the lens, therefore image is faint v f u f /2
(intensity is decreased). So virtual at the focus and of double size.
f f 10 (10 ) 100  1 1 
13. (b) f  1 2     29. (a)
1
 (  1)  
f1  f2 10  (10 ) 10  10 f R R 
 1 2 
14. (c) Focal length of the combination
Given R1   20 cm, R 2   20 cm ,   1 .5
1 1 1 1 1
     F  14 cm  f  20 cm . Parallel rays converge at focus. So L=f.
F f1 f2 (84 ) (12 )
30. (c) air  lens  water i.e., 1  lens  1.33
100 100 50
P    D
F  14 7 1  1 1 
31. (c)  (  1)  

15. (b) O  I1 I 2  4  16  8 cm f R
 1 R 2 

fl ( a  g  1)
1 2
f (1 . 5  1) For biconvex lens R2  R1   (  1) 
16. (d)   w   fw  32 cm f R
fa ( l  g  1) fa  1 .5 
  1
 1 . 33  Given R    f   , so no focus at real distance.
17. (c) If n l  n g then the lens will be in more denser medium. R 15
32. (d) f    25 cm
Hence its nature will change and the convex lens will (  1) (1.6  1)
behave like a concave lens. 100 100
P    4 D
fl ( a  g  1) f (1 . 5  1) f 25
18. (d)   l   fl  60 cm
fa ( l  g  1) 15  1 . 5 
  1 33. (d) f 
1 1
and   . Hence f   and r  v
4 /3  (  1) 
 1728 Ray Optics

A1 A A1 A 2 w1 w2
34. (c) m 1  and m 2  2  m1m 2  48. (b) For achromatic combination,  0
O O O2 f1 f2
Also it can be proved that m1 m 2  1  w1 f2  w2 f1  0

So O  A1 A 2 1 f 5 (15 )
49. (a)  1    f2  9 cm
2 f2 3 f2
35. (b) Combined power P  P1  P2  6  2  4 D . So focal
R 40
1 1 50. (b) f  f  31 cm
length of combination F   m 2(  1) 2(1.65  1)
P 4
51. (c) Focal length of effective lens
1 1 1
36. (b)   …(i) 1 2 1 2 1 f
60 f1 f2     F l
F fl fm fl  2
1 1 1 10
and    …(ii) 52. (a)
30 f1 f2 f1 f2 2f 2f
f
On solving (i) and (ii) f1 f2   600 and f1  f2  10
Principle

Hence f1  20 cm and f2  30 cm
axis
1 2
37. (c) For an achromatic combination  0 2f 2f
f1 f2
Ratio of focal length of new plano convex lenses is 1 : 1
i.e. 1 convex lens and 1 concave lens.
1 n 1  1 1  1  n  n'   1 1 
1 2 1 1 2 1 53. (a)     and    
38. (d)       F  10 cm f  1   R1 R 2 
 f '  n'   R1 R 2 

F fl fm F 20 
39. (b) Since aperture of lens reduces so brightness will reduce f' n  1 n' fn ' (n  1)
    f'  
but their will be no effect on size of image. f 1 n  n' n'n
40. (d) Convex mirror and concave lens do not form real I f v I (25  75 )
54. (b)      2  I   3 cm
image. For concave mirror v  u , so image will be O f  1.5 25
enlarged, hence only convex lens can be used for the
55. (a) P  P1  P2 , if P1  P2  P  P  P / 2  2 D.
purpose.
f R 60
41. (a) m 
1
 
30
 u  150 cm 56. (b) f    100 cm.
f u 4 30  u (  1) (1.6  1)

42. (c) Covering a portion of lens does not effect position and fl a g  1 1 .5  1 1 .75  0 .50
57. (a)   =   3 .5
size of image. fa g  1 1 .5 0 .25
l 1
g a  1 R1  2
1 1  2  1 . 75
43. (a)       1  
f R2   fl   3.5 fa  fl   3.5 R ( fa = R)
 1   3   10 
 f  15 cm , so behaves as concave lens. Hence on immersing the lens in the liquid, it behaves as
a converging lens of focal length 3.5 R.
44. (c) Size of image = f = 0.5  (1  10 3 ) = 0.5 mm 1 1 1 1
f 58. (a) P  P1  P2     1D
f1 f2 (0.5) (1)
Object R R
 59. (d) f   30   R  30 cm
 2(  1) 2(1.5  1)
Image
60. (c) Total power P  P1  P2  11  6  5 D
3 
  1 fl ( a  g  1) P ( a  g  1)
fl (a  g  1)
   5   a 
2 Also
45. (d)  fa ( l  g  1) Pl ( l  g  1)
fa (l  g  1) 3/2  2
  1
5 /4  5 (1.5  1)
   Pl  0.625 D
 5  12  5 Pl (1.5 / 1.6  1)
 fl  fa     30 cm
2 2 1 1 1
61. (b) For first case :    f v
1 f  f2 f v 
46. (d) P   1
F f1 f2 1 1 1
For second case    f  10 cm
R R f ( f  5 )  ( f  20 )
47. (c) f   2R
(  1) (1.5  1) Alternative sol. – f 2  x 1 x 2  f  10 cm .
 Ray Optics 1729

D2  x 2 fl  a  g  1  f (1 . 4  1)
62. (b) f  (Focal length by displacement method) 82. (a)   l   fl  12 . 8 cm
4D 
fa  l  g  1   4 1 .4
1
(100 )2  (40 )2 1 .6
f  21 cm 1 1 1 1 1
4  40 83. (d)      F  18 cm
F f1 f2 F (18 )
100 100
P   5D fl (a  g  1) R 15
f 21 84. (a)  ; fa    12 . 5
fa (l  g  1) 2( g  1) 2(1 .6  1)
1 1 1 1 1 1
63. (d)       v  10 cm fl (1 . 6  1)
f v u  5 v (10 )    fl   407 . 5 cm
12 . 5  1 . 6 
64. (d)  / f  2 / f '  f '  2 f   1
 1 . 63 
R R 85. (c) P  P1  P2  P  2  (1)  1D,
65. (d) f   10   R  12 cm
2(  1) 2(1.6  1) 100 100
f   100 cm
66. (a) P 1
67. (d) P  P1  P2  2.50  3.75  1.25 D 86. (c)
87. (b) Nature of lens changes, if mediume  lens
100
So f   80 cm 88. (a) u   25 cm, v   75 cm
1 . 25
1 1 1
fl a g 1     f  18 .75 cm ; convex lens.
68. (c)   fl  4 R f  75  25
fa l g 1
f1 f2
89. (a) F  , F will be negative if f1  f2
fl ag  1 a g  1 f 1 .5  1 f2  f1
69. (c)    l   fl  5 cm
fa lg  1
 2 1.5 R
a g
1 1 90. (b) f  
10
 10 cm
a l
1 .25 2(  1) 2(1.5  1)
1 1 1  1 1 
70. (b) f  and   91. (b)  (  1)  
 1  f 
 R1 R 2 

71. (d) P 
1 1 1
  
1

1
  0.75 D 1  1 1 
  (1 .5  1)    R2  15 cm

F f1 f2 (0.8 ) (0 .5)  10  R
 7 . 5 2 
72. (b) According to lens makers formula R R
92. (d) f  , f   f  2 f
1  1 1  1 2(  1) (  1)
 (  1)      (  1)

f  R R  f f
1 2
93. (c) m =  3, using m 
Since  Red   violet  fv  fr and Fv  Fr f u
f
Always keep in mind that whenever you are asked to For virtual image 3  .....(i)
f 8
compare (greater than or less than) u, v or f you must
not apply sign conventions for comparison. f
For real image  3  .....(ii)
73. (a) Since light transmitting area is same, there is no effect f  16
on intensity. Solving (i) and (ii) we get f  12 cm
f 1 f 1 1 1
74. (c) m     u   (n  1) f 94. (a)    F   18 cm (i.e. concave lens)
( f  u) n ( f  u) F  18 ( 9)
75. (a) P  P1  P2  2 D  4 D  2 D. 95. (c) O  I1 I 2  8  2  4 cm
76. (c) 100 100 100 100
96. (c) P       6D
1 2 1 f f1 f2 (25 ) (10 )
77. (a)   . Here fm   , hence F   10 cm
F f fm 2 97. (c)
98. (a) fw  4  fa  4  12  48 cm.
78. (b) O  I1 I 2  O  4  9  6 cm
99. (d) By using lens formula
79. (b) P  P1  P2  P   6  4   2 D. So focal length
1 1 1 1 1 1 4 3
       v  48 cm
100  16 v (12 ) v 12 16 48
f = + 50 cm; convex lens Virtua Real
2
l Image
R 2(  1) 2(1 .5  1) object
80. (d) f  P   5 D
2(  1) R 0 .2 P

1 1 u = 12 cm
81. (c) P   f   2m
f 0 .5
v
 1730 Ray Optics

100. (a) P  P1  P2  dP1 P2  P  10  25 d 113. (c) In liquids converging ability (power) of convex lens
decreases.
 For P to be negative 25 d  10
1
 d  0.4 m or d  40 cm 114. (d) Since f   , so voilet colour is focused nearer to

f f m 1 the lens.
101. (a) m   m   u   f
f u f u  m  115. (a) Focal length for voilet is minimum.
102. (d) Number of images = (Number of materials) v
116. (c) m   5  v  5 inch (Given u = 1 inch)
1 1 1 1 1 1 u
103. (c) For lens (1)     
f v u (8 ) v (12 ) Using sign convention u   1 inch, v   5 inch
 v  24 cm i.e. Image A' B' is obtained 6 cm before
1 1 1 1 1
the lens 2 or at the focus of lens 2. Hence final image       f  1 . 25 inch
formed by lens 2 will be real enlarged and it is obtained f v u  5 1
at  . 117. (a) m L  4
f1 = 8 cm f1 =6 cm
m A  (m 1 ) 2 so that A   A 0  16  1600 cm 2
A 1 2
118. (d) u  10 cm, v  20 cm
B
B 1 1 1 1  1  3 20
       f  cm
f v u 20  10  20 3
A
24 cm 6 cm 100 100
u1=12 cm Now P     15 D
30 cm
f 20 / 3
1 1 1 1 1 1
104. (d)      1 1 1
F f1 f2 F  80  50 119. (c)  
F f1 f2
400 3
 F P D R
3 4 120. (b) f   R  2 f (  1)  2  0.2 (1.5  1) =0.2m.
2 (  1)
2 1  2  1
105. (a) By using formula  
v u R 12 1 12 1
121. (c) Using refraction formula  
1 .5 1 (1 . 5  1) R v u
    v   30 cm .
v (15 )  30 in given case, medium (1) is glass and (2) is air
Negative sign shows that, image is obtained on the 1
1
same side of object i.e. towards left. g a 1 g a 1 1 1
So   1
 .5  
( a  g  1) R v u 6 1 .5 v  6
f
106. (c) By using l   fw  4 fa  4  30 =120 cm.
fa (l  g  1) 1  1 .5 1 1 .5 0.5 1 1
     
6 v 6 6 v 4
107. (b)
108. (a) 1 1 1 2 1
       v = 6 cm.
2f 2f v 12 4 12 6
109. (d)
f 122. (d) For real image m   2
f f 20
f m   2    u = – 30 cm.
u f u  f u  20
f 123. (a) Focal length of the system (concave mirror)
   R 30
110. (b) Diameter of image d   0 .5    500 = 4.36 mm F  =10 cm
 180  2 2  1 .5
50cm
In order to have a real image of the same size of the
object, object must be placed at centre of curvature
 u = (2f).
 = 0.5° 1  1 1 
d 124. (b)  (  1)   

f  R1 R2 
1 1
111. (c) f and   .  1 1  1
 1  = (1 .5  1)     f = 10 cm
 10 10  10
112. (c) Since intensity  (Aperature)2, so intensity of image
will decrease but no change in the size occurs.  Radius of curvature of concave mirror = 2f = 20 cm.
 Ray Optics 1731

1 138. (b) To obtain, an inverted and equal size image, object

125. (d) m   must be paced at a distance of 2f from lens, i.e. 40 cm in
2
this case.
f 1 30 f = 40 cm f = 40 cm F = 20 cm
m     u   90 cm
u f 2 u  30

