Effect of phase transformation 𝑪𝟏 on synchronous machines

For a reversed salient pole synchronous machines as in figure:

D & Q are coils for damping and F for the field (F,D,Q = Stator).
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The field is in the stator to ease the analysis, that is why the
phase sequence is reversed again.
𝑉1 𝑍11 𝑍12 𝐼1
𝑣 = 𝑧𝑖 ; =
𝑉2 𝑍21 𝑍22 𝐼2
The field system (stator) is already in two axis so it will be left
unchanged.
𝑍 ′ = 𝐶𝑡 𝑍𝐶

1 0 1 0
𝐶= &&& 𝐶𝑡 = 0 𝐶1 𝑡
0 𝐶1

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 ′
𝑍11 𝑍12 𝐶1 𝑍11 ′ 𝑍12 ′
𝑍 = 𝐶 𝑍 =
1 𝑡 21 𝐶1 𝑡 𝑍22 𝐶1 𝑍21 ′ 𝑍22 ′

(a) Stator to stator 𝒁𝟏𝟏

F D Q
F 𝑅𝐹 + 𝐿𝐹 𝜌 𝑀𝐹𝐷 𝜌 0
𝑍11 =D 𝑀𝐹𝐷 𝜌 𝑅𝐷 + 𝐿𝐷 𝜌 0
Q 0 0 𝑅𝑄 + 𝐿𝑄 𝜌
If D is temporarily neglected (column 2 & row 2 neglected):
F Q
F 𝑅𝐹 + 𝐿𝐹 𝜌 0
𝑍11 = = 𝑍11 ′
Q 0 𝑅𝑄 + 𝐿𝑄 𝜌
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(a) Rotor to stator (armature to field) 𝒁𝟐𝟏 :
It was found that:

F Q
‫ـــ‬ ‫ـــ‬
r 𝑀𝑟𝐹 𝜌 cos 𝜃 𝑀𝑟𝑄 𝜌 sin 𝜃
‫ـــ‬ ‫ـــ‬
𝑍21 = y 𝑀𝑦𝐹 𝜌 cos 𝜃3 𝑀𝑦𝑄 𝜌 sin 𝜃3
‫ـــ‬ ‫ـــ‬
b 𝑀𝑏𝐹 𝜌 cos 𝜃2 𝑀𝑏𝑄 𝜌 sin 𝜃2
Where:
𝜃2 = 𝜃 + 120 & 𝜃3 = 𝜃 + 240

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Also it was found that:
‫ـــ‬ ‫ـــ‬ ‫ـــ‬ ‫ـــ‬
𝑀𝑟𝐹 = 𝑀𝑦𝐹 = 𝑀𝑏𝐹 = 𝑀𝐹
‫ـــ‬ ‫ـــ‬ ‫ـــ‬ ‫ـــ‬
𝑀𝑟𝑄 = 𝑀𝑦𝑄 = 𝑀𝑏𝑄 = 𝑀𝑄
Or:
F Q
‫ـــ‬ ‫ـــ‬
r 𝑀𝐹 𝜌 cos 𝜃 𝑀𝑄 𝜌 sin 𝜃
‫ـــ‬ ‫ـــ‬
𝑍21 = y 𝑀𝐹 𝜌 cos 𝜃3 𝑀𝑄 𝜌 sin 𝜃3
‫ـــ‬ ‫ـــ‬
b 𝑀𝐹 𝜌 cos 𝜃2 𝑀𝑄 𝜌 sin 𝜃2

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 1 1 1
2 2 2 𝑀𝐹 𝜌 cos 𝜃 𝑀𝑄 𝜌 sin 𝜃
′ 2 1 1
𝑍21 = 𝐶1 𝑡 𝑍21 = 1 − − 𝑀𝐹 𝜌 cos 𝜃3 𝑀𝑄 𝜌 sin 𝜃3
3 2 2 𝑀 𝜌 cos 𝜃
𝐹 2 𝑀𝑄 𝜌 sin 𝜃2
3 3
0 −
2 2
F Q
0 0 0
3 ‫ـــ‬ ‫ـــ‬
∴ 𝑍21 ′ = 𝜶 𝑀
‫ـــ‬
𝐹 𝜌 cos 𝜃 𝑀𝑄 𝜌 sin 𝜃
2 𝑀 𝜌 sin 𝜃 ‫ـــ‬
−𝑀𝑄 𝜌 cos 𝜃
𝜷 𝐹

