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Geophysical investigations near the ancient Agora at the city of Argos, Greece

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DOI: 10.1088/1742-2132/7/2/S03

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IOP PUBLISHING JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICS AND ENGINEERING
J. Geophys. Eng. 7 (2010) 174–182 doi:10.1088/1742-2132/7/2/S03

Geophysical investigations near the

ancient Agora at the city of Argos, Greece
Irene Zananiri1 , Vassilios Hademenos1 and Christos Piteros2
1
Institute of Geology and Mineral Exploration, Olympic Village (Entrance C), Acharnae 13677, Greece
2
4th Ephoria of Prehistorical and Classical Antiquities, Syntagma Square, 21100 Nafplion, Greece
E-mail: izanan@igme.gr and izanan@geo.auth.gr

Received 25 July 2009

Accepted for publication 15 January 2010
Published 4 May 2010
Online at stacks.iop.org/JGE/7/174

Abstract
It is possible to reduce risk in archaeological excavations by identifying areas of high potential
at an early stage and locating trenches accordingly. Towards this goal, a non-invasive
geophysical survey was carried out at the city of Argos, which from the beginning of Archaic
Times and through to Classical Times was one of the most prominent city-states. Based on
historical and archaeological evidence, two sites were chosen near the ancient Agora of Argos.
Total field and gradient magnetic measurements were collected over several grids, with 1 m
spacing between measurement points. Representative samples were taken for laboratory
measurements of the low-field magnetic susceptibility. Mapping, filtering and inversion
procedures of the magnetic data have been used in tandem. The data management and
cartographic representation was performed using Geographic Information Systems, where a
geographic database was created, including all available information for the broader Argos
area. The results of the geophysical survey were able to highlight the presence of linear and
square structures possibly representing inhabitance ruins, namely small building remnants and
road foundations according to observations from neighbouring excavations. Thus, the authors
were able to suggest to the archaeologists excavation tests on the basis of the residual magnetic
map.

Keywords: Argos, archaeology, geophysics, magnetometry, inversion

1. Introduction (2003), Gaffney and Gater (2003), Monaghan and Lovis

The Institute of Geology and Mineral Exploration (IGME)
of Greece, in the frame of ‘Community Support Framework
2000–2006’, Operational Program ‘Competitiveness’,
implemented the project called ‘Collection, codification
and documentation of geothematic information for urban
and suburban areas in Greece. Pilot studies’. During the
implementation of the project, geoarchaeological research
studies were carried out in urban archaeological locations.
Geoarchaeology is the application of earth science
principles and techniques to the understanding of the
archaeological record (Clark 1996, English Heritage 2008);
over the past 50 years, advanced geophysical techniques
have been widely employed to assist archaeologists during
excavation planning (e.g. Pattantyùs (1986), Patella and
Hesse (1999), Sarris and Jones (2000), Bevan and Roosevelt
(2005)). Their application is based on the detection of
inhomogeneities of the geophysical parameters of the ground
caused by the presence of buried archaeological structures
and artefacts. Detailed magnetometry is a rapid, effective
and non-invasive tool for the localization of buried structures
and constitutes the basis of archaeological surveying,
complemented where necessary by ground penetrating radar,
electric and electromagnetic methods (e.g. Sambuelli et al
(1999), Kvamme (2001), Drahor (2006), Negri and Leucci
(2006), Papadopoulos et al (2009)).
Although techniques of archaeological geophysics have
been used in Greece since the late 1960s (e.g. Ralph (1968),
Foster and Hackens (1969), Rudant and Thalmann (1976),
Tsokas et al (1986, 1994), Diamanti et al (2005), Vafidis et al
(2005), Sarris et al (2007)), their routine application has not yet
become commonplace. The magnetic survey presented here

1742-2132/10/020174+09$30.00 © 2010 Nanjing Geophysical Research Institute Printed in the UK 174

 Geophysical investigations near the ancient Agora at the city of Argos, Greece

Figure 1. Site location map showing the main cities and major archaeological sites of the Argolis Prefecture.

Figure 2. Topographic sketch of the city of Argos (modified after Pitéros (1998b)). 1–3: suggested position of main roads leading ESE; 4:
southern Stoa; 5: building structure, possibly a small temple; 6: temple of Hera Antheia; 7: western side of the southern Stoa; 8–10:
excavated road remnants; 11: one of the suggested positions of the temple of Apollo Lyceus; 12: road defining the northern border of the
ancient Agora. A–C (at site 1) and D–F (at site 2) mark the measuring grids of the magnetic survey.