1  1 1 
126. (c)  (  1)   
 
f  R1 R2 
1  1 1 1
 (1 .6  1)      f  100 cm
f  60   100
139. (a) Using P  P1  P2  d  P1 P2
1  1 1
127. (d)  (1 . 5  1)     F  40 cm . for equivalent power to be negative
F  20   d  P1 P2  P1  P2  d  25  10
128. (b) For minimum spherical and chromatic aberration 10 10  100
distance between lenses.  d m  d  d  40 cm .
25 25
d  f1  f2  0 . 3  0 .1  0.2 m . 140. (c) Combination of lenses will act as a simple glass plate.
fl ag  1 (1 . 5  1)  1 . 7 141. (b) For achromatic combination f1    2   0.036   3
129. (b)   f2 1 0.024 2
fa lg  1 (1 . 5  1 . 7 )
1 1 1
0 .85 and  
 fl  fa   4.25 fa . f1 f2 90
 0 .2
solving above equations be get f1  30 cm, f2  45 cm
130. (c)
142. (b)
fR  fV f  fV
131. (b)    R 1 1
fy fV fR 143. (c) f and   .
 1 
Putting value of fV and fR we get   0.0325 . fl a g  1 0 . 5 1 .5  1
144. (b)     l  g  1  0.2
132. (b) P1  P2  2 D and P1  5 D, so P2   3 D fa l g  1 0 .2 l g  1

For achromatic combination 4 a g 4 1 .5 4

 l  g  0 .8     
1  p 2  3 3 5 a l 5 
a l 5
     
 2  p1   5  5 15
 a l  .
8
1 1
133. (b) f  and   145. (c) Longitudinal chromatic aberration
 1 
= f  0 .08  20  1 .6 cm .
134. (d) P  P1  P2  12  2  10 D
1 1 Prism Theory & Dispersion of Light
Now F   m  10 cm .
P 10
135. (b) Focal length for voilet colour is minimum 1. (b) Neon street sign emits light of specific wavelengths.
2. (b)
f1 2
136. (d)  .....(i) 3. (b)
f2 3
1 1 1
  .....(ii)
60o 60
o
f1 f2 30 90o
60o
Solving equation (i) and (ii)
f2  15 cm (Concave) 4. (c)   (  1)   R is least so  R is least.
f1  10 cm (Convex) 5. (c)
1 sin 30 
fl (a  g  1) 6. (a) For surface AC   sin e   sin 30 
137. (d)   sin e A
fa (l  g  1)
1
 sin e  1 .5   0 .75 30°
f   1 1 .5  1 0 .5  1 .6 2
 l  a g    8 90° 90°
fa 
l g 1
1 .5
1  0 .1  e = sin 1 (0.75 )  48 o 36 
1 .6 30° e
From figure   e  30 o 
Pa 5
 Pl    48 3 6   30 = 18 36 
o o o
8 8 B C
 1732 Ray Optics

7. (a) The black lines in solar spectrum are called Fraunhoffer i1  i2  A    55 o  46 o  60 o      41 o

lines.
A  m But  m   , so  m  41 o
sin
A  m
8. (d) 2  , But  i  45 o 24. (a)
A 2
sin 25. (b)  m  (  1)A. A  angle of prism.
2
sin 45 o 1 A 26. (c)
So  2   sin  A  60 o 27. (c)
sin(A / 2) 2 2
v  r 28. (b)
9. (d) We know that  29. (a) Total deviation = 0
 mean
 Angular dispersion = v   r     mean  1   2   3   4   5  (1  1) A1  ( 2  1) A2
10. (d) According to Kirchhoff’s law, a substance in unexcited ( 3  1) A3  ( 4  1) A4  ( 5  1) A5  0
state will absorb these wavelength which it emits in de-
 2  A2 (1.6  1)  3 (1.53  1) 9
excitation.
AA A A  0.53  9  o
sin 2 sin cos  A 2  3   11 .9
11. (c) By prism formula n  2  2 2  1.2 
A A
sin sin nv  nr
2 2 30. (a) The dispersive power for crown glass  
ny  1
A n 1.5
 cos    0 .75  cos 41 o  A  82 o
2 2 2 1 . 5318  1 . 5140 0 . 0178
=   0 . 034
12. (b) (1 . 5170  1) 0 . 5170
13. (b)  depend only on nature of material. 1 . 6852  1 . 6434
14. (a) Because achromatic combination has same  for all and for flint glass     0 . 064
(1 . 6499  1)
wavelengths.
31. (c)
b
15. (a)    a  2 (Cauchy's equation) 32. (b)

d 2b A   y  1 
and dispersion D    D   ( 2 3 )b  3 33. (a) For dispersion without deviation 
d  A    y  1 
3
1 D'       1 D A (1 .602  1) 0 . 602
 D       D'      A  12 2 . 4 '
3 D  '   2  8 8 10 (1 . 500  1) 0 . 500
sin i sin i A  m
16. (b)    2  34. (c) i  =50°
sin A / 2  60  2
sin 
 2  35. (d) In minimum deviation position i  e
 2  sin 30  sin i  i  45 o 36. (a) Yellow Blue  Green
(P rimary) (P rimary) (Secondary)
9 
  1 37. (b) All colours are reflected.
 (w  g  1)  8  1
17. (d) w    38. (a) Effectively there is no deviation or dispersion.
a ( a  g  1)  3  4
  1
2 

A  y  1 
18. (a) Since A( y  1)  A ( y '  1)  0    
A   y'  1 
 
19. (d)
20. (b) 39. (d) From figure it is clear that  e   r2  0
21. (a)
22. (c) From ray diagram A From A  r1  r2
A  C   for TIR at AC A  r1  A  45 o 60o r1
  C so A  2C
90° C  sin i sin 60 3
   
sin r1 sin 45 2

Also from i  e  A    60  0  45      15 o
B C

23. (a) By the hypothesis, we know that

 Ray Optics 1733

40. (b) Deviation is zero only for a particular colour, it is 59. (a)  m  (  1)(2r)  (1.5  1) 2r  0.5  2r  r
generally taken to be yellow.
60. (c)
41. (b) 5  (  1)A  (1.5  1)A  A  10 o 61. (c)
42. (b)   (v  r )A  0.02  10  0.2 62. (b)

 A  m  3 3
sin   63. (d) Given i  e  A   60  45 o
o 4 4
43. (a)    2   sin 45  2
sin(A / 2) sin 30 o In the position of minimum deviation
 V   R 1.65  1.61 2i  A   m or  m  2i  A  90  60  30 o
44. (c)   
Y  1 1.63  1 64. (d)
45. (a) For minimum angle of deviation for a prism 65. (a) Sky appears white due to scattering. In absence of
A  2 r ,  A  60 o
atmosphere no scattering will occur.
66. (b)
60  30
sin
sin 45 o 1 2 67. (c) A  r  0  r  30 
Now   2  o
   2 A
60 sin 30 2 1 sin i sin 45 
sin     2
2 sin r sin 30 
46. (c) In minimum deviation condition i  e, r1  r2
45° r
A (   1)
47. (b) For dispersion without deviation =
A (  1)
4 (1.72  1) 0.72 4  0 .54 B C
  or A F   3o
A F (1.54  1) 0.54 0 .72 68. (c) By formula   (n  1) A  34  (n  1) A and in the
A
48. (a) A( v   r )  A ( v   r )  0 o  A   5 o second position    (n  1)
2
49. (c) A  r  0  r  30 o A
34 (n  1) A 34
  or     17 o
From Snell’s law at surface AB  A 2
(n  1)
sin i 2

sin r i r 69. (b) From figure
sin i 1 A
 2  o
 i  45 o A  r1  c  r1  sin 1  
sin 30
B C
 A
1 . 64  1 . 52 0 . 12
50. (c)     0 .2 1 i r1 C 90°
1 .6  1 0 .6  r1  75  sin 1  

51. (c) Because band spectrum can be found in case of
molecules (generally gas).  75  45  30 o
B C
52. (a) Solids and liquids give continuous and line spectra. From Snell’s law At B
Only gases are known to give band spectra.
sin i sin i
53. (d)   2   i  45 o
sin r1 sin 30 o
54. (d)
70. (c) In both A and B, the refracted ray is parallel to the base
55. (a) Hydrogen is molecular, therefore it gives band
of prism.
spectrum but not continuous spectrum.
71. (a) According to given conditions TIR must take place at
56. (c)
both the surfaces AB and AC. Hence only option (a) is
57. (a) Dispersion take place because the refractive index of correct.
medium for different colour is different, for example,
72. (d)
red light bends less than violet, refractive index of the
material of the prism for red light is less than that for 73. (a)
violet light. Equivalently, we can say that red light sin i A
74. (b) A  r  0 and  
travels faster than violet light in a glass prism. sin r
58. (a) We know that   i  e  A  e    A  i sin 2 A

o o
= 30  30  60  0 o o sin A r
2A
 Emergent ray will be perpendicular to the face. 2 sin A cos A
  2 cos A
Therefore it will make an angle of 90° with the face sin A
through which it emerges. B C
75. (a) From figure it is clear that TIR takes place at surface AC
 1734 Ray Optics

and BC 95. (b)

A
o
i.e. 45  C 96. (c)
45o v   R 1 .62  1 .52
 sin 45 o  sin C 97. (c)     0 .18
45o y  1 1 .55  1
1 1
   2 1 f 2
2  98. (a)  1  .
90o 45o 2 f2 3
C B
Hence  least  2  V   R 1.62  1.42
99. (a)     0 .4
76. (b) Y  1 1.5  1
77. (b) According to Rayleigh’s law of scattering, intensity 100. (c) Since the ray emerges normally, therefore e  0 .
scattered is inversely proportional to the forth power
According to relation A    i  e , we get i  A   .
of wavelength. So red is least scattered and sun appears
Red. Hence by   (  1) A , we get i  A .
78. (b) 101. (a) The atoms in the chromosphere absorb certain
79. (d) wavelengths of light coming from the photosphere.
80. (a) Only red colour will be seen in spectrum. This gives rise to absorption lines.

A  m 60   30   A  m   60   m 
81. (b) i    45  sin  sin 
2 2  2   2 
102. (b)    2 
 A  60 
 A  m   60   60   sin  sin 
sin   sin   2  2 
82. (a)    2    2  3
A  60    60   m 
sin sin    2  sin 30  sin    sin 45 o
2  2   2 
83. (b) Because in dispersion of white light, the rays of  60   m 
different colours are not parallel to each other. Also  sin     m  30 o
 2 
deviation takes place in same direction.
84. (c) 1
103. (a) Intensity of scattered light I  , since blue is least
4
   C (1.6333  1.6161 )
85. (a)   F  = 0.0276 that's why sky looks blue.
( D  1) (1.622  1)
104. (b) In continuos spectrum all wavelength are present.
86. (c) For total internal reflection   C 105. (d)
 sin   sin C  sin  
1 106. (b) Deviation is greater for lower wavelengths.

