Field of Glory - Feudal Europe 1050-1300 PDF

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While the Crusades raged in the Holy Land,

Europe, too, was torn apart by war. From
England’s Anarchy to the slaughter of the
Albigensian Crusade, kings, nobles and
clergy all vied for power and wealth. Out
of this bloodshed, however, arose one of the
most honoured ideals of history – the Code
of Chivalry.With new troop types, historical
backgrounds and accompanying maps and
artwork, Oath of Fealty allows Field of Glory
generals to take up arms in defence of
honour, faith and liege lord.
Oath of Fealty is a companion to Field of Glory, the historical miniatures

tabletop wargaming rules system for ancient and medieval wargaming.
To play the rules you will need a copy of Field of Glory.
Visit www.fieldofglory.com for the latest releases including companion

army lists, hints and tips, discussion forums and more.
FIELD OF GLORY COMPANION 10

OSPREY
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PUBLISHING
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Written by Richard Bodley Scott, assisted by

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and Matt Haywood
OSPREY
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First published in Great Britain in 2009 by Osprey Publishing Ltd.
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CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION 4 EARLY RUSSIAN 64
Early Russian Allies
FEUDAL CATALAN AND EARLY CROWN 5
OF ARAGON FEUDAL POLISH 68
Feudal Catalan and Early Crown of Aragon Feudal Polish Allies
Allies
ANGLO-NORMAN 72
EARLY HUNGARIAN 9
Early Hungarian Allies LATER WELSH 75
Later Welsh Allies
TAIFA ANDALUSIAN 13
Taifa Andalusian Allies EARLY LITHUANIAN OR SAMOGITIAN 78
FEUDAL NAVARRESE AND ARAGONESE 18 WENDISH, PRUSSIAN OR ESTONIAN 80
Feudal Navarrese and Aragonese Allies Wendish, Prussian or Estonian Allies
FEUDAL CASTILIAN, LEONESE OR 21 EARLY MEDIEVAL FRISIA AND OTHER 83
PORTUGUESE FREE CANTONS
Feudal Castilian, Leonese or Portuguese Early Medieval Frisian or other Free
Allies Canton Allies
FANATIC BERBER 25 POST-VIKING SCANDINAVIAN 86
Fanatic Berber Allies Post-Viking Scandinavian Allies
ITALO-NORMAN 28 EARLY PLANTAGENET ENGLISH 90
Italo-Norman Allies
LATER SICILIAN 94
FEUDAL FRENCH 33
Feudal French Allies EARLY MEDIEVAL IRISH 99
IMPERIAL GERMAN 38 Early Medieval Irish Allies
German City Allies EARLY ANGLO-IRISH 102
German Ecclesiastical Allies Early Anglo-Irish Allies
FEUDAL GERMAN 45 EARLY TEUTONIC KNIGHTS 105
German Feudal Allies Early Teutonic Knights Allies
COMMUNAL ITALIAN 51
MONGOL INVASION 109
Italian Communal Allies
Italian Feudal Allies EARLY GRANADINE 112
PAPAL ITALIAN 56 Early Granadine Allies
EARLY SCOTS ISLES AND HIGHLANDS 58 MIDDLE PLANTAGENET ENGLISH 115

Early Scots Isles and Highlands Allies APPENDIX 1 – USING THE LISTS 119
FEUDAL SCOTS 61 APPENDIX 2 – THEMED TOURNAMENTS 122
Feudal Scots Allies
Galwegian Allies INDEX 122
OATH OF FEALTY
INTRODUCTION
This army guide covers the armies of Western, head to toe by the later 12th century, European
Central and North-Eastern Europe in the “Feudal knights rode heavy horses in tight formation, and
Period” from c.1050 to 1300 AD. The armies of delivered a devastating charge with couched
South-Eastern Europe in the same period are lances. By the 13th century horses were also often
covered by Field of Glory Companion 4: Swords armoured. Rear ranks were filled by mounted
and Scimitars. sergeants in somewhat lighter armour. Particularly
The feudal system, in which a social elite in Anglo-Norman and German armies in the
performed military service in return for 11th and 12th centuries, a proportion of
hereditary grants of land, first evolved in the knights sometimes fought dismounted. By
Carolingian France, and gradually spread to the contrast French knights were said to be of little
Christian kingdoms of Europe. It never took value on foot.
complete root in the western, northern and Infantry spearmen were relegated to a
eastern fringes. From a ruler’s point of view, it defensive role, forming up in phalanxes either in
was far from satisfactory, feudal service usually front of the bodies of knights and sergeants,
only being required for a period of 40 days per behind them, between them or on the flanks.
annum, though this could be extended in return Archers and crossbowmen were usually deployed
for pay. This put a severe limitation on the on the flanks, though they sometimes skirmished
duration and extent of military campaigns, so ahead of the main battle line.
that often only very limited objectives could be Major themes of the period include the wars
achieved. Moreover, the power of the greater of the Christian kingdoms of Iberia against
nobles was often excessive, as they could call the Muslims in the south of the peninsula,
on the service of their own vassals if they chose the struggles of the Kings of France against the
to rebel against the king. To counteract these Kings of England and the German Emperors, the
problems, rulers made greater and greater use of English wars of conquest or attempted conquest
mercenaries as the period progressed. These against the Welsh, Scots and Irish, the struggle
were generally at least as reliable and effective for hegemony in Italy between Popes,
as their feudal counterparts. Money for their German Emperors and the Kings of Sicily,
employment was raised, amongst other means, the Baltic Crusades and the Mongol invasion
by the practice of scutage, in which feudal of Eastern Europe. With dynastic
vassals made money payments in struggles and rebellions by powerful
lieu of service. By the end of nobles thrown into the mix,
the period the feudal system Europe was in an almost constant
was in terminal decline, with state of war. In conjunction with
most military service, even this army guide, Field of Glory
by feudal vassals, performed on allows all these conflicts to be
a contractual basis. refought on the table-top.
This was the heyday of the
mounted knight. Armoured from Fully Armoured Knight
4
FEUDAL CATALAN AND EARLY CROWN OF ARAGON
INTRODUCTION
FEUDAL CATALAN AND EARLY FEUDAL CATALAN AND
EARLY CROWN OF
CROWN OF ARAGON ARAGON
EARLY HUNGARIAN
TAIFA ANDALUSIAN
FEUDAL NAVARRESE
Catalonia has its origin in the Hispanic March combined strength allowed the rapid conquest AND ARAGONESE
created by Charlemagne as a border region south of Tortosa, Fraga and Lleida, as well as supporting FEUDAL CASTILIAN,
LEONESE OR
of the Pyrenees between the Frankish Kingdom Castile in the conquest of Almeria (1147). PORTUGUESE
and Umayyad Al-Andalus. The Franks conquered One year after his participation in the FANATIC BERBER
Barcelona in 801 and it became the capital of its Christian victory over the Muwahhidun ITALO-NORMAN
FEUDAL FRENCH
most important county. After the death of the last (Almohades) at the battle of Las Navas de Tolosa, IMPERIAL GERMAN
Carolingian king in 987, the Count of Barcelona King Pere the Catholic was killed at the battle of FEUDAL GERMAN
Ramon Borrell did not recognise the new Muret in 1213 during the Albigensian Crusade. COMMUNAL ITALIAN
PAPAL ITALIAN
Capetian dynasty and proclaimed independence. This marked the end of Catalan influence over
EARLY SCOTS ISLES
Ramon sacked Cordova in 1010 during the Languedoc and thereafter the Crown of Aragon AND HIGHLANDS
civil war that resulted in the end of the Caliphate turned its eyes to the south and the sea, with FEUDAL SCOTS
EARLY RUSSIAN
and ensured the dominant power of Barcelona King Jaume I the Conqueror subjugating the FEUDAL POLISH
over its southern neighbours. In 1070, kingdoms of Majorca (1229) and Valencia ANGLO-NORMAN
Ramon Berenguer I purchased the counties of (1238), his son Pere the Great becoming King LATER WELSH
EARLY LITHUANIAN
Carcassone and Razés in south-east France, of Sicily (1282) and defeating the subsequent OR SAMOGITIAN
starting a policy of expansion into Languedoc French invasion of Catalonia (1285), and WENDISH, PRUSSIAN
OR ESTONIAN
funded by the tribute received from the Muslim finally Alfons IV of Aragon (III of Catalonia)
EARLY MEDIEVAL
Taifa kingdoms. During the last quarter of the consolidating the Mediterranean empire with the FRISIA AND OTHER
FREE CANTONS
11th century, therefore, Catalonia participated invasion of Sardinia (1323) and nominal rule POST-VIKING
actively in the conflicts between the Taifa over Athens and Neopatria after they were SCANDINAVIAN
kingdoms, trying to protect the interests of its conquered by the Catalan Company. EARLY PLANTAGENET
ENGLISH
tributary Taifas (Tortosa, Lleida, Dènia) against This list covers the armies of Catalonia from LATER SICILIAN
rival Taifas such as Saragossa and Valencia. The its independence from Frankish rule in 988, and EARLY MEDIEVAL IRISH
EARLY ANGLO-IRISH
last paid tribute to El Cid in return for protection the armies of the Crown of Aragon from its
EARLY TEUTONIC
– he took Count Berenguer Ramon II prisoner creation until the accession of Pere IV of Aragon KNIGHTS
on two occasions. Ramon Berenguer III received (III of Catalonia) in 1336. MONGOL INVASION
EARLY GRANADINE
Provence from his third wife, further reinforcing MIDDLE PLANTAGENET
Catalan influence in south-east France, and TROOP NOTES ENGLISH
APPENDIX 1 – USING
led a crusade against Majorca together with Early armies had a very strong Frankish influence THE LISTS
Pisan troops. mixed with local developments. APPENDIX 2 – THEMED
TOURNAMENTS
In 1137, Ramon Berenguer IV was betrothed Drilled militia from the cities used pikes from
to Petronila of Aragon, thus uniting dynastically the 13th century, but deep formations were
Catalonia and Aragon. Both realms would not introduced until the arrival of foreign
preserve their laws, institutions and autonomy, mercenaries in the second half of the 15th century.
remaining legally distinct but federated in a Catalan wall paintings of the 13th century appear
dynastic union under one ruling House. Their to show mixed bodies of spearmen and heavier
5
OATH OF FEALTY
armoured soldiers with swords, the swordsmen army disembarked in Majorca, while the knights
in the front rank and the spearmen behind. were still reluctant to attack the Muslim army, it
They adopted an aggressive stance in battle – was the city militia who attacked first, forcing the
for example, at the battle of Portopi, just after the knights to follow them.
Almughavars were recruited from the border
lands and are described as lightly armoured and
equipped with a couple of iron darts called
sagetes or escones, similar to the Roman pilum
or the ancient Spanish soliferrum, a short sword
or dagger, and a spear. Their fighting style relied
on the effect of missiles combined with a fierce
charge. Classification presents a problem –
therefore we give a choice.
The military orders in the Iberian Peninsula
were more numerous than those of other
countries, but their knights were on some
occasions less controllable, hence the option to
grade them as Undrilled.
A proportion of the army’s spearmen,
crossbowmen or archers can be Mudejars
(Muslims) or Jews conscripted from the
formerly Muslim areas. This does not affect
their classification.
Military Orders Knight
EARLY CROWN OF ARAGON STARTER ARMY 1276 AD

Commander-in-Chief 1 Field Commander
Sub-commanders 2 2 x Troop Commander
Each comprising 4 bases of feudal knights: Superior, Heavily
Feudal knights 2 BGs
Armoured, Undrilled Knights – Lancers, Swordsmen
Separately deployed cavalls 4 bases of cavalls alforrats: Average, Armoured, Undrilled Cavalry –
1 BG
alforrats Lancers, Swordsmen
4 bases of jinetes: Average, Unprotected, Undrilled Light Horse –
Jinetes 1 BG
Javelins, Light Spear
Each comprising 6 bases of spearmen: Average, Protected, Undrilled
Spearmen 2 BGs
Heavy Foot – Defensive Spearmen
8 bases of crossbowmen: Average, Unprotected, Undrilled Light
Crossbowmen 1 BG
Foot – Crossbow
Each comprising 6 bases of almughavars: Superior, Protected,
Almughavars 2 BGs
Undrilled Medium Foot – Offensive Spearmen
Camp 1 Unfortified camp
Total 9 BGs Camp, 16 mounted bases, 32 foot bases, 3 commanders
6
FEUDAL CATALAN AND EARLY CROWN OF ARAGON
INTRODUCTION
BUILDING A CUSTOMISED LIST • The minima marked ** apply if any FEUDAL CATALAN AND
USING OUR ARMY POINTS almughavars or almughavar skirmishers are EARLY CROWN OF
ARAGON
Choose an army based on the maxima and used. EARLY HUNGARIAN
minima in the list below. The following special • Andalusian allies in 1010 cannot TAIFA ANDALUSIAN
FEUDAL NAVARRESE
instructions apply to this army: include Arab troops. AND ARAGONESE
• All Medium Foot almughavars FEUDAL CASTILIAN,
LEONESE OR
• Commanders should be depicted as knights. must be classified the same. PORTUGUESE
• The minimum marked * applies only if no FANATIC BERBER
almughavars are used. Crossbowman ITALO-NORMAN
FEUDAL FRENCH
IMPERIAL GERMAN
FEUDAL GERMAN
FEUDAL CATALAN AND EARLY CROWN OF ARAGON COMMUNAL ITALIAN
Territory Types: Agricultural, Developed, Hilly
PAPAL ITALIAN
C-in-C Inspired Commander/Field Commander/Troop Commander 80/50/35 1
EARLY SCOTS ISLES
Field Commander 50 0–2 AND HIGHLANDS
Sub-commanders
Troop Commander 35 0–3 FEUDAL SCOTS
Troop Type Capabilities Points Bases Total EARLY RUSSIAN
Troop name
Type Armour Quality Training Shooting Close Combat per base per BG bases FEUDAL POLISH
Core Troops ANGLO-NORMAN
Only before Lancers, LATER WELSH
Cavalry Armoured Superior Undrilled – 16 4–6 6–36
1050 Swordsmen EARLY LITHUANIAN
Only from Lancers,
OR SAMOGITIAN
Feudal knights Knights Armoured Superior Undrilled – 20 4–6 6–36 WENDISH, PRUSSIAN
1050 to 1149 Swordsmen
OR ESTONIAN
Only from Heavily Lancers,
Knights Superior Undrilled – 23 4–6 6–24 EARLY MEDIEVAL
1150 Armoured Swordsmen
FRISIA AND OTHER
Average Defensive 6
Spearmen Heavy Foot Protected Undrilled – 6–8 0–32 FREE CANTONS
Poor Spearmen 4 *8– POST-VIKING
Only from Offensive 36 SCANDINAVIAN
City militia Heavy Foot Protected Average Drilled – 8 6–8 0–12
1200 Spearmen
EARLY PLANTAGENET
Unprotected Offensive 7 ENGLISH
Superior Undrilled –
Medium Protected Spearmen 9 LATER SICILIAN
Almughavars 6–8 **6–32
Only from Foot Unprotected Impact Foot, 7
Superior Undrilled – EARLY MEDIEVAL IRISH
1150 Protected Swordsmen 9 EARLY ANGLO-IRISH
Almughavar EARLY TEUTONIC
Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 4 4–6 0–6
skirmishers KNIGHTS
Medium Before MONGOL INVASION
Protected Average Undrilled Crossbow – 6 6–8
Any date Foot 1150 EARLY GRANADINE
Crossbowmen Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Crossbow – 5 6–8 0–8,
MIDDLE PLANTAGENET
Only from Medium From 1150
ENGLISH
Protected Average Drilled Crossbow – 7 6–8 8–24
1200 Foot APPENDIX 1 – USING
Optional Troops THE LISTS
Separately deployed Only from Lancers, APPENDIX 2 – THEMED
Cavalry Armoured Average Undrilled – 12 4–6 0–6 TOURNAMENTS
cavalls alforrats 1275 Swordsmen
Only from
Light Horse Unprotected Average Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 7 4–6
1200
Jinetes 0–6
Only from
Light Horse Protected Average Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 8 4–6
1300
Mounted Only from Unprotected 7
Light Horse Average Undrilled Crossbow – 4–6 0–6
crossbowmen 1150 Protected 8
Mercenary Berber light horse Light Horse Unprotected Average Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 7 4–6 0–6
7
OATH OF FEALTY
Only from Drilled Lancers, 22

Knights Armoured Superior – 4–6
Military Orders 1100 to 1149 Undrilled Swordsmen 20
0–8
knights Only from Heavily Drilled Lancers, 26
Knights Superior – 4–6
1150 Armoured Undrilled Swordsmen 23
Military order Protected Defensive 7
Heavy Foot Average Drilled – 6–8 0–8
spearmen Only from Armoured Spearmen 9
Military order 1100 Medium
crossbowmen Foot
Medium Unprotected 4
Only before Average Undrilled – Light Spear
Javelinmen Foot Protected 5 6–8 0–16
1150
Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 4
Archers Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow – 5 6–8 0–8
Slingers Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Sling – 4 6–8 0–8
Fortified camp 24 0–1
Allies
Taifa Andalusian allies (only from 1031 to 1100) – Taifa Andalusian
Special Campaigns
Expedition to Cordova in 1010
Andalusian allies – Andalusian – See Field of Glory Companion 8: Wolves from the Sea:The Dark Ages
Majorca Crusade 1113 to 1115
Pisan allies – Italian Communal
FEUDAL CATALAN AND EARLY CROWN OF ARAGON ALLIES

Allied commander Field Commander/Troop Commander 40/25 1
Troop Type Capabilities Points Bases Total
Troop name
Type Armour Quality Training Shooting Close Combat per base per BG bases
Only before Lancers,
Cavalry Armoured Superior Undrilled – 16 4–6
1050 Swordsmen
Only from Lancers,
Feudal knights Knights Armoured Superior Undrilled – 20 4–6 4–8
Knights Superior Undrilled – 23 4–6
Average Defensive 6
Spearmen Heavy Foot Protected Undrilled – 6–8 0–8
Poor Spearmen 4 *4–
Only from Offensive 12
City militia Heavy Foot Protected Average Drilled – 8 4 0–4
1200 Spearmen
Unprotected Offensive 7
Only from Medium Protected Spearmen 9
Almughavars 6–8 0–8
1150 Foot Unprotected Impact Foot, 7
Protected Swordsmen 9
Medium
Only from Protected Average Undrilled Crossbow – 6 6–8
Foot
1150
Crossbowmen Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Crossbow – 5 6–8 6–8
Only from Medium
Protected Average Drilled Crossbow – 7 6–8
1200 Foot
Medium Unprotected 5
Only before Average Undrilled – Light Spear
Javelinmen Foot Protected 4 4 0–4
1150
Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 4
8
EARLY HUNGARIAN
INTRODUCTION
FEUDAL CATALAN AND
EARLY CROWN OF
ARAGON
EARLY HUNGARIAN
TAIFA ANDALUSIAN
FEUDAL NAVARRESE
AND ARAGONESE
FEUDAL CASTILIAN,
LEONESE OR
PORTUGUESE
FANATIC BERBER
ITALO-NORMAN
FEUDAL FRENCH
IMPERIAL GERMAN
FEUDAL GERMAN
COMMUNAL ITALIAN
PAPAL ITALIAN
EARLY SCOTS ISLES
AND HIGHLANDS
FEUDAL SCOTS
EARLY RUSSIAN
FEUDAL POLISH
ANGLO-NORMAN
LATER WELSH
EARLY LITHUANIAN
OR SAMOGITIAN
WENDISH, PRUSSIAN
OR ESTONIAN
EARLY MEDIEVAL
Saragossan troops, by Angus McBride. Taken from Men-at-Arms 200: El Cid and the Reconquista FRISIA AND OTHER
FREE CANTONS
1050–1492 POST-VIKING
SCANDINAVIAN
EARLY PLANTAGENET
ENGLISH
EARLY HUNGARIAN LATER SICILIAN
EARLY MEDIEVAL IRISH
EARLY ANGLO-IRISH
In 1000 the Magyar High Prince, Vajk, of the of the magnates. When the Mongols invaded in
EARLY TEUTONIC
Árpád dynasty, accepted Christianity. He was 1241, many of the magnates failed to answer KNIGHTS
recognised as King of Hungary by Pope Sylvester the call of King Béla IV, who was severely MONGOL INVASION
EARLY GRANADINE
II and ruled under his Christian name of István defeated at the Battle of Mohi. The Mongols MIDDLE PLANTAGENET
(Stephen) I. Under his successors Hungary caused much devastation and slaughtered up to ENGLISH
developed a feudal economy and expanded its a third of the population before being recalled THE LISTS
territories, becoming one of the leading powers to elect a new Great Khan on the death of APPENDIX 2 – THEMED
TOURNAMENTS
in south-eastern Europe. Ögedei in 1242.
Until the 13th century, the Árpád kings The last king of the Árpád line, András III, died
enjoyed more or less absolute power. In the in 1301. Following a protracted succession
early 13th century, however, they found it struggle, the Angevin Charles I Robert ascended
necessary to make large land grants to the the throne in 1308. This list covers Hungarian
nobles, shifting the balance of power in favour armies from 1000 to 1308.
9
OATH OF FEALTY
TROOP NOTES who themselves came to adopt their equipment

Though primarily equipped with lance and and tactics. The king’s household and court were
shield, Hungarian armoured cavalry continued to the first to do so.
carry bows and operate as heavy horse archers Classification of Szeklers presents some
when necessary until the end of the 12th century. difficulty, so we have given a choice of
Many western knights, principally interpretations.
Germans and Italians, were Cuman prisoners of war were settled on the
employed as mercenaries frontier from the later 11th century. In 1239,
and subsequently granted however, 40,000 of them under Khan Kötöny
Hungarian lands especially in were accepted into Hungary following their
the east of the kingdom. defeat by the Mongols, in return for military
They gradually became service. A stormy relationship ensued, with several
absorbed into the attempts being made to purge them before they
Hungarian nobility, finally agreed at the end of the 13th century to
accept Christianity, adopt a settled life style and
Italian Knight stop killing Hungarians.
EARLY HUNGARIAN STARTER ARMY 1175 AD

4 bases of Hungarian nobles and gentry: Superior, Heavily Armoured,
Hungarian nobles and gentry 1 BG
Undrilled Knights – Lancers, Swordsmen
Each comprising 4 bases of Hungarian nobles and gentry: Superior,
Hungarian nobles and gentry 2 BGs
Armoured, Undrilled Cavalry – Bow*, Light Spear, Swordsmen
4 bases of German knights and sergeants: Superior, Heavily Armoured,
German knights and sergeants 1 BG
Each comprising 4 bases of horse archers: Average, Unprotected,
Horse archers 4 BGs
Undrilled Light Horse – Bow
8 bases of foot archers: Poor, Unprotected, Undrilled Light Foot –
Foot archers 1 BG
Bow
BUILDING A CUSTOMISED LIST • Commanders should be

USING OUR ARMY POINTS depicted as nobles.
Choose an army based on the maxima and • Only one allied contingent
minima in the list below. The following special can be used.
instructions apply to this army:
Hungarian Archer
10
EARLY HUNGARIAN
INTRODUCTION
EARLY HUNGARIAN
Territory Types: Agricultural, Hilly FEUDAL CATALAN AND
EARLY CROWN OF
C-in-C Inspired Commander/Field Commander/Troop Commander 80/50/35 1 ARAGON
Field Commander 50 0–2 EARLY HUNGARIAN
Sub-commanders
Troop Commander 35 0–3 TAIFA ANDALUSIAN
Troop Type Capabilities Points Bases Total FEUDAL NAVARRESE
Troop name AND ARAGONESE
FEUDAL CASTILIAN,
Core Troops
LEONESE OR
Only before Light Spear, PORTUGUESE
Cavalry Armoured Superior Undrilled Bow* 18 4–6 0–8
1200 Swordsmen
FANATIC BERBER
Cavalry Armoured Superior Undrilled – 16 4–6 0–6 ITALO-NORMAN
Hungarian nobles 1050 Swordsmen
4–12 FEUDAL FRENCH
and gentry Only from Lancers,
Knights Armoured Superior Undrilled – 20 4–6 0–6 IMPERIAL GERMAN
Only from Heavily Lancers, FEUDAL GERMAN
Knights Superior Undrilled – 23 4–6 0–12
1150 Armoured Swordsmen COMMUNAL ITALIAN
Only before Lancers, PAPAL ITALIAN
1050 Swordsmen
EARLY SCOTS ISLES
German, Italian or Only from Knights Armoured Superior Undrilled –
Lancers,
20 4–6 AND HIGHLANDS
other western 1050 to 1149 Swordsmen
0–8 FEUDAL SCOTS
knights and Only from Heavily Lancers,
sergeants Knights Superior Undrilled – 23 4–6 EARLY RUSSIAN
Only from Heavily Lancers, FEUDAL POLISH
Knights Average Drilled – 21 4–6
1200 Armoured Swordsmen ANGLO-NORMAN
Hungarian, Pecheneg (Bessi), Light Horse Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow – 8 4–6 LATER WELSH
Cuman, Jazyges or other horse 12–36 EARLY LITHUANIAN
archers Light Horse Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow Swordsmen 10 4–6
OR SAMOGITIAN
Superior 12
Light Horse Unprotected Undrilled Bow Swordsmen WENDISH, PRUSSIAN
Average 10 OR ESTONIAN
Superior Light Spear, 13 EARLY MEDIEVAL
Light Horse Unprotected Undrilled Bow FRISIA AND OTHER
Average Swordsmen 11
FREE CANTONS
Unprotected Superior 12
POST-VIKING
Unprotected Average 10 SCANDINAVIAN
Szeklers Cavalry Undrilled Bow Swordsmen 4–6 0–18
Protected Superior 14 EARLY PLANTAGENET
Protected Average 11 ENGLISH
LATER SICILIAN
Unprotected Average Light Spear, 10
Cavalry Undrilled Bow* EARLY ANGLO-IRISH
Protected Superior Swordsmen 14
EARLY TEUTONIC
Protected Average 11 KNIGHTS
Optional Troops MONGOL INVASION
Lancers, EARLY GRANADINE
Cavalry Armoured Superior Undrilled – 16 4
Only from Swordsmen
MIDDLE PLANTAGENET
1097 to 1149 Light Spear,
Croat nobles Cavalry Armoured Superior Undrilled – 16 4 0–4 ENGLISH
Swordsmen
Knights Superior Undrilled – 23 4 THE LISTS
APPENDIX 2 – THEMED
Teutonic Order Only from Heavily Lancers,
Knights Superior Drilled – 26 2 0–2 TOURNAMENTS
knights 1211 to 1225 Armoured Swordsmen
Hungarian Slav, Croat or Serb Average Defensive 6
Heavy Foot Protected Undrilled – 6–8 0–12
spearmen Poor Spearmen 4
Medium Average 5
Unprotected Undrilled Bow – 6–8
Hungarian Slav, Croat or Serb foot Foot Poor 3
0–24
archers Average 5
Light Foot Unprotected Undrilled Bow – 6–8
Poor 3
11
OATH OF FEALTY
Only from Medium Light Spear,

Croat axemen Protected Average Undrilled – 6 4–6
1097 Foot Swordsmen
0–6
Medium
Vlach foot Protected Average Undrilled – Light Spear 5 4–6
Foot
Allies
Cuman allies (Only from 1239) – Cuman – See Field of Glory Companion 4: Swords and Scimitars:The Crusades
Mongol allies (Only in 1285) – Tatar – See Field of Glory Companion 6: Eternal Empire: Byzantium at War
Polish allies (Only from 1017 to 1116) – Early Polish – See Field of Glory Companion 8: Wolves from the Sea:The Dark Ages – or Feudal Polish
Rus Allies (Only from 1019 to 1046) – Rus – See Field of Glory Companion 8: Wolves from the Sea:The Dark Ages
EARLY HUNGARIAN ALLIES

