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Week 10 - Malaria Anti - Vector Measures
Week 10 - Malaria Anti - Vector Measures
College of Health
Malariology (Week 10)
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Course: Malariology.
Course code: MalariaX.
Purpose: The course is edited (source: CDC) for Health Care Professionals as an
introduction, an update and also as a guide for those aspiring a career in Public Health /
Tropical Medicine.
Level: Multi.
Description: The course
presents issues related to malaria as a major public health problem. Emphasizes the
biology of malaria parasites and factors affecting their transmission to humans by
anopheline vectors, as well as Malaria management and policy issues in the COVID - 19
ERA.
Course Duration: 1 Week.
Credit Hour(s): 3.
Fee: Free.
Certification(s): A digital certificate of course completion is available upon course
completion. A score of 70% and above is required.
Starting Date: At your own pace round the year).
Tutor: Dr. 'Wale. ' http://bit.ly/3mdgzXl '
(MPH, PhD. Trop. Med; Founder of African College of Health).
Registration:
https://bit.ly/2KWxbm1
Disclaimer: All contents are for educational purpose (s) only. Information contained in
here belong(s) to African College of Health for the purpose of legality but neither does it
represent an alternative to Physician's opinion nor a liability whatsoever.
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Donations@
https://bit.ly/2YSaG9Q / http://bit.ly/32kpcsG
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Module 10:
Malaria anti-vector measures (CDC')
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Objective (s): At the end of this module, candidate (s) is (are) expected to know that;
- In general, if habitats are large and amenable to environmental modification, the
intervention is effective, but if habitats are small, widely dispersed, and transient the
intervention is less effective.
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Malaria anti-vector measures 'CDC' (3 hours).
Larval Control
Interventions targeting the larval stages of the mosquito have been used effectively for
decades, but their effectiveness varies widely from species to species. In general, if
habitats are large and amenable to environmental modification, the intervention is
effective, but if habitats are small, widely dispersed, and transient the intervention is
less effective.
Anopheles gambiae, one of the primary vectors of malaria in Africa, breeds in numerous
small pools of water that form due to rainfall. The larvae develop within a few days,
escaping their aquatic environment before it dries out. It is difficult, if not impossible, to
predict when and where the breeding sites will form, and to find and treat them before
the adults emerge. Therefore, larval mosquito control for the prevention of malaria in
Africa has not been attempted on a large scale. It may, however, be appropriate for
specific settings such as urban environments or desert fringe areas where habitats are
more stable and predictable. In contrast, in Southeast Asia, Europe and the Americas,
larval control has proven extremely effective.
Larval control may be implemented through environmental modification – draining and
filling – or through use of larvacides. Though biological control using fish is often used,
evidence for its effectiveness is limited.
Source reduction: The burrow pit resulting from the activity of brickmaker & etc is a
potential breeding site for Anopheles larvae. Filling burrow pits would remove a source
of Anopheles adults.
Source reduction is removal or permanent destruction of mosquito breeding sites. The
larval habitats may be destroyed by filling depressions that collect water, by draining
swamps or by ditching marshy areas to remove standing water. Mosquitoes that breed
in irrigation water can be controlled through careful water management.
Chemical Larviciding
For some mosquito species, habitat elimination is not possible. For these species,
chemical insecticides can be applied directly to the larval habitats. Other methods,
which are less disruptive to the environment, are usually preferred:
Oils may be applied to the water surface, suffocating the larvae and pupae. Most oils in
use today are rapidly biodegraded.
Toxins from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti) can be applied in
the same way as chemical insecticides. They are very specific, affecting only
mosquitoes, black flies, and midges.
Insect growth regulators such as methroprene are specific to mosquitoes and can be
applied in the same way as chemical insecticides.
Biological Control
Potential biological control agents, such as fungi (e.g., Laegenidium giganteum) or
mermithid nematodes (e.g., Romanomermis culicivorax), parasitize and kill larval
mosquitoes but they are not efficient for mosquito control and are not widely used.
Likewise, mosquito fish (including Gambusia affinis) have largely been ineffective.
Other Vector Control Interventions:
Fogging machine spraying insecticide in an open area
Fogging (area spraying) using a machine mounted on the back of a truck.
Fogging or Area Spraying
Fogging or ultra-low volume spraying or area spraying is primarily reserved for
emergency situations such as epidemics. Fogging has not been shown to be effective in
any malaria-endemic areas. Fogging and area sprays must be properly timed to coincide
with the time of peak adult mosquito activity, because resting mosquitoes are often
found in areas that are difficult for the insecticide to reach (e.g., under leaves, in small
crevices). In addition, fogging and area spraying will have to be repeatedly applied to
have an impact, and it can easily become too costly to maintain.
Personal Protection Measures
Personal protection measures include the use of window screens, ITNs, and repellents
(such as DEET) and wearing of light-colored clothes, long pants, and long-sleeved shirts.
Well-constructed houses with window screens are effective for preventing biting by
mosquitoes that bite indoors and may have contributed to the elimination of malaria
from the United States and Europe. Recent evidence suggests that repellents may be
effective in reducing malaria transmission and may be appropriate for areas where
mosquitoes bite outdoors or early in the evening when people are not using ITNs.
However, while repellents are recommended for travelers to malaria-endemic areas,
further work to develop repellent formulations that are easily deployed in endemic
countries is needed.
Sterile Male Release
Introducing sterile male mosuitoes into an area has been successfully applied in several
small-scale areas. However, the need for large numbers of mosquitoes for release
makes this approach impractical for most areas.
Genetic Modification of Malaria Vectors
Genetic modification aims to develop mosquitoes that are not susceptible to the
parasite. This approach is still years from application in field settings, though there have
been remarkable advances in recent years in technology to allow direct modification of
the mosquito genome.
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Quiz 1:
In larval control, if habitats are small, widely dispersed, and transient the intervention is
effective. True or False?
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Quiz 2:
Anopheles gambiae, one of the primary vectors of malaria in Africa, breeds in numerous
small pools of water that form due to rainfall. True or False?
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Quiz 3:
Larval control may be implemented through environmental modification , such as
draining and filling or through use of larvacides. True or False?
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Quiz 4:
Filling burrow pits would remove a source of Anopheles adults. True or False?
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Quiz 5:
Source reduction is removal or permanent destruction of mosquito breeding sites. True
or False?
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Quiz 6:
For some mosquito species, habitat elimination is not possible. For these species,
chemical insecticides can be applied directly to the larval habitats. True or False?
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Quiz 7:
Methroprene is an insect growth regulator. True or False?
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Quiz 8:
Personal protection measures include the use of window screens, ITNs, and repellents
(such as DEET) and wearing of light-colored clothes, long pants, and long-sleeved shirts.
True or False?
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Quiz 9:
Fungi (e.g., Laegenidium giganteum) are potential biological control agent. True or
False?
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Quiz 10:
Fogging or ultra-low volume spraying or area spraying is primarily reserved for
emergency situations such as epidemics. True or False?
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