3 
  1
 a (a  g  1)   4    a
 
1 1 2
or       2    1.41 107. (b) 
sin  sin 45 o  w (w  g  1)  3 / 2 
w
4
  1
87. (c) 4 /3 
88. (a)   ( v   r ) A  0 .02  5 o  0 .1 o 108. (a)   (v  r )A  (1.66  1.64 )  10 o  0.2 o
89. (b) ( v   R ) (1 . 69  1 . 65 )
109. (b)     0 . 06
A ( y  1) A (1 . 54  1) ( y  1) (1 . 66  1)
90. (b)   
A ( y '  1) 6 (1 . 72  1)
V   R 3 .72  2 .84
110. (a)     0 .268
 A'   4 .5  4 3 0 
o o Y 3 .28
111. (a)
 A  m   60    m 
sin  sin 
 2    2   A  m   60   30  
91. (c)   3  sin   sin  o
A 60   2   2  = sin 45 =1.414
sin sin 112. (d)   
2 2  A 60  sin 30 o
sin   sin
  2 2
3 
 = sin 30   m    m  60 o
2  2  113. (a) Rock salt prism is used to see infrared radiations.
114. (b) For different colours  changes so deviation of different
92. (a) Dispersion is caused due to refraction as  depends on .
colour is also different.
93. (c) From colour triangle
1 2 0 .02 0 .04
94. (c) Due to the absorption of certain wavelengths by the 115. (a) By using  0   0
f1 f2 f1 40
elements in outer layers of sun.
 Ray Optics 1735

f1  20 cm 127. (c) In minimum deviation position i1  i2 and

116. (d) Critical angle for the material of prism r1  r2 .
 1 A
C  sin 1    sin 1  42 o 128. (c)  net       0  d   d   0
 60o (  = Angular dispersion =  .  y )
since angle of incidence
at surface AB (60 o ) is i =60o 129. (d) A  60 o , i  e  45 o By i  e  A  
greater then the critical
 45  45  60      30 o
angle (42 o ) so total C B
130. (a) At the time of solar eclipse light received from
internal reflection takes place.
chromosphere. The bright lines appear exactly at the
117. (d) Line and band spectrum are also known as atomic and
molecular spectra respectively. places where dark lines were there. Hence at the time
of solar eclipse continuos spectrum is obtained.
118. (d) In minimum deviation i  e  30 o , so angle between
131. (a) In the morning or evening, the sun is at the horizon and
emergent ray and second refracting surface is
refractive index in the atmosphere of the earth
90 o  30 o  60 o
decreases with height. Due to this, the light reaching
119. (c)   (v  R )A  (1.6  1.5)  5  0.5 o the earth's atmosphere, bends unequally, and the
image of the sun get's distorted and it appears elliptical
 1 A1
120. (d)  and larger.
 2 A2
132. (c) In Rainbow formation dispersion and TIR both takes
121. (a) Sunlight consists of all the wavelength with some black
place.
lines.
133. (a)
122. (d) A  30 o ,   2 . As we know
 A  m 
A  r1  r2 = 0  r2  A  r2 . sin  
134. (c) Given  m  A, as    2 
Applying Snell’s law for the surface AC
A  A
1 sin r2 sin A sin  
=  2
 sin e sin e
i=0
 AA
1 sin 30 o r1 = 0 sin 
   e  45 o r2 e  2   2 cos A  A  2 cos1   
2 sin e  
  A 2 2
sin 
  e  r2  45 o  30 o  15  2
B C
A  m AA 135. (b) As the prisms Q and R are of the same material and
sin sin
123. (c)   2  2  sin A have identical shape they combine to form a slab with
A A A parallel faces. Such a slab does not cause any deviation.
sin sin sin
2 2 2 136. (c) Angle of prism is the angle between incident and
A A emergent surfaces.
2 sin cos
= 2 2  2 cos A
A sin i sin i
sin 2 137. (a)    2   i  45 o
A  60 
2 sin sin 
2  2 
A 3 A
So, 3  2 cos   cos  A  60 
2 2 2 138. (d) Convex lens, glass slab, prism and glass sphere they all
124. (d) Light from lamp or electric heater gives continuos disperse the light.
spectrum. 139. (c) For a lens fr  fv   fy
 A  m 
sin  fr  fv 0 .214  0 .200
2 
14
   = .
125. (b) A  60 o ,  m  30 o so   fy 0 .205 205
 A
sin 
2 (v   R ) (1 .69  1 .65 )
140. (b)     0 .06
 60   30   ( y  1) (1 .66  1)
sin 
 
2   sin 45   2 A 60
141. (a) In minimum deviation condition r    30 o
 60   sin 30  2 2
sin 
 2  v  r 1 .67  1 .63
142. (a)    = 0.615.
1 1 y  1 1 .65  1
Also    C  sin1    C  45 o
sin C  143. (b) In minimum deviation position refracted ray inside the
126. (a)   (  1) prism is parallel to the base of the prism.
 1736 Ray Optics

144. (b) Angle of refraction will be different, due to which red u   25 cm, v   75 cm
and green emerge from different points and will be
1 1 1 75
parallel.     f  cm
f  75  25 2
1
145. (a) Deviation     100 100 8
 So power P    D
f 75 / 2 3
A  m 60  38
sin sin 14. (b) In short sightedness, the focal length of eye lens
146. (a)   2  2
A 60 decreases, so image is formed before retina.
sin sin
2 2 15. (d) The image of object at infinity should be formed at 100
cm from the eye
sin 49 o 0 .7547
   1.5 . 1 1 1 1
sin 30 o 0.5   
f  100 100
147. (d) Using   i1  i2  A  55  15  i2  60  i2  100 o
100
So the power   1D
148. (b) Sodium light gives emission spectrum having two 100
yellow lines.
1
149. (c) Colour of the sky is highly scattered light (colour). (Distance is given in cm but P  in metres)
f
150. (a)
16. (b) For improving far point, concave lens is required and
151. (c)
for this concave lens u  , v   30 cm

Human Eye and Lens Camera So

1

1 1
  f   30 cm
f  30 
1. (c) Man is suffering from hypermetropia. The hole works 1 1 1
for near point    u   30 cm
like a convex lens.  30  15 u
2. (a) 17. (c) For myopic eye f = – (defected far point)
3. (b) In myopia, u  , v  d  distance of far point 100
 f   40 cm  P    2.5 D
1 1 1  40
By   , we get f   d
f v u 18. (c) For lens u = want’s to see   60 cm
Since f is negative, hence the lens used is concave. v = can see   10 cm
4. (d) Hypermetropia is removed by convex lens.
1 1 1 1 1 1
Convex lens
       f   12 cm
f v u f  10 (60 )
Retina
19. (b) Focal length = – (Detected far point)
I O 20. (c) In this case, for seeing distant objects the far point is 40
Near cm. Hence the required focal length is
point
f   d (distance of far point) = – 40 cm
5. (b)
100 100
6. (c) Cylindrical lens are used for removing astigmatism. Power P  cm    2 .5 D
f  40
7. (b)
21. (b)
8. (a) Image formed at retina is real and inverted.
22. (a)
9. (d) Visible region decreases, so the depth of image will not
be seen. 23. (a)
1 1 1 1 1 3 24. (a) For viewing far objects, concave lenses are used and for
10. (a) P       3D concave lens
f v u 100 25 100
u = wants to see   60 cm ; v = can see   15 cm
L(D  d )
11. (c) If eye is kept at a distance d, then MP  , MP 1 1 1
f0 fe so from    f   20 cm .
f v u
decreases.
12. (c) For lens u = want’s to see =  25. (d)
v = can see = – 5 m 26. (a) In short sightedness, the focal length of eye lens
decreases and so the power of eye lens increases.
1 1 1 1 1 1
 From       f  5 m. 27. (d) Colour blindness is a genetic disease and still cannot be
f v u f 5 
cured.
13. (a) For improving near point, convex lens is required and 28. (c) Convexity to lens changes by the pressure applied by
for this convex lens ciliary muscles.
 Ray Optics 1737

29. (b) f   d   100 cm   1 m  1 

o
44. (a) As limit of resolution of eye is   , the pillars will
1 1  60 
P    1 D
f 1 o
 1 
be seen distinctly if    
30. (c) For correcting myopia, concave lens is used and for  60 
lens.
d  1   d
u = wants to see   50 cm i.e.,  
x  60  180
v = can see   25 cm
x 
1 1 1 1 1 1 d 
From       f   50 cm 60  180
f v u f  25 (50 ) x
3.14  11  10 3
100 100 d   d  3. 2 m
So power P    2D 60  180
f  50
45. (b)
31. (c)
46. (b)
32. (c) f   d   60 cm
47. (d)
P 
100

100

10
 1 . 66 D 48. (d) f = – (defected far point) = – 20 cm
f 60 6 49. (b) Power of the lens given positive so defect is
33. (b) For correcting the near point, required focal length hypermetropia.
50  25 50. (b) Far point of the eye = focal length of the lens
f   50 cm
(50  25 ) 100 100
   151 cm
100 P 0.66
So power P   2D
50 51. (c) A bifocal lens consist of both convex or concave lenses
For correcting the far point, required focal length with lower part is convex.
f   (defected far point)   3 m 52. (a) For lens u = wants to see = – 30 cm
and v = can see = – 10 cm
1
P   D   0 .33 D 1 1 1 1 1
3       f   15 cm
f v u  10 (30 )
34. (b) Negative power is given, so defect of eye is
nearsigntedness 53. (a) Focal length = – (far point)
1 100 54. (c) For lens u = wants to see = – 12 cm
Also defected far point   f     40 cm v = can see = – 3 m
p (2 . 5 )
35. (a) In myopia, eye ball may be elongated so, light rays 1 1 1 1 1 1
P    P   D
focussed before the retina. f v u  3 (12 ) 4
36. (c) 55. (d) I1 D12 t 1  I 2 D 22 t 2
1 1 1
37. (d) P       0.5 D L
f  (defected far point) 2 Here D is constant and I 
r2
38. (a) Resolving limit of eye is one minute (1'). L1 L2 60 120
39. (d) Because for healthy eye image is always formed at So  t1   t2   10   t  20 sec
r12 r22 (2) 2 (4 ) 2
retina.
40. (a) The defect is myopia (nearsightness) 100
56. (a) f   40 cm and P    2.5 D
As we know for myopic person f = – (defected far point)  40
1 1 100
 Defected far point = – f = –   0.5 m 57. (a) Focal length of the lens f  cm
P (  2) 3

= 50 cm 1 1 1
By lens formula  
f v u
100
41. (b) Power of convex lens P1   2.5 D
40 1 1 1
    v  100 cm   1 m
100  100 / 3 v  25
Power of concave lens P2   4 D
25 58. (d) This is the defect of hypermetropia.
Now P  P1  P2  2.5 D  4 D   1.5 D 59. (a) For large objects, large image is formed on retina.
60. (d) v  15 cm , u   300 cm,
42. (c)
43. (d)
 1738 Ray Optics

1 1 1 1 1 1
From lens formula   10. (b) For objective lens  
f v u fo v o u o
1 1 1 19  300 1 1 1
    f   15 .8 cm     v o  36 cm
f  15  300 300 19 (4 ) v o (4.5)
100 100  19 vo  D  36  24 
and power P  cm  = – 6.33 D.  m D   1   
f 300 uo  f  4 .5  1  8   32
 e   
1 vo D
61. (d) Time of exposure  (a) For a microscope  m  
(Aperture) 2 11.  and L  v o  u e
uo ue
62. (a) Light gathering power  Area of lens aperture or d2 For a given microscope, with increase in L, ue will
2
t 2  5 .6  increase and hence magnifying power (m) will
63. (b) Time of exposure  (f . number ) 2    4 decrease.
t1  2 .8 
12. (b) In compound microscope objective forms real image
1 1 while eye piece forms virtual image.
t 2  4 t1  4   sec = 0.02 sec.
200 50 D
13. (b) m  1 
64. (d) f
65. (a) Smaller the focal length, higher the magnifying power.

Microscope and Telescope 14. (a) In electron microscope, electron beam (  1 Å) is used
so it’s R.P. is approx. 5000 times more than that of
ordinary microscope (  5000 Å) .
(L  fo  fe ). D
1. (c) By using m    15. (c) If nothing is said then it is considered that final image is
fo fe
(L  f  f ) .D ~ LD
formed at infinite and m    o e
(L   1  5)  25 fo fe f0 fe
 45   L   15 cm .
15
20  25
1  400   fe  2.5 cm.
2. (b) For a compound microscope m  0.5  fe
fo fe
D 25
3. (b) For a compound microscope fobjective  feye piece 16. (d) m max  1  1  11 .
f 2 .5
4. (b) In microscope final image formed is enlarged which in 17. (a)
turn increases the visual angle. D
18. (b) m  1   1  DP (m increases with P)
5. (b) f
6. (d) Magnification of a compound microscope is given by 19. (b)
v D 20. (b) Like Gallilean telescope.
m o   | m |  mo  me .
u o ue 1
21. (a)  m  
1 fo fe
7. (c) Magnifying power of a microscope m 
f 22. (d) A microscope consists of lens of small focal lengths. A
Since fviolet  fred ;  m violet  m red telescope consists of objective lens of large focal length.
23. (c) m  m o  m e  25  6  150
8. (a) L  v o  fe  14  v o  5  v o  9 cm
24. (a) When final image is formed at infinity,
Magnifying power of microscope for relaxed eye
length of the tube  v o  fe
vo D 9 25 9
m . or 25  . or u o   1 .8 cm  15  v o  3  v o  12 cm
u o fe uo 5 5
vo D 1 1 1
9. (b) m     For objective lens  
u o fe fo v o u o
1 1 1
1 1 1     u o   2.4 cm
From   (2) (12 ) u o
fo v o u o
2  sin
1 1 1 25. (d) R.P. of microscope 
    v o  30 cm 
(1.2) v o (1.25 )
 D
30 25 26. (c) m  m o  m e  m  m o   1  
 m      200  fe 
1 .25 3
 Ray Optics 1739

 25  25 Also m 
Angle subtended by the image
 100  10  1    fe 
 cm
 fe  9 Angle subtended by the object

