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The Main Difference between

Active and Passive Components
• Active Components:

Those devices or components which required external source to their operation is called
Active Components. (For Example: Diode, Transistors, etc…)

Ex: If we connect a Diode in a Circuit and then connect this circuit to the Supply
voltage., then Diode will not conduct the current Until the supply voltage reach to 0.3(In
case of Germanium) or 0.7V(In case of Silicon).
•
• Passive Components:
• Those devices or components which do not required external source to their operation is
called Passive Components. (For Example: Resistor, Capacitor, Inductor etc…)

• Like a Diode, Resistor does not require 0.3 0r 0.7 V. I.e., when we connect a resistor to
the supply voltage, it starts work automatically without using a specific voltage.

Capacitors and Inductors

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CAPACITORS First of the energy storage devices to be discussed

Typical Capacitors

Basic parallel-plates capacitor

CIRCUIT REPRESENTATION
NOTICE USE OF PASSIVE SIGN CONVENTION

Capacitors and Inductors

• Capacitors
• Inductors

We will introduce two new linear elements, the capacitor and the
inductor. Unlike resistors, which can only dissipate energy, these
two elements can only store energy, which can then be retrieved at
a later time.

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Capacitors
A capacitor is a passive element that stores energy in its electric
field. A capacitor consists of two conducting plates separated by an
insulator (or dielectric). When a voltage source is connected to the
capacitor, the source deposits a positive charge, +q, on one plate and
a negative charge, –q, on the other. The amount of charge is directly
proportional to the voltage so that

q = Cv
+q
+q
-q
-q

Capacitors
C, called the capacitance of the capacitor, is the constant of
proportionality. C is measured in Farads (F). From

q = Cv
we define:
Capacitance is the ratio of the charge on one plate of a capacitor
to the voltage difference between the two plates, measured in
Farad (F). Thus, 1F = 1 coulomb/volt

In reality, the value of C depends on the surface area of the plates,

the spacing between the plates, and the permitivity of the material.

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Capacitors
q = Cv q (t0 )
Note: v(t0 ) =
dq dv(t ) C
= i (t ) = C
dt dt
1 t 1 t0 1 t

C ∫−∞ C ∫−∞ ∫
v(t ) = i ( x ) dx = i ( x ) dx + i ( x)dx
C t0

1 t
v(t ) = v(t0 ) + ∫ i ( x)dx
C t0
We see that the capacitor voltage depends on the past history of the
capacitor current. Thus, we say that the capacitor has a memory – a
property we can exploit.

Energy stored in the capacitor

The instantaneous power delivered to the capacitor is

dv
p(t ) = vi = Cv
dt
The energy stored in the capacitor is thus
t dv t
w = ∫ p (t )dt = C ∫ v dt = C ∫ vdv
−∞ dt −∞

1
w = Cv 2 (t ) joules
2

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Energy stored in the capacitor

Assuming the capacitor was uncharged at t = -∞, and knowing that

q = Cv
1 2 q 2 (t )
w = Cv (t ) =
2 2C
represents the energy stored in the electric field established
between the two plates of the capacitor. This energy can be
retrieved. And, in fact, the word capacitor is derived from this
element’s ability (or capacity) to store energy.

The capacitor has the following important properties:

1. When the voltage across a capacitor is constant (not changing

with time) the current through the capacitor:

i = C dv/dt = 0

Thus, a capacitor is an open circuit to dc. If, however, a dc

voltage is suddenly connected across a capacitor, the capacitor
begins to charge (store energy).

2. The voltage across a capacitor must be continuous, since a jump (a

discontinuity) change in the voltage would require an infinite
current, which is physically impossible. Thus, a capacitor resists
an abrupt change in the voltage across it, and the voltage across
a capacitor cannot change instantaneously, whereas, the
current can.

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The capacitor has the following important properties:

3. The ideal capacitor does not dissipate energy. It takes power from
the circuit when storing energy and returns previously stored
energy when delivering power to the circuit.

4. A real, non-ideal, capacitor has a “leakage resistance” which is

modeled as shown below. The leakage resistance may be as high
as 100MΩ, and can be neglected for most practical applications.

RS

%% assumption that the capacitors are ideal.

Parallel Capacitors
i1 i2 iN i
i v C1 C2 CN i v Ceq

dv dv dv
i1 = C1 i2 = C2 iN = C N
dt dt dt
dv dv
i = i1 + i2 + ⋅⋅⋅ + iN = ( C1 + C2 + ⋅⋅⋅ + C N ) = Ceq
dt dt
N
Ceq = ∑ Ck
k =1

Thus, the equivalent capacitance of N capacitors in parallel is the

sum of the individual capacitances. Capacitors in parallel act like
resistors in series.