constitutes a joint initiative by the IGME and the archaeologists
of the 4th Ephoria of Prehistorical and Classical Antiquities
towards the development of a systematic geoarchaeological
survey in the city of Argos.
2. Outline of the archaeological problem
The Argolis Prefecture (figure 1) is one of the most active
regions in Greece in terms of archaeological excavations that
have taken place from the late 19th century and continue
intensively up to now. Noteworthy are the excavation
campaigns, fruitful collaborations between foreign teams of
archaeologists and the Greek Archaeological Service, carried
out by the French School of Archaeology at Argos (Courbin
1974, Philippa-Touchais et al 2000), the British School of
Athens at Mycenae (Tourvavitou 1995), the American School
of Classical Studies at southern Argolis (Jameson et al 1994,
Runnel 2004), the Swedish Institute at Berbati (Wells and

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I Zananiri et al

Ecroth 1996), the German archaeologist H Schliemann at

Mycenae and Tyrins (Schliemann 1880) and others (e.g. (a)
Caskey and Amandry (1952) at Heraion, Koumouzelis et al
(2001) at Klisoura Cave). Moreover, extensive rescue
excavation is taking place by the 4th EPCA at many sites
around Argolis Prefecture (Piteros 1998a, Barakatri-Gleni and
Peppa-Papaioannou 1999, Banaka-Dimaki 1988, 2003, 2008
and references therein).
The city of Argos (13 km far from Mycenae), today an
agricultural and industrial centre of the Argolis Prefecture, was
one of the most prominent city-states from the beginning of
Archaic Times (c. 800 B.C.) and through to Classical Times.
After the Dorian prevalence, political interest was transferred
from Mycenae and Tiryns to Argos (figure 1), which evolved to
one of the most important Dorian centres, reaching its peak at
the beginning of the 7th century B.C. (Karpodinis-Dimitriadis (b)
1994).
The main part of the city is nowadays covered by the
alluvial deposits coming from the activities of the Xerias
(Charadros) river. Thus, the ancient ground surface has been
elevated by 1.5–3.0 m on average, while at some points the
alluvial deposits reach more that 5 m height (Courbin 1963,
Pitéros 1998b). The modern city of Argos is mainly built
on this elevated surface on top of the ancient habitation
ruins brought to light during excavations of the French
Archaeological School and the 4th Ephoria of Prehistorical
and Classical Antiquities. The most important archaeological
remnants are the ancient Agora (figure 2), formed during the
5th century B.C. and destroyed by the Goths in 395 A.D.,
the Acropolis of Larissa on top of the hill and the secondary (c)
Acropolis ‘Aspida’, the ancient Theatre and the Asclepieion.
Piteros and Spahos (1986) reported the results of a geophysical
prospection to locate part of the S circuit of the city wall;
moreover, geophysical investigations (Sarris et al 2008) at
Portitses area in Argos indicated regions of interest related to
architectural relics that may be correlated to the location of the
ancient Stadium. However, the most famous building of the
city, the sanctuary of Apollon Lycius, referred to by Pausanias
(Pausanias II, 19.3), is yet to be found.
The purpose of the geophysical exploration in the city
of Argos was to reduce the archaeological risk by clarifying
areas of archaeological potential at an early stage and thus
assist archaeologists in excavation planning.
Figure 3. (a) Remains of occupation structures revealed during
excavation by the 4th Ephoria of Prehistoric and Classical
3. Methodology, data acquisition Antiquities at Argos, near the study area. The remnants were buried
at about 0.5 m depth. Site 1 of the present study is seen in the
Based on historical and archaeological evidence, two sites background; (b) foundation detail from an excavated construction;
(figures 2 and 3) were chosen near the ancient Agora of Argos. (c) general view of site 2, where the layout of the measuring grid is
shown.
The magnetic method, most commonly used in archaeological
geophysics (e.g. Tsokas et al (1997), Gaffney et al (2000),
Lopez-Loera et al (2000), Smekalova et al (2005), Schmidt data. Magnetic sensor level was set to 0.5 m above the Earth’s
(2007), Argote et al (2009), Eppelbaum et al (2009)), was surface. Magnetic measurements were carried out using a base
applied. Total field magnetic measurements were acquired station magnetometer, which kept track of the Earth’s magnetic
using the Geometrics G-856 equipment, with a resolution field variation every 2 min in an automatic mode (Weymouth
of 0.1 nT, over six 20 × 20 and 30 × 10 grids; in each and Lessard 1986). In grid D, vertical gradient measurements
square, the measurements were made along parallel traverses were also taken with the sensor level located at 2.44 m and
1 m apart with a sample interval also of 1 m. Three (3) 1.22 m above the ground surface. The magnetic survey covered
readings were taken at each point to ensure accuracy of the in total an area of 2300 m2. Representative soil samples