27. (c) A simple microscope is just a convex lens with object fo  f   60  2

    o   24 o
lying between optical centre and focus of the lens. fe  fe 5
28. (d) In general, the simple microscope is used with image at d 0.1
D, hence 48. (d) Resolving power  
1.22  1.22  6000  10 10
D 25
m 1 1 6  1 .36  10 5 radian
f 5
49. (b) Because size of the aperture decreases.
29. (d)
50. (d) Resolving power  aperture.
1
30. (b) Resolving power of microscope  51. (c) Telescope is used to see the distant objects. More
 magnifying power means more nearer image.
31. (a) Cross wire arrangement is used to make 52. (a) When the final image is at the least distance of distinct
measurements. vision, then
u o fo f D
32. (d) L  v o  u e   e fo  f  200  5  200  6
(u o  fo ) fe  D m  1  e   1     48
fe  D  5  25  55
2  1 .5 6 . 25  25 When the final image is at infinity, then
L   11 cm
(2  1 . 5) (6 . 25  25 ) f 200
m o    40
LD 10  25 fe 5
33. (d) m ~ m   500 .
fo fe 0.5  1 53. (a) In terrestrial telescope erecting lens absorbs a part of
34. (c) Intermediate image means the image formed by light, so less constant image. But binocular lens gives
objective, which is real, inverted and enlarged. the proper three dimensional image.
1 f
35. (d) m  54. (a) By formula m  o
fo fe fe
1 55. (b) In telescope fo  fe as compared to microscope.
36. (b) R.P.  ; Blue  Red so (R.P.)Blue  (R.P.)Red
 56. (a) Because magnification in this case becomes reciprocal
D 25 of initial magnification.
37. (a) m  1   6 1  f  5 cm  0 . 05 m
f f f 80
57. (d) m  o   20  fe  4 cm
38. (a) Resolving limit fe fe
x  0.1 6000 Hence length of terrestrial telescope
x  1  1    x 2  0.08 mm
x 2 2 x2 4800  fo  fe  4 f  80  4  4  20  164 cm
39. (b) m  m o  m e  100  5  m e  m e  20 fo
58. (d) In this case  m   5 .... (i)
1 fe
40. (d) m   P
f and length of telescope  fo  fe  36 .... (ii)
1 (R.P.)1  5 Solving (i) and (ii), we get fe = 6 cm, fo  30 cm.
41. (d) R.P.    2 
 (R.P.) 2 1 4 fo 180
59. (c)  m     30
42. (b) Resolving limit (minimum separation)   fe 6
PA 2000 60. (c) Same as Q. No. 58.
   PA  PB
PB 3000 1 1
61. (c) fo   0 .8 m and fe    0 .05 m
43. (d) Similar to Q.No. 34 1.25  20
44. (a) For achromatic telescope objective lens, convergent of  | L | | fo | | fe |  0.8  0.05  0.75 m  75 cm
crown and divergent of flint is the best combination
fo 0.8
because  crown   flint and | m  |    16
fe 0.05
45. (c)
62. (a) For greater aperture of lens, light passing through lens
fo 1 is more and so intensity of image increases.
46. (b) Magnifying power of telescope is , so as
fe fe 63. (b)
increases, magnifying power increases. 64. (a) Same as Q. No. 58.
f f 60
47. (b) Since m  o 65. (b) m  o  6.
fe fe 10
 1740 Ray Optics

fo fo
66. (a) fo  fe  54 and  m  8  fo  8 fe 87. (a)  m    20 and L  fo  fe  105  fo  100 cm
fe fe

 8 fe  fe  54  fe 
54
6 88. (a) Total length L  fo  fe and both lenses are convex.
9
fo
 fo  8 fe  8  6  48 89. (b) L  fo  fe  44 and  m    10
fe
67. (a) fo  fe  9 cm and fe  fo  9  15  9  6 cm
This gives fo  40 cm
f 15
m  o   2.5 90. (c) In case of a telescope if object and final image are at
fe 6
f
infinity then m  o
fo fe
68. (c) fo  fe  80 and  19  fo = 76 and fe = 4 cm.
fe
91. (b) Three lenses are  objective, eye piece and erecting
69. (a) lens.
D 92. (d) Length of the telescope when final image is formed at
70. (b) R.P. 
 least distance of distinct vision is

fo  f  fe D 5  25 325
71. (c) m   1  e  L  fo  u e  fo   50   cm
fe  D fe  D 5  25 6

72. (b) Resolving power  Aperture  f  100

93. (c)  o      25 o
 fe 0 .5 o 2
73. (a) If final image is formed at infinity, then the distance
between the two lenses of telescope is equal to length 94. (d)
of tube  fo  fe  0.3  0.05  0.35 m
AB A B  2  1.4  10 9
95. (c)     A B    2.8 cm
1 .22  180 10 11
2 10 11
74. (a) Limit of resolution   (in degree)
a 
A 2m
o
 1 . 22  (6000  10 10 ) 180 
     0 . 03 sec
 B 
 5  
F
 B
75. (b) Final image formed by astronomical telescope is
Image
inverted not erect. 1011 m A
76. (d)
77. (c) fo  f  90  6 
96. (c) m   1  e   m  1    m  18
78. (b) For normal vision (relaxed eye), the image is formed at fe  D 6  30 
infinity. Hence the magnifying power of Gallilean d
f 200 97. (d) Resolving power of telescope 
telescope  o   100 . 1.22 
fe 2
98. (a) For largest magnification focal length of eye lens should
fo 100 be least.
79. (a) m      50 .
fe 2
fo  f  150  6 
99. (b) m  1  e   1    30 .
80. (c) fe  D 6  25 
81. (b) Magnifying power of astronomical telescope 100. (d) To make telescope of higher magnifying power, fo
f  f  200  5  should be large and fe should be least.
m   o 1  e    1     48 .
fe  D 5  25 
101. (c) fo  50 cm, fe  5 cm, D  25 cm and uo  200 cm.
1
82. (b) m  Separation between the objective and the eye lens is
fe
u o fo f D 200  50 5  25
83. (b) f0  fe for telescope. L  e    71 cm
(u o  fo ) ( fe  D) (200  50 ) (5  25 )
f0
84. (a) m   . 102. (b) Resolving power
fe d 1.22
   2  10 6
fo  f  100  5  1.22  1.22  5000  10 10
85. (b)  m    1  e   1    24
fe  D 5  25  103. (a)
86. (a, b, c, d)
 Ray Optics 1741

fo 100 1 1 1 1 1 1
104. (b) By using m   fe   2 cm        vo  20 cm
fe 50 vo fo uo 4  5 20
Also L  fo  fe  100  2  98 cm vo  D 20  20 
Now M  1    1    12 .
uo  f   
fo f  e  5 10
105. (b) m   10  o  fo  200 cm
fe 20
1 1 .22  Photometry
106. (c) Minimum angular separation   
R.P. d
1. (d) Luminous flux  4 L  4  3.14  42  528 Lumen
1 .22  5000  10 10
  0.3  10 6 rad
2 Luminous flux 528
Power of lamp    264 W
D 25 25 ~ Luminous efficiency 2
107. (c) m = 1   10  1   fe  – 25 mm
fe fe 9 L cos Normal
2. (b) I  2
D 25 r 60o
108. (a) or
F F Ir 2
 L 2m
cos Screen
109. (c) L  v0  ue and v0  f0 , u e ~ fe
110. (c) Magnification will be done by compound microscope 5  10 4  10 4  2 2
  40 Candela
only when fo  fe cos 60 
1 .22  L dI 2dr
111. (d) Angular resolution d   3. (d) I    (  L = constant)
a r 2
I r

1 .22  5000  10  10 10 dI 2  dr

  6.1  10 6 rad .   100    100  2  1  2%
10  10 2 I r
4. (c) For equal fogging I2  t 2  I1  t1
a
112. (a) Resolving power 
1 .22  L2 L1 16 20
  t2   t1   t2   10
fo P 20 r22 r12 4 1
113. (d) M   e   40 .
fe Po 0.5  t2  50 sec .
114. (a) Radio, waves can pass through dust, clouds, fog, etc, in 5. (d) The illuminance at B
a radio, telescope. It can detect very faint radio signal L A Lamp
due to enormous size of its reflector. So it can be used IB  2
.......(i)
1  5m
at night and even in cloudy weather.
and illuminance at point C 1m
115. (a) Resolving limit 
L cos  L 1
1.22  1.22  4538  10 10 IC   
d    5.54  10 7 rad . ( 5)2 ( 5) 2 5 B 2m C
a 1
I v0 f L
116. (a) Magnification of objective lens m    0  IC  ...... (ii)
O u0 u0 5 5

I 200  10 2 From equation (i) and (ii) I B  5 5 I0

   I = 5  10–2 m = 5 cm.
50 2  10 3 1
6. (b) I  so,
v  D  D r2
117. (b) m  o 1    m o 1  
uo  
fe   fe 
  Illuminanc e on slide (Length of image on screen) 2

 25  Illuminanc e on screen (Length of object on slide) 2
 30  m o  1    m 0  6  mo  5 .
 5 
 3.5 m 
2

    10 4 : 1
118. (a)  35 mm 
fo 100
119. (a) m    50  fe  2 cm 7. (a) The illuminance at A is
fe fe
L L 3 3L
IA   cos 1   
Normal distance fo  fe  100  2  98 cm. ( 13 ) 2 13 13 (13 )3 / 2
1 1 1 The illuminance at B is
120. (a) For objective lens  
fo vo uo L
IB   cos  2 17 m
( 17 )2 1

3m 2 13 m

2 2m B

2m A
 1742 Ray Optics

L 3 3L 1 I2 r2 60 2 1
   3/2 16. (a) I    12  
17 17 (17 ) r2 I1 r2 180 2
9
3/2
I A  17  17. (b)
  
I B  13  1
18. (b) I 
8. (b) r2
  19. (c) To develop a print a fix amount of energy is required.
9. (c) Luminous intensity L  1     4 . Total light energy incident on photo print
4 4
10. (c)   4 L  4  3 .14  100 = 1256 lumen. L L1 L2
I At  At  A1 t 1  A2 t2
L r 2
r12 r22
11. (a) I   L  I.r  22  2  100
2 2

r2 t1 t2
  (  L1  L 2 and A1  A 2 )
Now   4 L  4  3.14  100 = 1256 lumen. r12 r22
12. (c) Illuminance at A,
r22  0 . 40 
L  t2  .t1    2  5 = 12.8 sec.
IA  r12  0 . 25 
h2
Illuminance at B,  3/2
h2  r 2  1
h 1   3/2
I centre (r 2  h 2 )3 / 2 5

L 4
IB  cos  20. (b)   
(h 2  r 2 ) 2 I edge h3 13 4
A r B
Lh L L1 L2
 21. (c) I    (I is same)
(r  h )
2 2 3/2 r2 r12 r22
3/2 3/2 2
I  r2   82  L1 r2  1 
 A   1  2    1  2   23 / 2  2 2 : 1   12     1 : 100 .
IB  h   8  L2 r2  10 

L Io
13. (c) I  22. (c) I  Io cos  I o cos 60 o 
r2 2
14. (c) Efficiency of light source 23. (a)

 ..... (i) 24. (b)   4L  200  lumen.
p
 200  2
 so I    = 200 lux.
and L  ..... (ii) 100 A 100  r 2
(0.1) 2
4
From equation (i) and (ii) 25. (b,c) According to the problem
4L 4  35 IA IB A P B
p   88 W . 4
 5 x 2
(1 .2  x ) 2 x (1.2–x)
15. (a) Case I 1 4
  1.2 m
100 100 cd
IA   25 cd x 2
(1 .2  x ) 2
22  2 .5 m 1 2
100 2m    x  0.4 m and 1.2  x  0.8 m .
and I B  cos x 1 .2  x
(2 .5) 2
A 1.5m B L L1 r12

