1744 Ray Optics

6. (b) If end A of rod acts an object for mirror then it's image 2 1  2  1
  where
will be A' and if v u R
f 5f 1 1 1  2 = R. I. of medium in which light rays are going = 1
u  2f   so by using  
3 3 f v u
1 = R. I. of medium from which light rays are coming = 1.6
2f
f/3 u = 2f – (f/3)
u = distance of object from curved surface = – 0.04 m
A R = – 0.04 m.
F 1 1 .6 1  1 .6
A' C     v   0 .04 m
v (0 . 04 ) (0 . 04 )
v i.e. the image will be formed at the same position of cross.

1 1 1 5 Case (ii) When curved face is in contact with paper

    v f
 f v 5f 2
3
5 f 0.04 m
 Length of image  f  2f 
2 2
7. (b) From the following ray diagram it is clear that Real depth (h)

  (   )  (   )  2(   ) Apparent depth (h)

 0 .04
 1 .6   h  0.025 m (Below the flat face)
h
A  – – B
    10. (c) Let x be the apparent position of the silvered surface.
r r x
O

Object Image
8. (a) From the following figure

8 cm 12 cm
i
r 12 +(6–x)

n t = 6 cm

r + i = 900  i = 900 – r According to property of plane mirror

For ray not to emerge from curved surface i > C x + 8 = 12 + 6 – x  x = 5 cm

 sin i > sin C  sin (90o – r) > sin C  cos r > sin C t 6
Also       1 .2
x 5
1  1
 1  sin 2 r  sin C  
n  n 11. (a) Ray comes out from CD, means rays after refraction
from AB get, total internally reflected at AD
sin 2  1 1
 1  2  1  2 (1  sin 2  )
n2 n n A D
r1 r2
 n 2  1  sin2   n  2 {sin i  1} max n1 n2

 Least value  2 B C

9. (b) Case (i) When flat face is in contact with paper.

n1 sin  max n 
   max  sin 1  1 sin r1  …(i)
n2 sin r1  2
n 

Also r1  r2  90 o  r1  90  r2  90  C

0.04 m  1  n 
 r1  90  sin 1    r1  90  sin 1  2
 n
 ...(ii)


2 1  1 
 Ray Optics 1745

Hence from equation (i) and (ii) sin i

16. (b) For glass-water interface g w  …(i)
n sin r
 n 
 max  sin 1  1 sin90  sin 1 2  sin r
 2
n  n1  For water-air interface w a  …(ii)
sin 90 o
n  n  sin i sin r
= sin 1  1 cos sin 1 2   g w  w  a    sin i
 n 2  n1  sin r sin 90 o
w  a 1
12. (b) Since rays after passing through the glass slab just    sin i   g 
 g w sin i
suffer lateral displacement hence we have angle
between the emergent rays as . 17. (a) For TIR at AC
B A

 C 

i
 sin  sin C
 i
1
 sin 
w g
C
 8
i i  sin   w  sin 
g 9
13. (b) Sun is at infinity i.e. u   so from mirror formula we
18. (b) From figure it is clear that separation between lenses
1 1 1
have    f  32 cm .
f  32 () d  20  5  15 cm

When water is filled in the tank upto a height of 20 cm,

the image formed by the mirror will act as virtual
object for water surface. Which will form it’s image at I
Actualheight  BO 4 / 3
such that  w i.e. 
Apperant height  a BI 1
d 5 cm
3 3
 BI  BO  = 12   9 cm . 20 cm
4 4

F O 1 1 1 
F 19. (c) According to lens formula  (  1)  
I 12 cm f  R1 R2 
B The lens is plano-convex i.e., R1  R and R2  
20 cm
1  1 R
Hence  f
f R  1

Speed of light in medium of lens v  2  10 8 m / s

14. (a) v = 1 cm, R = 2 cm
2=1
By using c 3  10 8 3
     1.5
1=1.5 v 2  10 8 2
2 1  2  1
 
v u R A
C
1 1.5 1  1 .5 v R r
  u
1 u 2 B
R O
 u  1.2 cm (R–y) y

15. (b) The line of sight of the observer remains constant,

making an angle of 45° with the normal. C
If r is the radius and y is the thickness of lens (at the
h 1 centre), the radius of curvature R of its curved surface
sin   =
h  (2h)
2 2 5 in accordance with the figure is given by
h
45o h R 2  r 2  (R  y)2  r 2  y 2  2 Ry  0
sin 45 o
 r2 (6 / 2) 2
sin  h Neglecting y 2 ; we get R    15 cm
3h 2h  2 y 2  0 .3
1/ 2 5
    h Hence f 
15
 30 cm
1/ 5 2 1 .5  1
 1746 Ray Optics

