UNIVERSITY OF MINDANAO

College of Engineering Education

Civil Engineering Program

Physically Distanced but Academically Engaged

Self-Instructional Manual (SIM) for

Self-Directed Learning (SDL)

Course/Subject: CEE 117 – STATICS OF RIGID BODIES

Name of Teacher: ENGR. NORODDIN V. MELOG

THIS SIM/SDL MANUAL IS A DRAFT VERSION ONLY; NOT FOR REPRODUCTION

AND DISTRIBUTION OUTSIDE OF ITS INTENDED USE. THIS IS INTENDED ONLY
FOR THE USE OF THE STUDENTS WHO ARE OFFICIALLY ENROLLED IN THE
COURSE/SUBJECT.
EXPECT REVISIONS OF THE MANUAL.
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Big Picture in Focus: ULO-2a. Solve the resultant of force systems

including coplanar force systems, three dimensional force systems,
and distributed normal loads

Metalanguage

In this section, the most essential terms relevant to the study of engineering
mechanics and to demonstrate ULO-2a will be operationally defined to establish a
common frame of reference.
1. Resultant of a force system – simplified system that can replace the original system
without changing its external effect on a rigid body.
2. Coplanar force system – a type of force system where all forces acts on the same
plane (two-dimensional).
3. Non coplanar force system – a type of force system where all forces do not remain
on the same plane (three dimensional).
4. Parallel force system – a type of force system where all forces are parallel to each
other.

Essential Knowledge

To perform the ULO for the 4th and 5th week of the course, you need to understand the
following key concepts that will be presented in the succeeding pages. You are also
expected to use other references, books, and other resource material that is available in
the university’s library.

Reduction of a Force System to a Force and a Couple

In this section, we will discuss how a force system can be reduced to an equivalent
force-couple system with a force acting at an arbitrary point. Consider the forces 𝐅1, 𝐅2
and 𝐅3 shown, and the position vectors 𝐫1, 𝐫2 , and 𝐫3 of the points where the force act are
measured from an arbitrarily chosen point 𝑂. The force system can be reduced to an
equivalent force-couple system with a force acting at 𝑂 using the following procedure:
1. Move each force to point 𝑂 (using the concept of changing the line of action of a
force) by introducing a couple transfer for each force, 𝐂1𝑇 = 𝐫1 × 𝐅1 , 𝐂2𝑇 = 𝐫2 × 𝐅2, and
𝐂3𝑇 = 𝐫3 × 𝐅3. After all the forces is transferred at point 𝑂, we will end up with a force
system with forces concurrent at the arbitrary point 𝑂.
2. Since all the forces are now concurrent, we can now calculate the resultant force 𝐑:
𝐑 = 𝐅1 + 𝐅2 + 𝐅3 = ∑𝐅

The resultant couple-vector 𝐂𝑅 of the couples of transfer can also be calculated:

𝐂𝑅 = (𝐫1 × 𝐅1 ) + (𝐫2 × 𝐅2 ) + (𝐫3 × 𝐅3 ) = ∑𝐌𝑂
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The discussed procedure above is presented using vector approach. If a scalar

approach is chosen we can calculate the components of the resultant force 𝐑 and
resultant couple-vector 𝐂𝑅 using the following formula:
𝑅𝑥 = ∑𝐹𝑥 𝑅𝑦 = ∑𝐹𝑦 𝑅𝑧 = ∑𝐹𝑧
𝑅 𝑅
𝐶𝑥 = ∑𝑀𝑥 𝐶𝑦 = ∑𝑀𝑦 𝐶𝑧𝑅 = ∑𝑀𝑧

For coplanar force systems (two-dimensional) the three scalar equations are needed to
calculate the force-couple system:
𝑅𝑥 = ∑𝐹𝑥 𝑅𝑦 = ∑𝐹𝑦 𝐶 𝑅 = ∑𝑀𝑂

Example:
For the given figure shown, the structural member 𝐵𝐺 is subjected by a couple 𝐂
and three forces 𝐅1, 𝐅2 and 𝐅3 . Determine the equivalent force-couple system with the
force acting at point 𝐺. Use 𝐶 = 200 lb ⋅ ft, 𝐹1 = 100 lb, 𝐹2 = 90 lb, and 𝐹3 = 120 lb.

Given:

Solution:
We start by expressing the three forces and couple to vector form:
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4𝐢 − 3𝐤
𝐂 = 𝐶𝛌𝐵𝐺 = 200 ( ) = 160𝐢 − 120𝐤 lb ∙ ft
√42 + 32
−4𝐢 − 6𝐣 + 3𝐤
𝐅1 = 𝐹1 𝛌𝐴𝐵 = 100 ( ) = −51.22𝐢 − 76.82𝐣 + 38.41𝐤 lb
√42 + 62 + 32
𝐅2 = 𝐹2 𝛌 = 90𝐢 lb
𝐅3 = 𝐹3 𝛌 = 120𝐣 lb

When moving the forces 𝐅1 and 𝐅2 at the arbitrary point 𝐺 (no need for 𝐅3 since it is already
at 𝐺), we will introduce a couple transfer. For both 𝐅1 and 𝐅2 , we can use position vector
𝐫𝐺𝐵 = −4𝐢 + 3𝐤 m:
𝐂1𝑇 = 𝐫𝐺𝐵 × 𝐅1
𝐂2𝑇 = 𝐫𝐺𝐵 × 𝐅2

We can now calculate the resultant couple-vector 𝐂𝑅 by adding the couples of transfer
and 𝐂:
𝐂𝑅 = 𝐂1𝑇 + 𝐂2𝑇 + 𝐂 = (𝐫𝐺𝐵 × 𝐅1 ) + (𝐫𝐺𝐵 × 𝐅2 ) + 𝐂

Simplifying the equation for 𝐂𝑅 :

𝐂𝑅 = 𝐫𝐺𝐵 × (𝐅1 + 𝐅2 ) + 𝐂

To evaluate 𝐂𝑅 , we need to calculate first 𝐅1 + 𝐅2 :

𝐅1 + 𝐅2 = (−51.22𝐢 − 76.82𝐣 + 38.41𝐤 ) + 90𝐢 = 38.72𝐢 − 76.82𝐣 + 38.41𝐤 lb

Calculating the resultant couple-vector 𝐂𝑅 :

𝐂𝑅 = 𝐫𝐺𝐵 × (𝐅1 + 𝐅2 ) + 𝐂
𝐢 𝐣 𝐤
𝑅
𝐂 = [ −4 3 0 ] + (160𝐢 − 120𝐤 )
38.72 −76.82 38.41
𝐂𝑅 = 275𝐢 + 153.6𝐣 + 70.9𝐤 lb ∙ ft

Calculating the resultant force 𝐑:

𝐑 = 𝐅1 + 𝐅2 + 𝐅3 = (−51.22𝐢 − 76.82𝐣 + 38.41𝐤 ) + 90𝐢 + 120𝐣
𝐑 = 38.78𝐢 + 43.18𝐣 + 38.41𝐤 lb

Answer:
The equivalent force-couple system is 𝐑 = 38.78𝐢 + 43.18𝐣 + 38.41𝐤 lb acting at 𝐺 and
𝐂𝑅 = 275𝐢 + 153.6𝐣 + 70.9𝐤 lb ∙ ft.

Example:
For the given coplanar force system consist of three forces and a couple as shown,
determine the equivalent force-couple system with the force acting at point 𝑂.