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Remember:
cos 𝜃 + cos 𝜃2 + cos 𝜃3 = 0
sin 𝜃 + sin 𝜃2 + sin 𝜃3 = 0
cos 𝜃3 − cos 𝜃2 = 3 sin 𝜃
cos 𝜃 − cos 𝜃3 = 3 sin 𝜃2
cos 𝜃2 − cos 𝜃 = 3 sin 𝜃3
sin 𝜃2 − sin 𝜃3 = 3 cos 𝜃

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(a)Stator to rotor (field to armature) 𝒁𝟏𝟐 :
It was found that 𝑍12 = 𝑍21 𝑡 and 𝑍12 ′ = 𝑍21 ′ 𝑡
0 𝜶 𝜷
‫ـــ‬ ‫ـــ‬
′ F 3 0 𝑀𝐹 𝜌 cos 𝜃 𝑀𝐹 𝜌 sin 𝜃
∴ 𝑍12 = ‫ـــ‬ ‫ـــ‬
Q 2 0 𝑀𝑄 𝜌 sin 𝜃 −𝑀𝑄 𝜌 cos 𝜃

(a)Rotor to rotor (armature to armature) 𝒁𝟐𝟐 :

r y b
r 𝑅𝑟 + 𝐿𝑟 𝜌 𝑀𝑟𝑦 𝜌 𝑀𝑟𝑏 𝜌
𝑍22 =𝒚 𝑀𝑦𝑟 𝜌 𝑅𝑦 + 𝐿𝑦 𝜌 𝑀𝑦𝑏 𝜌
𝒃 𝑀𝑟𝑏 𝜌 𝑀𝑦𝑏 𝜌 𝑅𝑏 + 𝐿𝑏 𝜌
𝑅𝑟 = 𝑅𝑦 = 𝑅𝑏 = 𝑅2
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The self and mutual inductance are function of rotor position
(𝜃), and due to saliency of stator poles, the second and fourth
harmonics are expected.
‫ـــ‬ ‫ـــ‬ ‫ـــ‬
𝐿𝑟 = 𝐿𝑎 + 𝐿𝑏 cos 2𝜃 + 𝐿𝑐 cos 4𝜃
‫ـــ‬ ‫ـــ‬ ‫ـــ‬
𝐿𝑏 = 𝐿𝑎 + 𝐿𝑏 cos 2𝜃2 + 𝐿𝑐 cos 4𝜃2
‫ـــ‬ ‫ـــ‬ ‫ـــ‬
𝐿𝑦 = 𝐿𝑎 + 𝐿𝑏 cos 2𝜃3 + 𝐿𝑐 cos 4𝜃3
‫ـــ‬ ‫ـــ‬ ‫ـــ‬
𝑀𝑟𝑦 = 𝑀𝑎 + 𝑀𝑏 cos 2𝜃 + 𝑀𝑐 cos 4𝜃

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𝑍22 ′ = 𝐶2 𝑡 𝑍22 𝐶𝑡
And after completing the transformation:
𝜶 𝜷
′ 𝜶 𝑅2 + 𝜌 𝐿𝑎 + 𝐿𝑏 cos 2𝜃 𝜌𝐿𝑏 sin 2𝜃
𝑍22 =𝜷
𝜌𝐿𝑏 sin 2𝜃 𝑅2 + 𝜌 𝐿𝑎 − 𝐿𝑏 cos 2𝜃
Where:
‫ـــ‬ ‫ـــ‬
𝐿𝑎 = 𝐿𝑎 − 𝑀𝑎
1 ‫ـــ‬ ‫ـــ‬
𝐿𝑏 = 𝐿𝑏 − 𝑀𝑏
2