20. (c) In the following ray diagram ' s, ABC and CDE are 1 1 1 1 1 1
24. (a, d) For a lens      .....(i)
symmetric 60 cm f v u v u f
A
f v v  1
O C D Also m   1   m     v  1 ....(ii)
f f  f
B h
E On comparing equations (i) and (ii) with y  mx  c.
40 cm 40 cm 1 1
20 cm It is clear that relationship between vs and m vs v
AB DE 5 h
So,     h  2 .5 cm v u
BC CD 40 20 is linear.
21. (c) For lens u  30 cm, f  20 cm , hence by using 25. (c) The dispersion produced by a spherical surface
1 1 1 1 1 1 depends on it’s radius of curvature. Hence, a lens will
      v  60 cm
f v u  20 v  30 not exhibit dispersion only if it’s two surfaces have
equal radii, with one being convex and the other
The final image will coincide the object, if light ray
concave.
falls normally on convex mirror as shown. From
figure it is seen clear that separation between lens 26. (b) Convex lens will form image I1 at it’s focus which acts
and mirror is 60 – 10 = 50 cm. like a virtual object for concave lens.

I1 I2
O I

30 cm 10 cm
60 cm 26 cm 4 cm
1 1 1 1
22. (d)    30 cm
F f1 f2 f3
Hence for concave lens u  4 cm , f  20 cm . So by
1 1 1
 + + lens formula    v  5 cm i.e. distance of
 20 v 4
final image (I2 ) from concave lens v  5 cm by using
f1 f2 f3 v I 5 I
F     (I 2 )  2 .5 cm
1 1 1  0 .6 3 u O 4 2
 (1 .6  1)    …(i)
f1   20  20 100
27. (d) For achromatic combination C  F
1  1 1  1
 (1 . 5  1)   …(ii) [(v  r )A]C  [(v  r )A]F
f2  20  20  20

1  1 1 3  [r A]C  [r A]F  [v A]C  [v A]F

 (1 .6  1)   …(iii)
f3   20   100  1 .5  19  6  1 . 66  38 .5
1 3 1 3 Resultant   [(r  1)Al]C  [(r  1)A]F
     F  100 cm
F 100 20 100
1  n2  1 1   [r A]C  [r A]F  (AC  AF ) = 38 .5  (19  6)  13 .5 o
23. (d)   1     where n2 and n1 are the
f  n1  1 R R 
2  A m A  m
sin sin
refractive indices of the material of the lens and of the 2 A
 cot  2
28. (d) By using  
surroundings respectively. For a double concave lens, A 2 A
sin sin
 1 1  2 2
 
 R  R  is always negative. A  m
 1 2 
cos
A
sin
 2  2
A A
sin sin
2 2
n1 n1
n2  A  A  m 
 sin  90     sin     m  180  2 A
Hence f is negative only when n2  n1  2  2 
 Ray Optics 1747

sin 30 o 1 34. (c) When the ray passes into the rarer medium, the
29. (d) At point A.  deviation is     0 . This can have a maximum value
sin r 1.44
A
  
of   C  for   C and   .
r 2  2
30°
When total internal reflection occurs, the deviation is
B 60° 120°       2 , the minimum value of  being C . The
D
maximum value of     2C .
C Rarer 

1
 r  sin (0 .72 ) also BAD  180  r o

Denser 
In rectangle ABCD,  A +  B +  C +  D = 360°  

 (180   r)  60   (180   r)    360 

   2 [sin 1 (0 .72 )  30 o ] x 1 .22  1 .22 r

35. (c)  x
r d d
30. (d) If  = maximum value of base angle for which light is
totally reflected form hypotenuse. 1.22  500  10 9  400  10 3
  50 m
5  10 3
(90-) 1.22  1.22  6000  10 10
36. (d) Resolving power  
(90-) a 5
d d
90°  Also resolving power  
(90    ) = C = minimum value of angle of incidence at D 38 .6  10 7
hypotenuse for total internal reflection 1.22  6  10 7 d
 
