**NB: You are required to:

1. use an arrow −→ to specify an indentation,

2. import the modules “numpy“,“matplotlib.pyplot“ and “sympy“ using the aliases shown
below:

[ ]: import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import sympy as sp

Exercise 1 : (10 points)

Z 2
In this exercise, we are interested in approaching the value of the integral I = f ( x ) dx using
1
2x  
two different quadrature formulas. We define f as f ( x ) = , ∀ x ∈ 1, 2 .
1 + x2

1. Find the exact value of the integral I using a built-in function in the “sympy“ library.(1 point)

[ ]: #Code:
x=sp.symbols('x')
I=sp.integrate((2*x/(1+x**2)),(x,1,2)).evalf()
I

The exact value of I equals 0.916290731874155

1
2. We want to approach the value of I using the following quadrature formula:

3
Q( f ) = C0 f (1) + C1 f ( ) + C2 f (2),
2

where C0 , C1 and C2 are real numbers.

Knowing that C0 , C1 and C2 are identified in the following system of linear equations (S) :

C0 + C1 + C2
 =1
(S) C0 + 32 C1 + 2C2 = 32

C0 + 49 C1 + 4C2 = 73


(a) Prove that the system (S) has a unique solution in R3 using a built-in function.(1 point)

[ ]: #Code:

A=np.array([[1,1,1],[1,3/2,2],[1,9/4,4]])

np.linalg.det(A)

The system (S) has a unique solution in R3 since det( A) = 0.25000000000000006 ̸= 0.

(b) Find the values of C0 , C1 and C2 using the function solve of the sub-module linalg in
numpy.(1 point)

2
 [ ]: #Code
b=np.array([[1],[3/2],[7/3]])
np.linalg.solve(A,b)

• The value of C0 (4 digits after the decimal) is 0.1666

• The value of C1 (4 digits after the decimal) is 0.6666
• The value of C2 (4 digits after the decimal) is 0.1666
(c) Using the values of C0 , C1 et C2 and the quadrature formula Q, compute the integration
error of I.(1,5 point)

[ ]: #Code:
Q=0.1666*f(1)+0.6666*f(3/2)+0.1666*f(2)
erreur=abs(I-Q)
erreur

The integration error found using the quadratic formula Q (4 digits after the decimal)
equals 0.0010

3. We are now interested in approaching the value of I using the left rectangle approximation.
Z b
Recall that the left rectangle approximation is used to estimate I ( f ) = f ( x ) dx, where f
a
is a continuous function on [ a, b], and whose formula is given by:
n −1
c
IRg (f) = h ∑ f ( x k ),
k =0

we have xk = a + kh (0 ≤ k ≤ n) are the integration points from the subdivision of [ a, b] in n

b−a
sub-intervals with a fixed step h = .
n

(a) Write a function leftcomposit(f,a,b,n) taking as input, the continuous function f , the
bounds of the interval a and b and the number of sub-intervals n and it returns the
c ( f )(1,5 points)
approached value of I by IRg

3
 [ ]: def leftcomposit(f,a,b,n):
h=(b-a)/n
I=0
for k in np.arange(n):
I+=f(a+k*h)
return h*I

(b) Considering 5 sub-intervals, compute the integration error of I using the left rectangles
approximation.(1 point)

[ ]: #Code:
RG=leftcomposit(f,1,2,5)
abs(I-RG)

The integration error using the left rectangle approximation (4 digits after the decimal)
with n = 5 equals 0.0192
(c) Compare the results of the left rectangle method approximation and the Q quadrature
formula for approximating I in terms of accuracy.(1 point)

........................................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................................
c is defined by
4. Recall that, the error estimation of the integration of I, denoted ERg
c
ERg ≤ M,

1 2 − 2x2
with M = max | f ′ ( x )| and f ′ ( x ) = .
2n x∈[1,2] (1 + x 2 )2
(a) Let g be a function defined, on [1, 2], by g( x ) = | f ′ ( x )|, write the instructions to draw
the curve of g on [1, 2].(1 point)

