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1438776376580-Question bank-Tech-III-PM PDF
1438776376580-Question bank-Tech-III-PM PDF
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15)
What type of earthing is found in 11 KV sub-station ( b )
1 W — Watts
2 KW — Kilowatts
3 KWH — Kilowatt Hour
4 KVA — Kilo Volt Amps
5 KVAR — Kilo Volt Ampers Reactive
6 H.P. — Horse Power
7 A.H. — Ampere Hours
8 P.F. — Power Factor
9 R.P.M. — Revolutions per minute
10 O.H. — Over Head
11 L.T. — Low Tension
12 H.T. — High Tension
13 E.H.T. — Extra High Tension
14 C/S — Cycles per second
15 A.C. — Alternating current
16 D.C. — Direct current
17 C.L.S. — Colour Light Signalling
18 A.T. — Auxillary Transformer
19 L.E.D. — Light Emitting Diode
20 E.M.F. — Electro Motive Force
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64) 100 VA inverter capacity is used for cell phone charger in TL coaches.
65) The gap between wheel edge to axle pulley edge is 145mm ± 3mm.
66) The gap between the mounting bracket to adjustment nut of tension device for 4.5 KW
alternator is 75mm.
67) Earth fault can be detected by using double test lamp or multi-meter.
68) The capacity of alternator, batteries & fans in TL coach are 4.5KW, 120Ah & 35W.
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Switch gear in every quarter and the motor & pump section every half yearly.
Starters are DOL starter, star delta starter, Auto T/F starter.
8) What are the hydraulic data required for designing a pump capacity?
Ans: Following are the hydraulic data required for designing the pump capacity
a. The depth of the Bore or well (suction height/ below ground level)
b. The delivery light.
c. The yield of the Borewell.
d. The horizontal distance of the pumping from bore well where planned to deliver.
9) What is BHP, How do you calculate the BHP of pump BHP-> Brake horse power?
Ans The following formula is used for calculating the BHP capacity of the pump.
Q H/4500 = in horse power
i.e., P = Discharge in Liters/minute
H= Head in Meters
10) What do you mean by energy conservation? why it is required and how it can be done?
Ans Energy conservation means saving of Electricity without fore going its utility.
Conservation is required in present scenario of growing demand of power, depleting of
natural resources and increase of and lack of Proportional, global worming
Conservation can be achieved by many methods some of the growing supply of power.
a. Use of star rated equipments like AC, methods geysers, Pumps, fans etc.
b. Provision CFL/.T5 in place of IC lamps.
c. By using non conventional sources of energy by reducing consumption of
conventional sources of energy.
d. Switching OFF of lights/Fans when not required.
e. Use of solar water heater.
f. Use of solar plants.
g. Use of 70% & 30%.
h. Use of segregation timers for water wderse high mast lights pumps.
i. Use of APFC panels
j. Use of copper wiring inplace of Aluminum wiring.
11) What are the test and measuring instrument required in an Electrical depots?
Ans. Following are the test and measuring instruments required in an Electrical depots.
a. Test lamp
b. Line Tester
c. Continuity tester
d. Volt meter
e. Ammeter
f. Earth megger
g. Megger
h. Lux meter
i. Power analyzer
j. Infrared thermometer
12) What are the schedule maintenance to be carried out OH mains & UG Cables?
Ans. Following are the schedule to be maintained of HO mains and UG cables.
a. OH mains – Every Half yearly
b. UG.Cables – Every Yearly.
During those schedules, for OH, Guarding condition of insulators, sag in OH line are to be
checked for UG cables, cables are to be beggared for their IR values.
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39) Identification of Safety Items in the Sub-Station & Why they are Used?
Ans. Horn gap fuse, circuit breakers, fire extinguishers, lightening arrestors, earth pits, hand
gloves, rubber mats, etc.
They are used for stopping of low and high voltages, to stop fire, to stop damages against
thunders, etc.
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55) Which is the official language of government of India and what is its scripts & minerals
prescribed?
Ans: As per Article 343 of constitution of India, Hindi in Devanagari script is the official
language of India & the international form of Indian numerals are prescribed for Official
language.
56) What are states come under Region “A”, Region “B” & Region “C”?
Ans: Region –A: Bihar, Hariyana, Himachal Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar
Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Jharkhand & Chatisgarh, NCR Delhi & Union territories
of Andaman & Nicobar Islands.
Region-B: Gujarat, Maharashtra & Punjab, Union territories of Chandigarh.
Region-C: All states & Union territories other than region “A” & “B”.
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Q.2 Explain about Electric Energy Conservation? How Energy conservation can be done in
Lighting?
