E M Waves and Transmission Lines Unit 1

Lecture Notes 17
Gauss’s law in point form
Gauss’s law in point form states that the divergence of electric flux density is equal to the
volume charge density, that is,
∇.D = ρυ
Proof Consider a differential parallelepiped as shown in figure 1

Figure 1
Assumptions
1. The differential parallelepiped has the dimensions ∆x, ∆y and ∆z.
2. The point, P is in the centre of the element.
3. The flux density D at the centre is given by
D = Dc = Dcx a x + Dcy a y + D z a z

The integral form of Gauss’s law is

∫ D.dS = Q
S

∫ D.dS = ∫ D .dS + ∫ D .dS + ∫ D .dS + ∫ D .dS + ∫ D .dS + ∫ D .dS

S 1
1 1
2
2 2
3
3 3
4
4 4
5
5 5
6
6 6

where
Face 1 represents the face ABCD
Face 2 represents the face EFGH
Face 3 represents the face ABFE
Face 4 represents the face DCGH
Face 5 represents the face ADHE
Face 6 represents the face BCGF

B.I. Neelgar, ECE, GMRIT.

E M Waves and Transmission Lines Unit 1
Lecture Notes 17

D1, D2, D3, D4, D5 and D6 are the flux densities on the faces 1,2,3,4,5 and 6
respectively.
dS1, dS2, dS3, dS4, dS5 and dS6 are differential areas of the faces 1,2,3,4,5 and 6,
respectively.
As the flux density at the centre is known, it is found on each face of the
parallelpiped by considering the first two terms of Taylor’s theorem.
Taylor’s theorem states that if f ( x) has continuous derivatives in the
neighbourhood of a point x=a, then
f ′(a ) f ′(a )
f ( x) = f (a) + ( x − a) + ( x − a) 2 + K
1! 2!
If (x-a) is very small, we have
f ′(a )
f ( x) ≈ f (a) + ( x − a)
1!
Accordingly, we can simplify D1, D2, D3, D4, D5 and D6
D1 .dS1 = D1 .dS1 a x
= ( D1x a x + D1 y a y + D1z a z )' dS1a x
= D1x dS1

 ∂D x ∆x 
≈  Dcx + dS1
 ∂x 2 

∫ D .dS
1
1 1 = D1x ∫ dS1

= D1x ∆S1

 ∂D x ∆x 
≈  Dcx + ∆y∆z
 ∂x 2 

Similarly ∫ D .dS
2
2 2 = − D2 x ∆S 2 [As dS 2 = dS 2 (−a x )]

 ∂D x  ∆x  
≈  Dcx + −  ∆y∆z
 ∂x  2 

∫ D .dS + ∫ D .dS
1
1 1
2
2 2

B.I. Neelgar, ECE, GMRIT.

E M Waves and Transmission Lines Unit 1
Lecture Notes 17
∂D x
≈ ∆x∆y∆z
∂x
and ∫ D .dS + ∫ D .dS
3
3 3
4
4 4

∂D y
≈ ∆x∆y∆z
∂x

∫ D .dS + ∫ D .dS
5
5 5
6
6 6

∂D z
≈ ∆x∆y∆z
∂z
 ∂D x ∂D y ∂D z 
∫ D.dS ≈ 
s
∂x
+
∂y
+ ∆x∆y∆z
∂z 

=Q
If ∆υ = ∆x∆y∆z

D.dS ∂D x ∂D y ∂D z Q
∫
s
∆υ
≈
∂x
+
∂y
+
∂z ∆υ

This becomes exact if ∆υ → 0.

Lt D.dS ∂D x ∂D y ∂D z  Q 
∆υ → 0 ∫ = + + = ρυ  ρυ = ∆υ 
s
∆υ ∂x ∂y ∂z  

∂D x ∂D y ∂D z
But + + = ∇⋅D
∂x ∂y ∂z
∇ ⋅ .D = ρυ Hence proved.

Divergence
For a differential volume element it is known that

 ∂Dx ∂Dy ∂Dz 

∫ D.ds =Q= 
 ∂x
+
∂y
+
∂z 
 ∆ϑ ----------(1)

By allowing the volume element ∆ϑ to shrine to zero.