1 1 1 5 38 .6  10 7
sin(90    )  sin C   cos     cos 1  
   d 
1.22  6  10 7  38 .6  10 7
m  56 .51 m
5
31. (b) For total internal reflection from surface BC
37. (a) As limit of resolution
  C  sin  sin C
1
 1    ; and if x is the distance
 sin    A B Resolving Power(RP)
 lg   
  between points on the surface of moon which is at a
  Liquid  distance r from the telescope.
 sin   

  Prism
x
 C  
r
 1 .32  11
1 .22 r
sin     sin  1 x r r
 1 .56  13 So    i.e. x   x
RP r RP d / 1.22  d
2 1  2  1 1 .5 1 (1 . 5  1)
32. (a)      1.22  5500  10 10  (3.8  10 8 )
v u R  OQ (OP ) R   51 m
500  10  2
On putting OQ  OP, OP  5 R
L cos Lh
38. (b) I edge  
1 2 1 (h 2  r 2 ) (h 2  r 2 )3 / 2
33. (d) Here  
F f fm dI
For maximum extensity 0
Plano-convex lens silvered on plane side has fm   . dh
1 2 1 1 2 r
      f  60 cm Applying this condition have get h 
F f  30 f 2
R 39. (a) From the geometry of the figure P1
Plano-convex lens silvered on convex side has fm 
2 p 1 p 2  2 a sin 60 o
a
1 2 2 1 2 2 30°
       R  30 cm L 60°
so, I P2 
F f R 10 60 R p 1 p 22
1 1
Now using  (  1)  , we get   1 . 5 
L

L
f R (2a sin 60 o ) 2 3a 2 P2 a P3
 1748 Ray Optics

and IP3 
L
cos 30 o 45. (b) Wave length of the electron wave be 10  10 12 m ,
(P1 P22  a2 )
h h2
Using   E
L 3 3L 2mE  2  2m
= 
[(2a sin 60 )  a ] 2
o 2
8 a2
2
(6 . 63  10 34 ) 2
 Joule
3 3 3 3 (10  10 12 ) 2  2  9 . 1  10  31
 I P3  I P2  I0
8 8
(6 . 63  10 34 ) 2
All options are wrong.  12 2
eV
(10  10 )  2  9 . 1  10  31  1 . 6  10 19
40. (c) Distance of object from mirror
= 15.1 KeV.
33 .25
= 15+  3 = 39.93 cm x 1 .22 
4 46. (c)   
d a
25 x
Distance of image from mirror =15 +  3 =33.75 1 .22  d
4 x 
a
1 1 1 d
For mirror,  
v u f 1.22  5000  10 10  10 3
 = 6.1 mm
1 1 1 10  10  2
    f  –18.3 cm.
 33 . 75 39 . 93 f i.e. order will be 5 mm.

 f 
2
 
2 1.22  x x a 1  10 3  3  10 3
 24 47. (c)  d   = 5m
41. (c) vi    . vo      9 = 4 cm/sec. a d 1.22  1 .22  500  10  9
 f u    24  (60 ) 
42. (d) From the following figures it is clear that real image (I) 48. (c) Let distance between lenses be x . As per the given
condition, combination behaves as a plane glass plate,
will be formed between C and O
having focal length  .
C C Object
1 1 1 x
So by using   
F f1 f2 f1 f2
I 1 1 1 x
     x  20 cm
  30  10 (30 )(10 )
49. (a) When plane mirror rotates through an angle , the
O O reflected ray rotates through an angle 2. So spot on
Initially Finally the screen will make 2n revolution per second.
fo 400
43. (b)  m     40 50. (d)  cos 45   10   10 2 cms–1
fe 10
Angle subtented by moon on the objective of telescope In the ceiling mirror the original velocity will be seen.
3.5  10 3 3.5
   10  2 rad
3.8  10 3 3.8
10 cms–1

 
Also  m    Angular size of final image

3 .5 45°
  m     40   10  2 = 0.36 rad 10 cms–1
3 .8
51. (d) According to the following figure distance of image I
180
 0 .3   21 o
 from camera  (6)2  (1.5)2  6.18 m
44. (a) Full use of resolving power means whole aperture of O 1.5m
C
objective in use. And for relaxed vision. A

