LECTURE NOTE

EGEW515
WATER RESOURCES SYSTEMS ANALYSIS
AND MANAGEMENT PLANNING
REVISED IN 2018

ASST.PROF.DR.AREEYA RITTIMA
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL
ENGINEERING, FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
MAHIDOL UNIVERSITY
E-MAIL: AREEYA.RIT@MAHIDOL.AC.TH
HTTP://WWW.EG.MAHIDOL.AC.TH/DEPT/EGCE/
LECTURE OUTLINE

Introduction to Water Resources Systems

 Availability of water and water uses
 Overview of water resources systems
IMPORTANCE OF WATER

Importance of Water
 Water has been considered as “Basic
Requirement” for life.
 Water is one of the most importance
substance on earth. If there was no
water, there would be no life on earth.
 Water is required for various day-to-day
activities of mankind
(municipality/irrigation/industry/environm
ental needs/hydropower).

The water supply (availability of water)

and water use (water demand) must be
examined.
IMPORTANCE OF WATER

Water Supply (Water Availability)

Water availability is the quantity of water that can be used for human
purposes without significant harm to ecosystems or other users.

Water Use
Water use is the total amount of water withdrawn from its source to be
used.
AVAILABILITY OF WATER:
HYDROLOGIC CYCLE

Water on earth exists :

15 km Hydrosphere
 in a space called Hydrosphere (15
km up into the atmosphere)
1 km Lithosphere  in the crust of the earth (1 km
down into the Lithosphere
Earth
Water circulates in the hydrosphere
through the maze of paths
constituting the “Hydrologic Cycle”.
AVAILABILITY OF WATER:
HYDROLOGIC CYCLE

The area near the surface of the earth can be divided up into 4
parts :

Lithosphere : is the solid rocky crust covering entire planet. It covers

the entire surface of the earth from the top to the bottom.
Hydrosphere : is composed of all of the water on or near the earth.
Biosphere : is composed of all living organisms.
Atmosphere : is the body of air which surrounds our planet.
 79% - Nitrogen
 21% - Oxigen
 The small amount remaining is CO2 and other gases.
AVAILABILITY OF WATER:
HYDROLOGIC CYCLE

Hydrologic Cycle
Hydrologic cycle describes the continuous movement of water on,
above, and below the surface of the earth.
 Hydrologic cycle is also known as water cycle or hydrological
cycle.
 Water can change states among liquid, vapor, and ice at various
places in the water cycle.
 The cycle has no beginning or end.
 Its processes occur continuously.
 The mass balance of water on earth remains fairly constant over
time but the partitioning of the water into the major reservoirs of
ice, fresh water, saline water and atmospheric water is variable
depending on a wide range of climatic variables.
 The hydrologic cycle is the central focus of hydrology.
HYDROLOGIC CYCLE

Hydrologic Cycle

Atmospheric Subsystem

Surface Subsystem

Groundwater Subsystem

Source: Conserve-Energy-Future (2018)

AVAILABILITY OF WATER:
HYDROLOGIC CYCLE

Hydrologic Cycle
The water moves from one reservoir to another such as from a river
to ocean, or from ocean to the atmosphere by the physical
processes of evaporation, condensation, precipitation, infiltration,
runoff, and sub-surface flow.

Surface Runoff
Surface runoff is the excess water flows over the land. It occurs
when soil is infiltrated to full capacity.

Transpiration
The evaporation of water from plants through their leave.

Interception
If the surface is covered by dense vegetation, much of
precipitation may be held on leaves and plant limbs and stems.
AVAILABILITY OF WATER:
WORLD WATER QUANTITY

Estimated World Water Quantities

96.5% of all the earth’s water is in the oceans.

1.7% of all the earth’s water is in

the groundwater.

1.7% of all the earth’s water is in

the polar ices.

0.1% of all the earth’s water is in the surface and

atmospheric water system.

Source: Chow et al. (1988)

AVAILABILITY OF WATER:
AVERAGE WATER BALANCE
Hydrologic cycle with global annual average water balance

Average Water Balance in 1978

AVAILABILITY OF WATER:
AVERAGE WATER BALANCE

Source: Oki & Kanae (2006) Average Water Balance in 2005

AVAILABILITY OF WATER:
GLOBAL ANNUAL WATER BALANCE

Global Annual Water Balance

100%

61%

39%

Source: Chow et al. (1988)

AVAILABILITY OF WATER

Maximum observed discharges

of selected rivers.
AVAILABILITY OF WATER

World Water Balance by Continent

[Source: Herschy and Fairbridge, 1998]
AVAILABILITY OF WATER

Major Sources of Water (Cole, 1998)

 Natural Rivers
The rivers are fed by rainfall or snow or glacier melt or both. Their flows
vary seasonally and in upland areas, streamflow varies wildly and may
be contained by impoundment in reservoirs. The flow of a river that
receives groundwater inputs will be more steady. Lowland rivers are
partially sustained by effluents of used water.

 Natural Lakes
These usually offer a limited water supply. Since their range of
acceptable drawdown is severely constrained.