Given:
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Solution:
For convenience, we will use the scalar procedure in calculating the equivalent force-
couple system. We first calculate the components of the resultant force 𝐑:
𝑅𝑥 = ∑𝐹𝑥 → +
3
𝑅𝑥 = 50 cos 40° + 90 − (100)
5
𝑅𝑥 = 68.30 N or 68.30 N →

𝑅𝑦 = ∑𝐹𝑦 ↑+
4
𝑅𝑦 = 50 sin 40° − (100)
5
𝑅𝑦 = −47.86 N or 47.86 N ↓

The resultant force 𝐑 is:

𝐑 = 68.30𝐢 − 47.86𝐣 N

The magnitude of 𝐑 is:

𝑅 = √68.302 + 47.862 = 83.4 N ↘

The angle that 𝐑 makes with the 𝑥-axis is:

47.86
𝜃 = tan−1 = 35°
68.30

Note that the angle 𝜃 is measured clockwise from the positive 𝑥-axis since 𝐑 has a
direction of down to the right. The magnitude of the resultant couple is the summation of
all moment about point 𝑂 of the original force system:
𝐶 𝑅 = ∑𝑀𝑂 ↺ +
𝐶 𝑅 = 50 sin 40° (0.80) − 50 cos 40° (0.50) − 90(0.60) − 40
𝐶 𝑅 = −87.44 N ∙ m or 87.44 N ∙ m ↻

Answer:
The equivalent force-couple system with a force at O, is shown in the figure below:
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Definition of Resultant

In this section, we will elaborate deeply the definition of resultant and how does it
applies to different force systems. By definition, the resultant of a force system is the
simplest form or system that can replace the original system without altering its effect
(externally) on a rigid body. The word simplest implies that a single force is simpler than
two forces, a single couple is simpler that two couples, a single force is simpler than a
force and a couple.

As explained in the previous chapter, in general, the resultant of a force system is

a force-couple system 𝐑 and 𝐂𝑅 acting at an arbitrary point. And from the concept of
changing the line of action of a force, that if 𝐑 and 𝐂𝑅 are mutually perpendicular, they
can also be simplified to a single force. The following are the resultant of a force system:
1. A resultant force 𝐑, if 𝐂𝑅 = 0 or 𝐑 and 𝐂𝑅 are mutually perpendicular.
2. A resultant couple-vector 𝐂𝑅 if 𝐑 = 0.
3. A resultant force-couple system 𝐑 and 𝐂𝑅 , if 𝐑 and 𝐂𝑅 are not mutually perpendicular.

Resultants of Coplanar Force Systems

In this section, we will discuss on how to determine the resultant of different types
of coplanar force system specifically general coplanar force system, parallel force
systems, concurrent force systems.

We will start first with the general coplanar force system shown in the figure below.
The resultant of the force system can be determined by using the following procedure:
1. Replace the original force system with and equivalent force-couple system consisting
of 𝐑 (with components 𝑅𝑥 = ∑𝐹𝑥 and 𝑅𝑦 = ∑𝐹𝑦 ) and 𝐂𝑅 (with magnitude 𝐶 𝑅 = ∑𝑀𝑂 )
acting at point 𝑂 as shown in (b).
2. Note that by doing the first procedure, this will result with three possible outcomes:
(1) 𝐑 = 0, the resultant is the couple 𝐂𝑅 , (2) 𝐂𝑅 = 0, the resultant is the force 𝐑 acting
at point 𝑂, (3) 𝐑 ≠ 0 and 𝐂𝑅 ≠ 0, the resultant is the force 𝐑 not acting at point 𝑂.
3. In the case that 𝐑 ≠ 0 and 𝐂𝑅 ≠ 0, we can locate the line of action of the resultant
force 𝐑 (which is not passing through point 𝑂) by calculating the distance 𝑑 = 𝐶 𝑅 /𝑅
between 𝑂 and the line of action of force as shown in (c). Note that the direction of 𝑑
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from 𝑂 must be determined using the concepts of changing the line of action of a
force.

For concurrent (coplanar) force system as shown in the figure below at (a). Since
all the forces acts through the point of concurrency 𝑂, we can say that 𝐶 𝑅 = ∑𝑀𝑂 = 0.
The resultant force 𝐑 which is located at 𝑂, has its components calculated using 𝑅𝑥 = ∑𝐹𝑥
and 𝑅𝑦 = ∑𝐹𝑦 as shown in the figure below at (b).

In the case of parallel (coplanar) force system as shown in the figure below at (a),
if the forces are parallel to the 𝑦-axis, the equivalent force-couple system at (b) can be
calculated using the equations:
𝑅 = 𝐹1 + 𝐹2 + 𝐹3 = ∑𝐹
𝑅
𝐶 = 𝐹1 𝑥1 + 𝐹2 𝑥2 + 𝐹3 𝑥3 = ∑𝑀𝑂
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If 𝑅 ≠ 0, the resultant force 𝑅 is located at a distance of 𝑥 = 𝐶 𝑅 /𝑅 following the concept

of changing the line of action of a force. If 𝑅 = 0, the resultant is the couple 𝐶 𝑅 = ∑𝑀𝑂 .

Example:
For the force system given in the figure shown, three forces and a couple is acts
on the arm of an excavator. Determine the resultant and show your answer on a sketch
of the coordinate system.

Given:

Solution:
We first calculate the equivalent force-couple system acting at point O by calculating the
components of the resultant force and magnitude of the resultant couple-vector:
𝑅𝑥 = ∑𝐹𝑥 → +
𝑅𝑥 = 80 cos 40° − 50
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𝑅𝑥 = 11.284 kN or 11.284 kN →

𝑅𝑦 = ∑𝐹𝑦 ↑ +
𝑅𝑦 = 80 sin 40° − 60
𝑅𝑦 = −8.577 kN or 8.577 kN ↓

𝐶 𝑅 = ∑𝑀𝑂 ↺ +
𝑅
𝐶 = 350 − 80 cos 40° (3.3) − 60(3)
𝑅
𝐶 = −32.24 kN ⋅ m or 32.24 kN ⋅ m ↻

The magnitude of 𝐑 and the angle that 𝐑 makes with the 𝑥-axis is:
𝑅 = √11.2842 + 8.5772 = 14.174 kN ↘
8.577
𝜃 = tan−1 = 37.2°
11.284

The location of 𝑅 from point 𝑂 is:

𝐶𝑅 32.24
𝑑= = = 2.27 m
𝑅 14.174

Answer:
The resultant is 𝑅 = 14.174 kN force located in the figure below. Note that 𝑅 is located
at a distance 𝑑 = 2.27 m with a clockwise sense since 𝐶 𝑅 is also clockwise.

Example:
The resultant of the force system in given figure is a 500 lb⋅in counter-clockwise couple.
Determine 𝑃, 𝑄 and 𝐶.

Given:
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Solution:
Since the resultant is a couple 𝐶 𝑅 = 500 lb ∙ in, therefore 𝑅𝑥 = 0 and 𝑅𝑦 = 0. Using the
equations for the components of 𝐑, we get:
𝑅𝑥 = ∑𝐹𝑥 → +
12 4
0=− 𝑄+ 𝑃 eq. 1
13 5

𝑅𝑦 = ∑𝐹𝑦 ↑ +
5 3
0 = − 𝑄 + 𝑃 − 20 eq. 2
13 5

Calculating eq. 1 and eq. 2 simultaneously, we get 𝑃 = 200 lb and 𝑄 = 260 lb. Using the
third equation 𝐶 𝑅 = ∑𝑀𝑂 , it is not necessary that we choose point 𝑂 since the resultant
force 𝐑 is zero and a couple is a free vector. We can choose a different point (any point),
in this case we will try point 𝐴.
𝐶 𝑅 = ∑𝑀𝐴 ↺ +
3 4
500 = −20(3) − 𝐶 + 80(4) + 𝑃(6) + 𝑃(6) eq. 3
5 5

Substituting 𝑃 in eq. 3, we get 𝐶 = 1440 lb ⋅ in.