3m
D d

3m
fo fe
fo D 300 15
    fe  6 cm
fe d fe 0.3 I
 Ray Optics 1749

52. (c) From figure it is clear that relative velocity between 58. (b) Since there is no parallex, it means that both images
object and it's image = 2v cos (By plane mirror and convex mirror) coinciding each
O v cos  v cos  I other.
  Object
A
v v
30 cm 20 cm
53. (b) Image formation by a mirror (either plane or spherical)
does not depend on the medium. 50 cm
10 cm
The image of P will be formed at a distance h below the
mirror. If d = depth of liquid in the tank. According to property of plane mirror it will form
d h image at a distance of 30 cm behind it. Hence for
Apparent depth of P  x1  convex mirror u = – 50 cm, v = + 10 cm

1 1 1 1 1 1 4
d h By using      
Apparent depth of the image of P  x 2  f v u f  10  50 50

 Apparent distance between P and it's image 25
 f cm  R  2 f  25 cm.
2h 2
 x 2  x1 
 1 1 1 1 2 3
59. (d) For surface P,    1    v1  m
54. (a) From the figure it is clear that the angle between v1 f u 3 3 2
incident ray and the emergent ray is 90o. 1 1 1 1 4 5
Incident Emergent For surface Q,    1    v2  m
v2 f u 5 5 4
45o ray 45o 45o ray
45o
 v1  v2  0.25 m
v 1 3 /2 1
r r  Magnification of P   
u 3 2
1
 Height of P   2  1m
2
55. (b) From figure it is clear that object appears to be raised by
v 2 5/4 1
10
cm 2 .5 cm  Magnification of Q   
4 u 5 4

Hence distance between mirror and 1

 Height of Q   2  0 .5 m
O'  5  7.5  12 .5 cm 4
R 10
5 cm
60. (b) Focal length of mirror f    5 cm
2 2
P
O' 10 cm
10
cm C
4
O
Q R 10m
So final image will be formed at 12.5 cm behind the
plane mirror.
56. (d) Velocity of approach of man towards the bicycle = (u – v)
20 m
Hence velocity of approach of image towards man is
2(u – v). For part PQ : transverse magnification
57. (c) For A
 f 
(1 . 5 )t length of image L1 =    L 0
Total number of waves = ....(i)  f u

 5   L0
 Total number   optical pa th length  =    L0 
        5  ( 20 )  3
 of waves   wavelength 
For part QR : longitudinal magnification
For B and C
2
 f 
t  2t  Length of image L2    L0
n B   (1 . 6 ) 
 
3  3   f u 
Total number of waves = ....(ii)
   5 
2
L L 3
=    L0  0  1 
Equating (i) and (ii) n B  1.3   5  (20 )  9 L2 1
 1750 Ray Optics

61. (d) The two slabs will shift the image a distance Now consider the
refraction at the second
 1  1 
d  2  1   t  2  1   1 .5   1 cm surface of the lens i.e.
    1 .5  refraction from denser I I1
Therefore, final image will be 1 cm above point P. medium to rarer
medium Water Air
62. (a) Here optical distance between fish and the bird is
s  y ' y 3 3
1
2   2  1  v   3  R
ds dy ' dy R
2
Differentiating w.r.t t we get   9R v2 2
dt dt dt
3
4 dy dy The image will be formed at a distance of R . This is
 9 3   4 .5 m /sec 2
3 dt dt
equal to the focal length of the lens.
63. (a) The real depth   ( apparent depth)
66. (c)  Pr ism  (  1) A  (1 .5  1)4 o  2 o
 In first case, the real depth h1  (b  a)
  Total   P r ism   Mirror
Similarly in the second case, the real depth
h2  (d  c)  (  1)A  (180  2i)  2o  (180  2  2)  178 o
Since h2  h1 , the difference of real depths 67. (b) Here the requirement is that i  c
 h2  h1  (d  c  b  a) 2
 sin i  sin c  sin i  …..(i)
Since the liquid added inis second case, 1
(d  b )
h2  h1  (d  b)    sin 
(d  c  b  a) From Snell’s law 1  ….(ii)
sin r
64. (a) The given condition will be satisfied only if one source
Also in OBA B
(S1) placed on one side such that u < f (i.e. it lies under
the focus). The other source (S2) is placed on the other r  i  90 o  r  (90  i)
i
side of the lens such that u > f (i.e. it lies beyond the
focus). Hence from equation (ii)
r
sin   1 sin(90  i)
1 1 1 O A
If S 1 is the object for lens then   
f y x sin 
 cos i 
1 1 1 1
   .....(i)
y x f 2
 sin  
If S 2 is the object for lens then sin i  1  cos2 i  1   
 ….(iii)
 1 
1 1 1 1 1 1
     .....(ii) 2
f  y  (24  x ) y f (24  x )  sin   
From equation (i) and (iii) 1     2

