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DerivadasParciales PDF
DerivadasParciales PDF
where b is a constant that is independent of both L and K. Assumption (i) shows that
a . 0 and b . 0.
Notice from Equation 8 that if labor and capital are both increased by a factor m,
then
11.3 Exercises
1. The temperature T at a location in the Northern Hemisphere (b) In general, what can you say about the signs of WyT
depends on the longitude x, latitude y, and time t, so we can and Wyv ?
write T f sx, y, td. Let’s measure time in hours from the (c) What appears to be the value of the following limit?
beginning of January.
(a) What are the meanings of the partial derivatives Tyx, W
lim
Tyy, and Tyt ? vl` v
(b) Honolulu has longitude 1588 W and latitude 218 N . Sup-
pose that at 9:00 A.M. on January 1 the wind is blowing 4. The wave heights h in the open sea depend on the speed v
hot air to the northeast, so the air to the west and south of the wind and the length of time t that the wind has been
is warm and the air to the north and east is cooler. blowing at that speed. Values of the function h f sv, td are
Would you expect fx s158, 21, 9d, fy s158, 21, 9d, and recorded in feet in the following table.
ft s158, 21, 9d to be positive or negative? Explain.
Duration (hours)
2. At the beginning of this section we discussed the function
I f sT, H d, where I is the heat index, T is the temperature, t 5 10 15 20 30 40 50
v
and H is the relative humidity. Use Table 1 to estimate
10 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
fT s92, 60d and fH s92, 60d. What are the practical interpreta-
tions of these values?
Wind speed (knots)
15 4 4 5 5 5 5 5
3. The wind-chill index W is the perceived temperature when
20 5 7 8 8 9 9 9
the actual temperature is T and the wind speed is v, so we
can write W f sT, vd. The following table of values is an 30 9 13 16 17 18 19 19
excerpt from Table 1 in Section 11.1.
40 14 21 25 28 31 33 33
v 20 30 40 50 60 70 60 24 37 47 54 62 67 69
T
210 218 220 221 222 223 223
5–6 Determine the signs of the partial derivatives for the 8. A contour map is given for a function f . Use it to estimate
function f whose graph is shown. fx s2, 1d and fy s2, 1d.
y
z
_4 3
0
6 8
_2
10
12
x 1 14
2 4
2 16
y
1 3 18 x
z 0
13–34 Find the first partial derivatives of the function.
_4
a
_8 _2
13. f sx, yd 3x 2 2y 4
_3 _2 _1 0
0 1 2 x 14. f sx, yd x 5 1 3x 3y 2 1 3xy 4
2 3
y
15. z xe 3y 16. z y ln x
x2y
17. f sx, yd 18. f sx, yd x y
x1y
19. w sin a cos b 20. f ss, td st 2yss 2 1 t 2 d
4
21. f sr, sd r lnsr 2 1 s 2 d 22. f sx, td arctan ( xst )
y
z 0 x
23. u te wyt 24. f sx, yd cosst 2 d dt
y
_4 b
_2 25. f sx, y, zd xy 2z 3 1 3yz 26. f sx, y, zd x 2e yz
_3 _2 _1 0
2 x
0 1 2 3 27. w lnsx 1 2y 1 3zd 28. w sr 2 1 s 2 1 t 2
y
29. u xe2t sin u 30. u x yyz
xy2
31. f sx, y, z, td x yz 2 tans ytd 32. f sx, y, z, td
t 1 2z
8 33. u sx 12 1 x 22 1 ? ? ? 1 x n2
4 34. u sinsx 1 1 2x 2 1 ? ? ? 1 nx n d
z 0 ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■
37. f sx, y, zd xys y 1 zd; fz s3, 2, 1d 62. Level curves are shown for a function f . Determine whether
the following partial derivatives are positive or negative at
38. f su, v, wd w tansu vd; fv s2, 0, 3d
the point P.
■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■
P
41–44 Use implicit differentiation to find zyx and zyy.
(You can see what these surfaces look like in TEC Visual 11.3.)
41. x 2 1 y 2 1 z 2 3x yz 42. yz lnsx 1 zd x
■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■
63. Verify that the function u e2a k t
sin kx is a solution of the
heat conduction equation u t a 2u xx .
45–46 Find zyx and zyy.
64. Determine whether each of the following functions is a
45. (a) z f sxd 1 ts yd (b) z f sx 1 yd solution of Laplace’s equation u xx 1 u yy 0 .
46. (a) z f sxdts yd (b) z f sx yd (a) u x 2 1 y 2
(b) u x 2 2 y 2
(c) z f sxyyd
(c) u x 3 1 3xy 2
■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■
(d) u ln sx 2 1 y 2
47–52 Find all the second partial derivatives. (e) u e2x cos y 2 e2y cos x
47. f sx, yd x 4 2 3x 2 y 3 48. f sx, yd lns3x 1 5yd 65. Verify that the function u 1ysx 2 1 y 2 1 z 2 is a
49. z xysx 1 yd 50. z y tan 2x solution of the three-dimensional Laplace equation
u xx 1 u yy 1 u zz 0 .
51. u e2s sin t 52. v sx 1 y 2
■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■
66. Show that each of the following functions is a solution of
the wave equation u t t a 2u xx .