Answer:
𝑃 = 200 lb, 𝑄 = 260 lb, and 𝐶 = 1440 lb ⋅ in

Example:
For the given figure, the force 𝐑 is the resultant of the other three concurrent forces
shown. Determine the magnitude 𝐏 and 𝐑.

Given:
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Solution:
Using the two available scalar equations 𝑅𝑥 = ∑𝐹𝑥 and 𝑅𝑦 = ∑𝐹𝑦 for concurrent (coplanar)
force system:
𝑅𝑥 = ∑𝐹𝑥 → +
𝑅 cos 30° = 𝑃 sin 20° − 80 eq. 1

𝑅𝑦 = ∑𝐹𝑦 ↑ +
𝑅 sin 30° = 𝑃 cos 20° − 100 eq. 2

Solving eq. 1 and eq. 2 simultaneously, we get 𝑃 = 72.5 lb and 𝑅 = −63.7 lb. The
negative sign on 𝑅 indicates that its direction is opposite in the figure. The direction for
both 𝑃 and 𝑅 is shown below:

Answer:
𝑃 = 72.5 lb and 𝑅 = −63.7 lb

Example:
Replace the loading system by an equivalent resultant force and specify where
the resultant’s line of action intersects the beam measured from O.

Given:
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Solution:
We first calculate the equivalent force-couple system at point 𝑂:
𝑅 = ∑𝐹 ↑ +
𝑅 = −500 − 250 − 500
𝑅 = −1250 lb or 1250 lb ↓

𝐶 𝑅 = ∑𝑀𝑂 ↺ +
𝑅
𝐶 = −500(3) − 250(6) − 500(9)
𝐶 𝑅 = 7500 lb ∙ ft

The location of R from point O is:

𝐶 𝑅 7500
𝑥= = = 6 ft
𝑅 1250

Answer:
The resultant is a force 𝑅 = 1250 lb ↓ located at a distance 𝑥 = 6 ft to the right of point
𝑂.

Resultants of Three-Dimensional Force Systems

In this section, we will discuss on how to determine the resultant of three-

dimensional force system specifically parallel force system and concurrent force system.

For a concurrent (three-dimensional) force system shown in the figure below, the
resultant force 𝐑 is simply the vector sum of all the concurrent forces. Note that the
resultant couple 𝐂𝑅 is zero.
𝐑 = 𝐅1 + 𝐅2 + 𝐅3 = ∑𝐅
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In the case of a parallel (three-dimensional) force system shown in the figure

below, consider the forces 𝐹1 , 𝐹2 and 𝐹3 parallel to the 𝑧-axis. We first calculate the
equivalent force-couple system, with the force acting at 𝑂 as shown in the figure at (b).
The resultant force 𝑅 which is also parallel to 𝐹1 , 𝐹2 and 𝐹3 and the resultant couple vector
𝐂𝑅 can be calculated using:
𝑅 = 𝐹1 + 𝐹2 + 𝐹3 = ∑𝐹
𝑅
𝐂 = 1 × 𝐅1 ) + (𝐫2 × 𝐅2 ) + (𝐫3 × 𝐅3 ) = ∑𝐌𝑂
(𝐫

Since 𝐑 and 𝐂𝑅 is mutually perpendicular, we can replace the equivalent force-couple

system to a single force as shown in figure (c). The location of 𝐑 from point 𝑂 which is
denoted as 𝐫 = 𝑥𝐢 + 𝑦𝐣 can be calculated using the equation:
𝐂𝑅 = 𝐫 × 𝐑
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If a scalar approach is used and using the right hand rule in the given figure, the
scalar components of 𝐂𝑅 can be used:
∑𝑀𝑥 = 𝐹1 𝑦1 + 𝐹2 𝑦2 + 𝐹3 𝑦3 = 𝑅𝑦
∑𝑀𝑦 = −𝐹1 𝑥1 − 𝐹2 𝑥2 − 𝐹3 𝑥3 = 𝑅𝑥

Example:
For the parallel force system in the figure, it consists of three forces and a 1250
N∙m couple. Determine the resultant, and show it on a sketch of the coordinate system.

Given:

Solution:
Calculate the resultant force from the equivalent force-couple system by summing up all
forces along 𝑧-axis:
𝑅 = ∑𝐹𝑧 = 100 − 200 + 300
𝑅 = 200 N

Expressing in vector form we get, 𝐑 = 200𝐤 N. Calculating the resultant couple vector
(apply the concept of calculating the determinant of 3 x 3 matrix):
𝐂𝑅 = ∑𝐌𝑂
−4𝐢 − 3𝐣
𝐂𝑅 = 3𝐢 × (−200𝐤) + [(2𝐢 + 6𝐣) × 300𝐤] + 1250 ( )
5
𝐂𝑅 = 800𝐢 − 750𝐣 N ⋅ m

Calculate the location of the resultant:

𝐂𝑅 = 𝐫 × 𝐑
800𝐢 − 750𝐣 = (𝑥𝐢 + 𝑦𝐣 ) × 200𝐤
800𝐢 − 750𝐣 = 200𝑦𝐢 − 200𝑥𝐣

Equating common components:

800 = 200𝑦
𝑦 = 4m
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−750 = −200𝑥
𝑥 = 3.75 m

Answer:

Example:
For the concurrent force system shown, calculate the magnitude of forces 𝐅𝐵 , 𝐅𝑐
and 𝐅𝐷 if the resultant is zero.

Given:

Solution:
First, let’s express all the forces into vector form:
−3𝐢 − 4𝐣 + 8𝐤
𝐅𝐵 = 𝐹𝐵 𝛌𝐴𝐵 = 𝐹𝐵 ( ) = −0.3180𝐹𝐵 𝐢 − 0.4240𝐹𝐵 𝐣 + 0.8480𝐹𝐵 𝐤
√32 + 42 + 82
−3𝐢 + 4𝐣 + 8𝐤
𝐅𝐶 = 𝐹𝐶 𝛌𝐴𝐶 = 𝐹𝐶 ( ) = −0.3180𝐹𝐶 𝐢 + 0.4240𝐹𝐶 𝐣 + 0.8480𝐹𝐶 𝐤
√32 + 42 + 82
𝐅𝐷 = 𝐹𝐷 𝛌𝐴𝐷 = 𝐹𝐷 𝐢
𝐖 = −40𝐤 lb
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Using the equation for resultant of concurrent force system:

𝐑 = 𝐅𝐵 + 𝐅𝐶 + 𝐅𝐷 + 𝐖
0= (−0.3180𝐹 𝐵 𝐢 − 0.4240𝐹𝐵 𝐣 + 0.8480𝐹𝐵 𝐤) + (−0.3180𝐹𝐶 𝐢 + 0.4240𝐹𝐶 𝐣 + 0.8480𝐹𝐶 𝐤)
+𝐹𝐷 𝐢 − 40𝐤

Combining like terms we get:

0 = (−0.3180𝐹𝐵 − 0.3180𝐹𝐶 + 𝐹𝐷 )𝐢 + (−0.4240𝐹𝐵 + 0.4240𝐹𝐶 )𝐣 +
(0.8480𝐹𝐵 + 0.8480𝐹𝐶 − 40)𝐤

Since 𝐑 = 0, we can say that its components are also equal to zero (𝑅𝑥 = 𝑅𝑦 = 𝑅𝑧 = 0),
simplifying we get:
𝑅𝑥 = ∑𝐹𝑥
0 = −0.3180𝐹𝐵 − 0.3180𝐹𝐶 + 𝐹𝐷 eq. 1

𝑅𝑦 = ∑𝐹𝑦
0 = −0.4240𝐹𝐵 + 0.4240𝐹𝐶 eq. 2

𝑅𝑧 = ∑𝐹𝑧
0 = 0.8480𝐹𝐵 + 0.8480𝐹𝐶 − 40 eq. 3

Answer:
Solving eq. 1, 2 and 3 simultaneously we get
𝐹𝐵 = 23.6 lb, 𝐹𝐶 = 23.6 lb & 𝐹𝐷 = 15.0 lb

Introduction of Distributed Normal Loads

From the previous topics, all the forces we considered are only concentrated
forces. In this section we will consider distributed loads that are directed normal to the
surface on which they act. The two classifications of distributed normal loads are surface
loads and line loads.

For a surface load shown in the figure above, consider the load that is parallel to
the 𝑧-axis distributed over a plane area (load area) lying on the 𝑥𝑦-plane. The distributed
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load specified as a function 𝑝(𝑥, 𝑦) is called the load intensity with a unit of force per area
(N/m2, lb/ft2). The plane region is also called as the load area and the surface formed by
the plot of the load intensity is called the load surface.

To determine the resultant 𝑅 and its location with coordinates (𝑥̅ , 𝑦̅), the following
concepts is applied:
1. The magnitude of the resultant force 𝑅 is equal to the volume of the region bounded
by the load area and the load surface.
2. The line of action of the resultant force passes through the centroid of the volume
bounded by the load area and the load surface.

In mathematical expression, the resultant force 𝑅 can be calculated using:

𝑅 = ∫𝒜 𝑝 𝑑𝐴

The coordinates (𝑥̅ , 𝑦̅) can be calculated using the equations:

∫ 𝑝𝑥 𝑑𝐴
𝑥̅ = 𝒜
∫𝒜 𝑝 𝑑𝐴

and
∫𝒜 𝑝𝑦 𝑑𝐴
𝑦̅ =
∫𝒜 𝑝 𝑑𝐴

Most problems in engineering mechanics deals with distributed loads has load surface of
simple shapes. The figures below shows common shapes of surface loads with derived
formulas of 𝑅 and (𝑥̅ , 𝑦̅).
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In the case of line loads as shown in the figure, the distributed load specified as 𝑤
is the load intensity with a unit of force over length (N/m, lb/ft). The plot of 𝑤 is called the
load diagram. Note that in this section we will only discuss line loads on straight-lines.

To determine the resultant 𝑅 and its location 𝑥̅ , the following concepts is applied:
1. The magnitude of the resultant force 𝑅 is equal to the area under the load diagram.
2. The line of action of the resultant force passes through the centroid of the area under
the load diagram.
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In mathematical expression, the resultant force 𝑅 can be calculated using:

𝐿
𝑅 = ∫ 𝑤 𝑑𝑥
0

The location of 𝑅 which is 𝑥̅ can be calculated using the equations:

𝐿
∫0 𝑤𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥̅ = 𝐿
∫0 𝑤 𝑑𝑥

The most common shape with known areas and centroids are the triangle and rectangle.
The figure below shows the derived values of the resultant and its location.

Example:
For the given figure, determine the magnitude of the resultant and its location from
point 𝑂.

Given:
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Solution:
Take note that the given line load is not a common shape. However, the load diagram
can be presented as the sum of three line loads with two triangles 𝐴1 and 𝐴2 , and a
rectangle 𝐴3 . The resultant of each line load is equal to the area of the corresponding
diagram.
1
𝑃1 = 𝐴1 = (4)(15) = 30 kN ↓
2
1
𝑃2 = 𝐴2 = (6)(5) = 15 kN ↓
2
𝑃3 = 𝐴3 = (6)(10) = 60 kN ↓

The location of the line of action of each of the forces from the origin can be calculated
using centroids of common shapes (right triangle and rectangle):
2
𝑥̅1 = (4) = 2.67 m
3
1
𝑥̅ 2 = 4 + (6) = 6 m
3
1
𝑥̅ 3 = 4 + (6) = 7 m
2

Since the forces represents a parallel force system, we can calculate now the resultant:
𝑅𝑦 = ∑𝐹𝑦 ↑ +
𝑅𝑦 = 𝑃1 + 𝑃2 + 𝑃3 = −30 + (−15) + (−60) = −105 kN
𝑅𝑦 = 105 kN ↓

The location of the resultant from the origin can be calculated by summing up moments
at point 𝑂.
𝑅𝑦 𝑥̅ = ∑𝑀𝑂 ↺ +
−105𝑥̅ = −30(2.67) − 15(6) − 60(7)
𝑥̅ = 5.62 m
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Answer:
Resultant 𝑅𝑦 = 105 kN ↓ at a distance of 𝑥̅ = 5.62 m from point 𝑂.

Example:
After a severe rainstorm, the flat roof of the building shown in the given figure is
covered by 2.5 in. of rainwater. The specific weight of water is 62.4 lb/ft 3 , so water at a
depth of 2.5 in. causes a uniform pressure of 62.4 lb/ft 3 [(2.5/12) ft] = 13 lb/ft 2 .
Determine the resultant force that the water exerts on the roof.

Given:

Solution:
The load diagram that is produced by the figure can be divided into three solid shapes:
two right-triangular solid of volume 𝑉1 and 𝑉3 and a rectangular solid with a volume of 𝑉2.
The resultant force corresponding of each of the three shapes is equal to the volume of
the shape itself.
1
𝑃1 = 𝑉1 = (12)(75)(13) = 5850 lb ↓
2
𝑃2 = 𝑉2 = (40)(75)(13) = 39000 lb ↓
1
𝑃3 = 𝑉3 = (12)(75)(13) = 5850 lb ↓
2

The location of the line of action of each force measured from the 𝑥-axis is:
2
𝑦̅1 = 𝑦̅3 = (75) = 50 ft
3
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1
𝑦̅2 = (75) = 37.5 ft
2

The magnitude of the resultant force can be calculated using the three-dimensional
parallel force system:
𝑅𝑧 = ∑𝐹𝑧 ↑ +
𝑅𝑧 = 𝑃1 + 𝑃2 + 𝑃3 = −5850 + (−39000) + (−5850) = −50700 lb
𝑅𝑧 = 50700 lb ↓

Since the load area of the roof is symmetric about the 𝑦 -axis and the pressure is uniform,
the resultant will lie on the 𝑦-axis. Therefore, we only need to calculate the location of the
resultant measured from the 𝑥-axis:
𝑅𝑧 𝑦̅ = ∑𝑀𝑥
−50700𝑦̅ = −5850(50) − 39000(37.5) − 5850(50)
𝑦̅ = 40.4 ft

Answer:
Resultant force is 𝑅𝑧 = 50700 lb ↓ at a distance of 𝑦̅ = 40.4 ft from the 𝑥-axis.
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Self-Help: You can also refer to the sources below to help you further
understand the lesson
*Kuisalaas, J and Pytel, A (2017). Engineering Mechanics: Statics. 3rd Ed., Cengage
Learning
*Beer, F (2013). Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics. 10 th Ed., Boston: McGraw Hill
Higher Education
* Meriam, J.L. (2016). Engineering Mechanics. 8th Ed., Hoboken, NJ Wiley

Let’s Analyze

The approach in solving the problems must be expressed in the following parts:
a. Given: After reading the problem, write down all the data provided, if a figure is
required, neatly sketch the figure.
b. Solution: Solve the problem, show all the formulas and steps used in the analysis.
Write your solution as neatly as possible.
c. Answer: Write your final answer with the corresponding unit/s used. The final answer
must be connected with the solution.