 Reservoirs
Water is stored in a reservoir in front of a dam for a number of uses. Water
stored in wet season is withdrawn for use in the following dry season.
AVAILABILITY OF WATER

Major Sources of Water

 Tube Wells
Tube wells are the main sources of groundwater usually with electric
submersible pumps or with mechanical shaft drive pumps. The yield
ranges from 1 to 10,000 m3/day depending on the aquifer
characteristics, pump capacity, and available water.

 Saline Water
Brackish water are amendable to desalination by reverse osmosis
systems. Although the process is expensive, it is usually applied in arid
areas where fuel is cheap (eg. The Arabian/Persian Gulf).

Seawater can also treated. It can be desalinated by distillation

processes and membrane technology.
WATER USES

The issues of water demand and its supply are specific to time
and place.

There has been continuous increase in the water use over the
world since the time such records are available.

Global Water Uses

600 5,300 Population
km3/yr km3/yr Growth

Last century Year 2000

There was a tenfold rise in the water use in the last century.
The rate of urbanization would further rise and by 2025, about 4 billion
people are likely to live in urban areas.
HISTORICAL WATER WITHDRAWAL

Historical Water Withdrawal, Consumption and Projection Estimation of

[Source: Shiklomanov, 1998] water use in the
various continents
at different times
in the 20th century.
The major
consumer of
water in the last
century was the
agricultural sector
which consumed
more than half of
the water used.
HISTORICAL WATER WITHDRAWAL

Water Withdrawal/Water Abstraction

Water withdrawal is defined as freshwater taken from groundwater or
surface water sources, either permanently or temporarily and conveyed
to a place of use

Water Consumption
Water consumption is a portion of water use that is not returned to the
original sources after being withdrawn.
HISTORICAL WATER WITHDRAWAL

An analysis of data Annual Freshwater Withdrawals

indicated that the rate of [Source: The Hindu Newspaper, 2001]
rise of water use has been
about 3 times higher than
the rate of increase in
global population.

The water use data also

indicated that Asia is the
continent which is the
highest consumer of water.

This is because Asia has very high population and agriculture, which
consumes large amounts of water, is the main occupation of many Asians. In
fact, there is a marked decline in percentage of water use for agriculture
from low to high income countries as shown in the figure.
HISTORICAL WATER WITHDRAWAL

 The recent predictions about change in climate indicate that

the water availability in various regions of the world is also likely
to undergo changes in future.
 The deficit of water is increasing in many parts of the world,
the conflicts due to water are occurring more frequently.
 These conflicts can be among the neighboring countries,
among the adjacent states of the same country and
sometimes even among the various communities in a city.
WATER RESOURCES PROBLEMS

Major root cause of water resources problems and their effects

Population Urbanization Changes in Climate

Growth living standards Change

Demand for Changes in Industrialization 1. Changes in temperature

more food consumption patterns 2. Changes in circulation

Application of More demand of More sewage &

water quality water efficient

Deterioration of water Decline in per capita Changes in temperature and

quality water availability spatial distribution of water
OVERVIEW OF WATER RESOURCE SYSTEMS

Water Resource Systems

 River Basin System
 Dam, Reservoir and Hydraulic Structures
 Hydroelectric System
 Canal Irrigation System
 Etc.

Management and Planning

 Water Supply Analysis
 Water Demand Analysis and Management
 River-Reservoir System Analysis &
Management
 Hydroelectric System Analysis & Management

Tools
 Simulation Technique
River Basin Modeling, River-Reservoir System
Modeling, Water Demand Model, Forecasting
Model, etc.
 Optimization Technique
Linear Programming, Nonlinear Programming,
etc.
 Water Resource Economics
OVERVIEW OF WATER RESOURCE SYSTEMS

Watershed System
 Watershed Divide
 Drainage Area
 River Networks
 Hydraulic Structures
River Networks  Irrigated Area & Urban Area
 Others

Dam & Reservoir

Irrigation Area

Agricutural Area
Urban Area
Industry
OVERVIEW OF WATER RESOURCE SYSTEMS

Watershed System
(World Resources Institute, 1998)
OVERVIEW OF WATER RESOURCE SYSTEMS

Dam and Reservoir

OVERVIEW OF WATER RESOURCE SYSTEMS

Hydroelectric System
OVERVIEW OF WATER RESOURCE SYSTEMS

Hydroelectric System
OVERVIEW OF WATER RESOURCE SYSTEMS

Hydroelectric System
OVERVIEW OF WATER RESOURCE SYSTEMS

Canal Irrigation System

WATER RESOURCE SYSTEMS

Dam and Reservoir

River Basin System Hydraulic Structures Hydroelectric System

Dam Hydropower Plant

Canal Irrigation System
-Definition -Types
-Structures of dam -Components of
-Advantage and hydropower plants
disadvantage of dam
-Classification of dams
Other Hydraulic Structures
-Spillway
-Fish ladder
Canal Irrigation Systems -Sea dike
-Small irrigation scheme
Reservoir
-Large irrigation scheme
-Definition
-Types of reservoirs