100

2 200 26. (c) I   
2
 r2 L 2 r22 8 Cd P 32 Cd
2 .5 2.5 (2.5)3
x (120–x)
Case II, 8 32
or 
25 25 cd x2 (120  x ) 2 120 cm
I' B  X IB 
(3 . 25 )3 / 2 ' Solving it we get x  40 cm .
1m 3.25
I' 25 (2 . 5 )3
so B   I center (r 2  h 2 ) 3 / 2
IB 200 (3 . 25 )3 / 2 27. (d) 
A B I edge h3
 X 1/ 3
(r 2  h 2 ) 3 / 2
8   2h  (r 2  h 2 )1 / 2
h3
 Ray Optics 1743

r L L L L
 4 h 2  r 2  h 2  3h 2  r 2  h  41. (c) I1   and I2  2 
3 r12 16 r2 9

L 100 % increase in illuminance

28. (b) I  2
 2
=4 Lux.
r 5 I 2  I1  16 
  100    1   100  78 %
L L L I  9 
29. (d) I1   and I 2 
r12 1600 2500
Critical Thinking Questions
 % decease in illuminance
I1  I 2  1600  900 1. (d) According to the following ray diagram HI  AB  d
  100   1    100   100  36
I1  2500  2500 d
and DS  CD 
2 G
30. (b) C
A D
H
L L
31. (d) I A  and I B  cos
(2r) 2 r 2  2
S
Lamp
d S

I
L r L Tunnel B E
 .  F
2r 2 r 2 2 2 r2  L J
B 2L
O 2d
IA 2 2 1 AH  2 AD  GH  2CD  d
   2
IB 4 2 A Similarly IJ  d so GJ  GH  HI  IJ  d  d  d  3 d
L 2. (b) From the following ray diagram
32. (a) I   L  1.57  10 5  (1.5  10 11 )2  3 .53  10 27 Cd
r 2 l2 3m
d
B
33. (d)   4L  4  3.14  3.53  10 27
 4 .43  10 28
lumen .
0.2m 30o 30o
3
34. (d)    0 .685  1.37  10 3 lumen
1 .5  10  3 A
l0 .2 2 3
35. (a)  surface 
3000
 500 lumen. d  0 .2 tan 30      30
6 3 d 0.2 / 3
Therefore maximum number of reflections are 30.
36. (c) Rotation of area about incident light doesn’t change the
3. (b) The angle subtended by the image of the sun at the
inclination of the light ray on the area. o
1 
Lh mirror  3 0     rad
37. (c) I  3 2 360
r
38. (d) By the symmetry of the rays and location of the points.
39. (d) If  is the luminous efficiency of the bulb then. 
x
luminous flux by 120 watt at 555 nm    120
Let bulb of P watt at 600 nm produces the same
luminous flux as by 120 watt at 555 nm then 100 cm
If x be the diameter of the image of the sun, then
  120  P  0.6  P 
120
 200 watt. Arc x 1 2  100 
  .   x  0 .87 cm
0.6 Radius 100 2 360 360 360
L I f 10 10 2
40. (c) Illuminance produce by the sun  4. (a) m     
(1 .5  10 11 )2 O u  f 25  10 15 3
2
Ai 2
Illuminance produce by the bulb 
10000 m2   Ai  m 2  Ao     (3)2  4 cm 2
Ao 3
(0 .3)2
1 1 1
L 10000 5. (d) From mirror formula   .....(i)
According to problem  f v u
(1 .5  10 )
11 2
(0 .3)2 Differentiating equation (i), we obtain
2
2.25  10  10 22 4
1 1 v 
L  25  10 26 Cd 0 dv  du  dv    du .....(ii)
9  10 2 v2 u2 u
1744 Ray Optics

v f
Also from equation (i)  .....(iii)
u uf
2
 f 
From equation (ii) and (iii) we get dv    .l
u  f 
2
 f 
Therefore size of image is   l.
u f 
 1744 Ray Optics

6. (b) If end A of rod acts an object for mirror then it's image 2 1  2  1
  where
will be A' and if v u R
f 5f 1 1 1  2 = R. I. of medium in which light rays are going = 1
u  2f   so by using  
3 3 f v u
1 = R. I. of medium from which light rays are coming = 1.6
2f
f/3 u = 2f – (f/3)
u = distance of object from curved surface = – 0.04 m
A R = – 0.04 m.
F 1 1 .6 1  1 .6
A' C     v   0 .04 m
v (0 . 04 ) (0 . 04 )
v i.e. the image will be formed at the same position of cross.

1 1 1 5 Case (ii) When curved face is in contact with paper

    v f
 f v 5f 2
3
5 f 0.04 m
 Length of image  f  2f 
2 2
7. (b) From the following ray diagram it is clear that Real depth (h)

  (   )  (   )  2(   ) Apparent depth (h)

 0 .04
 1 .6   h  0.025 m (Below the flat face)
h
A  – – B
    10. (c) Let x be the apparent position of the silvered surface.
r r x
O

Object Image
8. (a) From the following figure

8 cm 12 cm
i
r 12 +(6–x)

n t = 6 cm

r + i = 900  i = 900 – r According to property of plane mirror

For ray not to emerge from curved surface i > C x + 8 = 12 + 6 – x  x = 5 cm

 sin i > sin C  sin (90o – r) > sin C  cos r > sin C t 6
Also       1 .2
x 5
1  1
 1  sin 2 r  sin C  
n  n 11. (a) Ray comes out from CD, means rays after refraction
from AB get, total internally reflected at AD
sin 2  1 1
 1  2  1  2 (1  sin 2  )
n2 n n A D
r1 r2
 n 2  1  sin2   n  2 {sin i  1} max n1 n2

 Least value  2 B C

9. (b) Case (i) When flat face is in contact with paper.

n1 sin  max n 
   max  sin 1  1 sin r1  …(i)
n2 sin r1  2
n 

Also r1  r2  90 o  r1  90  r2  90  C

0.04 m  1  n 
 r1  90  sin 1    r1  90  sin 1  2
 n
 ...(ii)


2 1  1 
 Ray Optics 1745

Hence from equation (i) and (ii) sin i

16. (b) For glass-water interface g  w  …(i)
n sin r
 n 
 max  sin 1  1 sin90  sin 1 2  sin r
 2
n  n1  For water-air interface w a  …(ii)
sin 90 o
n  n  sin i sin r
= sin 1  1 cos sin 1 2   g w  w  a    sin i
 n 2  n1  sin r sin 90 o
w  a 1
12. (b) Since rays after passing through the glass slab just    sin i   g 
 g w sin i
suffer lateral displacement hence we have angle
between the emergent rays as . 17. (a) For TIR at AC
B A

 C 

i
 sin  sin C
 i
1
 sin 
w g
C
 8
i i  sin   w  sin 
g 9
13. (b) Sun is at infinity i.e. u   so from mirror formula we
18. (b) From figure it is clear that separation between lenses
1 1 1
have    f  32 cm .
f  32 () d  20  5  15 cm

When water is filled in the tank upto a height of 20 cm,

the image formed by the mirror will act as virtual
object for water surface. Which will form it’s image at I
Actualheight  BO 4 / 3
such that  w i.e. 
Apperant height  a BI 1
d 5 cm
3 3
 BI  BO  = 12   9 cm . 20 cm
4 4

F O 1 1 1 
F 19. (c) According to lens formula  (  1)  
I 12 cm f  R1 R2 
B The lens is plano-convex i.e., R1  R and R2  
20 cm
1  1 R
Hence  f
f R  1

Speed of light in medium of lens v  2  10 8 m / s

14. (a) v = 1 cm, R = 2 cm
2=1
By using c 3  10 8 3
     1.5
1=1.5 v 2  10 8 2
2 1  2  1
 
v u R A
C
1 1.5 1  1 .5 v R r
  u
1 u 2 B
R O
 u  1.2 cm (R–y) y

15. (b) The line of sight of the observer remains constant,

making an angle of 45° with the normal. C
If r is the radius and y is the thickness of lens (at the
h 1 centre), the radius of curvature R of its curved surface
sin   =
h  (2h)
2 2 5 in accordance with the figure is given by
h
45o h R 2  r 2  (R  y)2  r 2  y 2  2 Ry  0
sin 45 o
 r2 (6 / 2) 2
sin  h Neglecting y 2 ; we get R    15 cm
3h 2h  2 y 2  0 .3
1/ 2 5
    h Hence f 
15
 30 cm
1/ 5 2 1 .5  1
 1746 Ray Optics

20. (c) In the following ray diagram ' s, ABC and CDE are 1 1 1 1 1 1
24. (a, d) For a lens      .....(i)
symmetric 60 cm f v u v u f
A
f v v  1
O C D Also m   1   m     v  1 ....(ii)
f f  f
B h
E On comparing equations (i) and (ii) with y  mx  c.
40 cm 40 cm 1 1
20 cm It is clear that relationship between vs and m vs v
AB DE 5 h
So,     h  2 .5 cm v u
BC CD 40 20 is linear.
21. (c) For lens u  30 cm, f  20 cm , hence by using 25. (c) The dispersion produced by a spherical surface
1 1 1 1 1 1 depends on it’s radius of curvature. Hence, a lens will
      v  60 cm
f v u  20 v  30 not exhibit dispersion only if it’s two surfaces have
equal radii, with one being convex and the other
The final image will coincide the object, if light ray
concave.
falls normally on convex mirror as shown. From
figure it is seen clear that separation between lens 26. (b) Convex lens will form image I1 at it’s focus which acts
and mirror is 60 – 10 = 50 cm. like a virtual object for concave lens.

I1 I2
O I

30 cm 10 cm
60 cm 26 cm 4 cm
1 1 1 1
22. (d)    30 cm
F f1 f2 f3
Hence for concave lens u  4 cm , f  20 cm . So by
1 1 1
 + + lens formula    v  5 cm i.e. distance of
 20 v 4
final image (I2 ) from concave lens v  5 cm by using
f1 f2 f3 v I 5 I
F     (I 2 )  2 .5 cm
1 1 1  0 .6 3 u O 4 2
 (1 .6  1)    …(i)
f1   20  20 100
27. (d) For achromatic combination C  F
1  1 1  1
 (1 . 5  1)   …(ii) [(v  r )A]C  [(v  r )A]F
f2  20  20  20

1  1 1 3  [r A]C  [r A]F  [v A]C  [v A]F

 (1 .6  1)   …(iii)
f3   20   100  1 .5  19  6  1 . 66  38 .5
1 3 1 3 Resultant   [(r  1)Al]C  [(r  1)A]F
     F  100 cm
F 100 20 100
1  n2  1 1   [r A]C  [r A]F  (AC  AF ) = 38 .5  (19  6)  13 .5 o
23. (d)   1     where n2 and n1 are the
f  n1  1 R R 
2  A m A  m
sin sin
refractive indices of the material of the lens and of the 2 A
 cot  2
28. (d) By using  
surroundings respectively. For a double concave lens, A 2 A
sin sin
 1 1  2 2
 
 R  R  is always negative. A  m
 1 2 
cos
A
sin
 2  2
A A
sin sin
2 2
n1 n1
n2  A  A  m 
 sin  90     sin     m  180  2 A
Hence f is negative only when n2  n1  2  2 
 Ray Optics 1747

sin 30 o 1 34. (c) When the ray passes into the rarer medium, the
29. (d) At point A.  deviation is     0 . This can have a maximum value
sin r 1.44
A
  
of   C  for   C and   .
r 2  2
30°
When total internal reflection occurs, the deviation is
B 60° 120°       2 , the minimum value of  being C . The
D
maximum value of     2C .
C Rarer 

1
 r  sin (0 .72 ) also BAD  180  r o

Denser 
In rectangle ABCD,  A +  B +  C +  D = 360°  

 (180   r)  60   (180   r)    360 

   2 [sin 1 (0 .72 )  30 o ] x 1 .22  1 .22 r

35. (c)  x
r d d
30. (d) If  = maximum value of base angle for which light is
totally reflected form hypotenuse. 1.22  500  10 9  400  10 3
  50 m
5  10 3
(90-) 1.22  1.22  6000  10 10
36. (d) Resolving power  
(90-) a 5
d d
90°  Also resolving power  
(90    ) = C = minimum value of angle of incidence at D 38 .6  10 7
hypotenuse for total internal reflection 1.22  6  10 7 d
 
1 1 1 5 38 .6  10 7
sin(90    )  sin C   cos     cos 1  
   d 
1.22  6  10 7  38 .6  10 7
m  56 .51 m
5
31. (b) For total internal reflection from surface BC
37. (a) As limit of resolution
  C  sin  sin C
1
 1    ; and if x is the distance
 sin    A B Resolving Power(RP)
 lg   
  between points on the surface of moon which is at a
  Liquid  distance r from the telescope.
 sin   