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The complete transformation is:
𝑭 𝑸 𝜶 𝜷
𝑭 𝑅𝐹 + 𝐿𝐹 𝜌 0 𝑀𝐹 𝜌 cos 𝜃 𝑀𝐹 𝜌 sin 𝜃
′
𝑸 0 𝑅𝑄 + 𝐿𝑄 𝜌 𝑀𝑄 𝜌 sin 𝜃 −𝑀𝑄 𝜌 cos 𝜃
𝑍 =
𝜶 𝑀𝐹 𝜌 cos 𝜃 𝑀𝑄 𝜌 sin 𝜃 𝑅2 + 𝜌 𝐿𝑎 + 𝐿𝑏 cos 2𝜃 𝜌𝐿𝑏 sin 2𝜃
𝜷 𝑀𝐹 𝜌 sin 𝜃 −𝑀𝑄 𝜌 cos 𝜃 𝜌𝐿𝑏 sin 2𝜃 𝑅2 + 𝜌 𝐿𝑎 − 𝐿𝑏 cos 2𝜃

Where:
3 ‫ـــ‬ 3 ‫ـــ‬
𝑀𝐹 = 𝑀𝐹 &&& 𝑀𝑄 = 𝑀𝑄
2 2

𝑍 ′ (𝐹 , 𝑄, 𝛼 , 𝛽)

The Theory Of The Unified Machines Lecture 8 11

And if β′ is taken instead of 𝛽 i.e. (β′ = −β)
𝛽 lag 𝛼 by 90 but β′ lead 𝛼 by 90 , i.e. the signs of
𝑉β & 𝐼β 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑑.
We get:

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 𝑭 𝑸 𝜶 𝜷
𝑭 𝑅𝐹 + 𝐿𝐹 𝜌 0 𝑀𝐹 𝜌 cos 𝜃 −𝑀𝐹 𝜌 sin 𝜃
𝑸 0 𝑅𝑄 + 𝐿𝑄 𝜌 𝑀𝑄 𝜌 sin 𝜃 𝑀𝑄 𝜌 cos 𝜃
𝑍′ =
𝜶 𝑀𝐹 𝜌 cos 𝜃 𝑀𝑄 𝜌 sin 𝜃 𝑅2 + 𝜌 𝐿𝑎 + 𝐿𝑏 cos 2𝜃 −𝜌𝐿𝑏 sin 2𝜃
𝜷′ −𝑀𝐹 𝜌 sin 𝜃 𝑀𝑄 𝜌 cos 𝜃 −𝜌𝐿𝑏 sin 2𝜃 𝑅2 + 𝜌 𝐿𝑎 − 𝐿𝑏 cos 2𝜃

And the voltage equation will be:

𝑉𝐹 𝑅𝐹 + 𝐿𝐹 𝜌 0 𝑀𝐹 𝜌 cos 𝜃 −𝑀𝐹 𝜌 sin 𝜃 𝐼𝐹
𝑉𝑄 0 𝑅𝑄 + 𝐿𝑄 𝜌 𝑀𝑄 𝜌 sin 𝜃 𝑀𝑄 𝜌 cos 𝜃 𝐼𝑄
=
𝑉𝛼 𝑀𝐹 𝜌 cos 𝜃 𝑀𝑄 𝜌 sin 𝜃 𝑅2 + 𝜌 𝐿𝑎 + 𝐿𝑏 cos 2𝜃 −𝜌𝐿𝑏 sin 2𝜃 𝐼𝛼
𝑉𝛽′ −𝑀𝐹 𝜌 sin 𝜃 𝑀𝑄 𝜌 cos 𝜃 −𝜌𝐿𝑏 sin 2𝜃 𝑅2 + 𝜌 𝐿𝑎 − 𝐿𝑏 cos 2𝜃 𝐼𝛽′