Activity 1:
Solve the following problems related to the reduction of a force system to a force
and a couple.

Problem No. 1:
For the given figure below, four forces and a couple are applied to a rectangular
plate. Replace the forces and the couple by an equivalent force-couple system at bolt 1.

Problem No. 2:
Replace the force system shown in the given figure with an equivalent force-couple
system acting at point 𝐴.
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Activity 2:
Solve the following problems related to the resultants of coplanar force systems.

Problem No. 1:
For the given parallel force system shown in the figure, calculate the magnitude of
the resultant force and the location of its line of action measured from point 𝐴.

Problem No. 2:
For the given truss loaded as shown, determine the equivalent single force acting
on the truss and the point of intersection of its line of action with line 𝐴𝐺 measured from
point 𝐴.
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Problem No. 3:
Determine the magnitude and direction of the resultant force of the concurrent
force system shown in the figure below.

Problem No. 4:
Determine the magnitude and direction of the resultant force of the concurrent
force system shown in the figure below.

Problem No. 5:
The resultant of the coplanar force system shown in the figure acting on the frame
is a force vector 𝐑 acting at point 𝐴. Determine 𝑃 and 𝐑.
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Activity 3:
Solve the following problems related to the resultants of three-dimensional force
systems.

Problem No. 1:
Three concurrent forces act at point 𝑂 as shown in the given figure. If it is known
that the 𝑦-component of the resultant 𝐑 is −5 kN and that the 𝑧-component is 6 kN,
determine 𝐹3 , 𝜃, and the magnitude of the resultant.

Problem No. 2:
For the parallel force system shown in the figure calculate (a) the magnitude
and direction of the resultant force and (b) the coordinates of the point where the resultant
passes through the 𝑥𝑦-plane.

Activity 4:
Solve the following problems related to introduction to distributed normal loads.

Problem No. 1:
For the beam loaded shown in the given figure, determine the magnitude of 𝑀
such that the resultant force passes through the center of beam 𝐴𝐵.
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Problem No. 2:
A portion of the square plate is loaded by the uniformly distributed load 𝑝 =
20 lb/ft 2 . Find the coordinates of the point in the 𝑥𝑦-plane through which the resultant
passes.

Keywords Index
Force-couple Coplanar Force Concurrent Force
Resultant
System System System
Parallel Force Three-Dimensional
Surface Loads Line Loads
System Force System

Big Picture in Focus: ULO-2b. Formulate equilibrium equations and

free-body diagrams to solve problems involving coplanar equilibrium
analysis of single bodies

Metalanguage

In this section, the most essential terms relevant to the study of engineering
mechanics and to demonstrate ULO-2b will be operationally defined to establish a
common frame of reference.
1. Equilibrium - both resultant force and resultant couple on the body are equal to zero.
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2. Free-body diagram (FBD) - is the sketch of the body showing all the forces acting on
it.
3. Reactive forces (reactions) – are forces that are exerted on a body by the supports
to which it is attached.
4. Applied forces – are forces acting on a body that are not provided by the supports.

Essential Knowledge

In this section, we will introduce the concept of equilibrium in the study of engineering
mechanics. We will first discuss equilibrium analysis of single bodies. Other concepts
regarding equilibrium analysis will be presented in the succeeding sections.

Definition of Equilibrium

We will start our discussion with the definition of equilibrium. A body is in a state
of equilibrium if the resultant of the force system that acts on the body disappears.
Technically, equilibrium means that both the resultant force and the resultant couple are
equal to zero.

From our previous discussion about resultant, the resultant force and resultant
couple tend to translate (move) and rotate the body, respectively. In the absence of the
resultant force and resultant couple, where the body is in a state of equilibrium, the body
will now be at rest (no translation/rotation occurs).

From the concept of resultant of coplanar force systems, the resultant 𝐑 which is
passing through an arbitrary point 𝑂 with its components 𝑅𝑥 and 𝑅𝑦 can be calculated
using the equations: 𝑅𝑥 = ∑𝐹𝑥 and 𝑅𝑦 = ∑𝐹𝑦 . The magnitude of the resultant couple 𝐂𝑅
can be calculated using the equation 𝐶 𝑅 = ∑𝑀𝑂 . From the definition of equilibrium
(resultant force and resultant couple is zero) we can now derive the equations of
equilibrium for coplanar force systems:
∑𝐹𝑥 = 0 ∑𝐹𝑦 = 0 ∑𝑀𝑂 = 0

The summations in the equations must include all the forces acting on the body, both the
applied forces and the reactions (forces that provide support on the body).

Free-Body Diagram of a Body

The first step in the analysis of the body in equilibrium is to identify all the forces
that are acting to it. This step can be done by creating the free-body diagram of the body.
A free-body diagram (FBD) is the sketch of the body showing all the forces acting on it.
The term free means that all the supports are removed and replaced by forces (which is
commonly known as reactions) that they exert on the body.
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It is very important to master the concept of creating FBD since it is a fundamental

skill in the engineering discipline. The construction of FBD will turn a physical problem
into a form that can be analyzed and solved mathematically. The forces acting on a body
can be divided into two categories:
1. Reactive forces (reactions) – are forces that are exerted on a body by the supports
to which it is attached.
2. Applied forces – are forces acting on a body that is not provided by the supports.

These two forces must be included and shown in the free-body diagrams. The steps
below are the general procedure in creating a free-body diagram:
1. Sketch the body assuming that all the supports are removed.
2. Draw all the applied forces and label it on the sketch. Make sure to specify its point
of application correctly (example of this is the weight must be applied to the center of
gravity of the body).
3. Draw all the reactive forces (reactions) and label it on the sketch. If the sense
(direction) of the reaction is unknown, it should be assumed. A positive result means
that the assumed sense is correct, while the negative result means that the correct
sense is opposite to the assumed sense.
4. All of the important angles and dimensions must also be indicated and shown in the
sketch.

One of the most difficult steps in creating FBD is the determination of the support
reactions. The following different types of support reactions are presented below:
1. Flexible Cable (Negligible Weight) – a flexible cable exerts a pull, or tensile force, in
the direction of the cable. With the weight of the cable neglected, the cable forms a
straight line. If its direction is known, removal of the cable introduces one unknown in
a free-body diagram—the magnitude of the force exerted by the cable. The tension
of unknown magnitude 𝑇 in the direction of the cable away from the body.

2. Frictionless Surface: Single Point of Contact – when a body is in contact with a

frictionless surface at only one point, the reaction is a force that is perpendicular to
the surface, acting at the point of contact. This reaction is often referred to simply as
the normal force. Force of unknown magnitude 𝑁 directed normal to the surface.
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3. Roller Support – a roller support is equivalent to a frictionless surface: It can only

exert a force that is perpendicular to the supporting surface. The magnitude of the
force is thus the only unknown introduced in a free-body diagram when the support
is removed. Force of unknown magnitude 𝑁 normal to the surface supporting the
roller.