 1  1
I1 S1 S2
I2
 sin 2   (12   22 )  sin   12   22

x (24 – x)  max  sin1 12  22

24 cm
y 68. (b) Consider the figure if smallest
From equation (i) and (ii) angle of incidence  is greater than critical angle then
all light will emerge out of B
1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2
       1 1
x f f (24  x ) x (24  x ) f 9    sin1    sin   B

  
 x  24 x  108  0 . After solving the equation
2
R 
x  18 cm , 6 cm. from figure sin   (R+d)
Rd
65. (c) Consider the refraction of the first surface i.e. refraction A
R 1  d
from rarer medium to denser medium    1     R
Rd   R d
3 4 4 3
   d
 2  1 1  2 d
      3  2  v1  9 R   1   
2 3   0 .5
 
R  u v1 R  v1 R  R max
 Ray Optics 1751

69. (b) In case of refraction from a curved surface, we have So to refocus the image, eye-piece must be moved by
the same distance through which the image formed by
2 1  2  1 1 2 (1  2)
     v =– 30 cm. the objective has shifted i.e. 15 – 6 = 9 cm.
v u R v (15 )  10
(L  fo  fe )D
A C 73. (b) By using m  
=1 =2 fo fe
=4/3
P O (16  0 .4  2 .5)  25
C'  = 327.5
10 cm I 0 .4  2 .5
B D
15 cm 74. (d) P Q
20 cm B n2
 E 90°
i C r2 F
i.e. the curved surface will form virtual image I at r1 r3 
A  D
distance of 30 cm from P. Since the image is virtual n1 n3
there will be no refraction at the plane surface CD (as R S T
the rays are not actually passing through the  = 90 – r1  = 90 – r2  = 90 – r3
boundary), the distance of final image I from P will
At B
remain 30 cm.
sin i  n1 sin r1  sin 2 i  n12 sin 2 r1 .... (i)
70. (d) As 2  1 , the upper half of the lens will become
At C
diverging.
n1 sin(90  r1 )  n 2 sin r2  n 22 sin 2 r2  n12 cos 2 r1 ....(ii)
As 1  3 , the lower half of the lens will become
At D
converging
n2 sin(90  r2 )  n3 sin r3  n 22 cos 2 r2  n 32 sin 2 r3 ....(iii)
71. (b)
Imaging At E
object
n3 sin(90  r3 )  (1) sin(90  1)  cos 2 i  n 32 cos 2 r3 ....(iv)
O
Adding (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv) we get 1  n 22  n12  n 32
10cm (f–10)cm 1 1 1
f 75. (a) L D  v o  u e and for objective lens  
fo v o u o
From the figure, Putting the values with proper sign convention.
Using property of plane mirror 1

1

1
 v o  7.5 cm
 2.5 v o (3.75 )
Image distance = Object distance
1 1 1
f – 10 = 10  f  20 cm For eye lens  
fe ve ue
72. (d) If initially the objective (focal length Fo) forms the
1 1 1
image at distance vo then     u e   4.16 cm
 5 (25 ) u e
uo fo 32
vo    6 cm   ue  4.16 cm
uo  fo 3  2
Hence L D  7.5  4.16  11 .67 cm
Now as in case of lenses in contact
76. (c) The actual luminous intensity of the lamp is I1
1 1 1 1 1 1
    .....   
Fo f1 f2 f3 f1 Fo whereas the intensity is I1 in the dirty state.
 1 1 1  Dirty chimney Grease spot
where    .....  I2
 I1
 Fo f 2 f 3  x 10 cm
So if one of the lens is removed, the focal length of the
remaining lens system
Clean chimney
1 1 1 1 1 Grease spot I2
     Fo  2.5 cm I1
Fo F0 f1 2 10 x 8 cm