Troop name
Only before Light Spear,
Cavalry Armoured Superior Undrilled Bow* 18 4
1200 Swordsmen
Hungarian nobles 1050 Swordsmen
0–4
and gentry Only from Lancers,
Knights Armoured Superior Undrilled – 20 4
Knights Superior Undrilled – 23 4
1050 Swordsmen
German, Italian or Only from Lancers,
other western 1050 to 1149 Swordsmen
0–4
knights and Only from Heavily Lancers,
sergeants 1150 Armoured Swordsmen
Knights Average Drilled – 21 4
Hungarian, Pecheneg (Bessi), Light Horse Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow – 8 4–6
Cuman, Jazyges or other 4–12
horse archers Light Horse Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow Swordsmen 10 4–6
Superior 12
Light Horse Unprotected Undrilled Bow Swordsmen
Average 10
Superior Light Spear, 13
Light Horse Unprotected Undrilled Bow
Unprotected Average 10
Szeklers Cavalry Undrilled Bow Swordsmen 4–6 0–6
Protected Superior 14
Protected Average 11
Unprotected Average Light Spear, 10
Cavalry Undrilled Bow*
Hungarian Slav, Croat or Serb Average Defensive 6
Heavy Foot Protected Undrilled – 4 0–4
spearmen Poor Spearmen 4
Medium Average 5
Unprotected Undrilled Bow – 6–8
Hungarian Slav, Croat or Serb Foot Poor 3
0–8
foot archers Average 5
Poor 3
12
TAIFA ANDALUSIAN
INTRODUCTION
FEUDAL CATALAN AND
EARLY CROWN OF
ARAGON
EARLY HUNGARIAN
TAIFA ANDALUSIAN
FEUDAL NAVARRESE
AND ARAGONESE
FEUDAL CASTILIAN,
LEONESE OR
PORTUGUESE
FANATIC BERBER
ITALO-NORMAN
FEUDAL FRENCH
IMPERIAL GERMAN
FEUDAL GERMAN
COMMUNAL ITALIAN
PAPAL ITALIAN
EARLY SCOTS ISLES
AND HIGHLANDS
FEUDAL SCOTS
EARLY RUSSIAN
FEUDAL POLISH
ANGLO-NORMAN
LATER WELSH
EARLY LITHUANIAN
OR SAMOGITIAN
WENDISH, PRUSSIAN
OR ESTONIAN
EARLY MEDIEVAL
Hungarian cavalry, by Angus McBride. Taken from Men-at-Arms 195: Hungary and the fall of Eastern FRISIA AND OTHER
Europe 1000–1568 FREE CANTONS
POST-VIKING
SCANDINAVIAN
TAIFA ANDALUSIAN EARLY PLANTAGENET
ENGLISH
LATER SICILIAN
This list covers the armies of the Muslim Taifa ones. The Taifas of Sevilla, Zaragoza, Valencia EARLY MEDIEVAL IRISH
EARLY ANGLO-IRISH
kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula from the and Murcia were the most important in this
EARLY TEUTONIC
break up of the Andalusian Caliphate until the period. They fought among themselves and KNIGHTS
Almoravid conquest. Armies of the Caliphate against the Christian kingdoms with the MONGOL INVASION
EARLY GRANADINE
itself are covered by the Andalusian list in Field of support of Christian mercenary troops and MIDDLE PLANTAGENET
Glory Companion 8:Wolves from the Sea. the Almoravids of North Africa. ENGLISH
In 1009 the Andalusian Caliphate was This is the age of Rodrigo Diaz THE LISTS
fragmented by internal conflicts, and finally de Vivar – El Cid. He was a APPENDIX 2 – THEMED
TOURNAMENTS
abolished in 1031. The Andalusian state was mercenary warlord and
divided into a number of small kingdoms called fought on the Muslim or
Taifa kingdoms. It was the start of the true Christian side at various
Reconquista. The Taifa kingdoms fell into internal times, often as commander.
wars, and by the middle of the 11th century the
larger kingdoms had conquered all the smaller Andalusian Archer
13
OATH OF FEALTY
In 1086 the Christian advance alarmed the together with other mercenaries including
Andalusian Muslims, and they requested help from Castilians, Aragonese and Franks.
the Almoravids of North Africa. The Almoravids “Slav” foot comprised the descendants of
entered Al-Andalus in 1086 and defeated the former mamluk (slave) foot of Christian origin.
Christians at Sagrajas the same year. They Following the collapse of the Andalusian
conquered all of the Andalusian kingdoms except Caliphate they ruled several Taifa kingdoms,
Murcia, which resisted them until 1172 thanks to including Valencia, Tortosa, Denia and Baleares.
the recruitment of Christian mercenary troops. Most of these were small and lacked substantial
armies. Following the capture of Valencia by the
TROOP NOTES Taifa of Toledo in 1074, many fled to Murcia.
Almughavars were border soldiers, called El Cid’s mesnaderos were a veteran body that
Almogavari by the Muslims. They were used by fought together for many years. They may
Ibn Mardanish to defend the Taifa of Murcia, therefore deserve Drilled status.
MURCIAN STARTER ARMY 1165 AD

Each comprising 4 bases of Christian mercenaries: Superior, Heavily
Christian mercenaries 2 BGs
Each comprising 4 bases of Andalusian or Berber light horse: Average,
Andalusian or Berber cavalry 3 BGs
Unprotected, Undrilled Light Horse – Javelins, Light Spear
8 bases of Andalusian spearmen: Average, Protected, Undrilled Heavy
Andalusian spearmen 1 BG
Foot – Defensive Spearmen
8 bases of Christian spearmen: Average, Protected, Undrilled Heavy
Christian spearmen 1 BG
Foot – Defensive Spearmen
8 bases of almughavars: Superior, Protected, Undrilled Medium Foot –
Almughavars 1 BG
Offensive Spearmen
Archers 1 BG 8 bases of archers: Average, Unprotected, Undrilled Light Foot – Bow
BUILDING A CUSTOMISED LIST the C-in-C must be “The Cid”

USING OUR ARMY POINTS (IC/FC).
• Commanders should be depicted as Arab or • All almughavars must be
Andalusian cavalry. classified the same.
• Minima marked * only apply if any • Almoravid allies cannot be
Christians are used. used with El Cid mesnaderos,
• El Cid mesnaderos can only be used by the Aragonese knights or other
Taifa of Zaragoza if the C-in-C is “The Cid” Christian troops.
(IC/FC).
• In the Taifa of Valencia from 1094 to 1101, Black Spearman
14
TAIFA ANDALUSIAN
INTRODUCTION
FEUDAL CATALAN AND
EARLY CROWN OF
ARAGON
EARLY HUNGARIAN
TAIFA ANDALUSIAN
FEUDAL NAVARRESE
AND ARAGONESE
FEUDAL CASTILIAN,
LEONESE OR
PORTUGUESE
FANATIC BERBER
ITALO-NORMAN
FEUDAL FRENCH
IMPERIAL GERMAN
FEUDAL GERMAN
COMMUNAL ITALIAN
PAPAL ITALIAN
EARLY SCOTS ISLES
AND HIGHLANDS
FEUDAL SCOTS
EARLY RUSSIAN
FEUDAL POLISH
ANGLO-NORMAN
LATER WELSH
EARLY LITHUANIAN
OR SAMOGITIAN
WENDISH, PRUSSIAN
OR ESTONIAN
EARLY MEDIEVAL
FRISIA AND OTHER
FREE CANTONS
POST-VIKING
SCANDINAVIAN
EARLY PLANTAGENET
ENGLISH
LATER SICILIAN
EARLY ANGLO-IRISH
EARLY TEUTONIC
KNIGHTS
MONGOL INVASION
EARLY GRANADINE
MIDDLE PLANTAGENET
ENGLISH
THE LISTS
TOURNAMENTS
El Cid, by Angus McBride. Taken from Men-at-Arms 200: El Cid and the Reconquista 1050–1492
15
OATH OF FEALTY
TAIFA ANDALUSIAN
Field Commander 50 0–2
Sub-commanders
Troop Commander 35 0–3
Troop name
Core Troops
Andalusian or Berber cavalry Light Horse Unprotected Average Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 7 4–6 8–36
Drilled Defensive 7 2/3
Andalusian spearmen Heavy Foot Protected Average – 8–24
Undrilled Spearmen 6 or all
8–12
Drilled or 1/3
Supporting archers Light Foot Unprotected Average Bow – 5 0–12
Undrilled or 0
Average Drilled or 5
Light Foot Unprotected Bow – 6–8
Poor Undrilled 3
8–24
Protected Drilled 7
Separately deployed archers 0–24
Protected Undrilled 6
Medium Foot Average Bow – 6–8
Unprotected Drilled 6
Unprotected Undrilled 5
Optional Troops
Andalusian or other horse archers Light Horse Unprotected Average Drilled Bow – 8 4 0–4
Defensive 2/3
Andalusian levy spearmen Heavy Foot Protected Poor Undrilled – 5 0–12
Spearmen or all
8–12
1/3
Supporting archers Light Foot Unprotected Poor Undrilled Bow – 3 0–6
or 0
Black spearmen Medium Foot Protected Average Undrilled – Light Spear 5 6–8 0–8
Defensive 2/3
Berber spearmen Heavy Foot Protected Average Undrilled – 6
Spearmen or all
8–12
1/3 0–16
Supporting archers Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow – 5
or 0
Berber javelinmen Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 4 6–8
Slingers Light Foot Unprotected Sling – 6–8 0–8
Poor Undrilled 2
Only Taifa of Seville (From 1023 to 1091) or Taifa Of Zaragoza (From 1017 to 1110)
Armoured Superior 17
Armoured Average Lancers, 13
Arab cavalry Cavalry Drilled – 4–6 0–10
Christian 1050 Swordsmen
mercenaries Only from Lancers,
1050 Swordsmen
0–4
Only Seville in
Drilled 22
El Cid 1079 or Lancers,
Knights Armoured Superior – 4
mesnaderos Zaragoza from Swordsmen
Undrilled 20
1081 to 1086
Defensive
Christian spearmen Heavy Foot Protected Average Undrilled – 6 6–8 *8–16
Spearmen
Only Taifa of Murcia (From 1147 to 1172)
Knights Armoured Superior Undrilled – 20 4–6
4–10
mercenaries Only from Heavily Lancers,
Defensive
Christian spearmen Heavy Foot Protected Average Undrilled – 6 6–8 8–20
Spearmen
16
TAIFA ANDALUSIAN
Protected Impact Foot, 9 INTRODUCTION

Medium Foot Superior Undrilled – 6–8
Unprotected Swordsmen 7 FEUDAL CATALAN AND
Almughavars 0–8 EARLY CROWN OF
Protected Offensive 9
Medium Foot Superior Undrilled – 6–8 ARAGON
Unprotected Spearmen 7
Armoured 9
EARLY HUNGARIAN
Heavy Foot or Light Spear,
“Slav” foot Average Drilled – 4–6 0–6 TAIFA ANDALUSIAN
Medium Foot Protected Swordsmen 7
Only Taifa of Valencia (From 1094 to 1101) FEUDAL NAVARRESE
AND ARAGONESE
Drilled Lancers, 22
El Cid mesnaderos Knights Armoured Superior – 4 4 FEUDAL CASTILIAN,
Undrilled Swordsmen 20
LEONESE OR
Lancers, PORTUGUESE
Aragonese knights Knights Armoured Superior Undrilled – 20 4 0–4
Swordsmen
FANATIC BERBER
Defensive
Christian spearmen Heavy Foot Protected Average Undrilled – 6 6–8 8–16 ITALO-NORMAN
Spearmen
Christian archers Medium Foot Protected Average Undrilled Bow – 6 4–6 0–6 FEUDAL FRENCH
Allies IMPERIAL GERMAN
Almoravid Allies (Only from 1039) – Fanatic Berber FEUDAL GERMAN
COMMUNAL ITALIAN
PAPAL ITALIAN
EARLY SCOTS ISLES
TAIFA ANDALUSIAN ALLIES AND HIGHLANDS
FEUDAL SCOTS
Troop name EARLY RUSSIAN
FEUDAL POLISH
Andalusian or Berber cavalry Light Horse Unprotected Average Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 7 4–6 4–12 ANGLO-NORMAN
Drilled Defensive 7 2/3 LATER WELSH
Andalusian spearmen Heavy Foot Protected Average – 4–8
Undrilled Spearmen 6 or all
8–12 EARLY LITHUANIAN
Drilled or 1/3 OR SAMOGITIAN
Supporting archers Light Foot Unprotected Average Bow – 5 0–4
Undrilled or 0
WENDISH, PRUSSIAN
Light Foot Unprotected Bow – 6–8 3–8
OR ESTONIAN
Poor Undrilled 3
Separately deployed archers 0–8 EARLY MEDIEVAL
Protected 7 FRISIA AND OTHER
Medium Foot Average Drilled Bow – 6–8
Unprotected 6 FREE CANTONS
Defensive 2/3 POST-VIKING
Andalusian levy spearmen Heavy Foot Protected Poor Undrilled – 5 0–4
Spearmen or all SCANDINAVIAN
4–6
1/3 EARLY PLANTAGENET
or 0 ENGLISH
Defensive 2/3
Berber spearmen Heavy Foot Protected Average Undrilled – 6 LATER SICILIAN
Spearmen or all
6 EARLY MEDIEVAL IRISH
1/3 0–6
Supporting archers Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow – 5 or 0 EARLY ANGLO-IRISH
Berber javelinmen Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 4 4–6 EARLY TEUTONIC
Only Taifa of Seville (From 1023 to 1091) or Taifa Of Zaragoza (From 1017 to 1110) KNIGHTS
Armoured Superior 17 MONGOL INVASION
Armoured Average Lancers, 13 EARLY GRANADINE
Arab cavalry Cavalry Drilled – 4 0–4
Protected Superior Swordsmen 13 MIDDLE PLANTAGENET
Protected Average 10 ENGLISH
Defensive APPENDIX 1 – USING
Spearmen THE LISTS
Only Taifa of Murcia (From 1147 to 1172) APPENDIX 2 – THEMED
Only before Lancers, TOURNAMENTS
0–4
mercenaries Only from Heavily Lancers,
Defensive
Spearmen
Only Taifa of Valencia (From 1094 to 1101)
Defensive
Spearmen
17
OATH OF FEALTY
Andalusian cavalry, by Angus McBride. Taken from Men-at-Arms 348: The Moors
FEUDAL NAVARRESE AND ARAGONESE

After the death of Sancho III in 1035 AD, his the kingdom successfully expanded to the south
possessions were split between his four sons. following the Ebro valley, especially under
Ramiro I received the county of Aragon, now Alfonso I the Battler who defeated the
converted into a brand new kingdom. Garcia Almoravids at Cutanda (1120) and Cullera
Sánchez II became the new king of Navarre. (1126) and conquered Saragossa in 1118 with
Fernando inherited the County of Castille, and the support of French crusaders. At his death
soon became King of León after a short civil war following the siege of Fraga (1134), the two
against Bermudo III. Gonzalo Sánchez received kingdoms definitively split. Ramiro of Aragon
the counties of Sobrarbe and Ribagorza, also betrothed his daughter Petronila to Ramon
converted into a kingdom, but it was incorporated Berenguer IV of Barcelona in 1137. The
into Aragon at his death ten years later. dynastic union with Catalonia is the starting
Navarre and Aragon were re-united under point of the Crown of Aragon which is covered
Sancho Ramirez in 1076. In the following years in a separate list.
18
INTRODUCTION
Sancho VI of Navarre, seeing the kingdom TROOP NOTES FEUDAL CATALAN AND
EARLY CROWN OF
menaced by Castile and the Crown of Aragon, Navarre was the first Christian state in the Iberian ARAGON
made new alliances with his northern Peninsula to lose contact with Muslim territories EARLY HUNGARIAN
neighbours; he married his daughter Berenguela as its expansion to the south was blocked by TAIFA ANDALUSIAN
FEUDAL NAVARRESE
to Richard I of England and his daughter Blanca Castile and Aragon. Therefore its army was less AND ARAGONESE
to Theobald of Champagne. His son Sancho VII influenced by Muslim warfare. On the other FEUDAL CASTILIAN,
LEONESE OR
the Strong played a major role in the decisive hand, there were strong connections with the PORTUGUESE
victory over the Muwahhidun (Almohades) at south-west of modern France from quite early FANATIC BERBER
Las Navas de Tolosa (1212) beside the kings of on, and French crusaders participated in ITALO-NORMAN
FEUDAL FRENCH
Castile and Catalonia-Aragon. He was succeeded different campaigns against the Moors. After the IMPERIAL GERMAN
by Theobald IV of Champagne and I of Navarre, union with France, Navarre was not involved in FEUDAL GERMAN
who started a new dynasty with strong French any major conflict. COMMUNAL ITALIAN
PAPAL ITALIAN
connections, including a temporary union with The military orders in the Iberian Peninsula
EARLY SCOTS ISLES
France resulting from the marriage of Juana I to were more numerous than those of other AND HIGHLANDS
Philip IV of France in 1286, and lasting until the countries, but their knights were on some FEUDAL SCOTS
EARLY RUSSIAN
death of Charles IV of France and I of Navarre in occasions less controllable, hence the option to FEUDAL POLISH
1328. Having no male heir, his daughter Juana grade them as Undrilled. They cannot be used ANGLO-NORMAN
became the new queen of Navarre, while the after the union with France in 1286. LATER WELSH
EARLY LITHUANIAN
French crown passed to his cousin Philip de A proportion of the army’s spearmen, OR SAMOGITIAN
Valois against the candidature of his nephew crossbowmen or archers can be Mudejars WENDISH, PRUSSIAN
OR ESTONIAN
Edward III of England. This succession was the (Muslims) or Jews EARLY MEDIEVAL
origin of the 100 Years War that was to start nine conscripted from the FRISIA AND OTHER
FREE CANTONS
years later. formerly Muslim areas. This POST-VIKING
This list covers Aragonese armies from 1035 does not affect their classification. SCANDINAVIAN
EARLY PLANTAGENET
until the dynastic union with Catalonia in 1147, ENGLISH
and Navarrese armies from 1035 to 1328. Javelinman LATER SICILIAN
EARLY ANGLO-IRISH
EARLY TEUTONIC
NAVARRESE STARTER ARMY 1175 AD KNIGHTS
MONGOL INVASION
Sub-commanders 2 2 x Troop Commander EARLY GRANADINE
Each comprising 4 bases of knights: Superior, Heavily Armoured, MIDDLE PLANTAGENET
Knights 3 BGs
Undrilled Knights – Lancers, Swordsmen ENGLISH
Each comprising 4 bases of Basque cavalry: Average, Unprotected, APPENDIX 1 – USING
Basque cavalry 2 BGs THE LISTS
Undrilled Light Horse – Javelins, Light Spear
Each comprising 6 bases of spearmen: Average, Protected, Undrilled TOURNAMENTS
Spearmen 2 BGs
Each comprising 6 bases of javelinmen: Average, Unprotected,
Javelinmen 3 BGs
Undrilled Light Foot – Javelins, Light Spear
19
OATH OF FEALTY
BUILDING A CUSTOMISED LIST • Commanders should be

USING OUR ARMY POINTS depicted as knights.
Choose an army based on the maxima and
minima in the list below. The following special
instructions apply to this army: Slinger

Territory Types: Agricultural, Hilly, Mountains
Sub-commanders
Troop name
Core Troops
Cavalry Armoured Superior Undrilled – 16 4–6 6–36
1050 Swordsmen
Only from Lancers,
Knights Knights Armoured Superior Undrilled – 20 4–6 6–32
Medium Protected 5
Average Undrilled – Light Spear 6–8
Javelinmen Foot Unprotected 4 12–40
Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 4 6–8
Defensive
Spearmen Heavy Foot Protected Average Undrilled – 6 6–8 6–18
Spearmen
Optional Troops
Basque cavalry or mercenary Light Horse Unprotected Average Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 7 4–6 0–12
Berber light horse
1110 to 1149 Undrilled Swordsmen 20
Military Orders 0–6
knights Drilled 26
1150 to 1286 Armoured Undrilled Swordsmen 23
1110 to 1286
Military order Medium Protected Average Drilled Crossbow – 7 4–6 0–6
crossbowmen Foot
Average 6 Before
Medium 1150
Protected Undrilled Crossbow – 6–8
Foot 0–8,
Crossbowmen Poor 4 From
1150
Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Crossbow – 5 6–8 0–16
Protected Average 6
Medium Protected Poor 4
Undrilled Bow – 6–8
Archers Foot Unprotected Average 5 0–8
Unprotected Poor 3
Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow – 5 6–8
Allies
Aragonese allies (Only Navarrese from 1045 to 1070) – Feudal Navarrese and Aragonese
French crusader allies – Feudal French
20
FEUDAL CASTILIAN, LEONESE OR PORTUGESE
INTRODUCTION
FEUDAL NAVARRESE AND ARAGONESE ALLIES
FEUDAL CATALAN AND
EARLY CROWN OF
Troop Type Capabilities Points Bases Total ARAGON
Troop name
Type Armour Quality Training Shooting Close Combat per base per BG bases EARLY HUNGARIAN
Only before Lancers, TAIFA ANDALUSIAN
1050 Swordsmen FEUDAL NAVARRESE
Only from 1050 Lancers, AND ARAGONESE
Knights Knights Armoured Superior Undrilled – 20 4–6 4–8
to 1149 Swordsmen FEUDAL CASTILIAN,
LEONESE OR
Heavily Lancers,
Only from 1150 Knights Superior Undrilled – 23 4–6 PORTUGUESE
Armoured Swordsmen
FANATIC BERBER
Medium Protected 5
Average Undrilled – Light Spear 4–8 ITALO-NORMAN
FEUDAL FRENCH
IMPERIAL GERMAN
Defensive
Spearmen Heavy Foot Protected Average Undrilled – 6 4–6 0–6 FEUDAL GERMAN
Spearmen
COMMUNAL ITALIAN
Basque cavalry or mercenary
Light Horse Unprotected Average Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 7 4 0–4 PAPAL ITALIAN
Berber light horse
Average Undrilled 6
EARLY SCOTS ISLES
Medium
Protected Crossbow – 4–6 AND HIGHLANDS
Crossbowmen Only from 1150 Foot Poor Undrilled 4 0–6
FEUDAL SCOTS
Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Crossbow – 5 4–6
EARLY RUSSIAN
FEUDAL POLISH
ANGLO-NORMAN
FEUDAL CASTILIAN, LEONESE LATER WELSH
EARLY LITHUANIAN
OR PORTUGUESE OR SAMOGITIAN
WENDISH, PRUSSIAN
OR ESTONIAN
EARLY MEDIEVAL
Fernando I, Count of Castile, was crowned king During this period Castile played a central role FRISIA AND OTHER
FREE CANTONS
of León after killing the Leonese king Bermudo in the politics of the Iberian Peninsula. At one time POST-VIKING
III in the battle of Tamarón in 1037 AD. At his or another it allied with or fought against most SCANDINAVIAN
EARLY PLANTAGENET
death, Fernando split his possessions between his of its neighbours, both Christian and Muslim, ENGLISH
sons: Sancho II received Castile, now converted and suffered several civil wars. Nevertheless it LATER SICILIAN
into a brand new kingdom, Alfonso VI received consolidated its position as the dominant power EARLY MEDIEVAL IRISH
EARLY ANGLO-IRISH
León, and Garcia received Galicia. From then in the peninsula after the final union with León in
EARLY TEUTONIC
on Castile and León were re-united and split 1230, while Portugal controlled the westernmost KNIGHTS
again on several occasions until the definitive part of it and the Crown of Aragon diverted its MONGOL INVASION
EARLY GRANADINE
union into the Crown of Castile-León made by political expansion to the Mediterranean after MIDDLE PLANTAGENET
Fernando III the Saint in 1230. conquering Valencia. ENGLISH
This list covers the armies of Castile and León Many important battles were fought during THE LISTS
from the victory of Fernando I of Castile over these turbulent times. The conquest of Toledo in APPENDIX 2 – THEMED
TOURNAMENTS
Bermudo II of León until the definitive re-union 1085 provoked the arrival of the Almoravids in
of both states, and the subsequent Crown of the Iberian Peninsula, responding to the request
Castile-León until the accession of Pedro I the for help sent by the Muslim Taifa kingdoms.
Cruel in 1350. It also covers Portuguese armies The Almoravids achieved important victories
from the foundation of the kingdom in 1139 against Castile-León at Zalaca (1086), Consuegra
until the accession of Pedro I of Portugal in 1357. (1097), Salatrices (1106) and Uclés (1108), but
21
OATH OF FEALTY
never managed to recover Toledo. To the west, TROOP NOTES

they were defeated at Ourique (1139) by Alfonso The military orders in the Iberian Peninsula were
I of Portugal, who conquered Lisbon in 1147. more numerous than those of other countries,
The Almoravids were replaced by the but their knights were on some occasions less
Muwahhidun (Almohades) from 1146, who controllable, hence the option to grade them
defeated the Castilians again at Alarcos (1195). In as Undrilled.
1212 a Crusade was called to definitively crush While there were probably at least some light
Muslim power in the peninsula. The European horse from quite early on, they were not called
Crusaders abandoned the expedition after the jinetes until their numbers greatly expanded
conquest of Calatrava due to the scanty booty during the 13th century. They can include both
taken, but the combined armies of Alfonso VIII of Muslims, mostly Berbers, and Christians.
Castile, Pere II of Aragon (I of Catalonia) and Caballeros villanos were non-noble knights
Sancho VII of Navarre inflicted such a severe supplied by the cities as a core part of their
defeat on the Muwahhidun that they would never militia forces. In areas reconquered from the
recover. A couple of years later Fernando III of Moors they may have retained their customary
Castile-León conquered Cordova, Jaén fighting style.
and Seville, Portugal conquered the A proportion of the army’s spearmen,
Algarve, and Muslim territories crossbowmen or archers can be Mudejars
in modern Spain were rapidly (Muslims) or Jews conscripted from the
reduced to the Kingdom of formerly Muslim areas. This does not affect their
Granada in the extreme south. classification.
Spearman
FEUDAL CASTILIAN STARTER ARMY 1225 AD

Commander-in-Chief 1 Troop Commander
4 bases of Military Order knights: Superior, Heavily Armoured,
Military Order knights 1 BG
Drilled Knights – Lancers, Swordsmen
4 bases of caballeros villanos: Average, Armoured, Undrilled Cavalry –
Caballeros villanos 1 BG
Lancers, Swordsmen
4 bases of jinetes: Average, Unprotected, Undrilled Light Horse –
Jinetes 1 BG
Spearmen 2 BGs
6 bases of crossbowmen: Average, Unprotected, Undrilled Light Foot –
Crossbowmen 1 BG
Crossbow
Slingers 1 BG 6 bases of slingers: Average, Unprotected, Undrilled Light Foot – Sling
22
FEUDAL CASTILIAN, LEONESE OR PORTUGESE
INTRODUCTION
BUILDING A CUSTOMISED LIST • Commanders should be FEUDAL CATALAN AND
USING OUR ARMY POINTS depicted as knights. EARLY CROWN OF
ARAGON
Choose an army based on the maxima and EARLY HUNGARIAN
minima in the list below. The following special TAIFA ANDALUSIAN
FEUDAL NAVARRESE
instructions apply to this army: Archer AND ARAGONESE
FEUDAL CASTILIAN,
LEONESE OR
FEUDAL CASTILIAN, LEONESE OR PORTUGUESE PORTUGUESE
Territory Types: Agricultural, Developed, Hilly FANATIC BERBER
C-in-C Inspired Commander/Field Commander/Troop Commander 80/50/35 1 ITALO-NORMAN
Field Commander 50 0–2 FEUDAL FRENCH
Sub-commanders
Troop Commander 35 0–3 IMPERIAL GERMAN
Troop Type Capabilities Points Bases Total FEUDAL GERMAN
Troop name
Type Armour Quality Training Shooting Close Combat per base per BG bases COMMUNAL ITALIAN
Core Troops PAPAL ITALIAN
Only before Lancers, EARLY SCOTS ISLES
Cavalry Armoured Superior Undrilled – 16 4–6 6–36 AND HIGHLANDS
1050 Swordsmen
Only from Lancers, FEUDAL SCOTS
1050 to 1149 Swordsmen EARLY RUSSIAN
Only from Heavily Lancers, FEUDAL POLISH
1150 Armoured Swordsmen ANGLO-NORMAN
Lancers, LATER WELSH
Any date Cavalry Armoured Average Undrilled – 12 4–6
Swordsmen
Caballeros villanos 0–8 EARLY LITHUANIAN
Only from Lancers, OR SAMOGITIAN
Knights Armoured Average Undrilled – 16 4–6
1050 Swordsmen WENDISH, PRUSSIAN
Only from Drilled Lancers, 22 OR ESTONIAN
Military order 1100 to 1149 Undrilled Swordsmen 20 EARLY MEDIEVAL
0–8
knights Only from Heavily Drilled Lancers, 26 FRISIA AND OTHER
1150 Armoured Undrilled Swordsmen 23 FREE CANTONS
Average Defensive 6 POST-VIKING
Spearmen Heavy Foot Protected Undrilled – 6–8 6–24 SCANDINAVIAN
Poor Spearmen 4
Only from EARLY PLANTAGENET
Light Horse Unprotected Average Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 7 4–6 ENGLISH
1200
Jinetes 4–12 LATER SICILIAN
Only from
Light Horse Protected Average Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 8 4–6
1300 EARLY MEDIEVAL IRISH
Optional Troops EARLY ANGLO-IRISH
Basque or mercenary Berber light EARLY TEUTONIC
Light Horse Unprotected Average Drilled Javelins Light Spear 7 4–6 0–6 KNIGHTS
horse
Mounted Only from Unprotected 7 MONGOL INVASION
Light Horse Average Drilled Crossbow – 4–6 0–6
crossbowmen 1150 Protected 8 EARLY GRANADINE
Medium Protected 5 MIDDLE PLANTAGENET
Average Undrilled – Light Spear 6–8 ENGLISH
Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 4 6–8 APPENDIX 1 – USING
Before THE LISTS
Average 6
Medium 1150 APPENDIX 2 – THEMED
Protected Undrilled Crossbow – 6–8
Foot 0–8, TOURNAMENTS
Crossbowmen Poor 4
From
1150
0–16
Protected Average 6
Undrilled Bow – 6–8
Archers Foot Unprotected Average 5 0–12
Unprotected Poor 3
23
OATH OF FEALTY