4. Surface with Friction: Single Point of Contact – a friction surface can exert a force
that acts at an angle to the surface. The unknowns may be taken to be the magnitude
and direction of the force. However, it is usually advantageous to represent the
unknowns as 𝑁 and 𝐹, the components that are perpendicular and parallel to the
surface, respectively. The component 𝑁 is called the normal force, and 𝐹 is known
as the friction force.

5. Pin Support – a pin is a cylinder that is slightly smaller than the hole into which it is
inserted, as shown below at (a). Neglecting friction, the pin can only exert a force that
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is normal to the contact surface, shown as 𝐑 in the figure below at (b). A pin support
thus introduces two unknowns: the magnitude of 𝐑 and the angle 𝛼 that specifies the
direction of 𝐑 (𝛼 is unknown because the point where the pin contacts the surface of
the hole is not known). More commonly, the two unknowns are chosen to be
perpendicular components of 𝐑, such as 𝑅𝑥 and 𝑅𝑦 shown below at (c).

6. Built-in (Cantilever) Support – a built-in support, also known as a cantilever support,

prevents all motion of the body at the support. Translation (horizontal or vertical
movement) is prevented by a force, and a couple prohibits rotation. Therefore, a built-
in support introduces three unknowns in a free-body diagram: the magnitude and
direction of the reactive force 𝐑 (these unknowns are commonly chosen to be two
components of 𝐑, such as 𝑅𝑥 and 𝑅𝑦 ) and the magnitude 𝐶 of the reactive couple.

Example:
The homogeneous 6-m bar 𝐴𝐵 in the given figure is supported in the vertical plane
by rollers at 𝐴 and 𝐵 and by the cable at 𝐶. The mass of the bar is 50 kg. Draw the FBD
of bar 𝐴𝐵. Determine the number of unknowns on the FBD.
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Given:

Solution:
The weight of the bar, 𝑊 is located at the center of gravity (at 𝐺) which is the center of
the bar since it is homogeneous. The magnitude of 𝑊 can be calculated using
𝑊 = 𝑚𝑔 = 50(9.81) = 491 N

The normal reaction at roller 𝐴 with unknown magnitude of 𝑁𝐴 has a vertical sense since
the direction must be perpendicular from the horizontal surface where roller 𝐴 lies.

The normal reaction at roller 𝐵 with unknown magnitude of 𝑁𝐵 has a horizontal sense
since the direction must be perpendicular from the vertical surface where roller 𝐵 lies.

The tension in the cable is shown with unknown magnitude of 𝑇, acting at a direction of
up to the right with an angle of 20° with the horizontal.

Answer:
There are 3 unknowns (𝑁𝐴 , 𝑁𝐵 , and 𝑇), the FBD of bar 𝐴𝐵 is shown in the figure below.
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Example:
The homogeneous, 250-kg triangular plate in the given figure is supported by a pin
at A and a roller at C. Draw the FBD of the plate and determine the number of unknowns.

Given:

Solution:
The weight of the triangular plate, 𝑊 is located at the center of gravity (at 𝐺) which is the
center of the bar since it is homogeneous. The magnitude of 𝑊 can be calculated using
𝑊 = 𝑚𝑔 = 250(9.81) = 2453 N

The location of 𝐺 can be calculated using the center of gravity of the right triangular plate.
Point 𝐺 measured from side 𝐴𝐵 of the triangle is
1
𝑥̅ = (0.6) = 0.2 m
3

The vertical and horizontal components of the reaction at pin support 𝐴 with unknown
magnitudes 𝐴𝑥 and 𝐴𝑦 is shown. Note that the directions (upward and to the right) of both
the horizontal and vertical components are only assumed. Its actual directions can only
be determined by calculating its values.

The normal reaction at 𝐶 with unknown magnitude of 𝑁𝐶 is directed up to the left at 30°
with respect to the vertical which is perpendicular to the surface supporting roller 𝐶.

Answer:
There are 3 unknowns (𝐴𝑥 , 𝐴𝑦 and 𝑁𝐶 ), the FBD of triangular plate is shown in the figure.
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Example:
The beam 𝐴𝐵𝐶, built into the wall at 𝐴 and supported by a cable at 𝐶, carries a 6 ft
distributed load over part of its length, as shown in the given figure. The weight of the
beam is 70 lb/ft. Draw the FBD of the beam.

Given:

Solution:
Let’s start first with the applied forces. First is the weight of the beam 𝐴𝐵𝐶, according to
the problem, the weight of the beam per 1 ft length is 70 lb/ft, since the total length of the
beam is 8 ft, we can say that its weight is
lb
𝑊 = 70 (8 ft) = 560 lb
ft

The point of application of 𝑊 = 560 lb must be located at the center of gravity at the beam
which is at 4 m to the right of support 𝐴. The other applied force is the 1000 lb/ft line load
from 𝐴 to 𝐵 of the beam. The magnitude of the line load (which is also equal to its area)
is equal to
lb
1000 (3 ft) = 3000 lb
ft

The point of application of the 3000 lb force is located to the centroid of the area of the
line load (with a rectangular shape) which is 1.5 m to the right of support 𝐴.

For the reactive forces, the tension on the chord with unknown magnitude 𝑇 is directed
up to the right with a slope of
𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑒 6 m 3
𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = = =
𝑟𝑢𝑛 8 m 4

which is obtained from the vertical and horizontal dimension of the end points of the cable.
For the built-in cantilever support at 𝐴, we have 3 unknown reactions, 2 forces 𝐴𝑥 and 𝐴𝑦
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and a couple 𝐶𝐴 . Take note that the directions of the reactions at the cantilever support at
𝐴 is only assumed, its actual directions can be determined by calculation.

Answer:

Coplanar Equilibrium Equations

In this section we will discuss the possible coplanar equilibrium equation in the
analysis of single bodies. The equilibrium equations that will be used in the calculation
will depend on the type of force system created from the FBD. Take note that in coplanar
force system, we have three different types: general coplanar, concurrent and parallel
force systems.

For the general coplanar force system, the most common equilibrium equation
used in the analysis which is derived from the definition of resultant where the magnitude
of the resultant force 𝐑 and resultant couple 𝐂𝑅 is zero are:
∑𝐹𝑥 = 0 ∑𝐹𝑦 = 0 ∑𝑀𝑂 = 0

Where point 𝑂 is an arbitrary point lying on the 𝑥𝑦-plane. In other different cases, it is
more convenient to use a different set of equations for easier calculations:
1. Two force equations and one moment equation – where 𝑥’ and 𝑦’ are any two non-
parallel (and not necessarily perpendicular) directions and point 𝑂 is an arbitrary
point.
∑𝐹𝑥’ = 0 ∑𝐹𝑦’ = 0 ∑𝑀𝑂 = 0

2. Two moment equations and one force equation – it is possible to replace one of the
force equations by another moment equation.
∑𝐹𝑥’ = 0 ∑𝑀𝐴 = 0 ∑𝑀𝐵 = 0

From the figure below, take note that 𝐴 and 𝐵 are two distinct points and 𝑥’ is any
direction that is not perpendicular to the line connecting points 𝐴 and 𝐵. If the two
moment equations are satisfied, the resultant only can be a force R that lies along
the line connecting points 𝐴 and 𝐵. The force equation (𝑥’ not perpendicular to the
line connecting points 𝐴 and 𝐵) can be satisfied if the resultant force is zero.
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3. Three moment equations – by using these equations, points 𝐴, 𝐵 and 𝐶 must be

distinct and non-collinear points as presented in the figure above.
∑𝑀𝐴 = 0 ∑𝑀𝐵 = 0 ∑𝑀𝐶 = 0