[ ]:
x=np.linspace(1,2,100) # discretize [1,2] in 100 nodes.
g=lambda x: abs((2-2*x**2)/(x**2+1)**2)
plt.plot(x,g(x))
plt.grid(True)
plt.xlabel('x-axis ')
plt.ylabel('y-axis')
plt.title('Curve of g')

4
 (b) Deduce, graphically, the approached value of max g( x ), then give the value of M for
x ∈[1,2]
n = 5.(1 point)
max g( x ) = 0.25 and M = 0.025
x ∈[1,2]

Exercise 2 : (10 points)

 
Let f be a continuous function on a, b such that f ( a) ̸= f (b).
We wish to numerically approach the root of the equation ( E) : f ( x ) = 0 using the following
iterative schema:

b−a

n +1 = x n − f ( x n ),
x
( MI )n : f (b) − f ( a)
x0 ∈ [ a, b],


where ( xn ) is a sequence that is converging to the exact solution x ∗ of ( E) ( lim xn = x ∗ ).

n→+∞

1. To achieve this goal, complete the function iterativemethod(a,b,f,x0,epsilon) which

takes the following parameters: a and b the two extremities of [ a, b], the function f,
the initial value x0 and the tolerance epsilon. This function must return two lists of
which the first contains all the iterates x = [ x0 , x1 , x2 , · · · ] and the second contains
y = [ f ( x0 ), f ( x1 ), f ( x2 ), · · · ].(3 points)
In this function, we use the stop test f( xn ) < epsilon, ∀ n ≥ 0.
 

[ ]:
def iterativemethod(a,b,x0,f,epsilon):
x=[x0]
y=[f(x0)]

c=((b-a)/(f(b)-f(a)))
while (abs(y[-1])>epsilon):
x0=x0-c*f(x0)
x.append(x0.evalf())
y.append(f(x0).evalf())
return x,y

5
 We consider the continuous function f , on [1, 2], by

f ( x ) = ln(1 + x2 ) − sin( x ).

NB: The logarithm function is written in python as: np.log() or sp.log().

2. (a) Write the instructions justifying that ( E) has at least one solution in the interval
[1, 2].(1,5 point)
[ ]:

x=sp.symbols('x')
f=sp.Lambda(x,sp.log(x**2+1)-sp.sin(x))
(f(1)*f(2)).evalf()

Justification: .................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
(b) Give the instruction that compute the expression of the derivative of f , denoted d f .(1
point)

[ ]:
df=sp.Lambda(x,sp.diff(f(x),x))
df

The expression of the derivative d f is

2x
d f (x) = − cos( x )
1 + x2

(c) Plot d f , the derivative function of f on [1, 2].(0,75 point)

6
 [ ]: #Give the appropriate instructions

t=np.linspace(1,2,100)
df=lambda t: (2*t/(t**2+1))-np.cos(t)
plt.plot(t,df(t))

plt.grid(True)
plt.xlabel('x-axis ')
plt.ylabel('y-axis')
plt.title('Curve of df')
 
(d) Deduce that ( E) has a unique solution on 1, 2 .(1 point)

........................................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................................

We assume that x0 = 2 and epsilon = 10−2 .

3. (a) Give the instruction that displays the estimated solution of x ⋆ to the nearest epsilon
using the "iterativemethod" function.(1 point)

[ ]: # code
a=1
b=2
x0=2
epsilon=10**(-2)
iterativemethod(1,2,x0,f,epsilon)[0][-1]

x ⋆ = 1.257202187322231.25720218732223

(b) Fill in the table below that contains the first three iterates (only two digits after the
decimal ) of the ( MI )n scheme.(1,75 points)

X x0 = 2 x1 = 1.17 x2 = 1.24 x3 = 1.25

Y f ( x0 ) = 0.70 f ( x1 ) = −0.05 f ( x2 ) = −0.01 f ( x3 ) = −0.00