1100
Military order Medium
crossbowmen Foot
Allies
Navarrese allies (Only if Castilian) – Feudal Navarrese and Aragonese
Catalano–Aragonese allies (Only if Castilian after 1135) – Feudal Catalan and Early Crown of Aragon
Portuguese allies (Only if Castilian after 1140) – Feudal Castilian, Leonese or Portuguese
Granadine allies (Only if Castilian after 1238) – Early Granadine
Marinid allies (Only after 1269) – Fanatic Berber
FEUDAL CASTILIAN, LEONESE OR PORTUGUESE ALLIES

Troop name
1050 Swordsmen
Only from 1050 Lancers,
to 1149 Swordsmen
Heavily Lancers,
Only from 1150 Knights Superior Undrilled – 23 4–6
Armoured Swordsmen
Lancers, 4–
Any date Cavalry Armoured Average Undrilled – 12 4
Caballeros Swordsmen 12
0–4
villanos Lancers,
Only from 1050 Knights Armoured Average Undrilled – 16 4
Swordsmen
Only from 1100 Drilled Lancers, 22
Knights Armoured Superior – 4
Military order to 1149 Undrilled Swordsmen 20
0–4
knights Heavily Drilled Lancers, 26
Only from 1150 Knights Superior – 4
Armoured Undrilled Swordsmen 23
Average Defensive 6
Spearmen Heavy Foot Protected Undrilled – 6–8 0–8
Poor Spearmen 4
Only from 1200 Light Horse Unprotected Average Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 7 4
Jinetes 0–4
Only from 1300 Light Horse Protected Average Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 8 4
Medium Protected 5
Average Undrilled – Light Spear 4–6
Average Undrilled 6
Medium
Protected Crossbow – 4–6
Foot
Crossbowmen Only from 1150 Poor Undrilled 4
Protected Average 6 0–8

Undrilled Bow – 4
Archers Foot Unprotected Average 5
Unprotected Poor 3
Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow – 5 4
Slingers Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Sling – 4 4
24
FANATIC BERBER
INTRODUCTION
FANATIC BERBER FEUDAL CATALAN AND
EARLY CROWN OF
ARAGON
Arising circa 1039 AD, the Murabit (Almoravid) Hafsids ruled Tunisia until 1574, also with a EARLY HUNGARIAN
sect was considered the most fanatical faction short period of Marinid occupation. The Crown TAIFA ANDALUSIAN
FEUDAL NAVARRESE
in the Islamic world. Its ideology spread among of Aragon established a protectorate over Hafsid AND ARAGONESE
the tribes of Sub-Saharan Africa within a few Tunisia and the Hafsids used Catalan mercenaries FEUDAL CASTILIAN,
LEONESE OR
years, then to North West Africa, forming the against the main Marinid power as well as their PORTUGUESE
Almoravid Empire. In 1086, the Almoravids Abdalwadid neighbours. FANATIC BERBER
entered Spain in response to a plea for aid This list covers Almoravid (Murabit) armies ITALO-NORMAN
FEUDAL FRENCH
from al-Mutamid, king of the Taifa of Seville, from 1039 to 1146, Almohad armies from 1130 IMPERIAL GERMAN
following the conquest of Toledo by Alfonso VI to 1269, Marinid armies from 1248 to 1465, FEUDAL GERMAN
in 1085. The Christians were defeated at the Abdalwadid armies from 1236 to 1500 and COMMUNAL ITALIAN
PAPAL ITALIAN
Battle of Sagrajas (1086) and the Almoravids Hafsid armies from 1229 to 1500.
EARLY SCOTS ISLES
quickly took control of the south of the AND HIGHLANDS
peninsula, defeating and annexing one by one TROOP NOTES FEUDAL SCOTS
EARLY RUSSIAN
all the Taifa kingdoms. Black Guard were usually deployed in the rear. FEUDAL POLISH
From 1130 to 1149 the Almohades Lamtuna and Hintata were tribal troops, but were ANGLO-NORMAN
conquered North Africa from the Almoravids. trained to fight in close formation with long LATER WELSH
EARLY LITHUANIAN
They invaded the Iberian peninsula in 1145, spears, and were considered the best infantry in OR SAMOGITIAN
transferring their capital to Seville in 1170 and the Almoravid and Almohad armies. Lamtuna WENDISH, PRUSSIAN
OR ESTONIAN
capturing the surviving Taifa of Murcia in 1172. covered their faces with veils. Andalusian infantry EARLY MEDIEVAL
After their victory over Christian troops at were used as sacrificial troops to blunt the FRISIA AND OTHER
FREE CANTONS
Alarcos in 1195, the Christians organized a charges of the Christian knights. At Sagrajas POST-VIKING
counter-attack in 1212, designated a Crusade by 4,000 Black Africans with javelins and sword SCANDINAVIAN
EARLY PLANTAGENET
the Pope. The Almohades were defeated at the were used by the Almoravids to attack the ENGLISH
Battle of Navas de Tolosa and driven south. Only Christian camp. We assume that these were LATER SICILIAN
the Emirate of Granada under the Nasrid dynasty similar to Black troops used by the Fatimids. EARLY MEDIEVAL IRISH
EARLY ANGLO-IRISH
and an epidemic of disease stopped the Sagrajas was the first battle in Spain in which
EARLY TEUTONIC
Christians from conquering the whole peninsula. camels were used – with great KNIGHTS
By 1269 the Almohades were replaced in success against the Christian MONGOL INVASION
EARLY GRANADINE
Africa by the Marinid dynasty. The Marinids knights. “Ghuzz” mercenaries MIDDLE PLANTAGENET
supported the Emirate of Granada in its war were probably Turcomans. Arab ENGLISH
against the Christians in Spain until their defeat cavalry were the Almohades’ THE LISTS
by the Hafsids in 1465. response to Christian knights. APPENDIX 2 – THEMED
TOURNAMENTS
Following the fall of the Almohad Empire the They were not used in Africa.
Marinids coexisted with two other dynasties in Christian mercenaries were used
North West Africa: The Abdalwadids ruled Algeria in Africa but not in Spain.
until 1550 with two short periods of Marinid
occupation (1337–1348 and 1352–1359). The Black Guard
25
OATH OF FEALTY
ALMOHAD STARTER ARMY 1175 AD

Each comprising 4 bases of Andalusian or Berber cavalry: Average,
Berber or Andalusian cavalry 3 BGs
4 bases of Arab cavalry: Average, Armoured, Undrilled Cavalry –
Arab cavalry 1 BG
Lancers, Swordsmen
4 bases of camelry: Average, Protected, Undrilled Camelry – Lancers,
Camelry 1 BG
Swordsmen
8 bases of Lamtuna or Hintata spearmen: Superior, Protected, Drilled
Lamtuna or Hintata spearmen 1 BG
Heavy Foot – Offensive Spearmen
Other Berber or Black Each comprising 8 bases of other Berber or Black spearmen: Average,
3 BGs
spearmen Protected, Undrilled Heavy Foot – Defensive Spearmen
8 bases of javelinmen: Average, Unprotected, Undrilled Light Foot –
Berber or Black javelinmen 1 BG
Berber or Black archers 1 BG 8 bases of archers: Average, Unprotected, Undrilled Light Foot – Bow
BUILDING A CUSTOMISED LIST • Christian mercenaries and

USING OUR ARMY POINTS almughavars cannot be
Choose an army based on the maxima and used with Andalusians
minima in the list below. The following special or Camelry.
instructions apply to this army: • Abdalwadid and
Hafsid armies cannot
• Commanders should be depicted as Berber include Andalusians.
cavalry.
• As usual, supporting archers must be of
the same Quality as the spearmen in their
Camel Rider
battle group.
26
FANATIC BERBER
INTRODUCTION
FANATIC BERBER
Territory Types: Agricultural, Hilly, Desert FEUDAL CATALAN AND
EARLY CROWN OF
Sub-commanders
Troop name
Type Armour Quality Training Shooting Close Combat per base per BG bases AND ARAGONESE
Core Troops FEUDAL CASTILIAN,
Berber or Andalusian cavalry Light Horse Unprotected Average Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 7 4–6 12–42 LEONESE OR
PORTUGUESE
Lamtuna or Superior Offensive 10 2/3
Only Heavy Foot Protected Drilled – 0–18 FANATIC BERBER
Hintata spearmen Average Spearmen 8 or all
Almoravids
or 8–12 ITALO-NORMAN
Supporting Superior 6 1/3
Almohades Light Foot Unprotected Drilled Bow – 0–9 FEUDAL FRENCH
archers Average 5 or 0
IMPERIAL GERMAN
Defensive 2/3
Other Berber or Black spearmen Heavy Foot Protected Average Undrilled – 6 16–48 FEUDAL GERMAN
Spearmen or all
8–12
1/3 COMMUNAL ITALIAN
Supporting archers Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow – 5 0–24
or 0 PAPAL ITALIAN
8–32
Separately deployed Berber or Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow – 5 6–8 EARLY SCOTS ISLES
0–24
Black archers Medium Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow – 5 6–8 AND HIGHLANDS
Berber or Black javelinmen Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 4 6–8 6–40 FEUDAL SCOTS
Optional Troops EARLY RUSSIAN
Only FEUDAL POLISH
Almoravids, Defensive
“Black Guard” Heavy Foot Protected Superior Drilled – 9 6–8 0–8 ANGLO-NORMAN
Almohades Spearmen
or Hafsids LATER WELSH
Only Armoured Lancers, 12 EARLY LITHUANIAN
Arab cavalry Cavalry Average Undrilled – 4–6 0–12
Almohades Protected Swordsmen 9 OR SAMOGITIAN
Light Horse Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow Swordsmen 10 WENDISH, PRUSSIAN
“Ghuzz” mercenaries Unprotected 10 4 0–4 OR ESTONIAN
Cavalry Average Undrilled Bow Swordsmen
Protected 11 EARLY MEDIEVAL
Only Lancers, FRISIA AND OTHER
Christian Knights Armoured Superior Undrilled – 20 4–6
mercenary Almoravids Swordsmen FREE CANTONS
0–6
knights and Heavily Lancers, POST-VIKING
sergeants Only Hafsids Knights Superior Undrilled – 23 4–6 SCANDINAVIAN
Armoured Swordsmen
Lancers, EARLY PLANTAGENET
Camelry Camelry Protected Average Undrilled – 11 4–6 0–6
Swordsmen ENGLISH
Defensive 2/3 LATER SICILIAN
Andalusian spearmen Heavy Foot Protected Poor Undrilled – 4 0–24
Spearmen or all EARLY MEDIEVAL IRISH
8–12
1/3 EARLY ANGLO-IRISH
or 0
EARLY TEUTONIC
Light Spear, 2/3 KNIGHTS
Black swordsmen Heavy Foot Protected Average Drilled – 7 0–16
Only Swordsmen or all
8–12 MONGOL INVASION
Supporting Almoravids 1/3
Light Foot Unprotected Average Drilled Bow – 5 0–8 EARLY GRANADINE
archers or 0
Average 4 MIDDLE PLANTAGENET
Slingers Light Foot Unprotected Undrilled Sling – 6–8 0–8 ENGLISH
Poor 2
Arab crossbowmen Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Crossbow – 5 6–8 0–8
THE LISTS
Christian Only Drilled 7
mercenary Almoravids Medium Foot Protected Average Crossbow – 4 0–4 APPENDIX 2 – THEMED
crossbowmen or Hafsids Undrilled 6 TOURNAMENTS
Only Hafsids Medium Foot Protected Superior Undrilled – Spearmen 9
Mercenary from 1269 4–6 0–6
almughavars Unprotected 7
to 1350 Impact Foot,
Medium Foot Superior Undrilled –
Allies
Andalusian allies (Only Almoravids in Spain) – Taifa Andalusian
27
OATH OF FEALTY
FANATIC BERBER ALLIES

Troop name
Berber or Andalusian cavalry Light Horse Unprotected Average Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 7 4–6 4–12
Lamtuna or Superior Offensive 10 2/3
Only Heavy Foot Protected Drilled – 0–6
Hintata spearmen Almoravids Average Spearmen 8 or all
6–9
Supporting or Superior 6 1/3
Almohades Light Foot Unprotected Drilled Bow – 0–3
Defensive 2/3
Other Berber or Black spearmen Heavy Foot Protected Average Undrilled – 6 4–12
Spearmen or all
6–12
1/3
or 0
Separately deployed Berber or Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow – 5 6–8
0–8
Black archers Medium Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow – 5 6–8
Berber or Black javelinmen Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 4 6–8 0–12
Only Armoured Lancers, 12
Arab cavalry Cavalry Average Undrilled – 4 0–4
Almohades Protected Swordsmen 9
Defensive 2/3
Andalusian spearmen Heavy Foot Protected Poor Undrilled – 4 0–8
Spearmen or all
6–12
1/3
or 0
Light Spear, 2/3
Black swordsmen Heavy Foot Protected Average Drilled – 7 0–6
Only Swordsmen or all
6–9
Supporting Almoravids 1/3
Light Foot Unprotected Average Drilled Bow – 5 0–3
archers or 0
ITALO -NORMAN
The Normans first appeared in southern Italy in army defeated the Byzantines at Olivento,
1017 as mercenaries fighting for the Lombard Montemaggiore and Montepeloso. In 1042 the
princes in rebellion against the Byzantine Normans were assigned fiefs around Melfi by
Catapanate of Italy and subsequently also fought Gaimar of Salerno, with William de Hauteville as
for the Byzantines. In 1030 the Norman leader their Count. From then on, though maintaining
Ranulf Drengot was granted the County of Aversa, their firm alliance with Gaimar until his death,
north of Naples, by Sergius IV of Naples, his title the Normans warred against the
being recognised by the Holy Roman Emperor Byzantines to expand their own
Konrad II in 1038. territories rather than on
Encouraged by Ranulf ’s success, more behalf of the Lombards.
Normans arrived in Italy. From 1038 to 1040 In 1047, William’s brother
they fought along with the Lombards as and successor Drogo was
mercenaries for the Byzantines against the recognised as “Duke and
Arabs in Sicily. Soon after, the Lombards once Master of Italy and Count
again revolted against the Byzantines, joined by
the Normans. In 1041 the Norman-Lombard Feudal Knight
28
ITALO-NORMAN
INTRODUCTION
of the Normans of all Apulia and Calabria” by the as Prince of Capua, which he had captured the FEUDAL CATALAN AND
EARLY CROWN OF
Holy Roman Emperor Heinrich III. previous year. ARAGON
By 1053 the Pope had had enough of Norman Guiscard, with yet another brother, Roger, EARLY HUNGARIAN
depredations and made war on them in alliance subsequently conquered the whole of Apulia and TAIFA ANDALUSIAN
FEUDAL NAVARRESE
with the Byzantines. At the Battle of Civitate, Calabria, expelling the last Byzantine forces by AND ARAGONESE
however, the Normans under Humphrey de 1071, and conquering the last of the Lombard FEUDAL CASTILIAN,
LEONESE OR
Hauteville (Count of Apulia following his principalities by 1077. Arab Sicily was invaded PORTUGUESE
brother Drogo’s assassination), and Richard and Messina, near the north-eastern corner, was FANATIC BERBER
Drengot (Count of Aversa), defeated the Papal captured in 1061. The main Arab army was ITALO-NORMAN
FEUDAL FRENCH
forces before they could join up with their defeated at the Battle of Misilmeri in 1068. IMPERIAL GERMAN
Byzantine allies. Palermo was captured in 1072, and Roger was FEUDAL GERMAN
In 1057 Humphrey died, and was succeeded invested by his brother as Count of Sicily. COMMUNAL ITALIAN
PAPAL ITALIAN
by another brother, Robert Guiscard (The In 1081 Guiscard, together with his eldest son
EARLY SCOTS ISLES
Cunning). Switching allegiance from the Holy Bohemond, shipped his army across the Adriatic AND HIGHLANDS
Roman Emperor to the Pope, in 1059 Robert to invade the Byzantine Empire and defeated the FEUDAL SCOTS
EARLY RUSSIAN
Guiscard was recognised by the Pope as Duke of Emperor Alexios Komnenos outside Dyrrhachium. FEUDAL POLISH
Apulia, Calabria and Sicily, and Richard of Aversa The city held out until the following year, but after ANGLO-NORMAN
LATER WELSH
EARLY LITHUANIAN
OR SAMOGITIAN
WENDISH, PRUSSIAN
OR ESTONIAN
EARLY MEDIEVAL
FRISIA AND OTHER
FREE CANTONS
POST-VIKING
SCANDINAVIAN
EARLY PLANTAGENET
ENGLISH
LATER SICILIAN
EARLY MEDIEVAL
IRISH
EARLY ANGLO-IRISH
EARLY TEUTONIC
KNIGHTS
MONGOL INVASION
EARLY GRANADINE
MIDDLE
PLANTAGENET
ENGLISH
THE LISTS
APPENDIX 2 –
THEMED
TOURNAMENTS
Italo-Norman troops landing, by Angus McBride. Taken from Elite 9: The Normans
29
OATH OF FEALTY
its fall, Guiscard swiftly gained control of Illyria and Roger II of Sicily succeeded to the Duchy of
advanced into Macedonia. Before he could advance Apulia and Calabria, uniting all the Norman
further, however, he was forced to return to Italy possessions in Italy under one rule. In 1130 he
to rescue Pope Gregory, who was under attack by was created King of Sicily by the Anti-Pope
the Holy Roman Emperor Heinrich IV. He was Anacletus II. He died in 1154 and was succeeded
absent from Greece for two years, during the first by his son William the Bad.
of which Bohemond continued the Norman This list covers the armies of the Normans in
advance until all of Macedonia and part of Thessaly Italy and Sicily from 1041 until 1154.
were under his control. In 1083, however, Alexios
managed to turn the tide, and by the end of that TROOP NOTES
year almost all of the Norman gains had been lost. Sicilian Greek troops (known as “Griffons” to
In 1084 the Emperor Heinrich retreated hastily Richard the Lionheart’s crusaders in the late 12th
from Rome on the approach of Guiscard’s army, century) were recruited from the capture of
and the Pope was rescued. On his way back to join Messina on. There were also many Greeks in the
Bohemond in Greece in 1085, Guiscard contracted far south of the Italian mainland, who may also
a fever and died. have served.
He was succeeded as Duke by Roger Borsa, his Following the conquest of Sicily,
son by his second wife, with the support of Roger large numbers of Saracen troops were
of Sicily – the claim of Bohemond being passed employed. Most were foot bowmen,
over. Bohemond rebelled, but eventually terms others were armed with a mixture of
were reached, Bohemond being made Prince of javelins, swords, knives, axes and
Taranto. He subsequently took a major part in the maces. Some wore light armour.
First Crusade, making himself Prince of Antioch Some, at least, were “splendidly
after the capture of that city by the Crusaders. uniformed”.
The conquest of Sicily was completed by
Count Roger between 1085 and 1091. In 1127 Saracen Close Fighter
ITALO -NORMAN STARTER ARMY 110 0 AD

Each comprising 4 bases of feudal knights and sergeants: Superior,
Feudal knights and sergeants 3 BGs
Each comprising 6 bases of Saracen archers: Average, Unprotected,
Saracen archers 4 BGs
Undrilled Light Foot – Bow
6 bases of spearmen: Average, Protected, Undrilled Heavy Foot –
Spearmen 1 BG
Defensive Spearmen
6 bases of Saracen close fighters: Average, Armoured, Undrilled
Saracen close fighters 1 BG
Medium Foot – Light Spear, Swordsmen
6 bases of Greeks: Average, Protected, Undrilled Medium Foot – Light
Greeks 1 BG
Spear, Swordsmen
30
ITALO-NORMAN
INTRODUCTION
BUILDING A CUSTOMISED LIST • Commanders should be depicted as knights. FEUDAL CATALAN AND
USING OUR ARMY POINTS • Knights and sergeants can always dismount EARLY CROWN OF
ARAGON
Choose an army based on the maxima and as Armoured, Superior, Undrilled Heavy EARLY HUNGARIAN
minima in the list below. The following special Foot – Offensive Spearmen. TAIFA ANDALUSIAN
FEUDAL NAVARRESE
instructions apply to this army: • The minimum marked * only applies AND ARAGONESE
from 1091. FEUDAL CASTILIAN,
LEONESE OR
PORTUGUESE
FANATIC BERBER
ITALO -NORMAN
Territory Types: Agricultural, Developed, Hilly ITALO-NORMAN
C-in-C Inspired Commander/Field Commander/Troop Commander 80/50/35 1 FEUDAL FRENCH
Field Commander 50 0–2 IMPERIAL GERMAN
Sub-commanders FEUDAL GERMAN
Troop Type Capabilities COMMUNAL ITALIAN
Troop name Points Bases Total
Type Armour Quality Training Shooting Close Combat per base per BG bases PAPAL ITALIAN
Core Troops EARLY SCOTS ISLES
AND HIGHLANDS
Lancers,
Feudal knights and sergeants Knights Armoured Superior Undrilled – 20 4–6 6–24 FEUDAL SCOTS
Swordsmen
Drilled or EARLY RUSSIAN
Light Foot Unprotected Average Bow – 5 6–8
Undrilled FEUDAL POLISH
Only from Protected Drilled 7 ANGLO-NORMAN
Saracen archers *16–36
1072 Protected Undrilled 6 LATER WELSH
Unprotected Drilled 6 EARLY LITHUANIAN
Unprotected Undrilled 5 OR SAMOGITIAN
Optional Troops WENDISH, PRUSSIAN
Italian Communal knights and Lancers, OR ESTONIAN
Knights Armoured Average Undrilled – 16 4–6
sergeants Swordsmen EARLY MEDIEVAL
0–8
Lancers, FRISIA AND OTHER
Mercenary knights and sergeants Knights Armoured Superior Undrilled – 20 4–6
Swordsmen FREE CANTONS
Average Undrilled 6 POST-VIKING
Average Drilled Defensive 7 SCANDINAVIAN
Spearmen Heavy Foot Protected – 6–8 0–24
Poor Undrilled Spearmen 4 EARLY PLANTAGENET
Poor Drilled 5 ENGLISH
Medium Foot Protected Average Undrilled – Light Spear, 6 6–8 LATER SICILIAN
Only from Swordsmen
Greeks 0–16 EARLY MEDIEVAL IRISH
1061
EARLY ANGLO-IRISH
Saracen cavalry 1072 Cavalry Armoured Average – Swordsmen 4 0–4 EARLY TEUTONIC
Undrilled 12
KNIGHTS
Armoured Drilled 9
MONGOL INVASION
Saracen close Only from Armoured Undrilled Light Spear, 8
Medium Foot Average – 6–8 0–8 EARLY GRANADINE
fighters 1072 Protected Drilled Swordsmen 7
Protected Undrilled 6 MIDDLE PLANTAGENET
ENGLISH
Undrilled or
Light Foot Unprotected Average Bow – 5 6–8 APPENDIX 1 – USING
Drilled
Other foot archers 0–12 THE LISTS
Undrilled 5
Medium Foot Unprotected Average Bow – 6–8 APPENDIX 2 – THEMED
Drilled 6
TOURNAMENTS
Undrilled or Crossbow
Light Foot Unprotected Average – 5 6–8
Drilled
Crossbowmen 0–8
Undrilled 6
Medium Foot Protected Average Crossbow – 6–8
Drilled 7
Peasants Mob Unprotected Poor Undrilled – – 2 8–12 0–12
Allies
Lombard allies (Only before 1053) – Field of Glory Companion 8: Wolves from the Sea:The Dark Ages
Sicilian Aghlabid allies (Only in 1061) – Early North African Dynasties – Field of Glory Companion 7: Decline and Fall: Byzantium at War
31
OATH OF FEALTY
ITALO–NORMAN ALLIES
Troop name
Lancers,
Feudal knights and sergeants Knights Armoured Superior Undrilled – 20 4–6 4–8
Swordsmen
Drilled or
Undrilled
Only from Protected Drilled 7
Saracen archers *6–12
1072 Protected Undrilled 6
Average Undrilled 6
Average Drilled Defensive 7
Spearmen Heavy Foot Protected – 6–8 0–8
Poor Undrilled Spearmen 4
Poor Drilled 5
Light Spear,
Only from Medium Foot Protected Average Undrilled – 6 4–6
Greeks Swordsmen 0–6
1061
Undrilled or
Light Foot Unprotected Average Bow – 5 4
Drilled
Other foot archers 0–4
Undrilled 5
Medium Foot Unprotected Average Bow – 4
Drilled 6
Italo-Norman raiders, by Angus McBride. Taken from Men-at-Arms 376: Italian Medieval
Armies 1000–1300
32
FEUDAL FRENCH
INTRODUCTION
FEUDAL FRENCH FEUDAL CATALAN AND
EARLY CROWN OF
ARAGON
This list covers the armies of Capetian France command of the army, which included a large EARLY HUNGARIAN
from 1050 to 1300 AD. During this period the Catalano-Aragonese contingent. TAIFA ANDALUSIAN
FEUDAL NAVARRESE
power of the King of France was often King Louis IX (Saint Louis) reigned from AND ARAGONESE
overshadowed by that of his nominal vassals. 1226 to 1270. He led two crusades, the Seventh FEUDAL CASTILIAN,
LEONESE OR
Following the Norman conquest of England in Crusade in 1248 which ended in disaster in PORTUGUESE
1066, The Duke of Normandy was now also King Egypt, and the Eighth Crusade which petered out FANATIC BERBER
of England – thus an equal of the King of France, after Louis died en route at Tunis in 1270. His ITALO-NORMAN
FEUDAL FRENCH
though still theoretically owing homage for son and successor Philip III (the Bold) died in IMPERIAL GERMAN
Normandy. Following the coronation of Henry II 1285 on the Aragonese Crusade. This had been FEUDAL GERMAN
as King of England in 1154, the situation became declared by the Pope following Pere III of COMMUNAL ITALIAN
PAPAL ITALIAN
even worse. Inheriting Normandy as a possession Aragon’s conquest of Sicily from Philip’s uncle
EARLY SCOTS ISLES
of the English Crown and Anjou from his father, Charles of Anjou in the War of the Sicilian AND HIGHLANDS
Henry married France’s divorced ex-queen, Vespers. (see p.94). Philip’s son and successor FEUDAL SCOTS
EARLY RUSSIAN
Eleanor of Aquitaine, and made the Duke of Philip IV (the Fair) reigned until his death in FEUDAL POLISH
Brittany his vassal, thus ruling most of western 1314. From 1286 he was also King of Navarre ANGLO-NORMAN
France. However, by the end of the reign of King by virtue of his marriage to Juana I of Navarre. LATER WELSH
EARLY LITHUANIAN
John of England, especially after the French He fought wars with Edward I of England in OR SAMOGITIAN
victory over John’s Imperialist allies at Bouvines Gascony from 1294–1298 and 1300–1303. By WENDISH, PRUSSIAN
OR ESTONIAN
in 1214, King Philip II of France was able to the Treaty of Paris (1303), Philip’s daughter EARLY MEDIEVAL
bring most of this territory back under French Isabella was promised to Edward, the Prince of FRISIA AND OTHER
FREE CANTONS
suzerainty. The English king was left holding only Wales. This marriage was ultimately to lead to the POST-VIKING
Gascony in the south-west. Hundred Years War, resulting as it did in an SCANDINAVIAN
EARLY PLANTAGENET
The early 13th century also saw the Albigensian English heir to the French throne. ENGLISH
Crusade (1209–1229) against the Cathar heretics LATER SICILIAN
in Languedoc. In TROOP NOTES EARLY MEDIEVAL IRISH
EARLY ANGLO-IRISH
1213 King Pere of Contemporary illustrations
EARLY TEUTONIC
Aragon was in suggest that infantry were KNIGHTS
overall armed with heavy cutting MONGOL INVASION
EARLY GRANADINE
weapons and swords as often as MIDDLE PLANTAGENET
spears. However it is likely that ENGLISH
they fought in mixed bodies THE LISTS
as described in the Catalan list. APPENDIX 2 – THEMED
TOURNAMENTS
French Knight We treat such mixed bodies
as Spearmen.
33
OATH OF FEALTY
Simon de Montfort, by Angus McBride. Taken from Men-at-Arms 231:

French Medieval Armies 1000–1300
34
FEUDAL FRENCH
INTRODUCTION
FEUDAL FRENCH STARTER ARMY 1225 AD
Commander-in-Chief 1 Troop Commander FEUDAL CATALAN AND
EARLY CROWN OF
Sub-commanders 2 2 x Troop Commander ARAGON
Each comprising 4 bases of feudal knights: Superior, Heavily EARLY HUNGARIAN
Armoured, Undrilled Knights – Lancers, Swordsmen TAIFA ANDALUSIAN
4 bases of mounted crossbowmen: Average, Armoured, Undrilled FEUDAL NAVARRESE
Mounted crossbowmen 1 BG
Cavalry – Crossbow, Swordsmen AND ARAGONESE
Each comprising 6 bases of feudal spearmen: Average, Protected, FEUDAL CASTILIAN,
Feudal spearmen 2 BGs LEONESE OR
Undrilled Heavy Foot – Defensive Spearmen
PORTUGUESE
8 bases of crossbowmen: Average, Protected, Undrilled Medium Foot
Crossbowmen 1 BG FANATIC BERBER
– Crossbow
ITALO-NORMAN
FEUDAL FRENCH
4 bases of Breton javelinmen: Average, Unprotected, Undrilled Light
Breton javelinmen 1 BG IMPERIAL GERMAN
Foot – Javelins, Light Spear
FEUDAL GERMAN
Camp 1 Unfortified camp COMMUNAL ITALIAN
Total 9 BGs Camp, 16 mounted bases, 30 foot bases, 3 commanders PAPAL ITALIAN
EARLY SCOTS ISLES
AND HIGHLANDS
BUILDING A CUSTOMISED LIST list below, but the troops FEUDAL SCOTS
USING OUR ARMY POINTS EARLY RUSSIAN
in the contingent are FEUDAL POLISH
Choose an army based on the maxima and deducted from the ANGLO-NORMAN
minima in the list below. The following special minima and maxima in LATER WELSH
EARLY LITHUANIAN
instructions apply to this army: the main list. OR SAMOGITIAN
• The minimum marked * WENDISH, PRUSSIAN
OR ESTONIAN
• Commanders should be depicted as knights. only applies from 1150. EARLY MEDIEVAL
• French allied commanders’ contingents FRISIA AND OTHER
FREE CANTONS
must conform to the Feudal French allies Communal Militia Spearman POST-VIKING
SCANDINAVIAN
EARLY PLANTAGENET
FEUDAL FRENCH ENGLISH
Territory Types: Agricultural, Developed, Woodlands LATER SICILIAN
C-in-C Inspired Commander/Field Commander/Troop Commander 80/50/35 1 EARLY MEDIEVAL IRISH
Field Commander 50 0–2 EARLY ANGLO-IRISH
Sub-commanders
Troop Commander 35 0–3 EARLY TEUTONIC
KNIGHTS
French allied commanders Field Commander/Troop Commander 40/25 0–2
MONGOL INVASION
Troop name EARLY GRANADINE
MIDDLE PLANTAGENET
Core Troops ENGLISH
Only before Lancers, APPENDIX 1 – USING
Knights and 1150 Swordsmen THE LISTS
6–32
sergeants Only from Heavily Lancers, APPENDIX 2 – THEMED
Knights Superior Undrilled – 23 4–6 TOURNAMENTS
Defensive 0–
Feudal spearmen Heavy Foot Protected Average Undrilled – 6 6–8
Spearmen 24
Armoured Defensive 9 8–
Mercenary spearmen Heavy Foot Average Drilled – 6–8 0–8
Protected Spearmen 7 40
Defensive 0–
Communal militia spearmen Heavy Foot Protected Poor Drilled – 5 6–8
Spearmen 24
Crossbowmen Medium Foot Protected Average Undrilled Crossbow – 6 6–8 *6–8
35
OATH OF FEALTY
Optional Troops
Separately deployed Only from Lancers,
Cavalry Armoured Average Undrilled – 12 4–6 0–6
sergeants 1150 Swordsmen
Mounted Only from
Cavalry Armoured Average Undrilled Crossbow Swordsmen 13 4 0–4
crossbowmen 1150
1150 Swordsmen
Mercenary knights Only from Heavily Lancers,
and sergeants 1150 Armoured Swordsmen
Only before
0–16
1150
Archers Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow – 5 6–8
Only from
0–8
1150
Genoese mercenary Only from
Medium Foot Protected Average Drilled Crossbow – 7 6–8 0–8
crossbowmen 1150
Armoured Average 10
Armoured Poor Offensive 8
Low Countries spearmen Heavy Foot Drilled – 6–8 0–8
Protected Average Spearmen 8
Protected Poor 6
Gascon or Breton javelinmen Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 4 4–6 0–6
Infantry with mixed weapons Medium Foot Protected Average Undrilled – Swordsmen 6 6–8 0–8
Ribauds and peasants Mob Unprotected Poor Undrilled – – 2 8–12 0–12
Allies
Catalan allies (Only from 1070 to 1213) – Feudal Catalan and Early Crown of Aragon
Navarrese allies (Only from 1234) – Feudal Navarrese and Aragonese
Special Campaigns
Only Albigensian Crusade in 1213
Heavily Lancers,
Catalano–Aragonese knights Knights Superior Undrilled – 23 4–6 0–8
Armoured Swordsmen
No Genoese, Gascons or Bretons can be used.
FEUDAL FRENCH ALLIES

Troop name
Knights and 1150 Swordsmen
4–10
sergeants Only from Heavily Lancers,
Defensive
Feudal spearmen Heavy Foot Protected Average Undrilled – 6 6–8 0–8
Spearmen 0–
Defensive 12
Communal militia spearmen Heavy Foot Protected Poor Drilled – 5 6–8 0–8
Spearmen
Crossbowmen Medium Foot Protected Average Undrilled Crossbow – 6 4 0–4
Only before 0–6
Archers Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow – 5 4–6 0–6
1150
36
FEUDAL FRENCH
INTRODUCTION
FEUDAL CATALAN AND
EARLY CROWN OF
ARAGON
EARLY HUNGARIAN
TAIFA ANDALUSIAN
FEUDAL NAVARRESE
AND ARAGONESE
FEUDAL CASTILIAN,
LEONESE OR
PORTUGUESE
FANATIC BERBER
ITALO-NORMAN
FEUDAL FRENCH
IMPERIAL GERMAN
FEUDAL GERMAN
COMMUNAL ITALIAN
PAPAL ITALIAN
EARLY SCOTS ISLES
AND HIGHLANDS
FEUDAL SCOTS
EARLY RUSSIAN
FEUDAL POLISH
ANGLO-NORMAN
LATER WELSH
EARLY LITHUANIAN
OR SAMOGITIAN
WENDISH, PRUSSIAN
OR ESTONIAN
EARLY MEDIEVAL
FRISIA AND OTHER
FREE CANTONS
POST-VIKING
SCANDINAVIAN
EARLY PLANTAGENET
ENGLISH
LATER SICILIAN
EARLY ANGLO-IRISH
EARLY TEUTONIC
KNIGHTS
MONGOL INVASION
EARLY GRANADINE
MIDDLE PLANTAGENET
ENGLISH
THE LISTS
Albigensian rebels with French royal knight captive, by Angus McBride. Taken from Men-at-Arms 231: TOURNAMENTS
French Medieval Armies 1000–1300
37
OATH OF FEALTY
IMPERIAL GERMAN
This list covers the armies of the German In 1138 Konrad III became the first Staufer
Kings/Emperors, those of the more powerful King. He was succeeded in 1152 by Friedrich I
free cities, the first city leagues (Hanseatic “Barbarossa“, whose rule started a period of
League, Wendian Alliance, Ladbergener City previously unknown prosperity. He emancipated
League) and ecclesiastical armies, from 1050 the Empire from the Pope and tried to re-
to 1340. establish the Imperial hold on upper Italy, but
It is in this period that the German Empire was ultimately forced to find a non-military
started to use the name most connected with solution. While generally favourable, the
it – the Holy Roman Empire. In reality it was agreements made clearly fell short of Barbarossa’s
never more than an alliance of more or less ambitions. In 1188 Barbarossa took the cross in
independent states that were just as likely to the Third Crusade and one year later set out with
squabble among themselves as with outsiders. the largest army any single ruler had ever taken
Only a few strong Emperors proved capable to on a crusade. He captured the capital of the Seljuk
exerting enough control over the various states Sultanate of Rum, but died before he could reach
to make the construct resemble anything like a the Holy Land.
true empire. The most famous of these is His second son Heinrich VI then became King
Friedrich I “Barbarossa”. in 1191 and tried to seize Norman lower Italy and
In 1039 Heinrich III inherited a comparatively Sicily, but did not succeed until 1194. After his
well organised and stable empire from his father. early death, his son Friedrich II was declared King,
When he died unexpectedly in 1056 he was but as he was only 2 years old his claims were
succeeded by his 6-year-old son Heinrich IV, ignored, and in 1198 two opposing Kings were
whose mother Agnes ruled in his stead until his elected and fought over the crown until 1208.
15th birthday. Her weak rule caused a rapid In 1212 Friedrich II travelled to Germany from
deterioration in Imperial power, including the Sicily to claim his right to the throne. He
loss of the Imperial prerogative of appointing managed to overcome all resistance by 1215. He
the Pope, and the consequent election of a mainly attempted to create a powerful Kingdom
strong Pope opposed to the imperial right of of Sicily, causing him a lot of problems with the
appointment of senior churchmen. Papacy, who felt the Papal state endangered by
This paved the road to the Investiture this. This led to Friedrich being excommunicated
Controversy and war with the Pope. Heinrich V, several times and even declared as deposed in
after forcing his father to abdicate, continued 1245. In 1228 he went on crusade, despite being
the dispute. When agreement was reached in excommunicated at the time, and managed
1122 (Concordat of Worms), the result was a to take Jerusalem from the Egyptian Sultan,
largely independent church, weakening the Al-Kamil, without shedding a single drop of
position of the Emperors. After Heinrich V’s Muslim blood. This only served to infuriate the
death in 1125, Lothar III was elected the new Pope even more.
German king, starting the sometimes bitter In Italy Friedrich II tried to bring the north
Welfen–Staufer rivalry. Italian cities under his control like his
38
IMPERIAL GERMAN
INTRODUCTION
predecessors and, like them, enjoyed only very march away from the city. Nevertheless cities FEUDAL CATALAN AND
EARLY CROWN OF
limited success. In order to keep the electors in sometimes provided troops for campaigns of the ARAGON
far away Germany happy Friedrich II granted Emperor (often mainly mercenary in nature), EARLY HUNGARIAN
them many privileges, which in the long run being granted various privileges in return. The TAIFA ANDALUSIAN
FEUDAL NAVARRESE
weakened Imperial power considerably. Emperor, the princes of the church and the large AND ARAGONESE
After his death in 1250, his son Konrad IV, who cities all made liberal use of mercenaries. FEUDAL CASTILIAN,
LEONESE OR
had already been German King since 1237, also PORTUGUESE
inherited the titles of King of Sicily and Jerusalem. TROOP NOTES FANATIC BERBER
The struggle with the Pope continued, however, Ministeriales were originally “unfree” milites ITALO-NORMAN
FEUDAL FRENCH
and he was never crowned Emperor. After having who held no land in their own right, and could IMPERIAL GERMAN
been defeated by the Papal sponsored anti-king be granted (or even sold) by one lord to another. FEUDAL GERMAN
William in 1251, Konrad decided to invade Italy. Their status gradually rose, however, so that by COMMUNAL ITALIAN
PAPAL ITALIAN
He proved unable to overcome the Pope’s the mid-13th century they were effectively part
EARLY SCOTS ISLES
supporters and died of malaria in 1254. After his of the feudal nobility. Moreover, even in the AND HIGHLANDS
death, his brother Manfred and later his son earlier period, there is no evidence to suggest FEUDAL SCOTS
EARLY RUSSIAN
Konradin, continued the struggle with the Papacy that their performance differed from that of the FEUDAL POLISH
without much success. feudal nobility. The number of ministeriales vastly ANGLO-NORMAN
In Germany, Konrad’s death vacated the throne, increased in the Staufer period, partly because LATER WELSH
EARLY LITHUANIAN
yet none of the claimants were able to achieve the ‘princes of the church’ could no longer be OR SAMOGITIAN
universal acceptance. Thus the interregnum began. relied upon due to the Investiture Controversy WENDISH, PRUSSIAN
OR ESTONIAN
During the interregnum several kings and anti- and partly because more manpower was needed EARLY MEDIEVAL
kings fought each other, wrecking the Empire’s for the Italian wars. FRISIA AND OTHER
FREE CANTONS
economy until in 1273 Rudolph I of Habsburg Imperial ministeriales were POST-VIKING
was elected king. Imperial influence in Burgundy in effect all ministeriales SCANDINAVIAN
EARLY PLANTAGENET
had all but vanished as a result of French ‘belonging’ to the Emperor. ENGLISH
expansion and upper Italy had emancipated itself We use the term here to single LATER SICILIAN
once more. The decline was partly reversed only out those ministeriales who EARLY MEDIEVAL IRISH
EARLY ANGLO-IRISH
after Heinrich VII had come to the throne in were kept together by the
EARLY TEUTONIC
1308. He was also the first German King to be Staufer Kings and Emperors KNIGHTS
crowned Emperor since Friedrich II. as sort of a standing force. MONGOL INVASION
EARLY GRANADINE
It was common for Imperial armies to include As a permanent, paid force MIDDLE PLANTAGENET
feudal contingents (usually from the personal that demonstrated ENGLISH
holdings of the Emperor) as well as ecclesiastical both discipline and THE LISTS
and city contingents. Feudal contingents from effectiveness they APPENDIX 2 – THEMED
TOURNAMENTS
other princes of the empire did occur but were are classed as
not usual, as most of them were not interested in Drilled. They were
a strong emperor and had no obligations to send usually supplemented
troops, unlike the princes of the church. Troops by feudal knights
from the free cities of the empire were usually
not required to serve more then half a day’s Ministerialis
39
OATH OF FEALTY
and other ministeriales. For longer campaigns Fußknechte were followers armed with a
(e.g. in Italy) these were paid to serve longer miscellany of weapons, mostly short spears,
than the customary 40 days. Paid feudal morningstars, warflails, clubs and swords. We treat
knights and ministeriales may have developed an this mixture as equivalent to Swordsmen capability.
esprit de corps and increased discipline as well Brabanzonen and Geldoni were mercenaries
over time, so can be included amongst the originally from Brabant and Geldern, but soon
imperial ministeriales. picked up recruits from everywhere. While most
Mercenary knights only emerged significantly mercenaries had a reputation for savagery and
during the 13th century, being comparatively rare cruelty, the terms Brabanzonen or Geldoni are
earlier. There is little evidence to suggest that they used frequently for mercenary bands of unusual
were more controlled or less capable in battle aggressiveness and ferocity and/or those which
than ‘noble knights’ in this period – most were were ill-disciplined.
actually nobles themselves. Hanse Marines were mercenaries employed
Konstaflers were urban knights, rich burghers by the Hanse cities mainly to be used in naval
and their followers. While generally well combat. They could also be deployed on land
equipped they were rarely willing to take however. While they are described as well trained
any risks. and equipped we assume that they were not used
Sources of infantry included sergeants, to operating in large bodies, hence class them as
mercenaries, the militia of smaller towns and Undrilled. Also it seems likely that they used
cities as well as the Heerbann, the general levy of smaller shields, as customary for ship to ship
all able-bodied freemen. The latter was still of battles. The armoured option is provided under
some military value in this period, particularly the assumption that they may have used larger
in Saxony, Thuringia and Bavaria. shields while fighting on land.
IMPERIAL GERMAN STARTER ARMY 1225 AD

4 bases of Imperial ministeriales: Superior, Heavily Armoured,
Imperial ministeriales 1 BG
Drilled Knights – Lancers, Swordsmen
4 bases of knights and sergeants: Superior, Heavily Armoured,
Other knights and sergeants 1 BG
4 bases of mounted crossbowmen: Average, Armoured, Undrilled
Cavalry – Crossbow, Swordsmen
6 bases of Brabanzonen: Superior, Armoured, Undrilled Heavy Foot –
Brabanzonen 1 BG
Offensive Spearmen
Each comprising 6 bases of feudal or militia spearmen: Average,
Feudal or militia spearmen 2 BGs
Protected, Undrilled Heavy Foot – Defensive Spearmen
Feudal or militia 8 bases of feudal or militia crossbowmen: Average, Protected,
1 BG
crossbowmen Undrilled Medium Foot – Crossbow
40
IMPERIAL GERMAN
INTRODUCTION
FEUDAL CATALAN AND
EARLY CROWN OF
ARAGON
EARLY HUNGARIAN
TAIFA ANDALUSIAN
FEUDAL NAVARRESE
AND ARAGONESE
FEUDAL CASTILIAN,
LEONESE OR
PORTUGUESE
FANATIC BERBER
ITALO-NORMAN
FEUDAL FRENCH
IMPERIAL GERMAN
FEUDAL GERMAN
COMMUNAL ITALIAN
PAPAL ITALIAN
EARLY SCOTS ISLES
AND HIGHLANDS
FEUDAL SCOTS
EARLY RUSSIAN
FEUDAL POLISH
ANGLO-NORMAN
LATER WELSH
EARLY LITHUANIAN
OR SAMOGITIAN
WENDISH, PRUSSIAN
OR ESTONIAN
EARLY MEDIEVAL
FRISIA AND OTHER
FREE CANTONS
POST-VIKING
Ministerialis and retinue, by Graham Turner. Taken from Men-at-Arms 310: SCANDINAVIAN
EARLY PLANTAGENET
German Medieval Armies 1000–1300 ENGLISH
LATER SICILIAN
BUILDING A CUSTOMISED LIST • Free Canton troops, separately deployed EARLY MEDIEVAL IRISH
USING OUR ARMY POINTS sergeants and Low Country spearmen EARLY ANGLO-IRISH
EARLY TEUTONIC
Choose an army based on the maxima and cannot be used with Hungarian allies. KNIGHTS
minima in the list below. The following special • Brabanzonen, Geldoni and similar MONGOL INVASION
EARLY GRANADINE
instructions apply to this army: mercenaries cannot be used with Hungarian MIDDLE PLANTAGENET
or Polish allies. ENGLISH
• Commanders should be depicted as knights. • The minimum marked * THE LISTS
• Knights can always dismount as Superior or only applies from 1150. APPENDIX 2 – THEMED
TOURNAMENTS
Average (as mounted type), Armoured or • Free Canton, Italian or
Heavily Armoured (as mounted type), Hungarian allies
Undrilled or Drilled (as mounted type), cannot be used
Heavy Foot – Heavy Weapon. together.
• Hanse Marines cannot be used with Free
Canton or Hungarian allies. Fußknechte
41
OATH OF FEALTY
IMPERIAL GERMAN
Territory Types: Agricultural, Developed, Hilly, Woodland
Sub-commanders
Troop name
Type Armour Quality Training Shooting Impact per base per BG bases
Core Troops
Ministeriales, or 1150 Knights Armoured Superior Undrilled – 20 4–6
Swordsmen
feudal knights 0–32
and sergeants Only from Heavily Lancers,
Knights Armoured Superior Undrilled – 20 4–6 0–6
1150 Swordsmen
Mercenary Knights Superior Undrilled – 23 4–6 0–6 4–32
1150 to 1199 Armoured Swordsmen
knights and
sergeants Heavily Lancers,
Only from Armoured Swordsmen
0–18
1200 Heavily Lancers,
Armoured Swordsmen
Only from Heavily
Konstaflers Knights Average Undrilled – Swordsmen 17 4–6 0–6
1200 Armoured
Before
Drilled 9 1150
Mercenary or good quality Defensive 0–8,
Heavy Foot Armoured Average – 6–8
militia spearmen Spearmen From
Undrilled 8 1150
0–12
Average Drilled 7
Average Undrilled Defensive 6 8–48
Feudal or militia spearmen Heavy Foot Protected – 6–10 6–48
Poor Drilled Spearmen 5
Poor Undrilled 4
Armoured Average 10
Armoured Poor Offensive 8
Low Countries spearmen Heavy Foot Drilled – 6–10 0–20
Protected Average Spearmen 8
Protected Poor 6
Mercenary or good quality Medium Drilled 7
Protected Average Crossbow – 6–8 0–12
militia Crossbowmen Foot Undrilled 6
Protected Average Undrilled 6
Protected Poor Drilled 5
Medium
Protected Poor Undrilled Crossbow – 4 6–8 *6–18
Foot
Feudal or militia crossbowmen Unprotected Average Undrilled 5
Unprotected Poor Undrilled 3
Average 5
Light Foot Unprotected Undrilled Crossbow – 6–8 6–24
Poor 3
Protected Average Drilled 7
Medium
Unprotected Average Drilled Bow – 6 6–8 0–8
Foot
Archers Unprotected Average Undrilled 5
Average 5
Poor 3
42
IMPERIAL GERMAN
Optional Troops INTRODUCTION

Imperial Only from Heavily Lancers, FEUDAL CATALAN AND
Knights Superior Drilled – 26 4–6 0–6 EARLY CROWN OF
ministeriales 1152 to 1254 Armoured Swordsmen
0–6 ARAGON
Teutonic Only from Heavily Lancers,
Knights Superior Drilled – 26 4 0–4 EARLY HUNGARIAN
knights 1226 Armoured Swordsmen
TAIFA ANDALUSIAN
Mounted Only from Drilled 14
Cavalry Armoured Average Crossbow Swordsmen 4–6 0–6 FEUDAL NAVARRESE
crossbowmen 1150 Undrilled 13 AND ARAGONESE
Separately FEUDAL CASTILIAN,
Only from Lancers,
deployed Cavalry Armoured Average Undrilled – 12 4–6 0–6 LEONESE OR
1150 Swordsmen
sergeants PORTUGUESE
Brabanzonen,
Superior 12 FANATIC BERBER
Geldoni and Only from Offensive
Heavy Foot Armoured Undrilled – 4–6 ITALO-NORMAN
similar 1150 Spearmen
Average 9 0–6
mercenaries FEUDAL FRENCH
Only from Medium Protected Light Spear, 6 IMPERIAL GERMAN
Hanse marines Average Undrilled – 4–6
1250 Foot Armoured Swordsmen 8 FEUDAL GERMAN
Heavy Foot COMMUNAL ITALIAN
Fußknechte or Medium Protected Average Undrilled – Swordsmen 6 6–8 0–8
PAPAL ITALIAN
Foot
EARLY SCOTS ISLES
AND HIGHLANDS
Allies FEUDAL SCOTS
Free Canton allies (Only from 1106) – Early Medieval Frisian or other Free Canton Allies EARLY RUSSIAN
German City allies FEUDAL POLISH
German Ecclesiastical allies ANGLO-NORMAN
German Feudal allies LATER WELSH
Hungarian allies (Only in 1278) – Early Hungarian EARLY LITHUANIAN
OR SAMOGITIAN
Special Campaigns
WENDISH, PRUSSIAN
Only Imperial German armies in Italy OR ESTONIAN
Only before Lancers, EARLY MEDIEVAL
Italian 1150 Swordsmen FRISIA AND OTHER
Contadini Only from Heavily Lancers, FREE CANTONS
Knights Superior Undrilled – 23 4 0–4
knights and 1150 to 1199 Armoured Swordsmen POST-VIKING
sergeants Only from Heavily Lancers, SCANDINAVIAN
Knights Average Undrilled – 18 4 0–4
1200 Armoured Swordsmen EARLY PLANTAGENET
Only from Lancers, ENGLISH
Italian Knights Armoured Average Undrilled – 16 4
Communal 1100 to 1149 Swordsmen LATER SICILIAN
0–4
knights and Only from Heavily Lancers, EARLY MEDIEVAL IRISH
sergeants Knights Average Undrilled – 18 4
1150 Armoured Swordsmen EARLY ANGLO-IRISH
Average Defensive 7 EARLY TEUTONIC
Italian town militia spearmen Heavy Foot Protected Drilled – 6–8 0–8 KNIGHTS
Poor Spearmen 5
Defensive
MONGOL INVASION
Italian contadini spearmen Heavy Foot Protected Poor Undrilled – 4 6–8 0–8 EARLY GRANADINE
Spearmen
Swabian Only from Heavy MIDDLE PLANTAGENET
Heavy Foot Armoured Average Undrilled – 9 4–6 0–6 ENGLISH
schwertknechte 1154 to 1235 Weapon
Italian Communal allies APPENDIX 1 – USING
THE LISTS
Italian Feudal allies
No Teutonic knights, Konstaflers, Hanse Marines, Brabanzonen, Geldoni and similar mercenaries can be used. No allies except German Feudal, TOURNAMENTS
Italian Communal or Italian Feudal can be used. Foot minima do not apply to the main army nor to German Feudal allies.
43
OATH OF FEALTY
GERMAN CITY ALLIES

Troop name
Knights Armoured Superior Undrilled – 20 4 0–4
1150 Swordsmen
Mercenary Only from Heavily Lancers,
knights and Knights Superior Undrilled – 23 4 0–4
sergeants 0–8
Knights Average Drilled – 21 4 0–4
Only from Heavily
Konstaflers Knights Average Undrilled – Swordsmen 17 4 0–4
1200 Armoured
Mercenary or
Drilled 9
good quality Only from Defensive
Heavy Foot Armoured Average – 4–6 0–6
militia 1150 Spearmen
Undrilled 8
spearmen
Average Drilled 7 8–24
Average Undrilled Defensive 6
Militia spearmen Heavy Foot Protected – 6–10 8–24
Poor Drilled Spearmen 5
Poor Undrilled 4
Mercenary or good quality Medium Drilled 7
Protected Average Crossbow – 4–6 0–6
militia crossbowmen Foot Undrilled 6
Protected Poor Drilled 5
Medium
Militia crossbowmen Protected Poor Undrilled Crossbow – 4 6–8 *6–12
Foot
Unprotected Average Undrilled 5 *6–
Unprotected Poor Undrilled 3 12
Protected Average Drilled 7
Only before Medium
Archers Unprotected Average Drilled Bow – 6 4–6 0–6
1200 Foot
Unprotected Average Undrilled 5
44
FEUDAL GERMAN
INTRODUCTION
GERMAN ECCLESIASTICAL ALLIES
Allied commander Field Commander/Troop Commander 40/25 1 FEUDAL CATALAN AND
EARLY CROWN OF
Troop name
Type Armour Quality Training Shooting Impact per base per BG bases EARLY HUNGARIAN
Ministeriales, or Knights Armoured Superior Undrilled – 20 4–6 4–8
1150 Swordsmen FEUDAL NAVARRESE
feudal knights
and sergeants Only from Heavily Lancers, AND ARAGONESE
1150 Armoured Swordsmen FEUDAL CASTILIAN,
Only before Lancers, LEONESE OR
Knights Armoured Superior Undrilled – 20 4 0–4 PORTUGUESE
1150 Swordsmen
4–8
Only from Heavily Lancers, FANATIC BERBER
Mercenary Knights Superior Undrilled – 23 4 0–4
1150 to 1199 Armoured Swordsmen ITALO-NORMAN
knights and
sergeants Heavily Lancers, FEUDAL FRENCH
Only from Armoured Swordsmen IMPERIAL GERMAN
0–8
1200 Heavily Lancers, FEUDAL GERMAN
Armoured Swordsmen COMMUNAL ITALIAN
Before PAPAL ITALIAN
Drilled 7 1150
Defensive 6–8, EARLY SCOTS ISLES
Heavy Foot Protected Average – 6–8 AND HIGHLANDS
Spearmen From
Mercenary spearmen Undrilled 6 1150 6–12 FEUDAL SCOTS
6–12 EARLY RUSSIAN
Drilled Defensive 9 FEUDAL POLISH
Heavy Foot Armoured Average – 6 0–6
Undrilled Spearmen 8 ANGLO-NORMAN
Medium Drilled 7
Mercenary crossbowmen Protected Average Crossbow – 4–6 0–6 LATER WELSH
Foot Undrilled 6
EARLY LITHUANIAN
Protected Average 6 OR SAMOGITIAN
Medium
Other crossbowmen Unprotected Average Undrilled Crossbow – 5 6–8 *6–12 WENDISH, PRUSSIAN
Foot
Unprotected Poor 3 *6– OR ESTONIAN
Protected Average Drilled 7 12 EARLY MEDIEVAL
Protected Average Undrilled 6 FRISIA AND OTHER
Medium FREE CANTONS
Archers Unprotected Average Drilled Bow – 6 4–6 0–6
Foot
Unprotected Average Undrilled 5 POST-VIKING
Unprotected Poor Undrilled 3 SCANDINAVIAN
EARLY PLANTAGENET
ENGLISH
LATER SICILIAN
FEUDAL GERMAN EARLY ANGLO-IRISH