In concurrent force systems, take note that the resultant of concurrent force system
is a force 𝐑 that passes through the point of concurrency, say point 𝑂. The moment
equation ∑𝑀𝑂 = 0 is satisfied, so that the number of independent equilibrium equations
is reduced from three to two. The following equilibrium equations can be used in solving
concurrent force system (consisting of two equations):
1. Two force equations – where 𝑥’ and 𝑦’ are any two non-parallel (and not necessarily
perpendicular) directions in the 𝑥𝑦-plane.
∑𝐹𝑥’ = 0 ∑𝐹𝑦’ = 0

2. Two moment equations – where 𝐴 and 𝐵 are any two points on the 𝑥𝑦-plane (except
point 𝑂) provided that 𝐴, 𝐵 and 𝑂 are not collinear.
∑𝑀𝐴 = 0 ∑𝑀𝐵 = 0

3. One force equation and one moment equation – where 𝐴 is any point in the 𝑥𝑦-plane
(except point 𝑂) and 𝑥’ is any direction that is not perpendicular to the line connecting
points 𝑂 and 𝐴.
∑𝐹𝑥’ = 0 ∑𝑀𝐴 = 0

In parallel force systems, assuming all forces on 𝑥𝑦-plane are parallel to the 𝑦-
axis, the equation ∑𝐹𝑥 = 0 is satisfied, and the number of independent equations is
reduced from three to two. The following equilibrium equations can be used in solving
parallel force system (consisting of two equations):
1. One force equation and one moment equation – where 𝑦’ is any direction in the 𝑥𝑦-
plane except x-direction and A is any point in the 𝑥𝑦-plane.
∑𝐹𝑦’ = 0 ∑𝑀𝐴 = 0

2. Two moment equations – where 𝐴 and 𝐵 are any two points on the 𝑥𝑦-plane provided
that the line connecting points 𝐴 and 𝐵 is not parallel to the 𝑦-axis.
∑𝑀𝐴 = 0 ∑𝑀𝐵 = 0
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Equilibrium Analysis for Single-Body Problems

In this section we will now solve problems involving the equilibrium analysis of
single bodies by using FBD and necessary equilibrium equations. The following steps will
help us in solving problems involving equilibrium analysis of a body:
1. Draw the free-body diagram (FBD) of the body.
2. Write the equilibrium equations to be used based on the FBD.
3. Solve the equilibrium equations for the unknowns.

Example:
The homogeneous 60-kg disk supported by the rope AB rests against a rough
vertical wall. Determine the tension in the rope and the reaction at the wall.

Given:

Solution:
The FBD of the disk is shown below.

The FBD shows one applied force (weight, W) and three reactive forces (normal and
friction force on the rough vertical wall, 𝑁𝑐 and 𝐹𝑐 ; tension on the rope, 𝑇). The weight of
the disk is 𝑊 = 60(9.81) = 588.6 N. The slope of the tension of the rope is rise/run =
200/150 = 4/3. There are 3 unknown forces 𝑁𝑐 , 𝐹𝑐 and 𝑇)
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For writing the equilibrium equations, the force system represented in the FBD is a
general coplanar force system. We will start with an equation where there will be few
unknowns. From the FBD we can see that two unknown forces 𝑁𝑐 and 𝑇 are concurrent
at point 𝐵. Taking advantage to that, we can sum up moments at 𝐵.
∑𝑀𝐵 = 0

By using the equation, we can calculate the magnitude of the other unknown force which
is the friction force, 𝐹𝑐 .

After calculating 𝐹𝑐 , we can calculate the tension of the rope by summing up forces along
𝑦-axis.
∑𝐹𝑦 = 0

Take note that the unknown forces using the equation will be 𝑇 and 𝐹𝑐 , but since 𝐹𝑐 is
already determined from ∑𝑀𝐵 = 0, we can now solve for the magnitude of 𝑇.

After calculating both 𝐹𝑐 and 𝑇, we can now sum up forces at 𝑥-axis

∑𝐹𝑥 = 0

This time we can now solve for the other unknown force which is 𝑁𝑐 .

Solve the equilibrium equations, we get:

∑𝑀𝐵 = 0 ↺ +
−𝐹𝑐 (150) = 0
𝐹𝑐 = 0

∑𝐹𝑦 = 0 ↑ +
4
𝐹𝑐 + 𝑇 − 588.6 = 0
5
4
0 + 𝑇 − 588.6 = 0
5
𝑇 = 735.8 N

∑𝐹𝑥 = 0 → +
3
𝑁𝑐 − 𝑇 = 0
5
3
𝑁𝑐 − (735.8) = 0
5
𝑁𝑐 = 441 N

Answer:
The reaction forces are: tension in the rope is 𝑇 = 735.8 N and the frictional and normal
forces on the wall are 𝐹𝑐 = 0 and 𝑁𝑐 = 441 N, respectively.
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Example:
For the given figure below, a distributed load due to water pressure that is acting
on the upstream side of the flood barrier. Determine the magnitude of the support
reactions at the pin support 𝐴 and roller support 𝐵. Neglect the weight of the barrier.

Given:

Solution:
The FBD of the flood barrier is shown below.

From the distributed load, the resultant is equal to the area of the right triangle which is
1
𝑅 = (3200)(10) = 16000 lb
2

with its location is on the centroid of the right triangle, measured from point 𝐴 is
1 10
𝑦̅ = (10) = ft
3 3
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We will assume the direction of the three reactions 𝐴𝑥 , 𝐴𝑦 and 𝑁𝐵 on the given FBD. To
calculate for the unknown reactions, we will first sum up moment at 𝐴 to calculate 𝑁𝐵 :
∑𝑀𝐴 = 0 ↺ +
10
16000 ( ) − 𝑁𝐵 (8) = 0
3
𝑁𝐵 = 6666.67 lb

After calculating 𝑁𝐵 , we can now calculate the reaction at pin support 𝐴 by summing up
forces in 𝑥 and 𝑦 axes.
∑𝐹𝑦 = 0 ↑ +
𝐴𝑦 + 𝑁𝐵 sin 30° = 0
𝐴𝑦 + 6667.67 sin 30° = 0
𝐴𝑦 = −3333.33 lb

∑𝐹𝑥 = 0 → +
𝐴𝑥 + 𝑁𝐵 cos 30° − 16000 = 0
𝐴𝑥 + 6666.67 cos 30° − 16000 = 0
𝐴𝑥 = 10226.5 lb

The assume direction of 𝐴𝑥 and 𝑁𝐵 is correct since the resulting answer from the solution
for both forces is positive. In the case of 𝐴𝑦 where the result is negative, the correct
direction will be the opposite direction presented in the FBD.

Answer:
𝑁𝐵 = 6666.67 lb ↗, 𝐴𝑦 = 3333.33 lb ↓ and 𝐴𝑥 = 10226.5 lb →

Example:
Determine the mass of the heaviest uniform bar that can be supported in the
position shown in the figure if the breaking strength of the horizontal cable attached at 𝐶
is 15 kN. Neglect friction.

Given:

Solution:
The FBD of the uniform bar is shown in the figure below.
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The weight 𝑊 of the heaviest bar can be obtained when the tension 𝑇 is set to its
maximum limiting force which is 15 kN. A heavier bar would result to a tension in the cable
greater than 15 kN where it could break. The direction of the two normal 𝑁𝐴 and 𝑁𝐵 forces
are perpendicular to the surface where it acts.