This lens will form the image of same object at a distance

u F 3  2 .5 
v o such that v o  o o   15 cm I1  x 
2
u o  Fo (3  2 .5) I position,  
I2  10 
 1752 Ray Optics
2  1 1
I1  x  I1 Also from    sin C 
II position,     0 . 64 sin C  Denser
I2  8  I1 Rarer

 1 1
 I1  0 . 64 I1 . Thus, % of light absorbed = 36%.  sin C   .
1 2 3
77. (c) The illuminance on the screen without mirror is
L f v  1
I1  2 4. (c) For a lens m   m     v  1
r f  f
Screen
Comparing this equation with y  mx  c (equation of
Image Mirror Lamp straight line)
8 cm v

r r r 1
C=+1 tan   slope  
f
The illuminance on the screen with mirror is
L L 10 L 
I2  2   
r (3 r)2 9 r2 u
I 10 5. (c) At P, u = v which happened only when u = 2f
 2   10 : 9
I1 9
At another point Q on the graph (above P)
L v > 2f
78. (b) Illuminance on the screen without mirror is I1 
r2 v
Q

Lamp P
2f
r r Screen

Image 2f u
f v 1
Illuminance on the screen with mirror 6. (d) For a lens m    v 1
f f

I2 
L L

2L I
 2  2  2 :1 Comparing it with y = mx + c
r2 r2 r I1 1
Slope  m  
h f
79. (b) Apparent depth h' 
air liquid b
From graph, slope of the line 
c
dh' 1 1 dh 1 dh dh
   x    a w x 1 b c
dt a w a w dt a w dt dt Hence   | f| 
f c b
Now volume of water V  R 2h
B
7. (a)   A 

dV
 R 2
dh
 R 2 . a w x 2
dt dt 1 1 1 1 1 1
8. (a) Since     
w n  f v u v u f
 a wR 2 x  R 2 x   2  R 2 x
a  n1  Putting the sign convention properly
1 1 1 1 1 1
Graphical Questions     
(v) (u) ( f ) v u f
Comparing this equation with y = mx + c
1. (c) As u  f , v   ; u  , v  f
Slope = m = tan = – 1   = 135° or – 45° and
2. (a) At u = f, v =  1
intercept C  
At u = 0, v = 0 (i.e. object and image both lies at pole) f
Satisfying these two conditions, only option (a) is 1/v
correct.
sin r 1 1
3. (b, c) From graph tan 30 o   C
sin i 1  2 f 135°
– 45°
 2 v1
 1 2  3    1 . 73  v1  1.73 v2 1/u
1 v 2
 Ray Optics 1753

9. (a) As u goes from 0 to – , v goes from + 0 to + f For i < c; deviation  = r – i with

 r
10. (a) For convex lens (for real image) u  v  4 f 1

sin i
For u = 2f, v is also equal to 2f  sin r
Hence u + v = 4f i
Hence   sin1  sin i  i
f
11. (d) For concave mirror m  This is a non-linear relation.
f u

The maximum value of  is  1   c ; where i = c and
f f 2
For real image m   
(u  f ) x 1
 
sin c
f 1
  m . i i
(Distance of object from focus ) x For i > c, deviation  =  – 2i

12. (a) For a prism, as the angle of incidence increases, the  decreases linearly with i
angle of deviation first decreases, goes to a minimum 2 =  – 2 c = 21
value and then increases.
1 1 1
13. (b) From Newton's formula xy  f 2 . This is the equation 19. (d) For a lens  
f v u
of a rectangular hyperbola.
If u =  , v = f and if u = f, v = 
14. (a, c) At P,  = 0  A(  1)    1 .
20. (d)
Also  m  (  1)A  Am  A