EARLY TEUTONIC
KNIGHTS
This list covers the armies of the major themselves, the next German King if the throne MONGOL INVASION
EARLY GRANADINE
autonomous states and dynasties that constituted was vacant. MIDDLE PLANTAGENET
the ‘German Empire’ from 1050 to 1340. The Feudalism in the strict sense of the word never ENGLISH
various regional lords bore a multitude of titles, took root in large parts of Germany. It was THE LISTS
usually Herzog (Duke), Erzherzog (Archduke), stronger in the western and central parts, APPENDIX 2 – THEMED
TOURNAMENTS
or König (King), the actual title not really telling especially the Rhineland, somewhat less
anything about their real power, especially since established in the north, and weakest in the
many held several such titles. Over time they south and east of the Empire. In many regions the
became known collectively as Kurfürsten rulers still kept large bands of followers as
(Electors) or ‘Princes of the Empire’ indicating personal retinues rather then as vassals. The
that they had the privilege to elect, from among introduction of ministeriales in the 11th century
45
OATH OF FEALTY
only served to further slow the spread of saw sometimes not just two but several ‘German
feudalism in Germany. Kings’ at once.
Unlike the princes of the church, the lay For most of this period the armies of the
princes were not obliged to provide troops to the princes were more ‘feudal’ in nature (compared to
Emperor, and few did so unless they gained the more mercenary based armies of the Emperor,
something in return. This left them largely the ecclesiastical lords and the independent cities)
free to do as they pleased with their often bolstered by troops from the unfree cities in their
considerable armies and, accordingly, throughout realms and mercenaries. Many of the bigger cities
the period the princes were just as likely, and had the privilege of not being required to send
often more likely, to quarrel among themselves troops further then half a day’s march from the
(and of course with the free cities of the Empire city. The smaller cities and towns usually were not
and sometimes the princes of the church) than so lucky. Ecclesiastical allies were common,
with outsiders. Such battles, however, were alliances with the independent cities much rarer
usually comparatively small affairs using only but they did occur from time to time.
a fraction of the full force each side could call The use of mercenaries increased during
on in an emergency. As time went on the the interregnum, partly due to the extensive
legal code became more complex so the more campaigns fought and partly because there were
powerful lords sometimes used lesser, officially now suddenly lots of mercenaries available, who
independent, nobles as proxies to carry out their had previously served the Staufer Emperors in
battles for them, so as to avoid legal problems. Italy and were now looking for new employment
As far as battles with external powers are opportunities.
concerned these were mostly with Denmark,
Poland, Hungary and France, but again there TROOP NOTES
were only very few major field battles. Ministeriales were originally “unfree” milites who
During the time of the Staufer Emperors, held no land in their own right, and could be
some of the princes used the lack of Imperial granted (or even sold) by one lord to another.
attention to slowly expand their territory into Their status gradually rose, however, so that by the
Slavic areas, sometimes by force, but usually by mid-13th century they were effectively part of the
peaceful colonization. Thus Silesia and Pomeria feudal nobility. Moreover, even in the earlier
were added to the Empire. period, there is no evidence to suggest that
The largest battles and campaigns their performance differed from that of the
fought by the princes during this feudal nobility.
period were usually the Mercenary knights only emerged significantly
result of two alliances during the 13th century, being comparatively rare
electing opposing kings. earlier. There is little evidence to suggest that they
This was especially true were more controlled or less capable in battle
during the interregnum that than ‘noble knights’ in this period – most were
lasted from 1254–1273 and actually nobles themselves.
Fuß knechte were followers armed with a
Mercenary Knight miscellany of weapons, mostly short spears,
46
FEUDAL GERMAN
INTRODUCTION
FEUDAL CATALAN
AND EARLY CROWN
OF ARAGON
EARLY HUNGARIAN
TAIFA ANDALUSIAN
FEUDAL NAVARRESE
AND ARAGONESE
FEUDAL CASTILIAN,
LEONESE OR
PORTUGUESE
FANATIC BERBER
ITALO-NORMAN
FEUDAL FRENCH
IMPERIAL GERMAN
FEUDAL GERMAN
COMMUNAL ITALIAN
PAPAL ITALIAN
EARLY SCOTS ISLES
AND HIGHLANDS
FEUDAL SCOTS
EARLY RUSSIAN
FEUDAL POLISH
ANGLO-NORMAN
LATER WELSH
EARLY LITHUANIAN
OR SAMOGITIAN
WENDISH, PRUSSIAN
OR ESTONIAN
EARLY MEDIEVAL
FRISIA AND OTHER
FREE CANTONS
POST-VIKING
SCANDINAVIAN
EARLY PLANTAGENET
ENGLISH
LATER SICILIAN
EARLY MEDIEVAL
IRISH
EARLY ANGLO-IRISH
EARLY TEUTONIC
KNIGHTS
MONGOL INVASION
EARLY GRANADINE
MIDDLE
PLANTAGENET
ENGLISH
THE LISTS
APPENDIX 2 –
THEMED
TOURNAMENTS
German knight and auxiliaries, by Graham Turner. Taken from Men-at-Arms 310: German Medieval
Armies 1000–1300
47
OATH OF FEALTY
morningstars, warflails, clubs and swords. We cruelty, the terms Brabanzonen or Geldoni are
treat this mixture as equivalent to Swordsmen used frequently for mercenary bands of unusual
capability. aggressiveness and ferocity and/or those which
Swabian and Bavarian Schwertknechte were were ill-disciplined.
paid the same as mounted sergeants, but seem to Amongst the feudal infantry we include
have fought only on foot using two handed swords. sergeants, the militia of smaller towns and cities,
Brabanzonen and Geldoni were mercenaries and also the Heerbann, the general levy of all able-
originally from Brabant and Geldern, but soon bodied freemen. The latter was still of some
picked up recruits from everywhere. While most military value in this period, particularly in Saxony,
mercenaries had a reputation for savagery and Thuringia and Bavaria.
FEUDAL GERMAN STARTER ARMY 1225 AD

Each comprising 4 bases of knights and sergeants: Superior, Heavily
Knights and sergeants 2 BGs
Each comprising 4 bases of Hungarians: Average, Unprotected,
Hungarians 2 BGs
Undrilled Light Horse – Bow
Swabian or Bavarian 6 bases of Swabian or Bavarian schwertknechte: Average, Armoured,
1 BG
schwertknechte Undrilled Heavy Foot – Heavy Weapon
Each comprising 6 bases of feudal spearmen: Average, Protected,
Feudal spearmen 2 BGs
8 bases of feudal crossbowmen: Average, Protected, Undrilled Medium
Feudal crossbowmen 1 BG
Foot – Crossbow
Archers 1 BG 6 bases of archers: Average, Protected, Undrilled Medium Foot – Bow
6 bases of Fußknechte: Average, Protected, Undrilled Medium Foot –
Fußknechte 1 BG
Swordsmen
BUILDING A CUSTOMISED LIST Heavy Foot – Heavy Weapon.

USING OUR ARMY POINTS • Fußknechte can be graded as Heavy Foot
Choose an army based on the maxima and or Medium Foot but all must be graded
minima in the list below. The following special the same.
instructions apply to this army: • Feudal German allied commanders’
contingents must conform to the German
• Commanders should be depicted as knights. Feudal allies list below, but the troops in the
• Knights can always dismount as Superior contingent are deducted from the minima
or Average (as mounted type), Armoured and maxima in the main list.
or Heavily Armoured (as mounted type), • The minimum marked * only applies
Undrilled or Drilled (as mounted type), from 1150.
48
FEUDAL GERMAN
INTRODUCTION
• Danish and Polish allies cannot be used Bohemia, Silesia, Swabia, FEUDAL CATALAN AND
EARLY CROWN OF
together. Bavaria, Carinthia, ARAGON
• Optional troops from the South and East Moravia, Styria and EARLY HUNGARIAN
Germany section cannot be used with Austria (based on the TAIFA ANDALUSIAN
FEUDAL NAVARRESE
optional troops from the North, Central and borders around 1250). AND ARAGONESE
West Germany section, nor with Danish FEUDAL CASTILIAN,
LEONESE OR
or Polish Allies. For the purpose of this list PORTUGUESE
East and South Germany includes roughly: Mounted Crossbowman FANATIC BERBER
ITALO-NORMAN
FEUDAL FRENCH
IMPERIAL GERMAN
FEUDAL GERMAN
Territory Types: Agricultural, Developed, Hilly, Woodland
FEUDAL GERMAN
COMMUNAL ITALIAN
PAPAL ITALIAN
Sub-commanders EARLY SCOTS ISLES
Troop Commander 35 0–3 AND HIGHLANDS
Feudal German allied commanders Field Commander/Troop Commander 40/25 0–2 FEUDAL SCOTS
Troop Type Capabilities Points Bases Total EARLY RUSSIAN
Troop name
Type Armour Quality Training Shooting Impact per base per BG bases FEUDAL POLISH
Core Troops ANGLO-NORMAN
Only before Lancers, LATER WELSH
Ministeriales, or Knights Armoured Superior Undrilled – 20 4–6
1150 Swordsmen EARLY LITHUANIAN
feudal knights and 6–32 OR SAMOGITIAN
sergeants Only from Heavily Lancers,
1150 Armoured Swordsmen WENDISH, PRUSSIAN
OR ESTONIAN
Knights Armoured Superior Undrilled – 20 4–6 0–6 EARLY MEDIEVAL
1150 Swordsmen
6–32 FRISIA AND OTHER
Knights Superior Undrilled – 23 4–6 0–6 FREE CANTONS
Mercenary knights 1150 to 1199 Armoured Swordsmen
POST-VIKING
and sergeants Heavily Lancers,
Knights Superior Undrilled – 23 4–6 SCANDINAVIAN
Only from Armoured Swordsmen
0–18 EARLY PLANTAGENET
Knights Average Drilled – 21 4–6 ENGLISH
Armoured Swordsmen
LATER SICILIAN
Protected Drilled 7
Protected Undrilled Defensive 6
Mercenary spears or foot sergeants Heavy Foot Average – 6–8 0–8 EARLY ANGLO-IRISH
Armoured Drilled Spearmen 10
8–40 EARLY TEUTONIC
Armoured Undrilled 9 KNIGHTS
Average Defensive 6
Feudal spearmen Heavy Foot Protected Undrilled – 6–8 0–32 MONGOL INVASION
Poor Spearmen 4
EARLY GRANADINE
Drilled 7
Mercenary crossbowmen Medium Foot Protected Average Crossbow – 6–8 0–12 MIDDLE PLANTAGENET
Undrilled 6 ENGLISH
Protected Average 6
*6– APPENDIX 1 – USING
Medium Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Crossbow – 5 6–8 THE LISTS
18
Feudal crossbowmen Unprotected Poor 3 APPENDIX 2 – THEMED
Average 5 TOURNAMENTS
Light Foot Unprotected Undrilled Crossbow – 6–8
Poor 3 6–24
Protected Average 6
Protected Poor 4
Medium Foot Undrilled Bow – 6–8 0–8
Archers
Unprotected Poor 3
Average 5
Poor 3
49
OATH OF FEALTY
Optional Troops
Mounted Only from Cavalry Armoured Average Undrilled Crossbow Swordsmen 13 4–6 0–6
crossbowmen 1200
Heavy Foot or
Fußknechte Protected Average Undrilled – Swordsmen 6 6–8 0–12
Medium Foot
Only South and East Germany
Only from Light Horse Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow – 8 4–6
Hungarians 0–8
1150 Light Horse Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow Swordsmen 10 4–6
Heavy
Swabian or Bavarian schwertknechte Heavy Foot Armoured Average Undrilled – 9 4–6 0–6
Weapon
Average 5
Slav foot Medium Foot Protected Undrilled – Light Spear 6–8 0–24
Poor 3
Only North, Central and West Germany
Free Canton Only from Protected Offensive 7
Medium Foot Average Undrilled – 6–8 0–12
spearmen 1106 Unprotected Spearmen 6
Brabanzonen, Superior 12
Offensive
Geldoni or similar Heavy Foot Armoured Undrilled – 4–6 0–6
Only from Average Spearmen 9
mercenaries
1150
Separately Lancers,
Cavalry Armoured Average Undrilled – 12 4–6 0–6
deployed sergeants Swordsmen
Allies
Danish allies – Viking or Post-Viking Scandinavian
German allies – German Ecclesiastical or German City allies
Polish allies – Feudal Polish
Special Campaigns
Only Konradin at Tagliacozzo in 1268
Heavily Lancers,
Italian, Sicilian and Castilian knights Knights Superior Undrilled – 23 4–6 8–20
Armoured Swordsmen
Castilian jinetes Light Horse Unprotected Average Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 7 4 0–4
No optional troops or allies can be used. Foot minima do not apply.
GERMAN FEUDAL ALLIES

Troop name
Ministeriales, or Knights Armoured Superior Undrilled – 20 4–6
1150 Swordsmen
feudal knights 4–8
4–10
Heavily Lancers,
Mercenary knights Only from Armoured Swordsmen
0–6
and sergeants 1200 Heavily Lancers,
Armoured Swordsmen
Average Defensive 6
Feudal spearmen Heavy Foot Protected Undrilled – 6–8 6–12
Poor Spearmen 4
Drilled 7
Mercenary crossbowmen Medium Foot Protected Average Crossbow – 4 0–4
Undrilled 6
Protected Average Undrilled 6 4–8
Feudal crossbowmen Medium Foot Unprotected Average Crossbow – 5 4–6 0–6
Undrilled
Unprotected Poor 3
Heavy Foot or
Fußknechte Protected Average Undrilled – Swordsmen 6 4 0–4
Medium Foot
Only South and East Germany
Average 5
Slav foot Medium Foot Protected Undrilled – Light Spear 6–8 0–8
Poor 3
50
COMMUNAL ITALIAN
INTRODUCTION
COMMUNAL ITALIAN FEUDAL CATALAN AND
EARLY CROWN OF
ARAGON
This list covers Italian Communal armies from TROOP NOTES EARLY HUNGARIAN
1050 to 1320 AD. Contadini were troops supplied by the rural TAIFA ANDALUSIAN
FEUDAL NAVARRESE
This is the period during which the urban districts surrounding the Italian towns. AND ARAGONESE
Italian republics (communes) established their Most “mercenary” knights in Communal FEUDAL CASTILIAN,
LEONESE OR
autonomy. They did so by playing off the Pope armies prior to the first half of the 13th century PORTUGUESE
against the Holy Roman Emperor. During the were in fact Communal knights from other FANATIC BERBER
various disputes between these major powers, towns. They are included in the total of ITALO-NORMAN
FEUDAL FRENCH
the Italian communes preserved their effective Communal knights. IMPERIAL GERMAN
independence by supporting either the Pope or Carroccios were wagons carrying a rectangular FEUDAL GERMAN
the Emperor. Those supporting the Pope came to platform on which were placed the standard of COMMUNAL ITALIAN
PAPAL ITALIAN
be known as “Guelfs”, while those supporting the city and an altar. Guarded by the bravest soldiers,
EARLY SCOTS ISLES
Emperor came to be known as “Ghibellines”, they acted as rallying-points and as the repository AND HIGHLANDS
although these terms were not in common use of the city’s honour – their loss being regarded as FEUDAL SCOTS
EARLY RUSSIAN
until the mid-13th century. Guelf cities were a humiliating calamity. They are best represented FEUDAL POLISH
mainly those where control by the Emperor was as part of the army’s camp. ANGLO-NORMAN
the greater threat, whereas Ghibelline cities LATER WELSH
EARLY LITHUANIAN
tended to be those in areas close to the Papal OR SAMOGITIAN
States. However, smaller towns often protected WENDISH, PRUSSIAN
OR ESTONIAN
their own independence by adopting the EARLY MEDIEVAL
opposite party to their larger neighbours. Even FRISIA AND OTHER
FREE CANTONS
within the cities there were often Guelf and POST-VIKING
Ghibelline factions, with one or other faction SCANDINAVIAN
EARLY PLANTAGENET
being in power at various times. ENGLISH
The Lombard League, formed circa 1176, LATER SICILIAN
was a Guelf alliance formed to counter the EARLY MEDIEVAL
IRISH
Emperor Friedrich I Barbarossa’s ambition to EARLY ANGLO-IRISH
control northern Italy. It included, amongst EARLY TEUTONIC
KNIGHTS
others, Milan, Piacenza, Cremona, Mantua,
MONGOL INVASION
Bergamo, Brescia, Bologna, Padua, Treviso, EARLY GRANADINE
Vicenza, Venice, Verona, Lodi, and Parma. It also MIDDLE
PLANTAGENET
included some feudal lords, such as the Marquis ENGLISH
Malaspina and Ezzelino da Romano. The League APPENDIX 1 – USING
THE LISTS
was renewed several times, and was once again APPENDIX 2 –
successful in countering the Emperor Friedrich THEMED
TOURNAMENTS
II in the second quarter of the 13th century.
It was dissolved in 1250 after Friedrich’s death. Carroccio
51
OATH OF FEALTY
Northern Italian militia, by Angus McBride. Taken from Men-at-Arms 376: Italian Medieval
Armies 1000–1300
ITALIAN COMMUNAL STARTER ARMY 1225 AD

Mercenary knights and 4 bases of mercenary knights and sergeants: Superior, Heavily
1 BG
sergeants Armoured, Undrilled Knights – Lancers, Swordsmen
Communal knights and 6 bases of Communal knights and sergeants: Average, Heavily
1 BG
sergeants Armoured, Undrilled Knights – Lancers, Swordsmen
4 bases of mounted crossbowmen: Average, Unprotected, Drilled Light
Horse – Crossbow
Each comprising 8 bases of town militia spearmen: Average,
Town militia spearmen 3 BGs
Protected, Drilled Heavy Foot – Defensive Spearmen
6 bases of Contadini spearmen: Poor, Protected, Undrilled Heavy Foot
Contadini spearmen 1 BG
– Defensive Spearmen
6 bases of crossbowmen: Average, Unprotected, Drilled Light Foot –
Crossbowmen 1 BG
Crossbow
Archers 1 BG 6 bases of archers: Average, Unprotected, Drilled Light Foot – Bow
52
COMMUNAL ITALIAN
INTRODUCTION
BUILDING A CUSTOMISED LIST FEUDAL CATALAN AND
USING OUR ARMY POINTS EARLY CROWN OF
ARAGON
Choose an army based on the maxima and EARLY HUNGARIAN
minima in the list below. The following special TAIFA ANDALUSIAN
FEUDAL NAVARRESE
instructions apply to this army: AND ARAGONESE
FEUDAL CASTILIAN,
LEONESE OR
• Commanders should be depicted as knights. Crossbowmen PORTUGUESE
FANATIC BERBER
ITALO-NORMAN
COMMUNAL ITALIAN FEUDAL FRENCH
Territory Types: Agricultural, Developed, Hilly IMPERIAL GERMAN
C-in-C Inspired Commander/Field Commander/Troop Commander 80/50/35 1 FEUDAL GERMAN
Field Commander 50 0–2 COMMUNAL ITALIAN
Sub-commanders PAPAL ITALIAN
EARLY SCOTS ISLES
Troop name AND HIGHLANDS
FEUDAL SCOTS
Core Troops EARLY RUSSIAN
Only before Lancers, FEUDAL POLISH
1150 Swordsmen ANGLO-NORMAN
Contadini knights Only from Heavily Lancers, LATER WELSH
and sergeants 1150 to 1199 Armoured Swordsmen
EARLY LITHUANIAN
Only from Heavily Lancers, OR SAMOGITIAN
Knights Average Undrilled – 18 4–6
WENDISH, PRUSSIAN
Only from Lancers, OR ESTONIAN
Knights Armoured Average Undrilled – 16 4–6 4–32
Communal knights 1100 to 1149 Swordsmen EARLY MEDIEVAL
4–12
and sergeants Only from Heavily Lancers, FRISIA AND OTHER
1150 Armoured Swordsmen FREE CANTONS
Heavily Lancers, POST-VIKING
Knights Superior Undrilled – 23 4–6 SCANDINAVIAN
0–12 EARLY PLANTAGENET
Knights Average Drilled – 21 4–6 ENGLISH
Armoured Swordsmen
Average 7 LATER SICILIAN
Defensive 12–
Town militia spearmen Heavy Foot Protected Drilled – 6–8 EARLY MEDIEVAL IRISH
Poor Spearmen 5 48
Defensive EARLY ANGLO-IRISH
Mercenary or good Any date Heavy Foot Protected Average Drilled – 7 6–8
Spearmen 18– EARLY TEUTONIC
quality town 0–12 KNIGHTS
Only from Defensive 96
militia spearmen Heavy Foot Armoured Average Drilled – 9 6–8
1150 Spearmen MONGOL INVASION
Defensive EARLY GRANADINE
Contadini spearmen Heavy Foot Protected Poor Undrilled – 4 6–8 6–48
Spearmen MIDDLE PLANTAGENET
Light Foot Unprotected Average Drilled Crossbow – 5 6–8 ENGLISH
Crossbowmen Any date Average 7
Medium Foot Protected Drilled Crossbow – 6–8 THE LISTS
Poor 5
Defensive TOURNAMENTS
Heavy Foot Protected Average Drilled – 7 1/2
Spearmen 6 6–24
Pavisiers and Only from Medium Foot Protected Average Drilled Crossbow – 7 1/2
crossbowmen 1200 Defensive
Heavy Foot Protected Poor Drilled – 5 1/2
Spearmen 6
Medium Foot Protected Poor Drilled Crossbow – 5 1/2
Carroccio, its defenders, and Fortified
24 0–1
supply camp Camp
53
OATH OF FEALTY
Optional Troops
Mounted Only from Cavalry Armoured Average Drilled Crossbow Swordsmen 14 4
0–4
crossbowmen 1200 Light Horse Unprotected Average Drilled Crossbow – 7 4
Foot archers Light Foot Unprotected Average Drilled Bow – 5 6–8 0–8
Axemen Heavy Foot Protected Average Drilled – Heavy Weapon 8 4–6 0–6
Only from
Javelinmen Medium Foot Protected Average Drilled – Light Spear 6 6–8 0–16
1200
Allies
Italian Communal allies – up to 2 contingents
ITALIAN COMMUNAL ALLIES

Troop name
1150 Swordsmen
Contadini knights Only from Heavily Lancers,
and sergeants 1150 to 1199 Armoured Swordsmen
Only from Lancers,
Knights Armoured Average Undrilled – 16 4 0–8
Communal knights 1100 to 1149 Swordsmen
0–4
Knights Average Undrilled – 18 4
Heavily Lancers,
0–4
Armoured Swordsmen
Average Defensive 7
Town militia spearmen Heavy Foot Protected Drilled – 6–8 6–12
Poor Spearmen 5
6–24
Defensive
Contadini spearmen Heavy Foot Protected Poor Undrilled – 4 6–8 0–12
Spearmen
Light Foot Unprotected Average Drilled Crossbow – 5 6–8
Crossbowmen Any date Average 7
Medium Foot Protected Drilled Crossbow – 6–8
Poor 5
Defensive
Spearmen 6 0–8
Pavisiers and Only from Medium Foot Protected Average Drilled Crossbow – 7 1/2
crossbowmen 1200 Defensive
Spearmen 6
Only from
Javelinmen Medium Foot Protected Average Drilled – Light Spear 6 4–6 0–6
1200
54
COMMUNAL ITALIAN
INTRODUCTION
ITALIAN FEUDAL ALLIES
EARLY CROWN OF
Troop name
Feudal knights and 1150 Swordsmen FEUDAL NAVARRESE
4–8
sergeants Only from Heavily Lancers, AND ARAGONESE
1150 Armoured Swordsmen FEUDAL CASTILIAN,
Only before Lancers, LEONESE OR
Knights Armoured Superior Undrilled – 20 4 PORTUGUESE
1150 Swordsmen
4–8
Mercenary knights Only from Heavily Lancers, FANATIC BERBER
and sergeants 1150 Armoured Swordsmen ITALO-NORMAN
Only from Heavily Lancers, FEUDAL FRENCH
1200 Armoured Swordsmen IMPERIAL GERMAN
Only before FEUDAL GERMAN
Scutiferi Light Horse Unprotected Average Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 7 4–6 4–6
1200 COMMUNAL ITALIAN
Average Defensive 6 PAPAL ITALIAN
Feudal spearmen Heavy Foot Protected Undrilled – 6–8 6–24
Poor Spearmen 4 EARLY SCOTS ISLES
Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Crossbow – 5 4–6 AND HIGHLANDS
Crossbowmen Average 6 0–6 FEUDAL SCOTS
Medium Foot Protected Undrilled Crossbow – 4–6
Poor 4 EARLY RUSSIAN
FEUDAL POLISH
ANGLO-NORMAN
LATER WELSH
EARLY LITHUANIAN
OR SAMOGITIAN
WENDISH, PRUSSIAN
OR ESTONIAN
EARLY MEDIEVAL
FRISIA AND OTHER
FREE CANTONS
POST-VIKING
SCANDINAVIAN
EARLY PLANTAGENET
ENGLISH
LATER SICILIAN
EARLY MEDIEVAL
IRISH
EARLY ANGLO-IRISH
EARLY TEUTONIC
KNIGHTS
MONGOL INVASION
EARLY GRANADINE
MIDDLE
PLANTAGENET
ENGLISH
THE LISTS
APPENDIX 2 –
THEMED
TOURNAMENTS
The Battle of Campaldino, by Christa Hook. Taken from Warrior 25: Italian Militiaman 1260–1392
55
OATH OF FEALTY
PAPAL ITALIAN
This list covers Papal armies of feudal knights were available from these
from 1050 to 1320 AD. territories. More reliance, however, was placed
The Papal States included on the town militias, although requests to the
the March of Ancona, communes for troops were often ignored or
The Duchy of Spoleto, met by the supply of only token contingents.
The Tuscan Patrimony, Some of the communes within the Papal States,
Campagna, Marittima and such as Forli in Romagna, consistently adopted
Romagna, governed by a Ghibelline stance (see p.51) to resist Papal
officials called rectors. control. Increasing numbers of mercenaries
A substantial number were also employed. If all else failed, the
Pope could call a Crusade – and this was done
Town Militia several times against rebellious cities as well as
Spearman external enemies.
PAPAL STARTER ARMY 1225 AD

Feudal and mercenary knights Each comprising 4 bases of knights and sergeants: Superior, Heavily
3 BGs
and sergeants Armoured, Undrilled Knights – Lancers, Swordsmen
4 bases of mounted crossbowmen: Average, Unprotected, Undrilled
Light Horse – Crossbow
Each comprising 8 bases of town militia spearmen: Average,
Town militia spearmen 2 BGs
Protected, Drilled Heavy Foot – Defensive Spearmen
Crossbowmen 1 BG
Crossbow
BUILDING A CUSTOMISED LIST