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Series Capacitors
C1 C2 CN
i
v1 v2 vN v Ceq
v
i
1 1 1
CN ∫
vN =
C2 ∫
v1 = ∫ idt v2 = idt idt
C1
 1 1 1  1
 ∫ idt =
Ceq ∫
v = v1 + v2 + ⋅⋅⋅ + vN =  + + ⋅⋅⋅ + idt
 C1 C2 CN 
N
1 1
=∑
Ceq k =1 Ck
The equivalent capacitance of N series connected capacitors is the
reciprocal of the sum of the reciprocals of the individual
capacitors. Capacitors in series act like resistors in parallel.

Example
(a) Calculate the charge stored on a 3-pF
capacitor with 20V across it.
(b) Find the energy stored in the capacitor.

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Example
Solution:
(a) Since q = Cv ,

q = 3 × 10 −12 × 20 = 60pC

(b) The energy stored is

1 1
w = Cv 2 = × 3 × 10 −12 × 400 = 600pJ
2 2
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Capacitors and Inductors

• Capacitors
• Inductors

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Inductors
An inductor is a passive element that stores energy in its magnetic
field. Generally. An inductor consists of a coil of conducting wire
wound around a core. For the inductor
di (t ) i
v(t ) = L
dt
where L is the inductance in henrys (H),
and 1 H = 1 volt second/ampere.

Inductance is the property whereby an inductor exhibits

opposition to the change of current flowing through it.

INDUCTORS

Circuit representation
Flux lines may extend for an inductor
beyond inductor creating
stray inductance effects

A TIME VARYING FLUX

CREATES A COUNTER EMF
AND CAUSES A VOLTAGE
TO APPEAR AT THE
TERMINALS OF THE
DEVICE

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Inductors
di (t )
v(t ) = L
dt
1 t 1 t0 1 t
L ∫−∞ L ∫−∞ L ∫t0
i (t ) = v ( x ) dx = v ( x ) dx + v( x)dx

1 t
i (t ) = i (t0 ) + ∫ v ( x)dx
L t0
where i(t0) = the total current evaluated at t0 and i(−∞) ≡ 0 (which is
reasonable since at some time there was no current in the inductor).

Energy stored in an inductor

The instantaneous power delivered to an inductor is

di
p (t ) = vi = Li
dt
The energy stored in the magnetic field is thus
t di t
wL (t ) = ∫ p (t )dt = L ∫ i dt = L ∫ idi
−∞ dt −∞

1 2
wL (t ) = Li (t ) joules
2

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An inductor has the following important properties:

1. An inductor acts like a short circuit to dc, since from

di (t )
v(t ) = L
v = 0 when i = a constant. dt

2. The current through an inductor cannot change

instantaneously, since an instantaneous change in current would
require an infinite voltage, which is not physically possible.

An inductor has the following important properties :

3. Like the ideal capacitor, the ideal inductor does not dissipate
energy.

4. A real inductor has a significant resistance due to the resistance

of the coil, as well as a “winding capacitance”. Thus, the
model for a real inductor is shown below.

In this course, however, we will use ideal inductors and assume

that an ideal inductor is a good model.

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Series Inductors
L1 L2 LN
i
v1 v2 vN v Leq
v
i
di di di
v1 = L1 v2 = L2 vN = LN
dt dt dt
di di
v = v1 + v2 + ⋅⋅⋅ + vN = ( L1 + L2 + ⋅⋅⋅ + LN ) = Leq
dt dt
N
Leq = ∑ Lk
k =1

The equivalent inductance of series connected inductors is the

sum of the individual inductances. Thus, inductances in series
combine in the same way as resistors in series.

Parallel Inductors
i1 i2 iN i
i v L1 L2 LN i v Leq

1 1 1
LN ∫
iN =
L2 ∫
i2 =
L1 ∫
i1 = vdt vdt vdt

1 1 1  1
 ∫ vdt =
Leq ∫
i = i1 + i2 + ⋅⋅⋅ + iN =  + + ⋅⋅⋅ + vdt
 L1 L2 LN 
N
1 1
=∑
Leq k =1 Lk
The equivalent inductance of parallel connected inductors is the
reciprocal of the sum of the reciprocals of the individual
inductances.

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Example
• The current through a 0.1-H inductor is i(t)
= 10te-5t A. Find the voltage across the
inductor and the energy stored in it.
Solution:
di
Since v = L and L = 0.1H,
dt
d
v = 0.1 (10te ) = e + t (−5)e −5t = e −5t (1 − 5t )V
−5 t −5 t

dt
The energy stored is
1 1
w = Li 2 = (0.1)100t 2 e −10t = 5t 2 e −10t J
2 2 25

CAPACITOR SPECIFICATIONS
CAPACITANCE RANGE p F ≈ C ≈ 50mF
IN STANDARD VALUES
STANDARD CAPACITOR RATINGS
6.3V − 500V
STANDARD TOLERANCE
± 5%, ± 10%, ± 20%

INDUCTOR SPECIFICATIONS
INDUCTANCE RANGES ≈ 1nH ≤ L ≤≈ 100mH
IN STANDARD VALUES
STANDARD INDUCTOR RATINGS
≈ mA − ≈ 1A
STANDARD TOLERANCE
± 5%, ± 10%

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C→L
v→i
i→v

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