53–54 Verify that the conclusion of Clairaut’s Theorem (a) u sinsk xd sinsak td
holds, that is, u x y u yx . (b) u tysa 2t 2 2 x 2 d
(c) u sx 2 atd6 1 sx 1 atd6
53. u x sinsx 1 2yd 54. u x 4 y 2 2 2xy 5
(d) u sinsx 2 atd 1 lnsx 1 atd
■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■
61. Use the table of values of f sx, yd to estimate the values of 69. Show that the Cobb-Douglas production function satisfies
fx s3, 2d, fx s3, 2.2d, and fx y s3, 2d. PsL, K0 d C1sK0 dLa by solving the differential equation
y dP P
x 1.8 2.0 2.2 a
dL L
2.5 12. 5 10. 2 9.3 (See Equation 5.)
3.0 18. 1 17. 5 15. 9 70. The temperature at a point sx, yd on a flat metal plate is
given by Tsx, yd 60ys1 1 x 2 1 y 2 d, where T is measured
3.5 20. 0 22. 4 26. 1
in 8 C and x, y in meters. Find the rate of change of tem-
SECTION 11.4 TANGENT PLANES AND LINEAR APPROXIMATIONS ■ 769
perature with respect to distance at the point ͑2, 1͒ in ; 78. The paraboloid z 6 Ϫ x Ϫ x Ϫ 2y intersects the plane
2 2
(a) the x-direction and (b) the y-direction. x 1 in a parabola. Find parametric equations for the tan-
gent line to this parabola at the point ͑1, 2, Ϫ4͒. Use a com-
71. The total resistance R produced by three conductors with
puter to graph the paraboloid, the parabola, and the tangent
resistances R1 , R2 , R3 connected in a parallel electrical cir-
line on the same screen.
cuit is given by the formula
79. The ellipsoid 4x 2 ϩ 2y 2 ϩ z 2 16 intersects the plane
1 1 1 1
ϩ ϩ y 2 in an ellipse. Find parametric equations for the
R R1 R2 R3
tangent line to this ellipse at the point ͑1, 2, 2͒.
Find ѨR͞ѨR1.
80. In a study of frost penetration it was found that the tempera-
72. The gas law for a fixed mass m of an ideal gas at absolute ture T at time t (measured in days) at a depth x (measured
temperature T, pressure P, and volume V is PV mRT, in feet) can be modeled by the function
where R is the gas constant. Show that
T͑x, t͒ T0 ϩ T1 eϪ x sin͑ t Ϫ x͒
ѨP ѨV ѨT
Ϫ1 where 2͞365 and is a positive constant.
ѨV ѨT ѨP
(a) Find ѨT͞Ѩx. What is its physical significance?
73. For the ideal gas of Exercise 72, show that (b) Find ѨT͞Ѩt. What is its physical significance?
(c) Show that T satisfies the heat equation Tt kTxx for a
ѨP ѨV certain constant k.
T mR
ѨT ѨT ; (d) If 0.2, T0 0, and T1 10, use a computer to
graph T͑x, t͒.
74. The wind-chill index is modeled by the function (e) What is the physical significance of the term Ϫ x in the
expression sin͑ t Ϫ x͒?
W 13.12 ϩ 0.6215T Ϫ 11.37v 0.16 ϩ 0.3965T v 0.16 2
81. If f ͑x, y͒ x͑x 2 ϩ y 2 ͒Ϫ3͞2e sin͑x y͒, find fx ͑1, 0͒.
where T is the temperature ͑ЊC͒ and v is the wind speed [Hint: Instead of finding fx ͑x, y͒ first, note that it’s easier to
͑km͞h͒. When T Ϫ15ЊC and v 30 km͞h, by how use Equation 1 or Equation 2.]
much would you expect the apparent temperature to drop if
the actual temperature decreases by 1ЊC ? What if the wind 82. If f ͑x, y͒ s
3
x 3 ϩ y 3 , find fx ͑0, 0͒.
speed increases by 1 km͞h ?
ͭ
83. Let
75. The kinetic energy of a body with mass m and velocity v is x 3y Ϫ xy 3
K 12 mv 2. Show that if ͑x, y͒ ͑0, 0͒
f ͑x, y͒ x2 ϩ y2
ѨK Ѩ2K 0 if ͑x, y͒ ͑0, 0͒
K
Ѩm Ѩv 2
; (a) Use a computer to graph f .
76. If a, b, c are the sides of a triangle and A, B, C are the (b) Find fx ͑x, y͒ and fy ͑x, y͒ when ͑x, y͒ ͑0, 0͒.
opposite angles, find ѨA͞Ѩa, ѨA͞Ѩb, ѨA͞Ѩc by implicit (c) Find fx ͑0, 0͒ and fy ͑0, 0͒ using Equations 2 and 3.
differentiation of the Law of Cosines. (d) Show that fxy ͑0, 0͒ Ϫ1 and fyx ͑0, 0͒ 1.
77. You are told that there is a function f whose partial deriva- CAS (e) Does the result of part (d) contradict Clairaut’s
tives are fx ͑x, y͒ x ϩ 4y and fy ͑x, y͒ 3x Ϫ y. Should Theorem? Use graphs of fxy and fyx to illustrate your
you believe it? answer.