USING OUR ARMY POINTS
minima in the list below. The following special Crossbowman
• Commanders should be depicted as knights.
56
PAPAL ITALIAN
INTRODUCTION
PAPAL ITALIAN
FEUDAL CATALAN AND
EARLY CROWN OF
Sub-commanders
Troop Type Capabilities FEUDAL NAVARRESE
Points Bases Total
FEUDAL CASTILIAN,
Core Troops LEONESE OR
Only before Lancers, PORTUGUESE
Feudal knights and 1150 Swordsmen FANATIC BERBER
0–8
sergeants Only from Heavily Lancers, ITALO-NORMAN
1150 Armoured Swordsmen FEUDAL FRENCH
Only before Lancers, IMPERIAL GERMAN
Knights Armoured Superior Undrilled – 20 4–6 0–8
1150 Swordsmen FEUDAL GERMAN
6–20
Only from Heavily Lancers, COMMUNAL ITALIAN
Mercenary knights 1150 to 1199 Armoured Swordsmen PAPAL ITALIAN
and sergeants Heavily Lancers, EARLY SCOTS ISLES
Only from Armoured Swordsmen AND HIGHLANDS
0–12
1200 Heavily Lancers, FEUDAL SCOTS
Armoured Swordsmen EARLY RUSSIAN
Average Defensive 7 FEUDAL POLISH
Town militia spearmen Heavy Foot Protected Drilled – 6–8 0–16
Poor Spearmen 5 ANGLO-NORMAN
Defensive LATER WELSH
Mercenary or good Any date Heavy Foot Protected Average Drilled – 7 6–8
Spearmen EARLY LITHUANIAN
quality town 0–12 8–36
Only from Defensive OR SAMOGITIAN
militia spearmen Heavy Foot Armoured Average Drilled – 9 6–8
1150 Spearmen WENDISH, PRUSSIAN
Average 6 OR ESTONIAN
Defensive
Feudal spearmen Heavy Foot Protected Undrilled – 6–8 0–8 EARLY MEDIEVAL
Poor Spearmen 4
FRISIA AND OTHER
Light Foot Unprotected Average Drilled Crossbow – 5 6–8 FREE CANTONS
Crossbowmen Any date Average 7 POST-VIKING
Poor 5 SCANDINAVIAN
Defensive EARLY PLANTAGENET
Spearmen 6 6–18 ENGLISH
Pavisiers and Only from Medium Foot Protected Average Drilled Crossbow – 7 1/2 LATER SICILIAN
crossbowmen 1200 Defensive EARLY MEDIEVAL IRISH
Spearmen 6 EARLY ANGLO-IRISH
Medium Foot Protected Poor Drilled Crossbow – 5 1/2 EARLY TEUTONIC
KNIGHTS
Optional Troops
MONGOL INVASION
Mounted Only from Cavalry Armoured Average Drilled Crossbow Swordsmen 14 4
0–4 EARLY GRANADINE
crossbowmen 1200 Light Horse Unprotected Average Drilled Crossbow – 7 4 MIDDLE PLANTAGENET
Foot archers Light Foot Unprotected Average Drilled Bow – 5 6–8 0–8 ENGLISH
Only from APPENDIX 1 – USING
Javelinmen Medium Foot Protected Average Drilled – Light Spear 6 6–8 0–16 THE LISTS
1200
Allies
TOURNAMENTS
Byzantine allies (Only before 1072) – Nikephorian Byzantine – See Field of Glory Companion 7: Decline and Fall: Byzantium at War
Italian Communal allies – up to 2 contingents
Lombard allies (Only before 1072) – Lombard – See Field of Glory Companion 7: Decline and Fall: Byzantium at War
Norman allies (Only before 1151) – Italo-Norman
57
OATH OF FEALTY
EARLY SCOTS ISLES AND HIGHLANDS

This list covers the armies of the Scots Isles and Following the Battle of Largs in 1263, in which
Highlands from 1050 until 1300. a Scottish army, assisted by stormy weather,
At the start of this period the Isles and much prevented a Norwegian fleet from landing
of the Highlands were under the control of troops in force, the Norwegians abandoned their
the Norwegian Earl of Orkney. Norsemen and attempts to control the Western Isles. Angus Mor
Scottish Gaels came to share a common culture. MacDonald accepted King Alexander III of
Internecine strife between rival heirs to the Scotland as his (nominal) overlord. By the Treaty
earldom, however, meant that the Earldom was of Perth in 1266 Magnus VI of Norway formally
often divided between rival claimants. By the mid- ceded the Western Isles to Scotland. Norway
12th century the Isle of Man and the Hebrides were retained control over Orkney until 1468, though
independent, being united by Somerled in 1158 the Earls were Scotsmen from 1232.
as the Kingdom of Mann and the Isles. Somerled’s
descendants became Clan MacDougall, which TROOP NOTES
held most of Argyll and the Isles of Mull, Lismore, The commonest weapon of the Islesman was the
Jura, Tiree and Coll until the beginning of the two-handed axe, but the Lewis chessmen
14th century when they lost most (c.1175) and a proportion of later grave effigies
of their territory after opposing show spear and sword instead. Later battle
King Robert the Bruce, and Clan accounts suggest that the wealthier Highlanders
MacDonald, Lords of the Isles until were equipped with mail, bow, targe, sword
the title was suppressed by King and/or axe. Lesser followers, equipped only with
James IV of Scotland in 1493. targe, sword or knife made up the rear ranks.
Highlander
EARLY SCOTS ISLES AND HIGHLANDS STARTER ARMY 1225 AD

Each comprising 8 bases of Islesmen: Average, Protected, Undrilled
Islesmen 3 BGs
Each comprising 8 bases of Islesmen: Average, Protected, Undrilled
Islesmen 2 BGs
Heavy Foot – Heavy Weapon
Each comprising 8 bases of Highlanders: Average, Protected, Undrilled
Highlanders 3 BGs
Medium Foot – Bow*, Impact Foot, Swordsmen
Scouts 1 BG 4 bases of scouts: Average, Unprotected, Undrilled Light Foot – Bow
Total 9 BGs Camp, 68 foot bases, 3 commanders
58
INTRODUCTION
FEUDAL CATALAN
AND EARLY CROWN
OF ARAGON
EARLY HUNGARIAN
TAIFA ANDALUSIAN
FEUDAL NAVARRESE
AND ARAGONESE
FEUDAL CASTILIAN,
LEONESE OR
PORTUGUESE
FANATIC BERBER
ITALO-NORMAN
FEUDAL FRENCH
IMPERIAL GERMAN
FEUDAL GERMAN
COMMUNAL ITALIAN
PAPAL ITALIAN
EARLY SCOTS ISLES
AND HIGHLANDS
FEUDAL SCOTS
EARLY RUSSIAN
FEUDAL POLISH
ANGLO-NORMAN
LATER WELSH
EARLY LITHUANIAN
OR SAMOGITIAN
WENDISH, PRUSSIAN
OR ESTONIAN
EARLY MEDIEVAL
FRISIA AND OTHER
FREE CANTONS
POST-VIKING
SCANDINAVIAN
EARLY PLANTAGENET
ENGLISH
LATER SICILIAN
EARLY MEDIEVAL
IRISH
EARLY ANGLO-IRISH
EARLY TEUTONIC
KNIGHTS
MONGOL INVASION
EARLY GRANADINE
MIDDLE
PLANTAGENET
ENGLISH
THE LISTS
APPENDIX 2 –
THEMED
TOURNAMENTS
Troops of the Kingdom of the Isles, by Angus McBride. Taken from Men-at-Arms 396: Medieval
Scandinavian Armies (1): 1100–1300
59
OATH OF FEALTY
BUILDING A CUSTOMISED LIST • Commanders should be depicted as

USING OUR ARMY POINTS Islesmen or Highlanders.
minima in the list below. The following special
instructions apply to this army: Islesmen

Territory Types: Hilly, Mountains
Sub-commanders
Troop name
Core Troops
Heavy Foot Protected Average Undrilled – Heavy Weapon 7 6–8
Islesmen Offensive 32–108
Heavy Foot Protected Average Undrilled – 7 6–8
Spearmen
Impact Foot,
Highlanders Medium Foot Protected Average Undrilled Bow* 8 6–8 0–48
Swordsmen
Scouts Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow – 5 4 0–4
Medium Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled – Heavy Weapon 6 6–8

Irish mercenaries Light Spear, 0–16
Medium Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled – 5 6–8
Swordsmen
Allies
Galwegian allies (Only before 1161) – Galwegian
Viking allies (Only before 1266) – See Field of Glory Companion 8: Wolves from the Sea:The Dark Ages
EARLY SCOTS ISLES AND HIGHLANDS ALLIES

Troop name
Heavy Foot Protected Average Undrilled – Heavy Weapon 7 6–8
Islesmen Offensive 0–24
Spearmen
Impact Foot,
Highlanders Medium Foot Protected Average Undrilled Bow* 8 6–8 0–16
Swordsmen
60
FEUDAL SCOTS
INTRODUCTION
FEUDAL SCOTS FEUDAL CATALAN AND
EARLY CROWN OF
ARAGON
This list covers lowland Scots armies from 1052 of England, in November 1292. His rival, Robert EARLY HUNGARIAN
to 1300. Bruce of Annandale, grandfather of Robert the TAIFA ANDALUSIAN
FEUDAL NAVARRESE
In the second quarter of the 12th century King Bruce, accepted this with reluctance. Over the AND ARAGONESE
David I of Scotland supported the claim of his following years Edward of England sought to use FEUDAL CASTILIAN,
LEONESE OR
niece the Empress Matilda against King Stephen the concessions he had won in return for his PORTUGUESE
of England. He invaded northern England several support to undermine the authority of King John FANATIC BERBER
times. In 1138 a pitched battle was fought at and the independence of Scotland. In 1295 King ITALO-NORMAN
FEUDAL FRENCH
Northallerton against a local English force. The John made an alliance with the King of France. In IMPERIAL GERMAN
Scots were defeated with heavy losses. 1296 Edward invaded, and deposed King John. In FEUDAL GERMAN
Over the rest of the period Scots forces 1297 William Wallace and Andrew de Moray raised COMMUNAL ITALIAN
PAPAL ITALIAN
entered England on a number of occasions. the country against the English, winning a victory
EARLY SCOTS ISLES
However, the main task of the Scottish Kings was at Stirling Bridge. In 1298, however, Edward came AND HIGHLANDS
to expand their control, which initially was north in person and defeated Wallace at Falkirk. FEUDAL SCOTS
EARLY RUSSIAN
confined to the lowlands, over the rest of Wallace was later captured in 1305 and executed. FEUDAL POLISH
Scotland. It was not until 1266 that King In 1306 Robert the Bruce, who had alternately ANGLO-NORMAN
Magnus VI of Norway ceded the Western Isles supported the English and Scottish sides since LATER WELSH
EARLY LITHUANIAN
to Scotland, and Orkney remained under 1292, declared himself King of Scots and was OR SAMOGITIAN
Norwegian control until 1468. crowned at Scone. There followed many years of WENDISH, PRUSSIAN
OR ESTONIAN
Following the death of King Alexander III war before Robert decisively defeated Edward II’s EARLY MEDIEVAL
in 1286, there was no direct male heir army at Bannockburn in 1314. Nevertheless, it FRISIA AND OTHER
FREE CANTONS
to the throne. Alexander’s took until 1328 to secure recognition by Edward POST-VIKING
granddaughter Margaret III of Scotland’s independence with Robert as SCANDINAVIAN
EARLY PLANTAGENET
(daughter of King Eirik II its king. ENGLISH
of Norway) died on the LATER SICILIAN
way from Norway TROOP NOTES EARLY MEDIEVAL IRISH
EARLY ANGLO-IRISH
to take the throne. Scottish knightly armour development largely
EARLY TEUTONIC
Following a six year kept pace with English, though we allow for the KNIGHTS
interregnum, King possibility of a slight lag. MONGOL INVASION
EARLY GRANADINE
John Balliol was The “common army” made up the bulk of MIDDLE PLANTAGENET
crowned, with Scottish forces, comprising poorly equipped ENGLISH
the support peasant infantry armed with 3.7 metre (12 foot) THE LISTS
of King spears, usually unarmoured with only helmet APPENDIX 2 – THEMED
TOURNAMENTS
Edward I and shield.
Spearman
61
OATH OF FEALTY
William Wallace at Stirling Bridge, by Angus McBride. Taken from Campaign 117: Stirling Bridge &
Falkirk 1297–98
62
FEUDAL SCOTS
INTRODUCTION
FEUDAL SCOTS STARTER ARMY 1225 AD
Commander-in-Chief 1 Field Commander FEUDAL CATALAN AND
EARLY CROWN OF
4 bases of knights and sergeants: Superior, Heavily Armoured, EARLY HUNGARIAN
Knights and sergeants 1 BG
Undrilled Knights – Lancers, Swordsmen TAIFA ANDALUSIAN
Each comprising 8 bases of spearmen: Average, Protected, Undrilled FEUDAL NAVARRESE
Spearmen 6 BGs AND ARAGONESE
Archers 1 BG 8 bases of archers: Average, Unprotected, Undrilled Light Foot – Bow FEUDAL CASTILIAN,
LEONESE OR
6 bases of ribauds: Poor, Unprotected, Undrilled Medium Foot – no PORTUGUESE
Ribauds 1 BG
capabilities FANATIC BERBER
Camp 1 Unfortified camp ITALO-NORMAN
Total 9 BGs Camp, 4 mounted bases, 62 foot bases, 3 commanders FEUDAL FRENCH
IMPERIAL GERMAN
FEUDAL GERMAN
BUILDING A CUSTOMISED LIST as Superior, Armoured COMMUNAL ITALIAN
USING OUR ARMY POINTS or Heavily Armoured
PAPAL ITALIAN
EARLY SCOTS ISLES
Choose an army based on the maxima and (as mounted type), AND HIGHLANDS
minima in the list below. The following special Undrilled Heavy Foot – FEUDAL SCOTS
EARLY RUSSIAN
instructions apply to this army: Offensive Spearmen. FEUDAL POLISH
ANGLO-NORMAN
• Commanders should be depicted as knights. LATER WELSH
EARLY LITHUANIAN
• Knights and sergeants can always dismount Archer OR SAMOGITIAN
WENDISH, PRUSSIAN
OR ESTONIAN
FEUDAL SCOTS EARLY MEDIEVAL
Territory Types: Agricultural, Hilly, Woodlands FRISIA AND OTHER
C-in-C Inspired Commander/Field Commander/Troop Commander 80/50/35 1 FREE CANTONS
Field Commander 50 0–2 POST-VIKING
Sub-commanders SCANDINAVIAN
EARLY PLANTAGENET
Troop Type Capabilities Points Bases Total ENGLISH
Troop name
LATER SICILIAN
Core Troops EARLY MEDIEVAL IRISH
Only before Superior Lancers, 20 EARLY ANGLO-IRISH
Knights Armoured Undrilled – 4–6
Knights and 1200 Average Swordsmen 16
0–8 EARLY TEUTONIC
sergeants Only from Heavily Superior Lancers, 23 KNIGHTS
Knights Undrilled – 4–6
1150 Armoured Average Swordsmen 18 MONGOL INVASION
Protected Offensive 7 EARLY GRANADINE
Spearmen Heavy Foot Average Undrilled – 6–10 32–142
MIDDLE PLANTAGENET
Average 5 ENGLISH
Light Foot Unprotected Undrilled Bow –
Poor 3
Archers 6–8 0–12 APPENDIX 1 – USING
Average 5 THE LISTS
Medium Foot Unprotected Undrilled Bow –
Poor 3 APPENDIX 2 – THEMED
Optional Troops TOURNAMENTS
Ribaulds Medium Foot Unprotected Poor Undrilled – – 2 6 0–6
Field
Pits or other traps 3 0–16
Fortifications
Allies
Galwegian allies (Only before 1162) – Galwegian
Isles and/or Highland allies – Early Scots Isles and Highlands
63
OATH OF FEALTY
FEUDAL SCOTS ALLIES

Troop name
Only before Superior Lancers, 20

Knights Armoured Undrilled – 4
Knights and 1200 Average Swordsmen 16
0–4
sergeants Only from Heavily Superior Lancers, 23
Knights Undrilled – 4
1150 Armoured Average Swordsmen 18
Spearmen Heavy Foot Average Undrilled – 6–10 8–32
Average 5
Light Foot Unprotected Undrilled Bow –
Poor 3
Archers 4 0–4
Average 5
Medium Foot Unprotected Undrilled Bow –
Poor 3
GALWEGIAN ALLIES
Troop name
Protected Impact Foot, 7
Warriors Medium Foot Average Undrilled – 8–12 8–36
Unprotected Swordsmen 6
EARLY RUSSIAN
By the mid-11th century, the fusion of As time went on, however, the increasingly
Scandinavian and Slavic elements that was numerous princes came to identify more with
Kievan Rus had reached the height of its power their local regions than with the larger polity. They
under Prince Yaroslav the Wise, ruling over a fought amongst themselves, often seeking external
huge territory comprising modern Belarus, alliances with the Cumans, Poles or Hungarians.
northern Ukraine and western Russia. The Trade declined after the Crusades, especially the
senior Rurikid Prince ruled from Kiev, while the Fourth Crusade, opened up alternative trade routes
other Russian cities were governed by junior with the Middle East. By the time of the Mongol
princes of the dynasty. To the south, the steppe invasion, Russia was divided into
was dominated by the nomadic Cumans a number of rival principalities,
(known to the Russians as Polovtsy). To the west including the Principalities of Kiev,
were the kingdoms of Poland and Hungary. At Vladimir-Suzdal, Chernigov,
this time, Kievan Rus was not only Halych-Volhynia, Polotsk
geographically the largest, but also in several and Smolensk, and the
ways one of most cultural advanced states in Republic of Novgorod.
northern Europe. Literacy was widespread, and
Kiev’s population was four times that of
contemporary London. German Mercenary
64
EARLY RUSSIAN
INTRODUCTION
In 1223 a Russian army, with Cuman allies, archer tactics had been universally adopted under FEUDAL CATALAN AND
EARLY CROWN OF
was defeated at the Kalka River by a Mongol Mongol influence. ARAGON
reconnaissance force. Between 1236 and 1239, EARLY HUNGARIAN
Mongol forces subjugated the Volga Bulgars, the TROOP NOTES TAIFA ANDALUSIAN
FEUDAL NAVARRESE
Cumans and the Russian principalities. Most of The proportion of cavalry steadily increased AND ARAGONESE
the major Russian cities, including Kiev, were during this period. The numerous princes and FEUDAL CASTILIAN,
LEONESE OR
sacked. The south Russian principalities of Kiev their retinues (druzhina) supplied armoured PORTUGUESE
and Chernigov were completely subjugated, the cavalry. Turkic mercenary horse archers, FANATIC BERBER
others, with the exception of Novgorod, were including Pechenegs and other Turkic nomad ITALO-NORMAN
FEUDAL FRENCH
reduced to vassal status. Novgorod, though tribes, were employed in large numbers and IMPERIAL GERMAN
independent, had its own problems with often settled in Russian territory – becoming FEUDAL GERMAN
aggression by the Swedes and Teutonic Knights. “our pagans” (svoi poganye). COMMUNAL ITALIAN
PAPAL ITALIAN
Halych-Volhynia was eventually absorbed into the Town militia (polk) supplied well-equipped
EARLY SCOTS ISLES
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. spearmen, whose proportion in field armies AND HIGHLANDS
Alexander Nevsky, as elected Prince of steadily decreased throughout the period. They FEUDAL SCOTS
EARLY RUSSIAN
Novgorod, won victories over the Swedes at the also supplied a few relatively poorly equipped FEUDAL POLISH
Neva in 1240 and the Teutonic Knights at Lake cavalry, usually used as scouts. ANGLO-NORMAN
Peipus in 1242 – though both of these “battles” Land-owning peasants (smerdy) LATER WELSH
EARLY LITHUANIAN
may in fact have been more in the nature of were sometimes called up to OR SAMOGITIAN
skirmishes, and their importance subsequently fight but were of general poor WENDISH, PRUSSIAN
OR ESTONIAN
exaggerated for propaganda purposes. In 1252 quality, lacking experience or EARLY MEDIEVAL
he was installed as Grand Prince of Vladimir, good equipment. FRISIA AND OTHER
FREE CANTONS
which he remained until his death in 1263. POST-VIKING
This list covers Russian armies from 1054 SCANDINAVIAN
EARLY PLANTAGENET
until 1264, by which time we assume that horse Peasant ENGLISH
LATER SICILIAN
EARLY RUSSIAN STARTER ARMY 1225 AD EARLY ANGLO-IRISH
Commander-in-Chief 1 Troop Commander EARLY TEUTONIC
KNIGHTS
MONGOL INVASION
Each comprising 4 bases of nobles and retainers: Superior, Armoured, EARLY GRANADINE
Nobles and retainers 3 BGs
Undrilled Cavalry – Light Spear, Swordsmen MIDDLE PLANTAGENET
ENGLISH
Each comprising 4 bases of Turkic mercenaries: Average, Unprotected,
Turkic mercenaries 3 BGs APPENDIX 1 – USING
Undrilled Light Horse – Bow, Swordsmen THE LISTS
Each comprising 8 bases of town militia spearmen: Average, APPENDIX 2 – THEMED
Town militia spearmen 2 BGs TOURNAMENTS
Protected, Undrilled Heavy Foot – Defensive Spearmen
Each comprising 6 bases of archers: Average, Unprotected, Undrilled
Archers 2 BGs
Light Foot – Bow
Fortified camp 1 Fortified camp
Total 10 BGs Fortified Camp, 24 mounted bases, 28 foot bases, 3 commanders
65
OATH OF FEALTY
Russian militia, by Angus McBride. Taken from Men-at-Arms 333: Armies of Medieval Russia 750–1250
66
EARLY RUSSIAN
INTRODUCTION
BUILDING A CUSTOMISED LIST must conform to the Early Russian allies list FEUDAL CATALAN AND
USING OUR ARMY POINTS below, but the troops in the contingent are EARLY CROWN OF
ARAGON
Choose an army based on the maxima and deducted from the minima and maxima in EARLY HUNGARIAN
minima in the list below. The following special the main list. TAIFA ANDALUSIAN
FEUDAL NAVARRESE
instructions apply to this army: • Germans and Lithuanians cannot be used AND ARAGONESE
with each other, nor with Poles or FEUDAL CASTILIAN,
LEONESE OR
• Commanders should be depicted as noble Hungarians. PORTUGUESE
cavalry. • The minimum marked * only applies if any FANATIC BERBER
• Russian allied commanders’ contingents foot are used. ITALO-NORMAN
FEUDAL FRENCH
IMPERIAL GERMAN
FEUDAL GERMAN
EARLY RUSSIAN COMMUNAL ITALIAN
Territory Types: Agricultural, Woodlands
PAPAL ITALIAN
C-in-C Inspired Commander/Field Commander/Troop Commander 80/50/35 1 EARLY SCOTS ISLES
Field Commander 50 0–2 AND HIGHLANDS
Sub-commanders
Troop Commander 35 0–3 FEUDAL SCOTS
Russian allied commanders Field Commander/Troop Commander 40/25 0–2 EARLY RUSSIAN
Troop Type Capabilities Points Bases Total FEUDAL POLISH
Troop name
Type Armour Quality Training Shooting Close Combat per base per BG bases ANGLO-NORMAN
Core Troops LATER WELSH
Superior 16 EARLY LITHUANIAN
Light Spear,
Nobles and retainers Cavalry Armoured Undrilled – 4–6 12–32 OR SAMOGITIAN
WENDISH, PRUSSIAN
Armoured Defensive 8 2/3
Heavy Foot Average Undrilled – OR ESTONIAN
Town militia spearmen with or Protected Spearmen 6 or all
8–9 8–24 EARLY MEDIEVAL
without supporting archers 1/3
Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow – 5 FRISIA AND OTHER
or 0 FREE CANTONS
Defensive 2/3 POST-VIKING
Heavy Foot Protected Poor Undrilled – 4 8–40
Peasant spearmen with or Spearmen or all SCANDINAVIAN
8–9 0–9
without support archers 1/3 EARLY PLANTAGENET
Light Foot Unprotected Poor Undrilled Bow – 3
or 0 ENGLISH
Average 5 LATER SICILIAN
Separately deployed archers Light Foot Unprotected Undrilled Bow – 6–8 0–16
Poor 3 EARLY MEDIEVAL IRISH
Light Horse Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow Swordsmen 10 4–6 EARLY ANGLO-IRISH
Turkic mercenaries Unprotected 10 0–24 EARLY TEUTONIC
Cavalry Average Undrilled Bow Swordsmen 4–6
Protected 11 KNIGHTS
Town militia cavalry Light Horse Unprotected Average Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 7 4 0–4 EARLY GRANADINE
Only before Lancers, MIDDLE PLANTAGENET
Knights Armoured Superior Undrilled – 20 4 ENGLISH
1150 Swordsmen
German Only from Heavily Lancers, APPENDIX 1 – USING
Knights Superior Undrilled – 23 4 0–4 THE LISTS
mercenaries 1150 Armoured Swordsmen
Only from Heavily Lancers, APPENDIX 2 – THEMED
Knights Average Drilled – 21 4 TOURNAMENTS
Light Spear,
Light Horse Unprotected Average Undrilled Javelins 9 4
Swordsmen
Lithuanian cavalry 0–4
Unprotected Light Spear, 8
Cavalry Average Undrilled – 4
67
OATH OF FEALTY

1200 Swordsmen
Only from Lancers,
Polish cavalry Knights Armoured Superior Undrilled – 20 4 0–4
Light Horse Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow – 8 4
Hungarian cavalry 0–4
Light Horse Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow Swordsmen 10 4
Poorly equipped peasants Mob Unprotected Poor Undrilled – – 2 8 0–8
Allies
Cuman (Polovtsy) allies – Cuman – See Field of Glory Companion 4: Swords and Scimitars:The Crusades
Hungarian allies – Early Hungarian
Polish allies (Only from 1150) – Feudal Polish
EARLY RUSSIAN ALLIES

