SCHERING BRIDGE

Aim: Measurement of capacitance by Schering Bridge.

Apparatus Used:
Schering bridge kit
Capacitor load box
Connecting wires and head phone

Theory: Schering Bridge is one of the most important of the a.c. bridge. It is extensively used in
measurement of capacitance.
Circuit Diagram:
Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the figure.
2. Keep unknown capacitor at position of C1.

3. Vary R3 and R4, from minimum position, in clockwise direction until bridge gets balanced
(Amplifier speaker gets muted)

4. Measure the resistance values of R3 & R4 with multimeter.

5. Calculate the Capacitance C1 by substituting the values of C2, R3 & R4 in the relation

C1 = C2*R4/R3.

6. Repeat the same procedure for all values of C2.

Observation Table:

S.NO C2 R3 R4 C1 = C2*R4/R3

Result: Hence the balanced condition of schering bridge is obtained and unknown value of capacitance
is found.
 KELVINS DOUBLE BRIDGE

Aim: Measurement of low resistance by Kelvin’s double bridge

Apparatus Used:
Power Supply,
Resistance Box,
Kelvins double bridge kit etc.

Theory: The kelvin double bridge incorporates the idea of a second set of ratio arms –
hence the name double bridge- and the use of four terminal resistors for the low resistance
arms. Fig.1. shows the schematic diagram of kelvin bridge. The first ratio arms is P and Q.
The second set of ratio arms p and q is used to connect the galvanometer to a point d at the
appropiate potential between points m and n to eliminate the effect of connecting lead
resistance r between the unknown resistance R and the standard resistance S.

The ratio p/q is made equal to P/Q. Under balance conditions there is no current through the
galvanometer which means that the voltage drop between a and b, Eab is equal to voltage

drops Eamd between a and c.

for zero galvanometer deflection, Eab=Eamd

now if
Eq (2) is the usual working equation for the kelvin bridge. It indicates that the resistance of
connecting lead, r, has no effect on the measurement, provided that the two sets of ratio
arms have equal ratios.
Circuit Diagram:

Fig. 1. The circuit diagram of Kelvin Double Bridge.

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the Fig. 1.
2. Place unknown resistance in between ( 0 – 1 ) Ω at position R.

3. Set the value of the resistances Q and q at 1 KΩ by setting the plugs at the marked
positions.

4. Vary the resistance S until Galvanometer shows zero deflection

5. Note the resistance value of S with help of multimeter.

6. Calculate the unknown resistance of R with the relation R = (P/Q)*S.

7. Repeat the same procedure for remaining values of Q.

Observation Table:

S.No P Q S R = (P/Q)*S

Result: We have performed the Kelvin's double bridge and measured precision of four-
terminal low resistances.
 THREE AMMETER METHOD

Aim: To measure the power in an inductive circuit, Eg: transformer, by 3- ammeter

method

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Ammeter (0-2A)MI 2

(0-5A)MI 1
2 Voltmeter (0-150V)MI 1
3 Auto transformer - 1
4 Rheostat 100/ 4A 1

Circuit Diagram for 3 – Ammeter Method

Procedure:

1. Give the connections as per the circuit diagram

2. Adjust the auto transformer, to bring the rated voltage of the transformer

3. Note down the ammeter and voltmeter readings.

4. Vary the rheostat for different values and note the corresponding readings.
Observation Table:

S. No. V Is IR IL R P
Cos φ
(volts) (amp) (amp) (amp) (ohm) (watts)

Formulae Used:

𝐼𝑠 2 − 𝐼𝑅 2 −𝐼𝐿 2
Power 𝑃 = 2

𝐼𝑠 2 − 𝐼𝑅 2 − 𝐼𝐿 2
cos ∅ =
2𝐼𝑅 𝐼𝐿

Model Calculations:

Precautions:

1. The DPST switch must be kept open initially

2. The autotransformer should be kept at minimum potential position

3. The rheostat should be kept at maximum resistance position

Result:

Thus power was measured using 3 ammeter method

 THREE-VOLTMETER METHOD

Aim: To experimentally find the power delivered to a load and its power factor using Three Voltmeter
method.

Apparatus:

Sl.No Name Specification Quantity

1 Voltmeter 0– 250V,MI 2
2 Voltmeter 0–100V, MI 1
5 Rheostat 153 /1.1 A 1
6 Choke Coil 1.5H,0.43A 1
7 Autotransformer 230V/0–270V,4A,1.08KVA 1

Theory & Calculations:

The power delivered to a load from a source in a 1-  A.C circuit is generally measured by
using a wattmeter as shown below.

C.C
M L

C P.C V
LOAD
SOURCE

When a wattmeter is not available, it is possible to measure power by using three

voltmeters and a known résistance. Three-ammeter method is also another alternative.

Three-voltmeter method:
Known Resistance, R

VR

VS VL

LOAD
SOURCE

In this method a known resistance of R ohms is connected in series with the load as shown
above. Three voltmeters are used to measure the voltages across the source, the resistance and the
load to find the power delivered to the load. Assuming the load to be inductive, the following phasor
diagram can be drawn.
 VS
VL VLSinφ

VR VLCosφ

𝑉𝑠 2 − 𝑉𝑅 2 −𝑉𝐿 2
The voltage across the known resistance, VR = ILR Power 𝑃 = 2𝑅

𝑉𝑠 2 − 𝑉𝑅 2 − 𝑉𝐿 2
cos ∅ =
2𝑉𝑅 𝑉𝐿

In the experiment to be conducted, a choke coil is used as a load and the

power is measured when rated current is flowing through it.

Circuit Diagram:

Ph
5A 153/ 1.5A

V
0–100V,MI
1-,230V V Choke Coil
V
0–250 V,
AC Supply 0–250V, 1.5H
MI
MI 0.43A

N 5A

Autotransformer,

230V/0-270V,4A,1.08KVA

Fig:1 Circuit Diagram for three-Voltmeter method.

Procedure:

1. Make Circuit as shown in fig1 and keep the autotransformer in zero output voltage position.
2. Switch on P.S and adjust the autotransformer until the Voltmeter across the known
resistance shows 65.8V. (Thus rated current of 0.43A is adjusted).
3. Note down the three Voltmeter readings in the table.
4. Bring the autotransformer back to zero output position & switch off P.S.
Observations:

Voltage Voltage Voltage

Quantity
Vs VR VL
*
Theoretical 212.94V 65.79V 202.53V

Practical

*Approximate

Conclusions

Power consumed by the choke =

Power factor of the choke coil =