Comparing it with y = mx + c Assertion and Reason

Slope of the line = m = A
1. (b)
 2  sin r 2. (b) The stars twinkle while the planets do not. It is due to
15. (b) From graph, slope  tan  
 10  sin i variation in density of atmospheric layer. As the stars
are very far and giving light continuously to us. So, the
 2 sin i 1 4
Also 1  2      2  1 light coming from stars is found to change their
1 sin r  2  3
tan   intensity continuously. Hence they are seen twinkling.
 10  Also stars are much bigger in size than planets but it
It means that medium 2 is denser medium. So total has nothing to deal with twinkling phenomenon.
internal reflection cannot occur. 3. (c) Owls can move freely during night, because they have
large number of cones on their retina which help them
sin r
16. (d) From graph it is clear that tan 30 o  to see in night.
sin i
4. (c) Shining of air bubble in water is on account of total
1 sin r 1 internal reflection.
     3
3 sin i 
5. (c) After the removal of stimulus the image formed on
c 1 1 retina is sustained up to 1/6 second.
Also v   nc  n    (3)1 / 2
  3 6. (a) Because of smallest wavelength of blue colour it is
scattered to large extent than other colours, so the sky
17. (b) In concave mirror, if virtual images are formed, u can appears blue.
have values zero and f
7. (e) For total internal reflection the angle of incidence
At u = 0, m 
f f
 1 should be greater than the critical angle. As critical
f u f angle is approximately 35°. Therefore, total internal
reflection is not possible. So, assertion is not true but
f f reason is true.
At u = f, m   
f u  f  ( f )
8. (c) The sun and its surroundings appears red during
18. (a) The ray of light is refracted at the plane surface. sunset or sunrise because of scattering of light. The
However, since the ray is travelling from a denser to a amount of scattered light is inversely proportional to
rarer medium, for an angle of incidence (i) greater then 1
the fourth power of wavelength of light i.e. I  4
the critical angle (c) the ray will be totally internally 
reflected.
9. (a) Focal length of lens immersed in water is four times the
focal length of lens in air. It means
 1754 Ray Optics
fw  4 fa  4  10  40 cm
10. (e) The velocity of light of different colours (all
1
wavelengths) is same in vacuum and   .

11. (a) The red glass absorbs the radiations emitted by green
flowers; so flower appears black.
I f f
12. (a) Magnification produced by mirror m   
O f u x
x is distance from focus.
13. (e) Apparent shift for different coloured letter is
 1
d  h  1    R  V so R  V
 
Hence d R  dV i.e. red coloured letter raised least.
14. (a) The efficiency of fluorescent tube is about 50
lumen/watt, whereas efficiency of electric bulb is about
12 lumen/watt. Thus for same amount of electric
energy consumed, the tube gives nearly 4 times more
light than the filament bulb.
15. (c) Polar caps receives almost the same amount of
radiation as the equatorial plane. For the polar caps
angle between sun rays and normal (to polar caps)
tends to 90°. As per Lambert's cosine law, E  cos  ,
therefore E is zero. For the equatorial plane,  = 0°,
therefore E is maximum. Hence polar caps of earth are
so cold. (where E is radiation received).
16. (b) At noon, rays of sun light fall normally on earth.
Therefore  = 0°. According to Lambert's cosine law,
E  cos  , when  = 0°, cos  = cos 0° = 1 = max.
Therefore, E is maximum.
17. (d) When an object is placed between two plane parallel
mirrors, then infinite number of images are formed.
Images are formed due to multiple reflections. At each
reflection, a part of light energy is absorbed. Therefore,
distant images get fainter.
18. (c) In search lights, we need an intense parallel beam of
light. If a source is placed at the focus of a concave
spherical mirror, only paraxial rays are rendered
parallel. Due to large aperture of mirror, marginal rays
give a divergent beam.
But in case of parabolic mirror, when source is at the
focus, beam of light produced over the entire cross-
section of the mirror is a parallel beam.
19. (d) The size of the mirror does not affect the nature of the
image except that a bigger mirror forms a brighter
image.
20. (a) When the sun is close to setting, refraction will effect
the top part of the sun differently from the bottom half.
The top half will radiate its image truly, while the
bottom portion will send an apparent image. Since the
bottom portion of sun is being seen through thicker,
more dense atmosphere. The bottom image is being
bent intensely and gives the impression of being
squashed or "flattened" or elliptical shape.
1 1
21. (c)    . V is least so CV is also least. Also the
 C
greatest wavelength is for red colour.
22. (e) We can produce a real image by plane or convex
mirror.
I O
(Real
(Real image) image)
Focal length of convex mirror is taken positive.
23. (d) The colour of glowing red glass in dark will be green as
red and green are complimentary colours.
24. (d) The air bubble would behave as a diverging lens,
because refractive index of air is less than refractive
index of glass. However, the geometrical shape of the
air bubble shall resemble a double convex lens.
Glass Glass
Ai
r
25. (a) In total internal reflection, 100% of incident light is
reflected back into the same medium, and there is no
loss of intensity, while in reflection from mirrors and
refraction from lenses, there is always some loss of
intensity. Therefore images formed by total internal
reflection are much brighter than those formed by
mirrors or lenses.
26. (d) Focal length of the lens depends upon it's refractive
1
index as  (  1) . Since b  r so fb  fr
f
Therefore, the focal length of a lens decreases when red
light is replaced by blue light.
27. (b) After refraction at two parallel faces of a glass slab, a
ray of light emerges in a direction parallel to the
direction of incidence of white light on the slab. As rays
of all colours emerge in the same direction (of
incidence of white light), hence there is no dispersion,
but only lateral displacement.
28. (d) It is not necessary for a material to have same colour in
reflected and transmitted light. A material may reflect
one colour strongly and transmit some other colour.
 Ray Optics 1755