Ans: Today in India, the per capita availability of energy is much less than the energy in
developed countries. The demand for energy is always out placing availability, the shortfall being
ten percent per annum. The present cost of thermal power is about Rs. 4.00crores per MW and the
others are higher. So, to tackle this demand of power, an enormous amount of investment is
necessary. A review of the entire situation demands that to overcome the grim situation, some
useful immediate measures have to be taken. One of the most fundamental step is to find the
possibilities of conservation of energy by all means. Energy conservation practice can provide
equivalent or improved visual performance and visual comforts while producing substantial energy
and power savings. Referring back to the time when incandescent lamps gave way to fluorescent
lamps in commercial buildings", other trends such as rising urban land costs, the advent of
building air-conditioning systems and low cost electricity combined to eliminate daylight as an
essential element in building design.
Any lighting system with an energy conservation objective and with the intention of
providing increased productivity and safety should comply with six basic rules in order to
produce the most cost effective results.
• Use of the most efficient light source practicable.
• Use of the lamp light output efficiently.
• Maintain lighting equipments in good order.
• Use well designed energy effective lighting schemes.
• Control the switching operation and usage of the lighting installation.
• Consider the utilization of daylight and the effect of the surrounding décor
(i) Efficient light Source
The need is clearly, to use the type of lamp which gives the maximum amount of light
(lumens) for each watt of electrical energy consumed, consistent with the colour rendering and
other needs of the installation. For lighting, the commonly used light sources are incandescent,
fluorescent lamps, T5 fluorescent lamps, CFL, high pressure mercury (HPMV), metal halide
lamps and high pressure sodium vapour (SON) lamps, and the the LED lamps.
The high pressure sodium vapour lamp is undoubtedly a very efficient light source. This
high efficacy lamp is ideal for all applications where colour rendition is not important.. But due to
poor colour rendering index , they are being replaced by high luminous efficacy metal halide
lamps except in general road highways and some rail yards. Modern T5 lamps are available
with luminous efficacies ranging from 90 to 104 Lumens/watt and are now preferred for use in
indoor lighting in offices, street lighting and in railway platforms. Future holds a lot of potential
for LED lighting. Already street light luminaries with luminous efficacy of 120 Lumens/watt are
available which are most energy efficient.
In India, many industries still use incandescent lamps because of their low cost.
Vast amount of savings in energy are possible by replacing the high wattage incandescent lamps
with CFLs or appropriate fluorescent luminaries.
Two types of fluorescent lamps are available in our country, namely the cool daylight
(colour 54) with a colour temperature of 6500° K and the white (colour 33) with a colour
temperature of 4300°K. The white fluorescent lamp gives 14% more light than the cool
daylight fluorescent lamp and thus for the same illuminance a 14% saving of energy is possible,
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although the colour rendition of cool daylight fluorescent lamp is better than that of the white
fluorescent lamp.
For home lighting, the incandescent lamp can be conveniently replaced by CFL.
In the recent years, developments in the field of low wattage gas discharge lamps and
High Frequency, Electronic lighting have changed the situation dramatically. The new generation
'fluorescent HF electronic lamps have achieved a luminous efficacy of more than
100 lumen power Watt. These lamps operate on a frequency of more than 25kHz and give
exceptional performance. The important features of these lamps are
• Instant starting,
• Superb colour appearance with high colour rendering index.
• No stroboscoplc effects. -
• Excellent lumen maintenance, and
• Wide temperature range.
(ii) Efficient Use of lamp light output
It is all too common in many lighting installations to see instances of energy
wastage with consequent total money-wastage due to poor quality or inefficient luminaries for
either commercial, industrial, or road light use, purchased possibly on the grounds only of less
capital cost
Generally, provided that the light distribution is acceptable and care is taken to reduce
glare, the light output ratio is a reasonable indicator of efficiency. In addition to the photometric
efficiency account should be taken of the power consumed by the luminaire control gear, e.g.
ballast. The total wattage consumption of any discharge lamp circuit is always greater than the
rated wattage of the lamp at a given reference voltage. The power loss in the control gear is
dissipated as heat within the luminaire causing problem there.
Fur commercial interiors, from the energy saving point of view, use the fluorescent
lamps without any screening louvre or diffuser. However, from the point of view of illumination
engineering, this is not advisable because bare lamps give rise to considerable amount of
discomfort glare. lt is therefore, necessary to use louvres/diffusers, not only to screen the lamp
from view in order to reduce glare, but also to give a aesthetic appearance to the room.