∂Dx ∂Dy ∂Dz

+ + =
∫ D.ds =
Q
∂x ∂y ∂z ∆ϑ ∆ϑ

B.I. Neelgar, ECE, GMRIT.

E M Waves and Transmission Lines Unit 1
Lecture Notes 17

is
∂Dx ∂Dy ∂Dz
+ + = lim
∫ D.ds = lim
Q
∂x ∂y ∂z ∆ϑ →0 ∆ϑ ∆→ 0 ∆ϑ

is
∂Dx ∂Dy ∂Dz
+ + = lim
∫ D.ds = ρv
ρv = volume charge density .
∂x ∂y ∂z ∆v → 0 ∆ϑ

Thus we have two equations.

∂Dx ∂Dy ∂Dz

+ + = lim
∫ D.ds --------------------(2)
∂x ∂y ∂z ∆v → 0 ∆ϑ

∂Dx ∂Dy ∂Dz

& + + = ρv ------------------(3)
∂x ∂y ∂z
Equation (2) can be used on any vector A to find ∫ A.ds f8. a small closed surface and is
called divergence. Thus divergence is defined as

Divergence A = div A = lim

∫ D.ds
∆v
∆v → 0

The divergence at any vector flux density is the overflow of flux from a small closed
surface per unit volume as the volume shrines to zero. Thus

∂Dx ∂Dy ∂Dz

div D = + + (Cartesian)
∂x ∂y ∂z
If a differential volume r drdφdθ in spherical co – ordinate are chosen them.

1 ∂ 1 ∂Dφ ∂Dz
div D = (r Dr) + + (cylindrical)
r ∂r r ∂φ ∂z
1 ∂ 2 1 ∂
& div D = 2 (r Dr) + (sinθ Dθ)
r ∂r r sin θ ∂θ
1 ∂Dφ
+ (spherical )
r sin θ ∂φ
Find the numerical value for the divergence of D at the point indicated if
(a) D = 20 x y2 (z+1)ax + 20x2y(z+1) ay + 10x2y2 az c/m2 at PA (0.3, 0.4, 0.5)
(b) D = 4rz sinφ ar + 2rz cosθ aφ + 2r2 sinθ az c/m2
(c) D = sinθ cosφ ar + cosθcosφ aθ - sinφaφ c/m2
At Pc ( 2,θ = π/3, φ = π/16)
Solution:
∂ ∂ ∂
(a) ∇ . D = [20xy2 (z+1)] + [20xy2 (z+1)] + 10x2y2
∂x ∂y ∂z
2 2
is ∇ . D = 20y (z+1) + 20x + 0
at point PA (0.3, 0.4, 0.5)

B.I. Neelgar, ECE, GMRIT.

E M Waves and Transmission Lines Unit 1
Lecture Notes 17
∇ . D = 20 . (0.4) (0.5+1) + 20 . (0.3)2 (0.5+1)
2

= 20 x 0.16 x 1.5 + 20 x 0.09 -1.5

= 4.80 + 2.70
= 7.5 c/m3

4 ∂ 1 ∂ ∂
(b) ∇ . D = (r.rz sinθ ) + (2rz cosθ) + (2r2sinθ)
r ∂r r ∂ϕ ∂z

4 2r
= z sinθ 2r - z sinθ + 0 = 8 z sinθ - 2 z sinθ
r r

At PB (1, π/2, 2)

∇ . D = 16 – 4= 12 c/m3

1 ∂ 2 1 ∂ 1 ∂
(c) ∇ . D = 2
(r sinθ cosθ) + (sinθ cosθ cosφ) - sinφ
r ∂r r sin θ ∂θ r sin θ ∂θ

1 1 ∂  sin 2θ  1
= 2
2r sinθ cosφ + cosφ  - cosφ
r r sin θ ∂θ  2  r sin θ

2 1 cos 2θ 1
= sinθcosφ + cosφ .2 - cosφ
r r sin θ 2 r sin θ

2 3 3 1 3 1 1 3
= . . + . (- ) -
2 2 2 3 2 2 3 2
2. 2.
2 2

3 1 1
= - -
4 4 2

=0

B.I. Neelgar, ECE, GMRIT.