For example, some lubricating oils reflect green colour

and transmit red. Therefore, in reflected light, they will
appear green and in transmitted light, they will appear
red. 37. (b) The velocity of light in a material medium depends
upon it's colour (wavelength). If a ray of white light
29. (d) Dispersion of light cannot occur on passing through air
incident on a prism, then on emerging, the different
contained in a hollow prism. Dispersion take place
colours are deviated through different angles.
because the refractive index of medium for different
(V   R )
colour is different. Therefore when white light travels Also dispersive power  
(Y  1)
from air to air, refractive index remains same and no
dispersion occurs. i.e.  depends upon only .

30. (b) The light gathering power (or brightness) of a 38. (c) The ray of light incident on the water air interface
telescope  (diameter)2. So by increasing the objective suffers total internal reflections, in that case the angle
diameter even far off stars may produce images of of incidence is greater than the critical angle. Therefore,
optimum brightness. if the tube is viewed from suitable direction (so that the
angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle), the
31. (c) Very large apertures gives blurred images because of rays of light incident on the tube undergoes total
aberrations. By reducing the aperture the clear image is internal reflection. As a result, the test tube appears as
obtained and thus the sensitivity of camera increases. highly polished i.e. silvery.
Also the focussing of object at different distance is 39. (a) In wide beam of light, the light rays of light which travel
achieved by slightly altering the separation of the lens close to the principal axis are called paraxial rays, while
from the film. the rays which travel quite away from the principal axis
is called marginal rays. In case of lens having large
32. (d) We cannot interchange the objective and eye lens of a
aperture, the behaviour of the paraxial and marginal
microscope to make a telescope. The reason is that the
rays are markedly different from each other. The two
focal length of lenses in microscope are very small, of
types of rays come to focus at different points on the
the order of mm or a few cm and the difference (fo – fe)
principal axis of the lens, thus the spherical aberration
is very small, while the telescope objective have a very
occur. However in case of a lens with small aperture,
large focal length as compared to eye lens of
the two types of rays come to focus quite close to each
microscope.
other.
33. (a) Image formed by convex lens 40. (e)
41. (b)
Source at
infinity
42. (b)
Focus
43. (c)
a
44. (a) Resolving power  .
34. (a) The focal length of a lens is given by 1 .22 
1  1 1  45. (c) When glass
 (  1)   

f  R1 R2  surface is made
rough then the
For, goggle, R1 = R2 light falling on
it is scattered Smooth surface Rough surface
1  1 1  1
  (  1)     0 . Therefore, P   0
 in different direction due to which its transparency
f  R1 R2  f
decreases.
35. (c) The wavelength of wave associated with electrons (de 46. (b) Diamond glitters brilliantly because light enters in
Broglie waves) is less than that of visible light. We diamond suffers total internal reflection. All the light
know that resolving power is inversely proportional to entering in it comes out of diamond after number of
wavelength of wave used in microscope. Therefore the reflections and no light is absorb by it.
resolving power of an electron microscope is higher 47. (c) The clouds consist of dust particles and water droplets.
than that of an optical microscope. Their size is very large as compared to the wavelength
of the incident light from the sun. So there is very little
36. (a) In case of minimum deviation of a prism  i   e so
scattering of light. Hence the light which we receive
r1  r2 through the clouds has all the colours of light. As a
i i
r r
1756 Ray Optics

result of this, we receive almost white light. Therefore,

the cloud are generally white.