For industrial Interiors where decorative appearance is not important, the
fluorescent lamps are normally used with through type reflectors, For mounting heights of 7m
and above the work plane it is found that the use of highway luminaires with metal halide lamps
are many times preferable.
For street lighting, the design of the luminaire is very important. This is because
only by proper design of the luminaire it is possible to ensure that maximum light leaches the
road surface.. In streets of rural areas and side streets, street lighting luminaires with fluorescent
lamps are used.
Q.3 who is designated EIG on Indian Railways? What is his role?
Ans. Chief Electrical Engineer is designation as EIG of Indian Railways. No person shall be
appointed to be a Chief Electrical Engineer/inspector unless he possess a degree in Electrical
Engineering or its equivalent from recognized university or institution.
The inspector may enter, inspect and examine any place in generation, transmission,
distribution, conversion of use of energy and may carry out the tests therein.
He has been regularly engaged for a period of at least 20 years in the practice of Electrical
Engineering.
Q.4 A tube light rated 50 watts (electric powers) is used for 10 hours per day for 30 days in a
month. How much electric energy is being consumed by it per month? Similary per year, how
much energy will be consumed?
Ans. 50 x 10 x 30 = 15000watts = 15000/1000= 15 units per month.
Per units consumed: 15X12= 180units per year.
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Q.7 Draw a schematic diagram of Power supply distribution substation for a Rly. Colony?
Ans. Schematic diagram of power supply
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Failure rate Or Free. Generally not affected by Prone to natural calamities like storms
Reliability natural calamities like
Storms, lighting or snow. Lighting or snow.
Aerial May infringe the layout of Air Ports and
Nil airways.
Interference
Will not affect the beauty or get up of Will affect the beauty and at times the
Aesthitics
the Settlements. Surroundings.
Cheaper because, either the conductor or
Replacement Costly the Insulators can be strengthened without
affecting the cost of supports at times.
Limited to maximum of 132 KV and Can be used for any Voltage and power
Application becomes costly as well as bulky to application.
handle beyond this voltage.
Troubleshooting Difficult to locate Faults Easy to localize faults and hence their
rectification.
Q.9. What are the different type of fire extinguishers used for different type of fires. Describe
in brief working of fire extinguisher used for ‘electrical fire’?
Ans The types of extinguishers normally used are:
• Soda acid type
• Foam type
• Dry powder type
• Carbon dioxide type &
• Halol (chloro bromo methane) type
Soda acid type of extinguisher is suitable for only class 'A' for eg. fires in ordinary combustible
materials such as wood paper etc. It can be used in such areas as office rooms.
Foam type is suitable for oil fires (class 'B') and can be used in oil storage areas.
Both these types are not suitable for electrical apparatus.
Dry powder type, CO2 type & chloro bromo methane type are suitable for classes 'A' & 'B' as
well as Class 'F' (electrical apparatus) fires and should be provided in adequate quantities in areas
housing electrical apparatus such as switch-gear rooms.
Dry powder type equipment being relatively cheaper can be used in all less important areas and
CO2 type apparatus must be used near more important equipment. In addition to wall mounted
equipment one or two wheeled portable apparatus of CO2 and dry powder type equipment
depending on the size of the substation should be placed at strategic spots from where it can
be readily taken to affected areas. Halol gas system is preferred for the protection of control
rooms. All fire protection equipment shall be covered by a regular and strict maintenance
and test routine.
Portable equipment should be charged at specified intervals and checked regularly for loss of
charge, damage etc. Records of all tests and checks must be maintained.
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b. T5 Tube light
The latest development in the fluorescent lamp is the T5 lamp. This lamp has a diameter of only
5/8 “(15 mm) and has an inbuilt electronic ballast of high quality. The main advantage of T5
lamps are very high luminous efficacy between 85 to 90 lumens/watt for the 2’T5 tube and up to
104 Lumens/watt for the 28 W 4’ T5 tube. The T5 lamp also a very high power factor greater
than 0.85 and colour rendering index Ra of 90.
The T5 uses less quantity of mercury vapour in the tube. A coating of calcium nitrate on
the inside surface prevents absorption of mercury by the walls of the tube thereby prolonging the
life of the lamp. The narrow tube along with the powerful electronic ballast substantially
improves the luminous efficacies to the range of 90 to 104 Lumens/watt. The life of T5 lamp
is between 15000 to 18000 burning hours.