  Prism
x
 C  
r
 1 .32  11
1 .22 r
sin     sin  1 x r r
 1 .56  13 So    i.e. x   x
RP r RP d / 1.22  d
2 1  2  1 1 .5 1 (1 . 5  1)
32. (a)      1.22  5500  10 10  (3.8  10 8 )
v u R  OQ (OP ) R   51 m
500  10  2
On putting OQ  OP, OP  5 R
L cos Lh
38. (b) I edge  
1 2 1 (h 2  r 2 ) (h 2  r 2 )3 / 2
33. (d) Here  
F f fm dI
For maximum extensity 0
Plano-convex lens silvered on plane side has fm   . dh
1 2 1 1 2 r
      f  60 cm Applying this condition have get h 
F f  30 f 2
R 39. (a) From the geometry of the figure P1
Plano-convex lens silvered on convex side has fm 
2 p 1 p 2  2 a sin 60 o
a
1 2 2 1 2 2 30°
       R  30 cm L 60°
so, I P2 
F f R 10 60 R p 1 p 22
1 1
Now using  (  1)  , we get   1 . 5 
L

L
f R (2a sin 60 o ) 2 3a 2 P2 a P3
 1748 Ray Optics

and IP3 
L
cos 30 o 45. (b) Wave length of the electron wave be 10  10 12 m ,
(P1 P22  a2 )
h h2
Using   E
L 3 3L 2mE  2  2m
= 
[(2a sin 60 )  a ] 2
o 2
8 a2
2
(6 . 63  10 34 ) 2
 Joule
3 3 3 3 (10  10 12 ) 2  2  9 . 1  10  31
 I P3  I P2  I0
8 8
(6 . 63  10 34 ) 2
All options are wrong.  12 2
eV
(10  10 )  2  9 . 1  10  31  1 . 6  10 19
40. (c) Distance of object from mirror
= 15.1 KeV.
33 .25
= 15+  3 = 39.93 cm x 1 .22 
4 46. (c)   
d a
25 x
Distance of image from mirror =15 +  3 =33.75 1 .22  d
4 x 
a
1 1 1 d
For mirror,  
v u f 1.22  5000  10 10  10 3
 = 6.1 mm
1 1 1 10  10  2
    f  –18.3 cm.
 33 . 75 39 . 93 f i.e. order will be 5 mm.

 f 
2
 
2 1.22  x x a 1  10 3  3  10 3
 24 47. (c)  d   = 5m
41. (c) vi    . vo      9 = 4 cm/sec. a d 1.22  1 .22  500  10  9
 f u    24  (60 ) 
42. (d) From the following figures it is clear that real image (I) 48. (c) Let distance between lenses be x . As per the given
condition, combination behaves as a plane glass plate,
will be formed between C and O
having focal length  .
C C Object
1 1 1 x
So by using   
F f1 f2 f1 f2
I 1 1 1 x
     x  20 cm
  30  10 (30 )(10 )
49. (a) When plane mirror rotates through an angle , the
O O reflected ray rotates through an angle 2. So spot on
Initially Finally the screen will make 2n revolution per second.
fo 400
43. (b)  m     40 50. (d)  cos 45   10   10 2 cms–1
fe 10
Angle subtented by moon on the objective of telescope In the ceiling mirror the original velocity will be seen.
3.5  10 3 3.5
   10  2 rad
3.8  10 3 3.8
10 cms–1

 
Also  m    Angular size of final image

3 .5 45°
  m     40   10  2 = 0.36 rad 10 cms–1
3 .8
51. (d) According to the following figure distance of image I
180
 0 .3   21 o
 from camera  (6)2  (1.5)2  6.18 m
44. (a) Full use of resolving power means whole aperture of O 1.5m
C
objective in use. And for relaxed vision. A

3m
D d

3m
fo fe
fo D 300 15
    fe  6 cm
fe d fe 0.3 I
 Ray Optics 1749

52. (c) From figure it is clear that relative velocity between 58. (b) Since there is no parallex, it means that both images
object and it's image = 2v cos (By plane mirror and convex mirror) coinciding each
O v cos  v cos  I other.
  Object
A
v v
30 cm 20 cm
53. (b) Image formation by a mirror (either plane or spherical)
does not depend on the medium. 50 cm
10 cm
The image of P will be formed at a distance h below the
mirror. If d = depth of liquid in the tank. According to property of plane mirror it will form
d h image at a distance of 30 cm behind it. Hence for
Apparent depth of P  x1  convex mirror u = – 50 cm, v = + 10 cm

1 1 1 1 1 1 4
d h By using      
Apparent depth of the image of P  x 2  f v u f  10  50 50

 Apparent distance between P and it's image 25
 f cm  R  2 f  25 cm.
2h 2
 x 2  x1 
 1 1 1 1 2 3
59. (d) For surface P,    1    v1  m
54. (a) From the figure it is clear that the angle between v1 f u 3 3 2
incident ray and the emergent ray is 90o. 1 1 1 1 4 5
Incident Emergent For surface Q,    1    v2  m
v2 f u 5 5 4
45o ray 45o 45o ray
45o
 v1  v2  0.25 m
v 1 3 /2 1
r r  Magnification of P   
u 3 2
1
 Height of P   2  1m
2
55. (b) From figure it is clear that object appears to be raised by
v 2 5/4 1
10
cm 2 .5 cm  Magnification of Q   
4 u 5 4

Hence distance between mirror and 1

 Height of Q   2  0 .5 m
O'  5  7.5  12 .5 cm 4
R 10
5 cm
60. (b) Focal length of mirror f    5 cm
2 2
P
O' 10 cm
10
cm C
4
O
Q R 10m
So final image will be formed at 12.5 cm behind the
plane mirror.
56. (d) Velocity of approach of man towards the bicycle = (u – v)
20 m
Hence velocity of approach of image towards man is
2(u – v). For part PQ : transverse magnification
57. (c) For A
 f 
(1 . 5 )t length of image L1 =    L 0
Total number of waves = ....(i)  f u

 5   L0
 Total number   optical pa th length  =    L0 
        5  ( 20 )  3
 of waves   wavelength 
For part QR : longitudinal magnification
For B and C
2
 f 
t  2t  Length of image L2    L0
n B   (1 . 6 ) 
 
3  3   f u 
Total number of waves = ....(ii)
   5 
2
L L 3
=    L0  0  1 
Equating (i) and (ii) n B  1.3   5  (20 )  9 L2 1
 1750 Ray Optics

61. (d) The two slabs will shift the image a distance Now consider the
refraction at the second
 1  1 
d  2  1   t  2  1   1 .5   1 cm surface of the lens i.e.
    1 .5  refraction from denser I I1
Therefore, final image will be 1 cm above point P. medium to rarer
medium Water Air
62. (a) Here optical distance between fish and the bird is
s  y ' y 3 3
1
2   2  1  v   3  R
ds dy ' dy R
2
Differentiating w.r.t t we get   9R v2 2
dt dt dt
3
4 dy dy The image will be formed at a distance of R . This is
 9 3   4 .5 m /sec 2
3 dt dt
equal to the focal length of the lens.
63. (a) The real depth   ( apparent depth)
66. (c)  Pr ism  (  1) A  (1 .5  1)4 o  2 o
 In first case, the real depth h1  (b  a)
  Total   P r ism   Mirror
Similarly in the second case, the real depth
h2  (d  c)  (  1)A  (180  2i)  2o  (180  2  2)  178 o
Since h2  h1 , the difference of real depths 67. (b) Here the requirement is that i  c
 h2  h1  (d  c  b  a) 2
 sin i  sin c  sin i  …..(i)
Since the liquid added inis second case, 1
(d  b )
h2  h1  (d  b)    sin 
(d  c  b  a) From Snell’s law 1  ….(ii)
sin r
64. (a) The given condition will be satisfied only if one source
Also in OBA B
(S1) placed on one side such that u < f (i.e. it lies under
the focus). The other source (S2) is placed on the other r  i  90 o  r  (90  i)
i
side of the lens such that u > f (i.e. it lies beyond the
focus). Hence from equation (ii)
r
sin   1 sin(90  i)
1 1 1 O A
If S 1 is the object for lens then   
f y x sin 
 cos i 
1 1 1 1
   .....(i)
y x f 2
 sin  
If S 2 is the object for lens then sin i  1  cos2 i  1   
 ….(iii)
 1 
1 1 1 1 1 1
     .....(ii) 2
f  y  (24  x ) y f (24  x )  sin   
From equation (i) and (iii) 1     2

 1  1
I1 S1 S2
I2
 sin 2   (12   22 )  sin   12   22

x (24 – x)  max  sin1 12  22

24 cm
y 68. (b) Consider the figure if smallest
From equation (i) and (ii) angle of incidence  is greater than critical angle then
all light will emerge out of B
1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2
       1 1
x f f (24  x ) x (24  x ) f 9    sin1    sin   B

  
 x  24 x  108  0 . After solving the equation
2
R 
x  18 cm , 6 cm. from figure sin   (R+d)
Rd
65. (c) Consider the refraction of the first surface i.e. refraction A
R 1  d
from rarer medium to denser medium    1     R
Rd   R d
3 4 4 3
   d
 2  1 1  2 d
      3  2  v1  9 R    1   
2 3  0 .5
 
R  u v1 R  v1 R  R max
 Ray Optics 1751

69. (b) In case of refraction from a curved surface, we have So to refocus the image, eye-piece must be moved by
the same distance through which the image formed by
2 1  2  1 1 2 (1  2)
     v =– 30 cm. the objective has shifted i.e. 15 – 6 = 9 cm.
v u R v (15 )  10
(L  fo  fe )D
A C 73. (b) By using m  
=1 =2 fo fe
=4/3
P O (16  0 .4  2 .5)  25
C'  = 327.5
10 cm I 0 .4  2 .5
B D
15 cm 74. (d) P Q
20 cm B n2
 E 90°
i C r2 F
i.e. the curved surface will form virtual image I at r1 r3 
A  D
distance of 30 cm from P. Since the image is virtual n1 n3
there will be no refraction at the plane surface CD (as R S T
the rays are not actually passing through the  = 90 – r1  = 90 – r2  = 90 – r3
boundary), the distance of final image I from P will
At B
remain 30 cm.
sin i  n1 sin r1  sin 2 i  n12 sin 2 r1 .... (i)
70. (d) As 2  1 , the upper half of the lens will become
At C
diverging.
n1 sin(90  r1 )  n 2 sin r2  n 22 sin 2 r2  n12 cos 2 r1 ....(ii)
As 1  3 , the lower half of the lens will become
At D
converging
n2 sin(90  r2 )  n3 sin r3  n 22 cos 2 r2  n 32 sin 2 r3 ....(iii)
71. (b)
Imaging At E
object
n3 sin(90  r3 )  (1) sin(90  1)  cos 2 i  n 32 cos 2 r3 ....(iv)
O
Adding (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv) we get 1  n 22  n12  n 32
10cm (f–10)cm 1 1 1
f 75. (a) L D  v o  u e and for objective lens  
fo v o u o
From the figure, Putting the values with proper sign convention.
Using property of plane mirror 1

1

1
 v o  7.5 cm
 2.5 v o (3.75 )
Image distance = Object distance
1 1 1
f – 10 = 10  f  20 cm For eye lens  
fe ve ue
72. (d) If initially the objective (focal length Fo) forms the
1 1 1
image at distance vo then     u e   4.16 cm
 5 (25 ) u e
uo fo 32
vo    6 cm   ue  4.16 cm
uo  fo 3  2
Hence L D  7.5  4.16  11 .67 cm
Now as in case of lenses in contact
76. (c) The actual luminous intensity of the lamp is I1
1 1 1 1 1 1
    .....   
Fo f1 f2 f3 f1 Fo whereas the intensity is I1 in the dirty state.
 1 1 1  Dirty chimney Grease spot
where    .....  I2
 I1
 Fo f 2 f 3  x 10 cm
So if one of the lens is removed, the focal length of the
remaining lens system
Clean chimney
1 1 1 1 1 Grease spot I2
     Fo  2.5 cm I1
Fo F0 f1 2 10 x 8 cm

This lens will form the image of same object at a distance

u F 3  2 .5 
v o such that v o  o o   15 cm I1  x 
2
u o  Fo (3  2 .5) I position,  
I2  10 
 1752 Ray Optics
2  1 1
I1  x  I1 Also from    sin C 
II position,     0 . 64 sin C  Denser
I2  8  I1 Rarer

 1 1
 I1  0 . 64 I1 . Thus, % of light absorbed = 36%.  sin C   .
1 2 3
77. (c) The illuminance on the screen without mirror is
L f v  1
I1  2 4. (c) For a lens m   m     v  1
r f  f
Screen
Comparing this equation with y  mx  c (equation of
Image Mirror Lamp straight line)
8 cm v

r r r 1
C=+1 tan   slope  
f
The illuminance on the screen with mirror is
L L 10 L 
I2  2   
r (3 r)2 9 r2 u
I 10 5. (c) At P, u = v which happened only when u = 2f
 2   10 : 9
I1 9
At another point Q on the graph (above P)
L v > 2f
78. (b) Illuminance on the screen without mirror is I1 
r2 v
Q