Troop name
Superior Light Spear, 16
Nobles and retainers Cavalry Armoured Undrilled – 4–6 4–10
Armoured Defensive 8 2/3
Heavy Foot Average Undrilled –
Town militia spearmen with or Protected Spearmen 6 or all
6–9 *6–9
without supporting archers 1/3
or 0
Average 5
Separately deployed archers Light Foot Unprotected Undrilled Bow – 4–6 0–6
Poor 3
Light Horse Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow Swordsmen 10 4–6
Turkic mercenaries Unprotected 10 0–8
Protected 11
FEUDAL POLISH
In 966 AD Mieszko I, leader of the Slavic tribe of the country in 1106. However, before his death in
Polans, accepted Christianity. This marked the 1138, he divided up power in the country
creation of the Polish state and the foundation of between his four sons, with the eldest, Władysław,
the Piast dynasty. By the end of his reign he had having the title of Grand Duke of Kraków.
transformed Poland into one of the strongest Władysław’s attempt to deprive his brothers of
states in Eastern Europe. His son Bolesław the power and reunite the country led to civil war,
Brave continued his work and became the first resulting in Władysław’s defeat and exile in 1146.
King of Poland in 1025. A period of instability Thereafter the country remained effectively
under Bolesław’s son, Mieszko II, was followed divided, with the Duke of Krakow as titular Duke
by a resurgence under his son, Casimir the of Poland, but the other Polish principalities
Restorer, who reigned till 1058. effectively independent. It was not until the early
Following his death, there was a period of years of the 14th century that much of the country
instability until Bolesław III Wrymouth reunited was reunited by King Władysław the Elbow-High.
68
FEUDAL POLISH
INTRODUCTION
In 1241 Mongol forces invaded Central This list covers Polish armies from 1058 until FEUDAL CATALAN AND
EARLY CROWN OF
Europe. The main force, under the supreme 1300. ARAGON
command of the Great Khan’s general Subutai, EARLY HUNGARIAN
invaded Hungary, while a diversionary force TROOP NOTES TAIFA ANDALUSIAN
FEUDAL NAVARRESE
invaded Poland. The Hungarians were severely The Polish nobility lagged behind Western AND ARAGONESE
defeated at Mohi, and the Poles, under Duke Europe somewhat in terms of tactics and FEUDAL CASTILIAN,
LEONESE OR
Henry II of Silesia, at Legnicą equipment. PORTUGUESE
(Liegnitz). Fortunately for The wealthier infantrymen formed up as FANATIC BERBER
Europe, the Great Khan, Ögedei, heavy spearmen, in leather or padded linen ITALO-NORMAN
FEUDAL FRENCH
died the same year, and the sleeveless armour, sometimes reinforced with IMPERIAL GERMAN
Mongol leaders broke off leather strips or small iron plates, and with a FEUDAL GERMAN
the campaign to take substantial shield. By the 13th century some wore COMMUNAL ITALIAN
PAPAL ITALIAN
part in the election actual mail, but still only a minority
EARLY SCOTS ISLES
of a new Great Peasant foot, sometimes equipped only with AND HIGHLANDS
Khan. clubs, nevertheless also often carried shields. FEUDAL SCOTS
EARLY RUSSIAN
Later in the period the long-handled two-handed FEUDAL POLISH
Polish Nobles axe became popular. ANGLO-NORMAN
LATER WELSH
EARLY LITHUANIAN
OR SAMOGITIAN
FEUDAL POLISH STARTER ARMY 1275 AD WENDISH, PRUSSIAN
Commander-in-Chief 1 Field Commander OR ESTONIAN
Sub-commanders 2 2 x Troop Commander EARLY MEDIEVAL
FRISIA AND OTHER
Each comprising 4 bases of noble cavalry: Superior, Heavily Armoured, FREE CANTONS
Noble cavalry 2 BGs
Undrilled Knights – Lancers, Swordsmen POST-VIKING
4 bases of Russian cavalry: Superior, Armoured, Undrilled Cavalry – SCANDINAVIAN
Russian cavalry 1 BG EARLY PLANTAGENET
Bow, Swordsmen
ENGLISH
4 bases of Lithuanian cavalry: Average, Unprotected, Undrilled Light LATER SICILIAN
Lithuanian cavalry 1 BG
Horse – Javelins, Light Spear, Swordsmen EARLY MEDIEVAL IRISH
4 bases of Hungarian cavalry: Average, Unprotected, Undrilled Light EARLY ANGLO-IRISH
Hungarian cavalry 1 BG
Horse – Bow EARLY TEUTONIC
KNIGHTS
Spearmen 2 BGs MONGOL INVASION
EARLY GRANADINE
Each comprising 6 bases of peasant archers: Average, Unprotected, MIDDLE PLANTAGENET
Peasant archers 2 BGs
Undrilled Light Foot – Bow ENGLISH
Camp 1 Unfortified camp APPENDIX 1 – USING
THE LISTS
TOURNAMENTS
69
OATH OF FEALTY
Polish troops, by Gerry Embleton. Taken from Men-at-Arms 445: Medieval Polish Armies 966–1500
70
FEUDAL POLISH
INTRODUCTION
BUILDING A CUSTOMISED LIST conform to the Feudal Polish allies list below, FEUDAL CATALAN AND
USING OUR ARMY POINTS but the troops in the contingent are deducted EARLY CROWN OF
ARAGON
Choose an army based on the maxima and from the minima and EARLY HUNGARIAN
minima in the list below. The following special maxima in the main list. TAIFA ANDALUSIAN
FEUDAL NAVARRESE
instructions apply to this army: • Hungarian allies cannot be AND ARAGONESE
used with German or Teutonic FEUDAL CASTILIAN,
LEONESE OR
• Commanders should be depicted as noble Order allies. PORTUGUESE
cavalry. FANATIC BERBER
• Polish allied commanders’ contingents must Peasant Axeman ITALO-NORMAN
FEUDAL FRENCH
IMPERIAL GERMAN
FEUDAL POLISH FEUDAL GERMAN
Territory Types: Agricultural, Woodlands COMMUNAL ITALIAN
C-in-C Inspired Commander/Field Commander/Troop Commander 80/50/35 1 PAPAL ITALIAN
Field Commander 50 0–2 EARLY SCOTS ISLES
Sub-commanders AND HIGHLANDS
Polish allied commanders Field Commander/Troop Commander 40/25 0–2
FEUDAL SCOTS
EARLY RUSSIAN
Troop name FEUDAL POLISH
ANGLO-NORMAN
Core Troops
LATER WELSH
Cavalry Armoured Superior Undrilled – 16 4–6 EARLY LITHUANIAN
1200 Swordsmen
OR SAMOGITIAN
Only from Lancers,
Noble cavalry Knights Armoured Superior Undrilled – 20 4–6 6–28 WENDISH, PRUSSIAN
OR ESTONIAN
Knights Superior Undrilled – 23 4–6 EARLY MEDIEVAL
FRISIA AND OTHER
Defensive FREE CANTONS
Spearmen
POST-VIKING
Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow – 5 6–8 SCANDINAVIAN
Peasant archers Medium Unprotected 5 8–56
Average Undrilled Bow – 6–8 EARLY PLANTAGENET
Foot Protected 6 ENGLISH
Optional Troops LATER SICILIAN
Light Light Spear, EARLY MEDIEVAL IRISH
Unprotected Average Undrilled Javelins 9 4–6
Only from Horse Swordsmen
Lithuanian cavalry 0–6 EARLY ANGLO-IRISH
1242 Unprotected Light Spear, 8
Cavalry Average Undrilled – 4–6 EARLY TEUTONIC
Protected Swordsmen 9 KNIGHTS
Hungarian or Only from Light Horse Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow – 8 4
Cuman cavalry 1242 Light Horse Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow Swordsmen 10 4
EARLY GRANADINE
Only from Superior Light Spear, 16
Cavalry Armoured Undrilled – 4 MIDDLE PLANTAGENET
1242 to 1264 Average Swordsmen 12
Russian cavalry 0–4 ENGLISH
Only from Superior 18
Cavalry Armoured Undrilled Bow Swordsmen 4 APPENDIX 1 – USING
1265 Average 14
THE LISTS
Only from Medium
Peasant axemen Unprotected Average Undrilled – Heavy Weapon 6 4–6 0–6 APPENDIX 2 – THEMED
1200 Foot
TOURNAMENTS
Peasant slingers Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Sling – 4 6–8 0–12
Unprotected 2
Poorly equipped peasants Mob Poor Undrilled – – 8–12 0–20
Protected 3
Allies
German allies (Only from 1147 to 1241) – German Feudal
Hungarian allies (Only from 1147 to 1230) – Early Hungarian
Teutonic Order allies (Only from 1224 to 1241) – Early Teutonic Knights
71
OATH OF FEALTY
FEUDAL POLISH ALLIES

Troop name
1200 Swordsmen
Only from Lancers,
Noble cavalry Knights Armoured Superior Undrilled – 20 4–6 4–8
Defensive
Spearmen
Peasant archers Medium Unprotected 5 6–18
Average Undrilled Bow – 6–8
Foot Protected 6
ANGLO -NORMAN
This list covers English armies from 1072 to mortgaging Normandy to William to raise funds.
1154 AD. During this period wars were fought He was on his way back in 1100 when William
against English and Anglo-Norman rebels, Danes, was killed, ostensibly in a hunting accident.
Scots, Welsh, Bretons and French. In Robert’s absence his youngest brother,
The Norman conquest of England by William Henry I, seized the English throne. In 1101
I the Conqueror in 1066 replaced the Saxon Robert invaded England, but was outmanoeuvred
monarchy with a Norman dynasty. English and forced to renounce his claim to the throne.
resistance, with Danish and Scottish support, In 1105 Henry invaded Normandy, decisively
continued until 1071. In 1079 William’s eldest defeating Robert at the Battle of Tinchebrai the
son Robert Curthose rebelled in Normandy, and following year. Robert spent the remaining
personally unhorsed William in battle. They were 28 years of his life in prison. Henry died in
to some extent reconciled the following year. In 1135, leaving no male heir. He had named his
1087 William died after a fall from his horse. On daughter Matilda as his heir, but the barons
his deathbed he divided his succession between instead crowned his nephew Stephen of Blois.
Robert Curthose in Normandy and his younger Civil war followed, lasting until 1153 when
son William II Rufus in England. Stephen accepted Matilda’s son Henry as his
An inevitable succession struggle resulted, heir. Stephen died in 1154, and was duly
with William defeating Robert’s partisans in succeeded by Henry II.
England in 1088, and invading Normandy in
1091. After defeating Robert he forced him to TROOP NOTES
cede some of his French lands, though thereafter Infantry were armed with a mixture of axes,
he supported him against France and the swords and spears. As it is probable that they
brothers named each other heir presumptive to fought in mixed bodies similar to the earlier
their respective domains. In 1096 Robert set Viking or Saxon shieldwall, we treat such mixed
forth as one of the leaders of the First Crusade, bodies as Spearmen.
72
ANGLO-NORMAN
INTRODUCTION
FEUDAL CATALAN
Farn William’s Scottish campaign, 1072 AND EARLY CROWN
Abernethy Perth OF ARAGON
Marcher barons advance and consolidation
1 EARLY HUNGARIAN
F or th Stirling King Malcolm’s invasion, 1079
Edinburgh TAIFA ANDALUSIAN
Robert Curthose’s Scottish campaign, 1080
Castles established by 1086
FEUDAL NAVARRESE
ed AND ARAGONESE
S C OTLA ND
e
Tw
Castles constructed in Wales c. 1100
FEUDAL CASTILIAN,
Scottish Territory
Clyde
2 3 LEONESE OR
Welsh Princedoms PORTUGUESE
NORTHUMBRIA
FANATIC BERBER
The English nobility loses its lands
ITALO-NORMAN
Tyn e Newcastle 1067–68
FEUDAL FRENCH
Carlisle Durham 1068–70 IMPERIAL GERMAN
Tee BISHOPRIC 1070–80 FEUDAL GERMAN
s OF
Richmond DURHAM 1080s COMMUNAL ITALIAN
Northallerton PAPAL ITALIAN
EARLY SCOTS ISLES
Isle of Man Skipsea AND HIGHLANDS
York
Tadcaster FEUDAL SCOTS
N O R T H EARLY RUSSIAN
Humber
O
us
e
I R I S H Penwortham Pontefract S E A FEUDAL POLISH
S E A ANGLO-NORMAN
Deganwy Rhuddlan
LATER WELSH
Anglesey Lincoln EARLY LITHUANIAN
Trent
Chester
OR SAMOGITIAN
e Tutbury Nottingham WENDISH, PRUSSIAN
De OR ESTONIAN
Stafford Belvoir
Shrewsbury Bytham Norwich EARLY MEDIEVAL
e
Montgomery Stanton Leicester en
Peterborough FRISIA AND OTHER
N
Holgate
Dudley Rockingham FREE CANTONS
4 Richard’s Huntingdon
WALE S Wigmore Castle Warwick Eye POST-VIKING
use
Eardisley Cambridge SCANDINAVIAN

Ailey Ipswich
tO
Clifford Worcester a S to
Gre ur EARLY PLANTAGENET
Cardigan Brecon Hereford
Buchingham Bishop’s Colchester ENGLISH
St David’s Ewias Harold Gloucester Stortford
Goodrich Hertford LATER SICILIAN
Monmouth Oxford
EARLY MEDIEVAL
Caerleon Chepstow mes London Rayleigh
ha IRISH
N
T
Pembroke Wallingford
Bristol Canterbury
EARLY ANGLO-IRISH
Windsor Rochester
y EARLY TEUTONIC
edwa Dover
M KNIGHTS
Dunster Salisbury Winchester
Battle MONGOL INVASION
Arundel Hastings
Avon
0 50 miles Southampton
Montacute Bramber Pevensey
EARLY GRANADINE
Lewes MIDDLE
0 100 km Exeter
Corfe Carisbrooke PLANTAGENET
Tam
y
Tav ENGLISH
Isle of Wight
ar
Tavistock
Trematon APPENDIX 1 – USING
L
N N E THE LISTS
C H A APPENDIX 2 –
H
E N G L I S
THEMED
TOURNAMENTS
The securing of Norman control over Britain, 1072–1086. Taken from Essential Histories 12: Campaigns
of the Norman Conquest
73
OATH OF FEALTY
ANGLO–NORMAN STARTER ARMY 110 0 AD

4 bases of separately deployed sergeants: Average, Protected, Undrilled
Separately deployed sergeants 1 BG
Cavalry – Lancers, Swordsmen
Each comprising 8 bases of foot sergeants etc.: Average, Protected,
Foot sergeants etc. 3 BGs
Archers 2 BGs
Light Foot – Bow
BUILDING A CUSTOMISED LIST as Superior, Armoured,

USING OUR ARMY POINTS Undrilled Heavy Foot –
Choose an army based on the maxima and Offensive Spearmen.
minima in the list below. The following special • French allies cannot be
instructions apply to this army: used with any Welsh
• Commanders should be depicted as knights.

• Knights and sergeants can always dismount Dismounted Knight
ANGLO–NORMAN
Sub-commanders
Troop name
Core Troops
Lancers,
Knights and sergeants Knights Armoured Superior Undrilled – 20 4–6 6–26
Swordsmen
Foot sergeants, English Average Defensive 6
Heavy Foot Protected Undrilled – 6–8 12–60
freemen and town militia Poor Spearmen 4
Archers 6–24
Medium Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow – 5 6–8
Optional Troops
Separately deployed Armoured 12
Lancers,
sergeants or Marcher Cavalry Average Undrilled – 4 0–4
muntatores
Armoured Defensive 9
Protected Spearmen 7
Offensive
Marcher Welsh foot Medium Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled – 6 6–8 0–8
Spearmen
Allies
North Welsh allies – Later Welsh
French allies – Feudal French
74
LATER WELSH
INTRODUCTION
LATER WELSH FEUDAL CATALAN AND
EARLY CROWN OF
ARAGON
At the time of the Norman conquest of England in Leader), who was recognised as “Prince of Wales” EARLY HUNGARIAN
1066, the most powerful ruler in Wales was by Henry III in the Treaty of Montgomery in 1267. TAIFA ANDALUSIAN
FEUDAL NAVARRESE
Bleddyn ap Cynfyn, Prince of Gwynedd (in the Edward I invaded Llywelyn’s territory in 1276, AND ARAGONESE
north-west) and Powys (in the east). Soon and by 1277 forced Llywelyn to accept terms, FEUDAL CASTILIAN,
LEONESE OR
afterwards, the Normans began to make incursions reducing his territory to a rump of Gwynedd. A PORTUGUESE
into Wales, overrunning Gwent in the south-east rebellion in 1282 collapsed following the death of FANATIC BERBER
by 1070, and reaching Deheubarth in the south- Llywelyn. In 1284 Wales was incorporated into ITALO-NORMAN
FEUDAL FRENCH
west by 1074. Following the death of Bleddyn ap England under the Statute of Rhuddlan. Edward’s IMPERIAL GERMAN
Cynfyn in 1075, civil war broke out in Wales, son and heir, Edward of Caernarfon, was created FEUDAL GERMAN
allowing the Normans to make inroads into North Prince of Wales by the Lincoln Parliament of 1301. COMMUNAL ITALIAN
PAPAL ITALIAN
Wales. Much of Gwynedd was seized in 1081 This list covers South Welsh armies from
EARLY SCOTS ISLES
following the treacherous capture of Gruffydd ap 1100 until 1197 and North Welsh armies from AND HIGHLANDS
Cynan at a parley. Morgannwg, in the south, was 1100 until 1283. FEUDAL SCOTS
EARLY RUSSIAN
annexed in 1090, Deheubarth in 1093. Welsh FEUDAL POLISH
fortunes were at a low ebb. TROOP NOTES ANGLO-NORMAN
In 1094, however, the Welsh revolted and some In South Welsh forces of this period archers LATER WELSH
EARLY LITHUANIAN
of the lost territories were restored to Welsh rule. predominated, while in the North OR SAMOGITIAN
A strong kingdom of Gwynedd was rebuilt by spearmen were the more numerous type. WENDISH, PRUSSIAN
OR ESTONIAN
Gruffydd ap Cynan. The Normans were heavily Little, if any, protective armour was worn, EARLY MEDIEVAL
defeated at Crug Mawr in 1136 and Ceredigion and although FRISIA AND OTHER
FREE CANTONS
recovered. Powys also remained independent, some spearmen North Welsh POST-VIKING
though it was permanently split from 1160. carried shields, Spearman SCANDINAVIAN
EARLY PLANTAGENET
Most of Deheubarth was reconquered from the many depictions ENGLISH
Normans by 1171, when Rhys ap Gruffydd (The show them LATER SICILIAN
Lord Rhys) came to terms with Henry II. Rhys also without. EARLY MEDIEVAL IRISH
EARLY ANGLO-IRISH
controlled much of the rest of South Wales Although raids
EARLY TEUTONIC
through client princes. On his death in 1197, his and ambushes KNIGHTS
lands were split between his sons, who became were preferred, MONGOL INVASION
EARLY GRANADINE
clients of the North. Welsh armies did MIDDLE PLANTAGENET
Llywelyn ab Iorwerth, also known as Llywelyn engage in pitched ENGLISH
Fawr (The Great), was sole ruler of Gwynedd by battles from time THE LISTS
1200 and between then and his death in 1240 to time. APPENDIX 2 – THEMED
TOURNAMENTS
gained effective control over much of Wales. A
period of internecine strife following his death
was followed by the rise of Llywelyn ap Gruffydd,
also known as Llywelyn Ein Llyw Olaf (Our Last
75
OATH OF FEALTY
NORTH WELSH STARTER ARMY 1225 AD

4 bases of cavalry: Superior, Armoured, Undrilled Cavalry – Lancers,
Cavalry 1 BG
Swordsmen
4 bases of cavalry: Superior, Protected, Undrilled Cavalry – Lancers,
Cavalry 1 BG
Swordsmen
4 bases of cavalry: Average, Unprotected, Undrilled Light Horse –
Cavalry 1 BG
Each comprising 10 bases of spearmen: Average, Unprotected,
Spearmen 4 BGs
Archers 2 BGs
Light Foot – Longbow
BUILDING A CUSTOMISED LIST • The army must be North Welsh or South

USING OUR ARMY POINTS Welsh.
Choose an army based on the maxima and • North Welsh armies can have North Welsh
minima in the list below. The following special and/or South Welsh allies. Troops included
instructions apply to this army: in these allied contingents are deducted
from the North Welsh minima and maxima
• Commanders should be depicted as cavalry in the main list, except that a North Welsh
or spearmen. army with South Welsh allies can have up to
• Cavalry can always dismount as Superior, 32 bases of archers
Armoured or Protected (as mounted type), • South Welsh armies can have South Welsh
Undrilled Heavy Foot – Impact Foot, allies. Troops included in this allied
Swordsmen. contingent are deducted from the South
Welsh minima and maxima in the main list.
76
LATER WELSH
INTRODUCTION
LATER WELSH
Territory Types: Mountains, Hilly, Woodlands FEUDAL CATALAN AND
EARLY CROWN OF
Sub-commanders
Troop name
Type Armour Quality Training Shooting Close Combat per base per BG bases AND ARAGONESE
LEONESE OR
Light Spear,
Cavalry Armoured Superior Undrilled – 16 4 PORTUGUESE
Swordsmen
0–4 FANATIC BERBER
Lancers,
Cavalry Armoured Superior Undrilled – 16 4 ITALO-NORMAN
Swordsman
Light Spear, FEUDAL FRENCH
Cavalry Protected Superior Undrilled – 12 4–6
Cavalry Swordsmen 4–12 IMPERIAL GERMAN
0–12
Cavalry Protected Superior Undrilled – Lancers, 12 4–6 FEUDAL GERMAN
Swordsman
COMMUNAL ITALIAN
Light Horse Unprotected Average Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 7 4–6 PAPAL ITALIAN
Lancers, 0–8
Light Horse Unprotected Average Undrilled – 8 4–6 EARLY SCOTS ISLES
Swordsman
AND HIGHLANDS
0– North FEUDAL SCOTS
Medium Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Longbow – 6 6–8 Welsh
136 EARLY RUSSIAN
Archers 0–24,
South FEUDAL POLISH
Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Longbow – 6 6–8 0–16 Welsh
32–142 ANGLO-NORMAN
LATER WELSH
Offensive 0– North
Medium Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled – 6 6–10 Welsh EARLY LITHUANIAN
Spearmen 136
Spearmen 32–142, OR SAMOGITIAN
South
WENDISH, PRUSSIAN
Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Javelins Light spear 4 6–8 0–16 Welsh
0–24 OR ESTONIAN
Allies EARLY MEDIEVAL
FRISIA AND OTHER
English marcher allies (Only from 1150) – Early Plantaganet English FREE CANTONS
Irish mercenary allies (Only before 1150) – Norse Irish – See Field of Glory Companion 8: Wolves from the Sea:The Dark Ages POST-VIKING
North Welsh allies (Only North Welsh) – Later Welsh SCANDINAVIAN
South Welsh allies – Later Welsh EARLY PLANTAGENET
ENGLISH
LATER SICILIAN
LATER WELSH ALLIES EARLY MEDIEVAL IRISH
Troop name EARLY ANGLO-IRISH
EARLY TEUTONIC
Light Spear, KNIGHTS
Cavalry Protected Superior Undrilled – 12 4
Swordsmen
Lancers, EARLY GRANADINE
Cavalry Protected Superior Undrilled – 12 4
Cavalry Swordsman 0–4
MIDDLE PLANTAGENET
Light Horse Unprotected Average Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 7 4 ENGLISH
Lancers, 0–4
Light Horse Unprotected Average Undrilled – 8 4 APPENDIX 1 – USING
Swordsman
THE LISTS
North APPENDIX 2 – THEMED
Medium Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Longbow – 6 6–8 0–32 Welsh
0–8,
TOURNAMENTS
Archers South
Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Longbow – 6 4–6 0–6 Welsh
8–32
Offensive North
Medium Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled – 6 6–10 0–32 Welsh 8–
Spearmen
32,
Spearmen South
Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Javelins Light spear 4 4–6 0–6 Welsh
0–8
77
OATH OF FEALTY
EARLY LITHUANIAN OR SAMOGITIAN

The Lithuanians and Samogitians comprised a Following the defeat of the Teutonic Order by the
number of related Baltic tribes in the area of Samogitians at the Battle of Durbe in 1260,
modern Lithuania. The first historical mention however, Mindaugas renounced the treaty. It is
of Lithuania is in monastic annals dated 1009 uncertain whether he also renounced Christianity,
AD. In the 11th century the Lithuanian tribes paid but after his assassination by his nephew Treniota
tribute to Kievan Rus, but by the 12th century in 1263, Lithuania certainly reverted to paganism
their raids on neighbouring territories had and ceased to be recognised as a Kingdom.
become troublesome. For the rest of the century Lithuania was in
The threat posed by the Teutonic Knights to the conflict with the Teutonic Order, the Polish
west and the Livonian Brothers of the Sword to the Duchy of Masovia and the local Russian
north resulted in the unification of the Lithuanian principalities. In addition, Lithuania suffered
tribes by Mindaugas, who inflicted a severe defeat Mongol (Tatar) raids in 1241, 1259 and 1275.
on the Sword Brethren at the Battle of Šiauliai By the end of the reign of Grand Duke Vytenis
(Saule) in 1236. Following this disaster the (1295–1316), however, Lithuania had expanded
depleted Sword Brethren were absorbed into the to include Lithuania proper, Samogitia (modern
Teutonic Order, with whom Mindaugas signed a western Lithuania), Red Russia (in western
treaty in 1250. By the terms of this treaty he Ukraine) and Polatsk and Minsk (in Belarus).
transferred parts of Samogitia to the Order. He was In the 14th century, territorial gains continued.
baptized in 1251 and In 1386 Lithuania was joined in dynastic union
crowned as the first with Poland.
and only This list covers the Lithuanians and related
King of Samogitians from 1100 until 1300.
Lithuania
in 1253. TROOP NOTES
Lithuanian cavalry were equipped with a shortish
light “lance” which could be thrust or thrown.They
also carried a 1 metre (3 foot) self bow, which in
this period was only used when dismounted. They
were fond of skirmishing and ambushes, often
dismounting to fight in woodlands. Boyars fought
surrounded by their less well-equipped followers.
We assume that only the best equipped contingents
would have enough armoured men to justify
classification as Armoured.
Lithuanian Commander
78
EARLY LITHUANIAN STARTER ARMY 1250 AD INTRODUCTION

Commander-in-Chief 1 Troop Commander FEUDAL CATALAN AND
EARLY CROWN OF
Each comprising 4 bases of best cavalry: Superior, Armoured, EARLY HUNGARIAN
Best cavalry 3 BGs
Undrilled Cavalry – Light Spear, Swordsmen TAIFA ANDALUSIAN
Each comprising 4 bases of other cavalry: Average, Unprotected, FEUDAL NAVARRESE
Other cavalry 5 BGs AND ARAGONESE
Undrilled Light Horse – Javelins, Light Spear, Swordsmen
Each comprising 6 bases of spearmen: Average, Protected, Undrilled FEUDAL CASTILIAN,
Spearmen 2 BGs LEONESE OR
Medium Foot – Light Spear PORTUGUESE
Each comprising 6 bases of archers: Average, Unprotected, Undrilled FANATIC BERBER
Archers 2 BGs
Light Foot – Bow ITALO-NORMAN
Camp 1 Unfortified camp FEUDAL FRENCH
Total 12 BGs Camp, 32 mounted bases, 24 foot bases, 3 commanders IMPERIAL GERMAN
FEUDAL GERMAN
COMMUNAL ITALIAN
BUILDING A CUSTOMISED LIST • Best cavalry can always dismount as PAPAL ITALIAN
EARLY SCOTS ISLES
USING OUR ARMY POINTS Superior, Undrilled Medium Foot – Bow, AND HIGHLANDS
Choose an army based on the maxima and Swordsmen. (Armour class the same as FEUDAL SCOTS
EARLY RUSSIAN
minima in the list below. The following special when mounted). FEUDAL POLISH
instructions apply to this army: • Other cavalry can always dismount as Light ANGLO-NORMAN
Foot or Medium Foot (free choice), LATER WELSH
EARLY LITHUANIAN
• Commanders should be depicted as Undrilled, Bow. (Armour class the same as OR SAMOGITIAN
armoured Lithuanian cavalry. when mounted). WENDISH, PRUSSIAN
OR ESTONIAN
EARLY MEDIEVAL
FRISIA AND OTHER
FREE CANTONS
Lithuanian POST-VIKING
SCANDINAVIAN
Spearmen
EARLY PLANTAGENET
ENGLISH
LATER SICILIAN
EARLY ANGLO-IRISH
EARLY TEUTONIC
KNIGHTS
MONGOL INVASION
EARLY GRANADINE
MIDDLE PLANTAGENET
ENGLISH
THE LISTS
TOURNAMENTS
79
OATH OF FEALTY

Territory Types: Agricultural, Woodlands, Steppes
Sub-commanders
Troop name
Core Troops
Light Spear,
Any date Cavalry Protected Superior Undrilled – 12 4–6
Swordsmen
Best cavalry 0–12
Only from Light Spear,
1200 Swordsmen
24–
Light Spear, 116
Light Horse Unprotected Average Undrilled Javelins 9 4–6
Swordsmen
16–
Other cavalry Any date
Unprotected Light Spear, 8 116
Cavalry Average Undrilled – 4–6
Spearmen Medium Foot Protected Average Undrilled – Light Spear 5 6–8 0–12
Archers 0–12
Medium foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow – 5 6–8
Optional Troops
Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow – 5 6–8 Before
Replace other cavalry with foot 1200 Any,
archers From 1200
Medium Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow – 5 6–8 Up to half
Field
Field fortifications 3 0–12
Fortifications
Allies
Teutonic Knights allies (Only from 1250 to 1253) – Early Teutonic Knights
WENDISH, PRUSSIAN OR ESTONIAN

This list covers the various pagan Slavic or Baltic TROOP NOTES
tribes in the Baltic region that were conquered The mounted upper class warriors were more
by a series of Crusades in the 12th and 13th likely to fight dismounted further to the east –
centuries AD. Lithuania is covered by its the Estonians rode to battle but customarily
own list. fought on foot.
Wendland was conquered by German and Foot were mainly armed with thrusting
Danish crusaders by 1185. Prussia was spears, throwing spears, throwing axes, swords
conquered by the Teutonic Knights by 1283. and hand axes. They lacked armour but mostly
Estonia was conquered by the Danes and the carried smallish kite shields. The preferred tactic
Livonian Sword Brethren by 1227. was to throw spears and then charge – although
The list covers Wendish armies from 1100 to mounted knights were usually received at the
1185, Pomeranian allied contingents thereafter halt. The sources indicate that Prussian lower
until the late 13th century, Prussian armies class warriors often lacked the enthusiasm of
from 1200 to 1283 and Estonian armies from their betters. We assume that the same may have
1200 to 1227. been true of the other Baltic tribes.
80
INTRODUCTION
WENDISH STARTER ARMY 1180 AD
FEUDAL CATALAN AND
Commander-in-Chief 1 Field Commander EARLY CROWN OF
4 bases of upper class warriors: Superior, Armoured, Undrilled Cavalry EARLY HUNGARIAN
Upper class warriors 1 BG TAIFA ANDALUSIAN
– Light Spear, Swordsmen
FEUDAL NAVARRESE
Each comprising 4 bases of upper class warriors: Superior, Protected, AND ARAGONESE
Upper class warriors 2 BGs
Undrilled Cavalry – Light Spear, Swordsmen FEUDAL CASTILIAN,
4 bases of Danish or Saxon mercenaries: Superior, Heavily Armoured, LEONESE OR
Danish or Saxon mercenaries 1 BG PORTUGUESE
FANATIC BERBER
Each comprising 8 bases of lower class warriors: Average, Protected,
Lower class warriors 3 BGs ITALO-NORMAN
Undrilled Medium Foot – Impact Foot, Swordsmen
FEUDAL FRENCH
Each comprising 6 bases of archers: Average, Unprotected, Undrilled IMPERIAL GERMAN
Archers 2 BGs
Light Foot – Bow FEUDAL GERMAN
Camp 1 Unfortified camp COMMUNAL ITALIAN
Total 9 BGs Camp, 16 mounted bases, 36 foot bases, 3 commanders PAPAL ITALIAN
EARLY SCOTS ISLES
AND HIGHLANDS
FEUDAL SCOTS
BUILDING A CUSTOMISED LIST EARLY RUSSIAN
FEUDAL POLISH
USING OUR ARMY POINTS ANGLO-NORMAN
Choose an army based on the maxima and Lower Class LATER WELSH
Warrior EARLY LITHUANIAN
minima in the list below. The following special OR SAMOGITIAN
instructions apply to this army: WENDISH, PRUSSIAN
OR ESTONIAN
EARLY MEDIEVAL
• Commanders should be depicted as FRISIA AND OTHER
FREE CANTONS
mounted warriors. POST-VIKING
• Prussian upper class warriors can always SCANDINAVIAN
EARLY PLANTAGENET
dismount as Superior, Protected, Undrilled ENGLISH
Medium Foot – Impact Foot, Swordsmen. LATER SICILIAN
EARLY ANGLO-IRISH
EARLY TEUTONIC
KNIGHTS
MONGOL INVASION
EARLY GRANADINE
MIDDLE PLANTAGENET
ENGLISH
THE LISTS
TOURNAMENTS
81
OATH OF FEALTY