C. Ceiling fan
Ceiling fans shall be installed at a height of 2.75 m or more from floor. The fan rod shall be
preferably one piece. The suspension hook for ceiling fans should be fixed in roofs during
construction stage. All ceiling fans should be wired to ceiling-roses or to a special connector
boxes. The fan including its suspension, should confirm to IS:374 (Specification for ceiling fan
and regulator).
e. Window type AC System
Air conditioners of the window type, are completely self-contained units, with the compressor,
condenser, evaporator, refrigerant piping and air filter, all assembled in a very compact assembly. The
window units are usually of 1/2 to 2 tons capacity and fitted with 230 V motor upto 3 HP. Modern
tendency is to employ sealed type motor-compressor units with the refrigerant piping system sealed-in
with brazed joints, so that the leakage of gas is virtually eliminated and the unit may serve for long
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periods with hardly any attention. In these units expansion valve and liquid receiver are not provided.
The refrigerant is controlled with the capillary system. The unit is so designed that it can be mounted on
the window with small bracket from outside. Window units are particularly adopted when only few
rooms are to be air-conditioned and they are widely separated.
f. Electric iron
An electric iron consist of basically a heating coil and heat control circuit viz thermostat.
Thermostat act as a switch. When we switch on the electric iron current flows through the heating
coil. The heat in the heating coil causes expansion in the thermostat which gradually disconnects
the supply.
Q.11. Write short note on UPS and its usage in railway system.
Ans. Ideally, the voltage supply by the utility system should be perfect sine wave without any
harmonics, at its nominal frequency of 50 Hz and at its nominal magnitude. In practice however
voltage can significantly depart from the ideal condition due to power line disturbances e.g.
overvoltage, under voltage (brown out), outage (blackout), voltage spikes, harmonics and
electromagnetic interference. Sustained over voltage and under voltages may cause equipments, to
trip out, while voltage spikes may cause hardware problems. Power conditioners i.e. metal oxide
varistors (MOVs), EMI filters, isolation transformers; Ferro resonant transformers provide an
effective way of suppressing some or all of these disturbances.
An Uninterruptible Power Supply system is used for supplying critical loads like computer/data
processing machines, hospitals, control and instrumentation, communication equipment and
critical processes in industries. This provides protection against power outages as well as voltage
regulation during power line over voltage and under voltage conditions.
UPS TOPOLOGIES:
The UPS system can be classified into two types.
a) On load UPS
b) Off load UPS
On load UPS
The input rectifier feeds to battery as well as the load all the time. Battery remains in
floating condition and takes over as soon as the mains goes off. This gives conditioned output
of fixed frequency, fixed voltage irrespective of line condition.
OFF load UPS
In off load UPS system, battery bank is usually not connected to the load. lt comes into
circuit only when the mains is off.
In the normal mode, the switching converter operates as rectifier, charging the battery bank.
In addition, it can draw, inductive or capacitive currents from the mains, thus providing a
fine regulation of the voltage supplied to the load. In case of a main power outage, the power is
isolated and the switching convener operates as an inverter, supplying power to the load from
the battery bank. This arrangement is also referred to as the "standby power supply'. The
response time of the OFF LINE UPS is slower compared to ON LINE UPS system.
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output should be synchronized to the line voltage so that transferring the load from one source to
the other results in the least amount of disturbance seen by the load.
Q.12. Write short note on following
Ans. Types of Insulators
There are several types of insulators but the most commonly used are pin type, suspension
type, strain insulator and shackle insulator.
1. Pin type Insulators
2.Suspension Type
Suspension Type
For high voltages (>33 kV), it is a usual practice to use suspension type insulators shown in Figure.
Consist of a number of porcelain discs connected in series by metal links in the form of a string.
The conductor is suspended at the bottom end of this string while the other end of the string is
secured to the cross-arm of the tower. Each unit or disc is designed for low voltage, say 11 kV. The
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number of discs in series would obviously depend upon the working voltage. For instance, if the
working voltage is 66 kV, then six discs in series will be provided on the string.
3. Strain Insulators
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Proper return is secured from each consumer of electric energy. Consumers are made to make more
extended use of electric energy. Consumers of electric energy are charged according to what the energy
costs. The tariff should be simple and cheap and should be easy to understand by the consumers.
TYPES OF TARIFF :
The different kinds of tariffs in common use are as under
• Simple tariff
• Flat rate tariff
• Block rate tariff
• Two-part tariff
• Maximum demand tariff
• Power factor tariff
• Three part tariff
• Off peak tariff
Simple tariff
This is the simplest kind of tariff. Here the cost of energy is charged on the basis of units consumed. The
rate per unit can be calculated as,
Charges per Kwh = (Annual Fixed charges + Annual running charges)
Total number of units supplied to consumer
This method has following drawbacks although the procedure for fixing the rates is very simple for the
supplier and calculation, verification by the consumer.