176
 Geophysical investigations near the ancient Agora at the city of Argos, Greece
(a)
(c)
Figure 4. Magnetic survey results from grid B: (a) raw data of the total magnetic field (after diurnal correction and despiking); (b) reduction
to pole; (c) residual field and (d) 3D mapping of the residual magnetic field. The letters B1, B2 and B3 denote areas having high positive
anomalies.
were collected for laboratory measurements of the magnetic
susceptibility. The measurements were carried out with the
Bartington MS-2B magnetic susceptibility meter (operated at
0.465 kHz frequency) at the Palaeomagnetic Laboratory of the
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki.
Geophysical data were assembled and interrogated using
Geographic Information Systems (GIS). To accomplish this
task a geographic database was created, including all available
information for the broader Argos area: local geology,
topographic features, aerial imagery and archaeological data.
The GIS module of the project was achieved through the use
of ArcGIS 9.3 (ESRI).
Online tools, such as those pioneered by Google EarthTM
(GE), are changing the way in which scientists and the general
public interact with geospatial data in a virtual environment;
GE has found numerous applications, in geosciences as well
as in many socioeconomic disciplines. In the present study,
critical information from the compiled geodatabase for Argos
was imported in Google Earth and stored as a Keyhole Markup
Language zipped (KMZ) file, rendering a 2D layer in GE
directly, to facilitate dissemination to the archaeologists.
4. Data treatment
Temporary magnetic variations were removed using the
conventional scheme (Telford et al 1990); time interpolation
(b)
(d)
techniques were incorporated for the correction of the
magnetic measurements due to the diurnal variations of the
Earth’s magnetic field.
A preliminary filtering and simultaneous smoothing was
performed to remove spikes observed in the magnetic map, due
to the presence in the subsurface of small metallic objects or
other sources of magnetic noise. The IGRF model provided us
with the magnetic inclination and declination angles necessary
for the data treatment. The data were analysed and plotted
using MagPick (Geometrics) and Surfer (Golden Software
Inc.) software. Processing of the data was carried out with
kriging gridding techniques. Reduction to the north magnetic
pole was performed at the first stage of processing, followed
by an upward continuation, where the Tikhonov regularization
(Tychonoff 1963) for an elevation of 1 m was applied.
The difference of the reduced-to-pole minus the calculated
continued field represents the residual anomalies. Finally, to
obtain a more informative, integrated picture mosaics were
created from adjacent grids (A+B and D+E+F).
The following data maps were compiled:
• raw magnetic data contouring, after diurnal correction and
despiking;
• reduction to pole of the total magnetic field data
contouring;
• contouring of the residual magnetic field;
• 3D mapping of the residual magnetic field.
177
I Zananiri et al

Figure 5. Multiple layers from the Argos geodatabase: (1) topographic sketch with archaeological information and hypotheses (modified
after Pitéros (1998b)), (2) topographic sketch with archaeological information & hypotheses (Courbin 1963), (3) topographic map scale
1:5000 (Geographic Service of the Hellenic Army), (4) aerial photograph, (5) geological map (Papastamatiou et al 1970). The arrows point
to the residual magnetic maps. The figure was compiled with ArcScene 9.3 (ESRI) software.

Table 1. Mean volume magnetic susceptibility (Km ), range of values and number of samples (N) from the Argos study areas and observed
construction materials.
Material Mean Km (SI) Km range (SI) N

Topsoil—grids A, B, C (< 30 cm depth) 67 × 10−6 32–95 × 10−6 36

Subsoil—grids A, B, C (30–40 cm depth) 52 × 10−6 30–69 × 10−6 5
Topsoil—grids D, E, F (<30 cm depth) 155 × 10−6 54–221 × 10−6 36
Subsoil—grids D, E, F (30–40 cm depth) 103 × 10−6 48–195 × 10−6 9
Limestone material 95 × 10−6 25–112 × 10−6 4
Bricks (clay) 3215 × 10−6 2850–3560 × 10−6 4
Tiles (clay) 2123 × 10−6 1850–2430 × 10−6 2

An example is presented in figure 4, where the results
from grid B, at site 1, are shown. Several discrete strongly
magnetized anomalies (B1, B2, B3) can be observed in this
figure; being regularly spaced they denote possible building
foundations similar to some excavated pillars (figure 3(b)).
Moreover, subtle linear anomalies can be identified and it
is possible that they represent the remains of anthropogenic
rectilinear structures.
The residual magnetic field values in the surveyed grids
vary from −60.5 to 101.4 nT having a standard deviation of
7.0 and a zero mean.
Low-field magnetic susceptibility measurements were
carried out on samples of the top-soil and sub-soil layers,
as well as on samples from possible construction materials.
Observed magnetic anomalies, either positive or negative, are
directly related to the soil’s magnetic susceptibility. Thus,
taking into account the measured magnetic susceptibility of
soil and construction materials, we can qualitatively estimate
the nature of the expected magnetic anomalies for each grid
and use this information during magnetic maps interpretation.
For example, positive magnetic anomalies may represent
the remains of brick walls, while negative anomalies can
correspond to limestone constructions in a relatively high
susceptibility environment. The average and range values
observed are given in table 1.