Lamp P
2f
r r Screen

Image 2f u
f v 1
Illuminance on the screen with mirror 6. (d) For a lens m    v 1
f f

I2 
L L

2L I
 2  2  2 :1 Comparing it with y = mx + c
r2 r2 r I1 1
Slope  m  
h f
79. (b) Apparent depth h' 
air liquid b
From graph, slope of the line 
c
dh' 1 1 dh 1 dh dh
   x    a w x 1 b c
dt a w a w dt a w dt dt Hence   | f| 
f c b
Now volume of water V  R 2h
B
7. (a)   A 

dV
 R 2
dh
 R 2 . a w x 2
dt dt 1 1 1 1 1 1
8. (a) Since     
w n  f v u v u f
 a wR 2 x  R 2 x   2  R 2 x
a  n1  Putting the sign convention properly
1 1 1 1 1 1
Graphical Questions     
(v) (u) ( f ) v u f
Comparing this equation with y = mx + c
1. (c) As u  f , v   ; u  , v  f
Slope = m = tan = – 1   = 135° or – 45° and
2. (a) At u = f, v =  1
intercept C  
At u = 0, v = 0 (i.e. object and image both lies at pole) f
Satisfying these two conditions, only option (a) is 1/v
correct.
sin r 1 1
3. (b, c) From graph tan 30 o   C
sin i 1  2 f 135°
– 45°
 2 v1
 1 2  3    1 . 73  v1  1.73 v2 1/u
1 v 2
 Ray Optics 1753

9. (a) As u goes from 0 to – , v goes from + 0 to + f For i < c; deviation  = r – i with

 r
10. (a) For convex lens (for real image) u  v  4 f 1

sin i
For u = 2f, v is also equal to 2f  sin r
Hence u + v = 4f i
Hence   sin1  sin i  i
f
11. (d) For concave mirror m  This is a non-linear relation.
f u

The maximum value of  is  1   c ; where i = c and
f f 2
For real image m   
(u  f ) x 1
 
sin c
f 1
  m . i i
(Distance of object from focus ) x For i > c, deviation  =  – 2i

12. (a) For a prism, as the angle of incidence increases, the  decreases linearly with i
angle of deviation first decreases, goes to a minimum 2 =  – 2 c = 21
value and then increases.
1 1 1
13. (b) From Newton's formula xy  f 2 . This is the equation 19. (d) For a lens  
f v u
of a rectangular hyperbola.
If u =  , v = f and if u = f, v = 
14. (a, c) At P,  = 0  A(  1)    1 .
20. (d)
Also  m  (  1)A  Am  A

Comparing it with y = mx + c Assertion and Reason

Slope of the line = m = A
1. (b)
 2  sin r 2. (b) The stars twinkle while the planets do not. It is due to
15. (b) From graph, slope  tan  
 10  sin i variation in density of atmospheric layer. As the stars
are very far and giving light continuously to us. So, the
 2 sin i 1 4
Also 1  2      2  1 light coming from stars is found to change their
1 sin r  2  3
tan   intensity continuously. Hence they are seen twinkling.
 10  Also stars are much bigger in size than planets but it
It means that medium 2 is denser medium. So total has nothing to deal with twinkling phenomenon.
internal reflection cannot occur. 3. (c) Owls can move freely during night, because they have
large number of cones on their retina which help them
sin r
16. (d) From graph it is clear that tan 30 o  to see in night.
sin i
4. (c) Shining of air bubble in water is on account of total
1 sin r 1 internal reflection.
     3
3 sin i 
5. (c) After the removal of stimulus the image formed on
c 1 1 retina is sustained up to 1/6 second.
Also v   nc  n    (3)1 / 2
  3 6. (a) Because of smallest wavelength of blue colour it is
scattered to large extent than other colours, so the sky
17. (b) In concave mirror, if virtual images are formed, u can appears blue.
have values zero and f
7. (e) For total internal reflection the angle of incidence
At u = 0, m 
f f
 1 should be greater than the critical angle. As critical
f u f angle is approximately 35°. Therefore, total internal
reflection is not possible. So, assertion is not true but
f f reason is true.
At u = f, m   
f u  f  ( f )
8. (c) The sun and its surroundings appears red during
18. (a) The ray of light is refracted at the plane surface. sunset or sunrise because of scattering of light. The
However, since the ray is travelling from a denser to a amount of scattered light is inversely proportional to
rarer medium, for an angle of incidence (i) greater then 1
the fourth power of wavelength of light i.e. I  4
the critical angle (c) the ray will be totally internally 
reflected.
9. (a) Focal length of lens immersed in water is four times the
focal length of lens in air. It means
 1754 Ray Optics
fw  4 fa  4  10  40 cm
10. (e) The velocity of light of different colours (all
1
wavelengths) is same in vacuum and   .

11. (a) The red glass absorbs the radiations emitted by green
flowers; so flower appears black.
I f f
12. (a) Magnification produced by mirror m   
O f u x
x is distance from focus.
13. (e) Apparent shift for different coloured letter is
 1
d  h  1    R  V so R  V
 
Hence d R  dV i.e. red coloured letter raised least.
14. (a) The efficiency of fluorescent tube is about 50
lumen/watt, whereas efficiency of electric bulb is about
12 lumen/watt. Thus for same amount of electric
energy consumed, the tube gives nearly 4 times more
light than the filament bulb.
15. (c) Polar caps receives almost the same amount of
radiation as the equatorial plane. For the polar caps
angle between sun rays and normal (to polar caps)
tends to 90°. As per Lambert's cosine law, E  cos  ,
therefore E is zero. For the equatorial plane,  = 0°,
therefore E is maximum. Hence polar caps of earth are
so cold. (where E is radiation received).
16. (b) At noon, rays of sun light fall normally on earth.
Therefore  = 0°. According to Lambert's cosine law,
E  cos  , when  = 0°, cos  = cos 0° = 1 = max.
Therefore, E is maximum.
17. (d) When an object is placed between two plane parallel
mirrors, then infinite number of images are formed.
Images are formed due to multiple reflections. At each
reflection, a part of light energy is absorbed. Therefore,
distant images get fainter.
18. (c) In search lights, we need an intense parallel beam of
light. If a source is placed at the focus of a concave
spherical mirror, only paraxial rays are rendered
parallel. Due to large aperture of mirror, marginal rays
give a divergent beam.
But in case of parabolic mirror, when source is at the
focus, beam of light produced over the entire cross-
section of the mirror is a parallel beam.
19. (d) The size of the mirror does not affect the nature of the
image except that a bigger mirror forms a brighter
image.
20. (a) When the sun is close to setting, refraction will effect
the top part of the sun differently from the bottom half.
The top half will radiate its image truly, while the
bottom portion will send an apparent image. Since the
bottom portion of sun is being seen through thicker,
more dense atmosphere. The bottom image is being
bent intensely and gives the impression of being
squashed or "flattened" or elliptical shape.
1 1
21. (c)    . V is least so CV is also least. Also the
 C
greatest wavelength is for red colour.
22. (e) We can produce a real image by plane or convex
mirror.
I O
(Real
(Real image) image)
Focal length of convex mirror is taken positive.
23. (d) The colour of glowing red glass in dark will be green as
red and green are complimentary colours.
24. (d) The air bubble would behave as a diverging lens,
because refractive index of air is less than refractive
index of glass. However, the geometrical shape of the
air bubble shall resemble a double convex lens.
Glass Glass
Ai
r
25. (a) In total internal reflection, 100% of incident light is
reflected back into the same medium, and there is no
loss of intensity, while in reflection from mirrors and
refraction from lenses, there is always some loss of
intensity. Therefore images formed by total internal
reflection are much brighter than those formed by
mirrors or lenses.
26. (d) Focal length of the lens depends upon it's refractive
1
index as  (  1) . Since b  r so fb  fr
f
Therefore, the focal length of a lens decreases when red
light is replaced by blue light.
27. (b) After refraction at two parallel faces of a glass slab, a
ray of light emerges in a direction parallel to the
direction of incidence of white light on the slab. As rays
of all colours emerge in the same direction (of
incidence of white light), hence there is no dispersion,
but only lateral displacement.
28. (d) It is not necessary for a material to have same colour in
reflected and transmitted light. A material may reflect
one colour strongly and transmit some other colour.
 Ray Optics 1755

For example, some lubricating oils reflect green colour

and transmit red. Therefore, in reflected light, they will
appear green and in transmitted light, they will appear
red. 37. (b) The velocity of light in a material medium depends
upon it's colour (wavelength). If a ray of white light
29. (d) Dispersion of light cannot occur on passing through air
incident on a prism, then on emerging, the different
contained in a hollow prism. Dispersion take place
colours are deviated through different angles.
because the refractive index of medium for different
(V   R )
colour is different. Therefore when white light travels Also dispersive power  
(Y  1)
from air to air, refractive index remains same and no
dispersion occurs. i.e.  depends upon only .

30. (b) The light gathering power (or brightness) of a 38. (c) The ray of light incident on the water air interface
telescope  (diameter)2. So by increasing the objective suffers total internal reflections, in that case the angle
diameter even far off stars may produce images of of incidence is greater than the critical angle. Therefore,
optimum brightness. if the tube is viewed from suitable direction (so that the
angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle), the
31. (c) Very large apertures gives blurred images because of rays of light incident on the tube undergoes total
aberrations. By reducing the aperture the clear image is internal reflection. As a result, the test tube appears as
obtained and thus the sensitivity of camera increases. highly polished i.e. silvery.
Also the focussing of object at different distance is 39. (a) In wide beam of light, the light rays of light which travel
achieved by slightly altering the separation of the lens close to the principal axis are called paraxial rays, while
from the film. the rays which travel quite away from the principal axis
is called marginal rays. In case of lens having large
32. (d) We cannot interchange the objective and eye lens of a
aperture, the behaviour of the paraxial and marginal
microscope to make a telescope. The reason is that the
rays are markedly different from each other. The two
focal length of lenses in microscope are very small, of
types of rays come to focus at different points on the
the order of mm or a few cm and the difference (fo – fe)
principal axis of the lens, thus the spherical aberration
is very small, while the telescope objective have a very
occur. However in case of a lens with small aperture,
large focal length as compared to eye lens of
the two types of rays come to focus quite close to each
microscope.
other.
33. (a) Image formed by convex lens 40. (e)
41. (b)
Source at
infinity
42. (b)
Focus
43. (c)
a
44. (a) Resolving power  .
34. (a) The focal length of a lens is given by 1 .22 
1  1 1  45. (c) When glass
 (  1)   

f  R1 R2  surface is made
rough then the
For, goggle, R1 = R2 light falling on
it is scattered Smooth surface Rough surface
1  1 1  1
  (  1)     0 . Therefore, P   0
 in different direction due to which its transparency
f  R1 R2  f
decreases.
35. (c) The wavelength of wave associated with electrons (de 46. (b) Diamond glitters brilliantly because light enters in
Broglie waves) is less than that of visible light. We diamond suffers total internal reflection. All the light
know that resolving power is inversely proportional to entering in it comes out of diamond after number of
wavelength of wave used in microscope. Therefore the reflections and no light is absorb by it.
resolving power of an electron microscope is higher 47. (c) The clouds consist of dust particles and water droplets.
than that of an optical microscope. Their size is very large as compared to the wavelength
of the incident light from the sun. So there is very little
36. (a) In case of minimum deviation of a prism  i   e so
scattering of light. Hence the light which we receive
r1  r2 through the clouds has all the colours of light. As a
i i
r r
1756 Ray Optics

result of this, we receive almost white light. Therefore,

the cloud are generally white.
 1756 Ray Optics

1. In an astronomical telescope in normal adjustment, a
straight black line of length L is drawn on the objective lens.
The eyepiece forms a real image of this line. The length of
this image is l. The magnification of the telescope is
L L
(a) (b) 1
l l
6. A small fish 0.4 m below the surface of a lake, is viewed
through a simple converging lens of focal length 3 m. The
lens is kept at 0.2 m above the water surface such that fish
lies on the optical axis of the lens. The image of the fish seen
 4
by observer will be at  water  
 3