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 Compare 𝒁′ for the induction machines and for the synchronous machines:
A B 𝜶 𝜷
A𝑅1 + 𝐿10 𝜌 0 𝑀𝜌 cos 𝜃 −𝑀𝜌 sin 𝜃
′ B 0 𝑅1 + 𝐿10 𝜌 𝑀𝜌 sin 𝜃 𝑀𝜌 cos 𝜃
𝑍 (𝐼. 𝑀)=
𝜶 𝑀𝜌 cos 𝜃 𝑀𝜌 sin 𝜃 𝑅2 + 𝐿20 𝜌 0
𝜷 −𝑀𝜌 sin 𝜃 𝑀𝜌 cos 𝜃 0 𝑅2 + 𝐿20 𝜌
𝑭 𝑸 𝜶 𝜷
𝑭 𝑅𝐹 + 𝐿𝐹 𝜌 0 𝑀𝐹 𝜌 cos 𝜃 −𝑀𝐹 𝜌 sin 𝜃
′
𝑸 0 𝑅𝑄 + 𝐿𝑄 𝜌 𝑀𝑄 𝜌 sin 𝜃 𝑀𝑄 𝜌 cos 𝜃
𝑍 (𝑆𝑦𝑛𝑐ℎ) =
𝜶 𝑀𝐹 𝜌 cos 𝜃 𝑀𝑄 𝜌 sin 𝜃 𝑅2 + 𝜌 𝐿𝑎 + 𝐿𝑏 cos 2𝜃 −𝜌𝐿𝑏 sin 2𝜃
𝜷′ −𝑀𝐹 𝜌 sin 𝜃 𝑀𝑄 𝜌 cos 𝜃 −𝜌𝐿𝑏 sin 2𝜃 𝑅2 + 𝜌 𝐿𝑎 − 𝐿𝑏 cos 2𝜃

If: 𝑹𝑸 = 𝑹𝑭 = 𝑹𝟏 & 𝑳𝑸 = 𝑳𝑭 = 𝑳𝟏 & 𝑴𝑸 = 𝑴𝑭 = 𝑴 & 𝑳𝒃 = 𝟎 & 𝑳𝒂 = 𝑳𝟐

The transformation 𝐶1 brings the two different types of machines into a similar form and hence
unifies their theories. induction machines are a special case of the salient pole synchronous
machine.
The Theory Of The Unified Machines Lecture 8 14
The different between the two machines is not fundamental but lies in the
difference between the absolute and relative values of their inductance and the
type of the voltage applied (I.M uniform air gap , AC ). (Synch saliency , DC field).
In a synchronous generator, a dc current is applied to the rotor winding, which
produces a rotor magnetic field. The rotor of the generator is then turned by a
prime mover, producing a rotating magnetic field within the machine. This rotating
magnetic field induces a three-phase set of voltages within the stator windings
of the generator
An induction motor has the same physical stator as a synchronous machine, with
a different rotor construction
The distinguishing feature of an induction motor is that no dc field current is
required to run the machine.

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The torque equation: from 𝑍 ′ = 𝑅 + 𝜌𝐿
1 𝑑𝐿 1 ′ 𝑑𝐿 ′ 1 ′ 𝑑𝐿′ ′
𝑇 = 𝐼𝑡 𝐼= 𝐼𝑡 𝐶𝑡 𝐶𝐼 = 𝐼𝑡 𝐼
2 𝑑𝜃 2 𝑑𝜃 2 𝑑𝜃
0 0 −𝑀𝐹 sin 𝜃 −𝑀𝐹 cos 𝜃
𝑑𝐿′ 0 0 𝑀𝑄 cos 𝜃 −𝑀𝑄 sin 𝜃
= −𝑀 sin 𝜃 𝑀𝑄 cos 𝜃 −2𝐿𝑏 sin 2𝜃 −2𝐿𝑏 cos 2𝜃
𝑑𝜃 𝐹
−𝑀𝐹 cos 𝜃 −𝑀𝑄 sin 𝜃 −2𝐿𝑏 cos 2𝜃 2𝐿𝑏 sin 2𝜃

𝑇 = 𝑇 ′ = −𝑀𝐹 𝐼𝐹 𝐼𝛼 cos 𝜃 + 𝐼𝛽 sin 𝜃 +𝑀𝑄 𝐼𝑄 𝐼𝛼 cos 𝜃 − 𝐼𝛽 sin 𝜃

−𝐿𝑏 𝐼𝛼 2 sin 2𝜃 −𝐼𝛽 2 cos 2𝜃 + 2𝐼𝛼 𝐼𝛽 cos 2𝜃

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The Theory Of The Unified Machines Lecture 8
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