178
 Geophysical investigations near the ancient Agora at the city of Argos, Greece

Figure 6. Residual magnetic field data from grids A+B (for a detailed view see figure 7) superimposed on an aerial photograph from the city
of Argos. Dashed lines indicate suggested position of main roads in ancient Argos (after Pitéros (1998b)); solid lines within grids A+B
denote linear magnetic anomalies.

5. GIS mapping and analysis
Being designed specifically to manage and visualize spatially
referenced data, a GIS is the best data management tool
available today for archaeological remains and local spatial
information (e.g. Kvamme (1989), Stine and Lanter (1990),
Donoghue et al (1992), Maschner (1996), Sarris et al (2006)).
The geophysical maps compiled from the magnetic survey at
the city of Argos were registered on the topographic layout
(1:5000 scale map of the Geographic Service of the Hellenic
Army) and the aerial imagery of the wider region; layers
with local geology and archaeological information were also
incorporated (figure 5).
The GIS developed allowed the interactive management
of all available layers and was used to facilitate correlation
between geophysical data and archaeological information,
allowing us to interpret the observed magnetic anomalies.
An example, for grids A+B, is presented in figure 6, where
the residual magnetic map shows a series of parallel linear
anomalies aligned in the NW–SE direction, which coincides
with the suggested, by archaeological evidence, direction of a
main road (number 1 in figure 2) leading to the ancient agora of
Argos. It is possible, thus, for the above magnetic anomalies
to represent the remains of that road.
The information stored in the Argos geodatabase,
namely the local geology, topography, magnetic field data,
magnetic susceptibility data, archaeological information and
interpretation features, were exported from ArcGIS as a KMZ
file. This file is in a .zip format supported by Google Earth and
includes all related files required for display of the data. The
virtual globe represented by GE, allowing the user to ‘fly’ from
space down through layers of progressively high-resolution
data sets, facilitates dissemination of data in a format easily
accessible to the average user.
6. Results and conclusions
The residual magnetic maps reveal interesting features in
grids A, B and C; the observed magnetic anomalies, mainly
indicating the presence of linear and geometric structures, are
mostly related to inhabitance ruins, buried at shallow depth,
according to data from neighbouring excavations (figure 3).
Moreover, as can be seen in figures 4, 6 and 7 (grids A+B
and C), the general anomaly directions of site 1 trend NW–SE
parallel to the suggested positions of the main ancient roads at
the city of Argos (figure 8).
Prior to the geophysical investigation at site 2, we
suspected the existence of a buried big building in this location,

179
I Zananiri et al
Figure 7. Residual magnetic field from mosaics of grids A+B and
D+E+F and individual grid C.
Figure 8. Remains of one of the roads leading to the ancient Agora
(number 9 of figure 2), revealed during excavation.
possibly the temple of Apollon Lycius. However, the magnetic
survey did not reveal any striking features in this area, although
weak rectilinear magnetic anomalies were identified (grid
D+E+F of figure 7) and are worth further investigation by
means of ground penetrating radar. Unfortunately, due to
modern settlement and private property issues, it was not
180
possible to extend the survey grids further to the east, where
archaeological information indicate another possible location
for the sanctuary (number 11 of figure 2).
The case study presented in these pages comprises a
preliminary geophysical survey at the city of Argos and
aimed to assist the archaeologists for excavation planning.
The magnetic survey provided indications for the location,
and absence in some cases, of occupational remnants, thus
allowing several conclusions to be drawn regarding the
architectural plan of the ancient city. Finally, the geothematic
information stored in the created geodatabase can contribute
to the design and realization of geoarchaeology projects in the
Argolis Prefecture, ensuring at the same time the spatial and
geological coherency of the entire data set (maps, geophysical
measurements, etc).
Acknowledgments
This study was funded by the Community Support Framework
2000–06 (Operational Program ‘Competitiveness’). We are
especially grateful to Professor Andreas Georgakopoulos,
former General Director of IGME, and Dr Panagiotis
Tsombos, scientist responsible for the project, for their support
in the development of geoarchaeological research. George
Efthimiou, Dimitris Mitropoulos and Alexandra Zervakou are
warmly thanked for assistance during geophysical field work.
Professor Despina Kondopoulou is gratefully acknowledged
for allowing the use of the facilities at the Palaeomagnetic
Laboratory of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. We
would like to thank Mrs Anna Banaka, Director of the 4th
Ephoria of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities at Nafplio,
for her support and encouragement in the application of earth
sciences towards the rescue of cultural heritage. Finally, we
thank the two anonymous reviewers for their constructive
comments and suggestions that greatly improved this paper.
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