L Ll
(c) 1 (d)
l L l

2. Three lenses L1, L2, L3 are placed co-axially as shown in 0.2m

figure. Focal length's of lenses are given 30 cm, 10 cm and 5

cm respectively. If a parallel beam of light falling on lens L1, 0.4m

emerging L3 as a convergent beam such that it converges at

the focus of L3. Distance between L1 and L2 will be
L1 L2 L3 (a) A distance of 0.2 m from the water surface
(a) 40 cm
(b) A distance of 0.6 m from the water surface
(b) 30 cm
(c) A distance of 0.3 m from the water surface
(c) 20 cm
(d) The same location of fish
(d) 10 cm
d
7. A water drop in air refractes the light ray as
3. An object is placed at a point distant x from the focus of a
convex lens and its image is formed at I as shown in the
figure. The distances x, x' satisfy the relation (a) (b)

x  x'
(a)  f
2
I
(b) f  xx ' O F F'
x x'
(c) x  x '  2 f (c) (d)

(d) x  x '  2 f No light

4. The diameter of the eye-ball of a normal eye is about 2.5 cm.

The power of the eye lens varies from
8. Which of the following ray diagram show physically
(a) 2 D to 10 D (b) 40 D to 32 D
possible refraction
(c) 9 D to 8 D (d) 44 D to 40 D
n=1.6
5. In a thin spherical fish bowl of radius 10 cm filled with
water of refractive index 4/3 there is a small fish at a n=1.8 n=1.5
n=1.4
n=1.6
distance of 4 cm from the centre C as shown in figure.
n=1.6
Where will the image of fish appears, if seen from E

(a) 5.2 cm
(i) (ii)
E
(iii)
(b) 7.2 cm C
(a) (i) (b) (ii)
(c) 4.2 cm 4 cm
(c) (iii) (d) None of these
(d) 3.2 cm
 Ray Optics 1757
9. Following figure shows the multiple reflections of a light ray 14. A point source of light S is placed at the bottom of a vessel
along a glass corridor where the walls are either parallel or containing a liquid of refractive index 5/3. A person is
perpendicular to one another. If the angle of incidence at viewing the source from above the surface. There is an
point P is 30°, what are the angles of reflection of the light opaque disc D of radius 1 cm floating on the surface of the
ray at points Q, R, S and T respectively liquid. The centre of the disc lies vertically above the source
S. The liquid from the vessel is gradually drained out
(a) 30°, 30°, 30°, 30° R through a tap. The maximum height of the liquid for which
the source cannot be seen at all from above is
(b) 30°, 60°, 30°, 60° T
Q (a) 1.50 cm
(c) 30°, 60°, 60°, 30° P S
(b) 1.64 cm D
(d) 60°, 60°, 60°, 60° 5
(c) 1.33 cm 
3
10. When the rectangular metal tank is filled to the top with an
unknown liquid, as observer with eyes level with the top of (d) 1.86 cm S
the tank can just see the corner E; a ray that refracts 15. A point object is placed mid-way between two plane
towards the observer at the top surface of the liquid is mirrors distance 'a' apart. The plane mirror forms an
shown. The refractive index of the liquid will be infinite number of images due to multiple reflection. The
(a) 1.2 distance between the nth order image formed in the two
mirrors is
(b) 1.4 
3cm (a) na (b) 2na
(c) 1.6 (c) na/2 (d) n2 a
(d) 1.9 E 16. A convergent beam of light is incident on a convex mirror so
4cm as to converge to a distance 12 cm from the pole of the
11. A concave mirror and a converging lens (glass with  = 1.5) mirror. An inverted image of the same size is formed
both have a focal length of 3 cm when in air. When they are coincident with the virtual object. What is the focal length of
 4 the mirror
in water    , their new focal lengths are
 3 (a) 24 cm (b) 12 cm
(a) fLens = 12 cm, fMirror = 3cm (c) 6 cm (d) 3 cm
(b) fLens = 3 cm, fMirror = 12cm 17. PQR is a right angled prism with other angles as 60o and
30o. Refractive index of prism is 1.5. PQ has a thin layer of
(c) fLens = 3 cm, fMirror = 3cm
liquid. Light falls normally on the face PR. For total internal
(d) fLens = 12 cm, fMirror = 12cm
reflection, maximum refractive index of liquid is
12. A ray of light strikes a plane mirror M at an angle of 45° as
(a) 1.4
shown in the figure. After reflection, the ray passes through
P Q
a prism of refractive index 1.5 whose apex angle is 4°. The (b) 1.3 60° 30°

total angle through which the ray is deviated is
(c) 1.2
(a) 90° (d) 1.6
45° R
(b) 91° 18. When a ray is refracted from one medium to another, the
wavelength changes from 6000 Å to 4000 Å. The critical
(c) 92° angle for the interface will be
4°
2  2 
(d) 93° (a) cos1   (b) sin1  

3  3
13. A slab of glass, of thickness 6 cm and refractive index 1.5, is
placed in front of a concave mirror, the faces of the slab 2  2 
(c) sin1   (d) cos1  

being perpendicular to the principal axis of the mirror. If 3  3 
the radius of curvature of the mirror is 40 cm and the
reflected image coincides with the object, then the distance 19. Two thin lenses, when in contact, produce a combination of
of the object from the mirror is power + 10 D. When they are 0.25 m apart, the power
reduces to + 6D. The focal lengths of the lenses (in m) are
(a) 30 cm (b) 22 cm
(a) 0.125 and 0.5 (b) 0.125 and 0.125
(c) 42 cm (d) 28 cm
(c) 0.5 and 0.75 (d) 0.125 and 0.75
 1758 Ray Optics
20. The plane faces of two identical plano convex lenses, each 23. A thin rod of 5 cm length is kept along the axis of a concave
with focal length f are pressed against each other using an mirror of 10 cm focal length such that its image is real and
optical glue to form a usual convex lens. The distance from magnified and one end touches the rod. Its magnification
the optical centre at which an object must be placed to will be
obtain the image same as the size of object is
(a) 1 (b) 2

(a)
f
(b)
f (c) 3 (d) 4
4 2
24. A telescope using light having wavelength 5000 Å and using
(c) f (d) 2 f lenses of focal 2.5 and 30 cm. If the diameter of the aperture
of the objective is 10 cm, then the resolving limit and
21. A parallel beam of light emerges from the opposite surface
magnifying power of the telescope is respectively
of the sphere when a point source of light lies at the surface
of the sphere. The refractive index of the sphere is (a) 6 .1  10 6 rad and 12

3 5 (b) 5 . 0  10 6 rad and 12

(a) (b)
2 3
(c) 6 .1  10 6 rad and 8.3  10 2
5
(c) 2 (d) (d) 5 . 0  10 6 rad and 8.3  10 2
2
25. A lens when placed on a plane mirror then object needle
22. A ray of light makes an angle of 10o with the horizontal and its image coincide at 15 cm. The focal length of the lens
above it and strikes a plane mirror which is inclined at an is
angle  to the horizontal. The angle  for which the reflected
(a) 15 cm
ray becomes vertical is
(b) 30 cm
(a) 40° (b) 50°
(c) 20 cm
(c) 80° (d) 100° (d) 
 Ray Optics 1759

(SET -29)

1. (a) Here we treat the line on the objective as the object and 7. (b) A water drop in air behaves as converging lens.
the eyepiece as the lens.
Hence u  ( fo  fe ) and f  fe
1 1 1
Now  
v  ( fo  fe ) fe
( fo  fe ) fe
Solving we get v 
fo 8. (a) When light ray goes from denser to rarer medium (i.e.
v f Image size l more  to less ) it deviates away from the normal
Magnification   e   while if light ray goes from rarer to denser medium (i.e.
u fo Object size L
less  more ) it bend towards the normal.
 Magnification of telescope in normal adjustment
This property is satisfying by the ray diagram (i) only.
f L
 o  9. (c)
fe l
2. (c) According to the problem, combination of L1 and L 2 R
act a simple glass plate. Hence according to formula 60° 30° T
60° 60° 60° 30°
1 1 1 d Q 30°
   30° S
F f1 f2 f1 f2 30°
30°
1 1 d 1 1 d P
  0  
f1 f2 f1 f2 f1 f2 f1 f2
1 1 d 20 d 10. (a) Light ray is going from liquid (Denser) to air (Rarer)
    
30 10 30  10 30  10 30  10 and angle of refraction is 90 o , so angle of incidence
 d  20 cm must be equal to critical angle
90°
3. (d) From the figure for real image formation from figure
x + x' + 2f  4f  x + x'  2f.
4 C 5 cm
4. (d) An eye sees distant objects with full relaxation sin C  3cm
1 1 1 1 1 5
So   or P    40 D
2 . 5  10  2   f f 25  10  2 1 5 E
Also     1 .2 4cm
An eye sees an object at 25 cm with strain sin C 4
1 1 1
So   11. (a) Focal length of lens will increase by four times (i.e. 12
2 .5  10  2  25  10  2 f
cm) while focal length of mirror will not affected by
1
or P   40  4  44 D medium.
f
2 1  2  1 12. (c)  net   mirror   prism
5. (a) By using  
v u R
4  (180  2 i)  (  1)A
where 1  ,  2  1, u  6 cm, v = ?
3
 (180  2  45 )  (1.5  1)  4  92 o
On putting values v  5.2 cm
h  1
6. (d) Apparent distance of fish from lens u  0.2  13. (c) x   1   t
 
 
0 .4
 0 .2   0 .5 m
4 /3  1 
 1  6 O C
1 1 1 1 1 1  1.5 
From      v   0.6 m
f v u (3) v ( 0.5) x
= 2 cm. 40 cm
The image of the fish is still where the fish is 0.4 m
below the water surface. Distance of object from mirror = 42 cm.
 1760 Ray Optics
14. (c) Suppose the maximum height of the liquid is h for Also ( f1  f2 ) 2  ( f1  f2 ) 2  4 f1 f2
which the source is not visible.
2
5 1 9
Hence radius of the disc Hence ( f1  f2 )2     4  
 
8 16 64
h
r 3
 12  f1  f2  ..... (v)
8
h
h On solving (iv) and (v) f1  0.5 m and f2  0.125 m
1  h  1 .33 cm
5
2
20. (c) Two plano-convex lens of focal length f, when
  1 S
combined will give rise to a convex lens of focal length
3
f/2.
15. (b)
The image will be of same size if object is placed at 2f
III II order I order M' M I order II order III i.e. at a distance f from optical centre.
order image image image image order
image O image 21. (c) Considering pole at P, we have
I3' I2' I1' a/ a/ I I2 I3 2 1  2  1
a/2 a/ 1  
3a/2 2 a 2 2 3a/2 v u R
5a/2 5a/2
1  1
From above figure it can be proved that separation    O P
 (2 R ) ( R )
between nth order image formed in the two mirrors =
 1
2na   2
2R ( R )
16. (c) Here object and image are at the same position so this Vertical RR
position must be 22. (a) From figure
centre of curvature     10  90
 R = 12 cm  IR
   40 o 
10o Horizontal
R 
f  C line
2
Plane
mirror
23. (b)
2f
17. (b) For TIR at PQ ;
 C l ( 2f – l)
A
From geometry of figure   60 i.e. 60  C
F
 sin 60  sin C A' C

3  Liquid 3 v
    Liquid    Pr ism
2  Pr ism 2 End A of the rod acts as an object for mirror and A' will
be its image so u = 2f – l = 20 – 5 = 15 cm
3
  Liquid   1 . 5   Liquid  1 . 3 . 1 1 1
   
1
 
1 1
 v = – 30 cm .
2 f v u  10 v 15
1   1 Length of image (30  20 )
18. (c) 12   2  1  Now m   2
sin C 1 2 sin C Length of object 5
6000 1 2 f0 30
   C  sin 1   24. (a) m    12
4000 sin C 3 fe 2 .5
19. (a) When lenses are in contact 1.22  1.22  (5000  10 10 )
Resolving limit  
1 1 1 1 1 a 0.1
P    10   ..... (i)
F f1 f2 f1 f2  6.1  10 6 rad
When they are distance d apart 25. (a) When the object is placed at focus the rays are parallel.
1 1 1 d 1 1 0.25 The mirror placed normal
P'     6    ..... (ii)
F f1 f2 f1 f2 f1 f2 f1 f2 sends them back. Hence image
is formed at the object itself as
1
From equation (i) and (ii) f1 f2  ..... (iii) illustrated in figure.
16
5
From equation (i) and (iii) f1  f2  ..... (iv)
8
***