The cost per KWh delivered is higher.
• There is no discrimination among the different categories (such as domestic, commercial
and industrial) of consumers.
• The simple tariff can be made suitable by having some modifications mentioned below.
• By allowing a discount to the consumer who consumes more electricity than an average
consumer.
• Special tariff be framed for different categories of consumers such that the domestic
consumers may be charged light rates than in case of industrial consumers and commercial consumers.
• By encouraging the consumers of electric energy to use electricity during off peak load period
thereby giving them a special discount. Its use is restricted to industrial loads only.
Flat rate tariff
This kind of tariff differs from the former (simple tariff) one in the sense that the different
categories of consumers are charged at different rates, In this case the flat rate thus is slightly higher for
domestic (light and fan) loads than for industrial (power) loads. The rate for each category of
consumers is derived by taking into account its load factor and diversity factor.
This method is very popular with the consumers since it can be easily understood by the
consumers and the calculations at the supplier's end are very simple. If the energy consumed by an
industrial consumer is x units and the fat rate per unit is Rs. a per unit then the total charges of the bill
are Rs. A x
The disadvantage of this tariff is that separate meters are required for different types of supply.
Two-part tariff :
The charges include fixed charges independent of energy consumed and proportional to per kW
of maximum demand and a;nning (operating) charges per kWh of the total energy consumed.
The tariff can be expressed as. C = Rs. (a. kw + b. kwh)
Where Rs. a is The charge per Kw of maximum demand assessed and Rs. b is the charge per
kWh of energy consumed.
This tariff is mostly applicable to the medium industrial consumers.
Here, the charges made on the maximum demand covers the fixed charges such as interest and
depreciation on the capital cost of building and equipment, taxes and insurance charges and operating
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cost which is independent of energy supplied by it. The charge varies with the variation in energy
supplied.
Q.14. What is object of earthing? What are types of earthing (Electric power supply
Ans)
OBJECT OF EARTHING
The object of earthing system is, to provide as nearly as possible a surface under and
around a station, which shall be at a uniform potential and as nearly to zero or absolute earth
potential as possible. This is in order to ensure that, in general, all parts of apparatus other than
live parts shall be at earth potential, as well as, to ensure that operators and attendants shall be at
earth potential at all times, so that there exists no potential difference, to cause shock or injure a
person, when short circuit or any type of earth fault takes place in the system.
CLASSIFICATION OF EARTHING
• Earthing can be broadly classified as follows
• System earthing.
• Equipment earthing.
• Static and lightning protection earthing.
System earthing is designed primarily to preserve the security of the system by ensuring that the
potential on each conductor is restricted to such a value as is consistent with the level of insulation
applied. From the point of view of safety, it is equally important that earthing should ensure efficient and
fast operation of protective gear in the case of earth faults. The system earth resistance should be such
that, when any fault occurs against which earthing is designed to give protection, the protective gear
will operate to make the faulty main or plant harmless. In most cases such operation involves
isolation of the faulty main or plant by circuit breakers or fuses.
In case of underground systems, there is no difficulty whatever, but, in case of overhead line
systems protected by fuses or circuit breakers, fitted with over protection only, there may be difficulty in
arranging the value of the system earth resistance in such a way that a conductor falling and making
good contact with the ground results in operation of the protection systems. A low system earth
resistance is required even in the cases where an arc suppression coil is installed, as its operation may be
frustrated by too high an earth electrode resistance.
Earthing may not give protection against faults that are not essentially earth faults. For
example, if a phase conductor on an overhead spur line breaks and the part remote from the supply falls
to the ground, it is unlikely that any protective gear relying on earthing, other than current balance
protection at the sub-station, will operate since the earth fault current circuit includes the impedance of
the load that would be high relative to the rest of the circuit.
When the insulation of the motor windings breaks down, current starts leaking into the metal
body of the apparatus which would get charged with the supply voltage and become alive and
dangerous, unless the charge is drained to earth by an earth connection. When the body is
earthed, a fault in the winding would cause a heavy current to flow into the earth, which would
then blow out the fuse, thereby disconnecting the supply to the motor.
The permissible value of the earth resistance is directly related to the system voltage, maximum
fault current and the sensitivity of the protective equipment and the reasonable potential rise. If the
resistance to earth is high, the protective system will not function under a fault, creating a dangerous
condition.
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Q.17. What are different types of pumps used in Railway colony. Write short note on any one
of them?
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Q.18. what are the criteria taken in to consideration while deciding pump capacity?
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(VIII) Meanings:-
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