There are three unknown forces in the given FBD which are 𝑊, 𝑁𝐴 and 𝑁𝐵 . Since 𝑊 and
𝑁𝐵 are parallel to the 𝑦-axis we can start our calculation by summing up forces along 𝑥-
axis to solve for 𝑁𝐴 :
∑𝐹𝑥 = 0 → +
4
𝑁 − 15 = 0
5 𝐴
𝑁𝐴 = 18.75 kN

Using the value of 𝑁𝐴 , we can now solve for 𝑊 by summing up moments at point 𝐵:
∑𝑀𝐵 = 0 ↺ +
3 4
𝑊(1.2 cos 20°) + 15(1.2 sin 20°) − 𝑁𝐴 (2.4 cos 20°) − 𝑁𝐴 (2.4 sin 20°) = 0
5 5
𝑊 = 28.0 kN

Calculating the mass of the heaviest bar:

𝑊 28000 N
𝑚= = = 2854 kg
𝑔 9.81 m/s 2

Answer:
𝑚 = 2854 kg

Example:
The frame shown in the given figure supports part of the roof of a small building.
Knowing that the tension in the cable is 150 kN, determine the reaction at the fixed end
E. Neglect the weight of the frame.
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Given:

Solution:
The FBD of the frame is shown in the figure below.

There are three unknown forces in the FBD which is the reaction on the fixed support at
𝐸. The reaction in the support at 𝐸 consists of a couple 𝑀𝐸 , the horizontal force 𝐸𝑥 , and
the vertical force 𝐸𝑦 . The assumed directions of the three forces are shown in the FBD.
The slope of the tension on the cable 𝐹 is:
𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑒 6 4
𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = = =
𝑟𝑢𝑛 4.5 3

We will calculate first the magnitude of 𝐸𝑥 by summing up all forces along the horizontal:
∑𝐹𝑥 = 0 → +
3
𝐸𝑥 + (150) = 0
5
𝐸𝑥 = −90 kN
𝐸𝑥 = 90 kN ←

We can calculate the magnitude of 𝐸𝑦 by summing up all forces along the vertical:
∑𝐹𝑦 = 0 ↑ +
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4
𝐸𝑦 − 20 − 20 − 20 − 20 − (150) = 0
5
𝐸𝑦 = 200 kN
𝐸𝑦 = 200 kN ↑

Calculate the couple reaction at 𝐸 by summing up moment at point 𝐸:

∑𝑀𝐸 = 0 ↺ +
4
𝑀𝐸 + 20(7.2) + 20(5.4) + 20(3.6) + 20(1.8) − (150)(4.5) = 0
5
𝑀𝐸 = 180 kN − m
𝑀𝐸 = 180 kN − m ↺

Answer:
The reactions on the fixed support at 𝐸 are 𝐸𝑥 = 90 kN ←, 𝐸𝑦 = 200 kN ↑, and 𝑀𝐸 =
180 kN − m ↺.

Self-Help: You can also refer to the sources below to help you further
understand the lesson
*Kuisalaas, J and Pytel, A (2017). Engineering Mechanics: Statics. 3 rd Ed., Cengage
Learning
*Beer, F (2013). Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics. 10 th Ed., Boston: McGraw Hill
Higher Education
* Meriam, J.L. (2016). Engineering Mechanics. 8th Ed., Hoboken, NJ Wiley

Let’s Analyze
The approach in solving the problems must be expressed in the following parts:
a. Given: After reading the problem, write down all the data provided, if a figure is
required, neatly sketch the figure.
b. Solution: Solve the problem, show all the formulas and steps used in the analysis.
Write your solution as neatly as possible.
c. Answer: Write your final answer with the corresponding unit/s used. The final answer
must be connected with the solution.

Activity 1:
Solve the following problems related to free-body diagram of a body.

Problem No. 1:
For the given figure show, the beam is supported by a cable at 𝐵 and a pin at 𝐴.
The beam 𝐴𝐵 is a standard 0.5-m 𝐼-beam with a mass of 95 kg per meter of length.
Draw the FBD of the beam 𝐴𝐵.
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Problem No. 2:
Draw the free-body diagram of the uniform bar, which has a mass of 100 kg and a
center of mass at 𝐺. The supports 𝐴, 𝐵, and 𝐶 are smooth.

Problem No. 3:
Draw the free-body diagram of the beam, which is pin-supported at 𝐴 and rests on
the smooth incline at 𝐵.
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Activity 2:
Solve the following problems related to equilibrium analysis for single bodies.

Problem No. 1:
Determine the components of reaction at the fixed support 𝐴. Neglect the thickness
of the beam.

Problem No. 2:
A load of lumber of weight 𝑊 = 25 𝑘𝑁 is being raised by a mobile crane. The
weight of boom ABC and the combined weight of the truck and driver are as shown.
Determine the reaction at each of the two (a) front wheels 𝐻, (b) rear wheels 𝐾.

Problem No. 3:
The bracket 𝐵𝐶𝐷 is hinged at 𝐶 and attached to a control cable at 𝐵. For the loading
shown, determine (a) the tension in the cable, (b) the reaction at 𝐶.
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Problem No. 4:
Bar 𝐴𝐶 supports two 400-N loads as shown. Rollers at 𝐴 and 𝐶 rest against
frictionless surfaces and a cable 𝐵𝐷 is attached at 𝐵. Determine (a) the tension in cable
𝐵𝐷, (b) the reaction at 𝐴, (c) the reaction at 𝐶.

Problem No. 5:
The 20-kg homogeneous smooth sphere rests on the two inclines as shown.
Determine the contact forces at 𝐴 and 𝐵.
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Problem No. 6:
The 500-kg uniform beam is subjected to the three external loads shown. Compute
the reactions at the support point 𝑂. The 𝑥𝑦-plane is vertical.

Problem No. 7:
The 30-lb homogeneous bar 𝐴𝐵 supports the 60-lb block. The ends of the bar rest
on frictionless inclines. Determine the distance 𝑥 for which the bar will be in equilibrium in
the position shown.

Problem No. 8:
The homogeneous 40-kg bar 𝐴𝐵𝐶 is held in position by a horizontal rope attached
to end 𝐶. Neglecting friction, determine the tension in the rope.
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Problem No. 9:
Each of the sandbags piled on the 250-lb uniform beam weighs 12 lb. Determine
the support reactions at 𝐴 and 𝐶.

Problem No. 10:

Determine the angle 𝜃 for which the 1250-N homogeneous cylinder will be in
equilibrium in the position shown. Also, find the tension in the rope 𝐴𝐵.

Keywords Index

Coplanar
Equilibrium Equilibrium Reactive forces Applied Forces
Analysis
Single-Body
Free-body Equilibrium
Equilibrium Support Reactions
Diagrams Equations
Analysis
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CF’s Voice: Hello future engineers! As we understand the concept of resultant

and equilibrium we will now step up by studying equilibrium analysis
in composite bodies, trusses and three-dimensional systems.
CO Solve and evaluate forces and moments acting on rigid bodies at
rest: coplanar and non-coplanar forces, concurrent and non-
concurrent forces, two dimensional and three dimensional force
system equilibrium, stresses of trusses, frames, beams, cables, and
friction forces with undertakings in vector mechanics, free body
diagrams and equilibrium equations.

Solution:
The FBD of the entire system is shown below resulting to a parallel force system.