Sub-commanders
Troop name
Core Troops
Light Spear,
Only Wends Cavalry Armoured Superior Undrilled – 16 4 0–4
Swordsmen 4–
Upper class Only Wends Light Spear, 0– 16
Cavalry Protected Superior Undrilled – 12 4–6
warriors or Prussians Swordsmen 16
Only Impact Foot,
Medium Foot Protected Superior Undrilled – 9 6–8 6–16
Estonians Swordsmen
Average Impact Foot, 7
Lower class warriors Medium Foot Protected Undrilled – 8–12 24–128
Poor Swordsmen 5
Average 6
Medium Foot Protected Undrilled Bow – 6–8
Poor 4
Archers 6–24
Average 5
Poor 3
Optional Troops
Only Wends Superior Lancers, 20
Knights Armoured Undrilled – 4
Danish or Saxon at any date Average Swordsmen 16
0–4
mercenaries Only Wends Heavily Superior Lancers, 23
Knights Undrilled – 4
from 1150 Armoured Average Swordsmen 18
Only Medium Foot Protected Average Undrilled Crossbow – 6 4–6

Crossbowmen 0–6
Estonians
Field
Barricades – – – – – 3 – 0–12
Fortifications
Allies
Pomeranian (Wendish) allies (Only Prussians) – Wendish, Prussian or Estonian
Russian allies (Only Estonians) – Early Russian
WENDISH, PRUSSIAN OR ESTONIAN ALLIES

Troop name
Light Spear,
Only Wends Cavalry Armoured Superior Undrilled – 16 4 0–4
Swordsmen
4–6
Upper class Only Wends Light Spear,
Cavalry Protected Superior Undrilled – 12 4–6 0–6
warriors or Prussians Swordsmen
Only Impact Foot,
Medium Foot Protected Superior Undrilled – 9 4–6 4–6
Estonians Swordsmen
Average Impact Foot, 7
Lower class warriors Medium Foot Protected Undrilled – 8–12 8–24
Poor Swordsmen 5
Average 6
Medium Foot Protected Undrilled Bow – 6–8
Poor 4
Archers 0–8
Average 5
Poor 3
82
EARLY MEDIEVAL FRISIA AND OTHER FREE CANTONS
INTRODUCTION
EARLY MEDIEVAL FRISIA AND FEUDAL CATALAN AND
EARLY CROWN OF
OTHER FREE CANTONS ARAGON
EARLY HUNGARIAN
TAIFA ANDALUSIAN
FEUDAL NAVARRESE
Frisia was the largest of the ‘autonomous peasant failed, a crusade was called against them. They AND ARAGONESE
republics’ also known as the Free Cantons. Smaller defeated the first army send against them in FEUDAL CASTILIAN,
LEONESE OR
Free Cantons included Dithmarchen and Stedinger, 1233 but were defeated by a large alliance of PORTUGUESE
and may or may not have included North Frisia. ‘crusaders’, mainly made up by troops of the FANATIC BERBER
While formally belonging to this or that powerful Duke of Brabant, the Count of Oldenburg and the ITALO-NORMAN
FEUDAL FRENCH
noble or city they were effectively independent. Arch-Bishop of Bremen, in 1234. IMPERIAL GERMAN
This list covers Free Canton armies from Like Stedingen, Dithmarchen formally FEUDAL GERMAN
the earliest time they are mentioned in 1106 belonged to the Archbishop of Bremen, but the COMMUNAL ITALIAN
PAPAL ITALIAN
(1144 for Dithmarchen) until 1340. Frisia and one time they were more or less completely
EARLY SCOTS ISLES
Dithmarchen continued to maintain their conquered was by the Danes in 1219, who then AND HIGHLANDS
independence until the late 15th century, although made the error of incorporating Dithmarchen FEUDAL SCOTS
EARLY RUSSIAN
the Stedinger Republic fell to a crusading alliance troops into their army. The very next battle the FEUDAL POLISH
led by the Duke of Brabant in 1234. Dithmarchen contingents switched sides and ANGLO-NORMAN
Friesland especially was by no means a unified attacked the rear of the Danes while they were LATER WELSH
EARLY LITHUANIAN
area. Internal strife was common, but rarely took frontally engaged with their German opponents. OR SAMOGITIAN
the form of field battles, lightning raids being The resulting Danish defeat effectively freed WENDISH, PRUSSIAN
OR ESTONIAN
much more common. Whenever outside powers Dithmarchen again from Danish rule. EARLY MEDIEVAL
tried to take advantage, however, they usually FRISIA AND OTHER
TROOP NOTES FREE CANTONS
found the Free Cantoners united, with all POST-VIKING
internal squabbles suspended. Due to the terrain these armies fought in and SCANDINAVIAN
EARLY PLANTAGENET
All attempts to bring them to heel failed, often their defensive strategies their knights seem to ENGLISH
at great cost to the would-be conquerors. In large have fought mainly dismounted. LATER SICILIAN
part this was due to the inaccessible terrain. It The “fortifications” used were sometimes EARLY MEDIEVAL IRISH
EARLY ANGLO-IRISH
also helped that most of the nominal overlords palisades or earth walls, but in most cases
EARLY TEUTONIC
were not that interested in subjugating these consisted of drainage channels. KNIGHTS
people, realizing the cost of doing so and the The pole spear used by the Free Cantoners MONGOL INVASION
EARLY GRANADINE
comparably low value of what they stood to gain. was held in both hands, MIDDLE PLANTAGENET
Now and then parts of the Free Cantons, precluding the use of a ENGLISH
especially Frisia with its prosperous cities, were shield. It had a disk on the THE LISTS
formally subjugated. They usually soon revolted, butt end (up to 20 cm APPENDIX 2 – THEMED
TOURNAMENTS
however, renouncing all obligations to their so in diameter) to prevent
called overlords. At times they invited outside it sinking into the mud when it
powers to protect them, but never for long. was used as a ‘vaulting pole’ to
The Stedingers struggled against the
Archbishops of Bremen, who tried to force them Dismounted Free
to submit by excommunicating them. After this Canton Knight
83
OATH OF FEALTY
quickly and safely jump over drainage channels, swords, axes and similar weapons. We subsume
small bogs or other treacherous terrain features. these into the spearmen, however, as their
This allowed the users unmatched mobility in numbers were probably not great, nor does it
marshy terrain. There is also mention of long seem that they were used in separate units.
EARLY MEDIEVAL FRISIAN STARTER ARMY 1275 AD

4 bases of knights: Superior, Heavily Armoured, Undrilled Knights –
Knights 1 BG
Lancers, Swordsmen
Each comprising 8 bases of pole spearmen: Average, Protected,
Pole spearmen 5 BGs
6 bases of skirmishing javelinmen: Average, Unprotected, Undrilled
Skirmishing javelinmen 1 BG
Light Foot – Javelins, Light Spear
Crossbowmen 1 BG
Crossbow
Field fortifications 8 8 bases frontage of drainage channels, palisades or earth walls
Camp, 4 mounted bases, 58 foot bases, 3 commanders, 8 bases
Total 9 BGs
frontage of field fortifications
BUILDING A CUSTOMISED LIST • Free Canton allied commanders’

USING OUR ARMY POINTS contingents must conform to the Early
Choose an army based on the maxima and Medieval Frisian or other
minima in the list below. The following special Free Canton allies list below,
instructions apply to this army: but the troops in the
contingent are deducted
• Commanders should be depicted as pole from the minima and
spearmen or knights. maxima in the main list.
• Knights can always dismount as Superior, • Only one ally contingent can
Heavily Armoured, Undrilled Heavy Foot – be used.
Heavy Weapon.
• Stedinger cannot use any non-allied Knights. Pole Spearman
84
INTRODUCTION
Territory Types: Agricultural, Woodlands FEUDAL CATALAN AND
EARLY CROWN OF
Sub-commanders
Free Canton allied commanders Field Commander/Troop Commander 40/25 0–2 FEUDAL NAVARRESE
Troop Type Capabilities AND ARAGONESE
Points Bases Total
Troop name FEUDAL CASTILIAN,
LEONESE OR
Core Troops PORTUGUESE
Heavily Lancers FANATIC BERBER
Free Canton Only from Armoured Swordsmen ITALO-NORMAN
0–4
knights 1200 Heavily Heavy FEUDAL FRENCH
Heavy Foot Superior Undrilled – 14 4
Armoured Weapon
IMPERIAL GERMAN
Pole spearmen Medium Foot Average Undrilled – 6–10 24–130 FEUDAL GERMAN
COMMUNAL ITALIAN
Protected 6 0–
Medium Foot Average Undrilled Crossbow – 6–8 6– PAPAL ITALIAN
Crossbowmen Unprotected 5 12
12 EARLY SCOTS ISLES
Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Crossbow – 5 6–8 0–8
AND HIGHLANDS
Protected 6
Medium Foot Average Undrilled Bow – 6–8 FEUDAL SCOTS
Archers Unprotected 5 0–8
EARLY RUSSIAN
FEUDAL POLISH
Skirmishing javelinmen Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 4 6–8 6–24
ANGLO-NORMAN
Drainage ditches or other field Field
3 8–48 LATER WELSH
fortifications Fortifications
Optional Troops
EARLY LITHUANIAN
OR SAMOGITIAN
WENDISH, PRUSSIAN
Allies OR ESTONIAN
Danish allies – Post–Viking Scandinavian (only Frisia or Dithmarchen) EARLY MEDIEVAL
German allies – German Ecclesiastical (only Stedinger), German City (only Dithmarchen) or German Feudal allies (only Frisia or Dithmarchen) FRISIA AND OTHER
FREE CANTONS
POST-VIKING
SCANDINAVIAN
EARLY MEDIEVAL FRISIAN OR OTHER FREE CANTON ALLIES EARLY PLANTAGENET
Allied commander Field Commander/Troop Commander 40/25 1 ENGLISH
Troop Type Capabilities Points Bases Total LATER SICILIAN
Troop name EARLY MEDIEVAL IRISH
Protected Offensive 7 EARLY ANGLO-IRISH
Pole spearmen Medium Foot Average Undrilled – 6–10 8–24 EARLY TEUTONIC
KNIGHTS
Protected 6
Medium Foot Average Undrilled Crossbow – 4 MONGOL INVASION
Crossbowmen Unprotected 5
Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Crossbow – 5 4 EARLY GRANADINE
0–4 MIDDLE PLANTAGENET
Protected 6
Medium Foot ENGLISH
Archers Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow – 5 4
Light Foot Unprotected 5
THE LISTS
Skirmishing javelinmen Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 4 6–8 0–8
TOURNAMENTS
85
OATH OF FEALTY
POST-VIKING SCANDINAVIAN
This list covers Scandinavian armies from 1150 ascended the throne, having inherited both Eric
until 1300. and Sverker dynastic claims through his mother
At the start of this period, after a period of and grandmother. He was the first king of the
civil war, Denmark was united under the rule of House of Bjälbo, which ruled Sweden until
Valdemar the Great (1131–1182). Valdemar built the late 14th century. At some time circa 1249
Denmark into a major power in the Baltic region. Sweden conquered parts of Finland, although
He and his successors launched several details of the conquest are obscure, and further
“crusades” against the pagan tribes of the Baltic, areas were annexed in 1293.
adding parts of Wendland and northern Estonia
to the Danish kingdom. By the late 13th century, TROOP NOTES
however, the power of the Danish monarchy had The mainstay of Scandinavian armies in this
declined, with the Counts of Holstein owning period was still the infantry shieldwall
much of the country. (skjaldborg), comprising men armed with
Norway suffered a series of civil wars between various combinations of sword, axe, throwing
1130 and 1240, when King Håkon Håkonsson spears and thrusting spears. This formation is
defeated his last royal rival. Håkon brought best represented under the rules as Offensive
Iceland and Greenland under Norwegian rule. Spearmen. Archers would form up in the rear
Orkney, the Western Isles of Scotland and the Isle ranks. They can be represented separately as
of Man were already at least theoretically subject supporting light foot, or assumed to be included
to Norwegian rule, but Haakon’s attempt to in the overall effect of the shieldwall.
enforce these rights failed following the Battle of Hirdmen were paid household troops, and
Largs in 1263 and he died on his way back to continued to make much use of the traditional
Norway. By the terms of the Treaty of Perth two-handed axe.
(1266), his son and successor Magnus VI the Mounted knights were increasingly important,
Law-Mender gave up his claim to the Western however, particularly in Denmark,
Isles and Man but retained control of Orkney. although always heavily
From 1130 the throne of Sweden alternated outnumbered by the infantry. The
for several generations between the rival houses development of Scandinavian
of Sverker in Östergötland and Eric in Uppland, knightly armour lagged slightly
until in the 1220s the Eric dynasty got the upper behind that of the rest of Europe, but
hand, and the Sverker dynasty became extinct in not by much.
the male line. In 1250 Valdemar Birgersson Hirdman
86
INTRODUCTION
FEUDAL CATALAN
AND EARLY CROWN
OF ARAGON
EARLY HUNGARIAN
TAIFA ANDALUSIAN
FEUDAL NAVARRESE
AND ARAGONESE
FEUDAL CASTILIAN,
LEONESE OR
PORTUGUESE
FANATIC BERBER
ITALO-NORMAN
FEUDAL FRENCH
IMPERIAL GERMAN
FEUDAL GERMAN
COMMUNAL ITALIAN
PAPAL ITALIAN
EARLY SCOTS ISLES
AND HIGHLANDS
FEUDAL SCOTS
EARLY RUSSIAN
FEUDAL POLISH
ANGLO-NORMAN
LATER WELSH
EARLY LITHUANIAN
OR SAMOGITIAN
WENDISH, PRUSSIAN
OR ESTONIAN
EARLY MEDIEVAL
FRISIA AND OTHER
Swedish forces at the Battle of Hova, 1275, by Angus McBride. Taken from Men-at-Arms 396: FREE CANTONS
Medieval Scandinavian Armies (1): 1100–1300 POST-VIKING
SCANDINAVIAN
EARLY PLANTAGENET
ENGLISH
DANISH STARTER ARMY 1250 AD LATER SICILIAN
Commander-in-Chief 1 Field Commander EARLY MEDIEVAL IRISH
Sub-commanders 2 2 x Troop Commander EARLY ANGLO-IRISH
Each comprising 4 bases of knights: Superior, Heavily Armoured, EARLY TEUTONIC
Knights 2 BGs KNIGHTS
MONGOL INVASION
Each comprising 8 bases of Leidang: Average, Protected, Undrilled EARLY GRANADINE
Leidang 4 BGs
Heavy Foot – Offensive Spearmen MIDDLE PLANTAGENET
6 bases of crossbowmen: Average, Protected, Undrilled Medium Foot ENGLISH
Crossbowmen 1 BG APPENDIX 1 – USING
– Crossbow
THE LISTS
Archers 1 BG 6 bases of archers: Average, Unprotected, Undrilled Light Foot – Bow APPENDIX 2 – THEMED
Camp 1 Unfortified camp TOURNAMENTS
87
OATH OF FEALTY
BUILDING A CUSTOMISED LIST • Knights can always dismount

USING OUR ARMY POINTS as Superior, Armoured or
Choose an army based on the maxima and Heavily Armoured (as
minima in the list below. The following special mounted type), Undrilled,
instructions apply to this army: Heavy Foot – Heavy
Weapon.
• Commanders should be depicted as
hirdmen or knights. Dismounted Knight
Territory Types: Agricultural, Woodland
Sub-commanders
Troop name
Core Troops
Norway or Heavy 2/3
Heavy Foot Armoured Superior Undrilled – 12
Sweden at any Weapon or all
6–9 0–18
date, Denmark 1/3
Light Foot Unprotected Superior Undrilled Bow – 6
only before 1200 or 0
Hirdmen or
Superior Lancers, 20 4–18
knights Only before 1200 Knights Armoured Undrilled – 4–6
0–12
Heavily Superior Lancers, 23
Any date Knights Undrilled – 4–6
Armoured Average Swordsmen 18
Offensive 2/3
Heavy Foot Protected Average Undrilled – 7
Spearmen or all
Leidang 8–9 20–108
1/3
Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow – 5
or 0
Optional Troops
Mounted Only Denmark Drilled 14
Cavalry Armoured Average Crossbow Swordsmen 4 0–4
crossbowmen from 1200 Undrilled 13
Separately deployed archers Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow – 5 6–8 0–8
Crossbowmen Medium Foot Protected Average Undrilled Crossbow – 6 6–8 0–12
Allies
German Ecclesiastical allies (Only Danish)
Wendish allies (Only Danish from 1219) – Wendish, Prussian or Estonian
88
INTRODUCTION
POST-VIKING SCANDINAVIAN ALLIES
EARLY CROWN OF
Troop name
Type Armour Quality Training Shooting Impact per base per BG bases EARLY HUNGARIAN
Norway or Heavy 2/3 TAIFA ANDALUSIAN
Heavy Foot Armoured Superior Undrilled – 12
Sweden at any Weapon or all
4–6 0–6 FEUDAL NAVARRESE
date, Denmark 1/3 AND ARAGONESE
Light Foot Unprotected Superior Undrilled Bow – 6
only before 1200 or 0
Hirdmen or FEUDAL CASTILIAN,
Superior Lancers, 20 4–6 LEONESE OR
knights Only before 1200 Knights Armoured Undrilled – 4
Average Swordsmen 16 PORTUGUESE
0–4
Heavily Superior Lancers, 23 FANATIC BERBER
Any date Knights Undrilled – 4
Armoured Average Swordsmen 18 ITALO-NORMAN
Offensive 2/3 FEUDAL FRENCH
Heavy Foot Protected Average Undrilled – 7
Spearmen or all IMPERIAL GERMAN
Leidang 8–9 6–27
1/3 FEUDAL GERMAN
Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow – 5
or 0 COMMUNAL ITALIAN
Crossbowmen Medium Foot Protected Average Undrilled Crssbow – 6 4 0–4 PAPAL ITALIAN
EARLY SCOTS ISLES
AND HIGHLANDS
FEUDAL SCOTS
EARLY RUSSIAN
FEUDAL POLISH
ANGLO-NORMAN
LATER WELSH
EARLY LITHUANIAN
OR SAMOGITIAN
WENDISH, PRUSSIAN
OR ESTONIAN
EARLY MEDIEVAL
FRISIA AND OTHER
FREE CANTONS
POST-VIKING
SCANDINAVIAN
EARLY PLANTAGENET
ENGLISH
LATER SICILIAN
EARLY MEDIEVAL
IRISH
EARLY ANGLO-IRISH
EARLY TEUTONIC
KNIGHTS
MONGOL INVASION
EARLY GRANADINE
MIDDLE
PLANTAGENET
ENGLISH
THE LISTS
APPENDIX 2 –
THEMED
TOURNAMENTS
The Danish Invasion of the Island of Rügen, 1168–69, by Angus McBride. Taken from Men-at-Arms 436:
The Scandinavian Baltic Crusades 1100–1500
89
OATH OF FEALTY
EARLY PLANTAGENET ENGLISH

On the death of King Stephen in 1154 AD, Henry The Crusade was a qualified success (see Field of
II ascended the throne as previously agreed. Glory Companion 4: Swords and Scimitars) but
Having inherited Anjou and Maine from his Richard was absent from 1190 to 1194, having
father Geoffrey Plantaganet, and Normandy as a been detained by Leopold V of Austria since
possession of the English Crown, he had also 1192. On his return he was reconciled to his
acquired Aquitaine, Gascony and Poitou through youngest brother, John, who had come close to
his marriage to Eleanor of Aquitaine in 1152. He seizing the throne. War with France followed.
thus already possessed control of most of western Richard died in 1199 after being wounded by a
France, and rounded this off by forcing Conan, crossbow bolt at the siege of a minor castle.
Duke of Brittany to accept vassal status and He was succeeded by his brother John. The
subsequently making his son Geoffrey Duke of succession was not universally accepted, however,
Brittany by marrying him to Conan’s heiress. with many nobles in the French territories
He also sponsored the Anglo-Norman invasion supporting his nephew Arthur of Brittany, son
of Ireland under the leadership of the Earl of of Geoffrey, as the rightful heir. King Philip
Pembroke, Richard de Clare. Henry travelled to supported Arthur. He subsequently declared all
Ireland in 1171 and named his youngest son, John’s French possessions except Gascony forfeit,
John, “Lord of Ireland”. and granted all except Normandy to Arthur.
Henry’s later years were marred by rebellion Arthur, however, was captured in 1203 and
by his sons and by internecine strife between murdered by John’s agents. This caused Brittany
them. Two of them, Henry and Geoffrey, died and Normandy to rebel against John. In 1214
before their father, leaving Richard I as heir to an alliance between John and the Holy Roman
the throne when Henry died, a broken man, Emperor Otto IV was shattered when the
in 1189. latter was defeated by the French at the Battle
Soon after ascending the throne, Richard of Bouvines. John was forced to accept a
began to make arrangements to set forth on the humiliating peace, retaining only Gascony of all
Third Crusade – agreeing with King Philip II his inherited French possessions, and was also
of France that both of forced to sign Magna Carta by his rebellious
them should go, English barons. In 1216 the barons offered the
thus reducing English throne to Prince Louis of France, who
the risk of arrived with an army and was proclaimed King
either taking of England at London, though not crowned.
advantage of Retreating from the French invasion, John fell ill
the other’s and died. His son, the 9-year old Henry III, was
absence to attack hastily crowned at Gloucester. Gradually the
his territories. barons went over to his side until Louis was
forced to sign the Treaty of Lambeth in 1217, in
English which he acknowledged that he had never been
Knight the legitimate King of England.
90
INTRODUCTION
FEUDAL CATALAN
AND EARLY CROWN
OF ARAGON
EARLY HUNGARIAN
TAIFA ANDALUSIAN
FEUDAL NAVARRESE
AND ARAGONESE
FEUDAL CASTILIAN,
LEONESE OR
PORTUGUESE
FANATIC BERBER
ITALO-NORMAN
FEUDAL FRENCH
IMPERIAL GERMAN
FEUDAL GERMAN
COMMUNAL ITALIAN
PAPAL ITALIAN
EARLY SCOTS ISLES
AND HIGHLANDS
FEUDAL SCOTS
EARLY RUSSIAN
FEUDAL POLISH
ANGLO-NORMAN
LATER WELSH
EARLY LITHUANIAN
OR SAMOGITIAN
WENDISH, PRUSSIAN
OR ESTONIAN
EARLY MEDIEVAL
FRISIA AND OTHER
FREE CANTONS
POST-VIKING
SCANDINAVIAN
EARLY PLANTAGENET
ENGLISH
LATER SICILIAN
EARLY MEDIEVAL
IRISH
EARLY ANGLO-IRISH
EARLY TEUTONIC
KNIGHTS
MONGOL INVASION
EARLY GRANADINE
MIDDLE
PLANTAGENET
ENGLISH
THE LISTS
APPENDIX 2 –
THEMED
TOURNAMENTS
The Battle of Lewes, 14 May 1264, by Graham Turner. Taken from Warrior 48: English Medieval
Knight 1200–1300
91
OATH OF FEALTY
Henry III reigned until his death in 1272. reign most would be English.
Though long, his reign was not successful and Contemporary illustrations suggest that infantry
was marred by civil war against the barons. were armed with heavy cutting weapons and swords
He was succeeded by his son Edward I, a far more as often as spears. However it is likely that they
forceful and militarily successful character. fought in mixed bodies as described in the Catalan
This list covers the armies of the Angevin list. We treat such mixed bodies as Spearmen.
“Empire” in England and France from 1154 to Welsh archerii were mounted Welsh archers.
1216, and English armies from 1216 to 1272. We do not accept the notion that they fought
mounted.
TROOP NOTES Irish troops were used in quite large numbers
During the “Empire” period troops could equally in Wales and Scotland in the 13th century, usually
be English or French in origin. In Henry III’s serving under their own kings.
EARLY PLANTAGENET ENGLISH STARTER ARMY 120 0 AD

4 bases of mounted crossbowmen: Average, Armoured, Undrilled
Cavalry – Crossbow, Swordsmen
4 bases of Welsh equites: Average, Unprotected, Undrilled Light Horse
Welsh equites 1 BG
– Javelins, Light Spear
Foot sergeants and English Each comprising 8 bases of foot sergeants and English freemen:
2 BGs
freemen Average, Protected, Undrilled Heavy Foot – Defensive Spearmen
8 bases of crossbowmen: Average, Protected, Undrilled Medium Foot
Crossbowmen 1 BG
– Crossbow
8 bases of Welsh Infantry: Average, Unprotected, Undrilled Medium
Welsh infantry 1 BG
Foot – Offensive Spearmen
4 bases of Welsh archerii: Average, Unprotected, Undrilled Medium
Welsh archerii 1 BG
Foot – Longbow
BUILDING A CUSTOMISED LIST • Welsh equites can always dismount as Average,

USING OUR ARMY POINTS Unprotected, Undrilled Medium
Choose an army based on the maxima and Foot – Offensive Spearmen.
minima in the list below. The following special • No more than one allied
instructions apply to this army: contingent can be used.
• Commanders should be depicted as knights. Feudal

Crossbowman
92
INTRODUCTION
Territory Types: Agricultural, Woodlands FEUDAL CATALAN AND
EARLY CROWN OF
Sub-commanders
FEUDAL CASTILIAN,
Heavily Lancers, PORTUGUESE
Knights and sergeants Knights Superior Undrilled – 23 4–6 6–32
Armoured Swordsmen FANATIC BERBER
Foot sergeants and English Average Defensive 6 0– ITALO-NORMAN
Heavy Foot Protected Undrilled – 6–8
freemen Poor Spearmen 4 24 FEUDAL FRENCH
Armoured Defensive 9 12– IMPERIAL GERMAN
Protected Spearmen 7 48
FEUDAL GERMAN
Defensive 0– COMMUNAL ITALIAN
Town militia Heavy Foot Protected Poor Drilled – 5 6–8
Spearmen 24
PAPAL ITALIAN
Optional Troops
EARLY SCOTS ISLES
Lancers, AND HIGHLANDS
Separately deployed sergeants Cavalry Armoured Average Undrilled – 12 4–6 0–6
Swordsmen FEUDAL SCOTS
Mounted crossbowmen Cavalry Armoured Average Undrilled Crossbow Swordsmen 13 4 0–4 EARLY RUSSIAN
Light Horse Unprotected Average Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 7 4 FEUDAL POLISH
Welsh equites Light Spear, 0–4 ANGLO-NORMAN
Cavalry Protected Average Undrilled – 9 4
Swordsmen LATER WELSH
Mercenary knights and Heavily Lancers, EARLY LITHUANIAN
sergeants Armoured Swordsmen OR SAMOGITIAN
Feudal crossbowmen Medium Foot Protected Average Undrilled Crossbow – 6 6–8 WENDISH, PRUSSIAN
0–8 OR ESTONIAN
Mercenary crossbowmen Medium Foot Protected Average Drilled Crossbow – 7 6–8
EARLY MEDIEVAL
Foot archers 0–8 FRISIA AND OTHER
Medium Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow – 5 6–8 FREE CANTONS
Welsh archerii Medium Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Longbow – 6 4 0–4 POST-VIKING
SCANDINAVIAN
Offensive
Welsh infantry Medium Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled – 6 6–8 0–16 EARLY PLANTAGENET
Spearmen
ENGLISH
Only in Protected Impact Foot, 7
Galwegian foot Medium Foot Average Undrilled – 6–8 0–8 LATER SICILIAN
Britain Unprotected Swordsmen 6
Heavy
Medium Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled – 6 4–6 EARLY ANGLO-IRISH
Only in Weapon
Irish foot Britain from Light Spear, 0–6 EARLY TEUTONIC
Medium Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled – 5 4–6 KNIGHTS
1242 Swordsmen
MONGOL INVASION
EARLY GRANADINE
Allies
MIDDLE PLANTAGENET
Only in Britain ENGLISH
Dublin Viking Allies (Only before 1169) – Viking – See Field of Glory Companion 8: Wolves from the Sea:The Dark Ages APPENDIX 1 – USING
Irish allies (Only from 1242) – Early Medieval Irish THE LISTS
North or South Welsh allies – Later Welsh APPENDIX 2 – THEMED
TOURNAMENTS
Scots Allies – Feudal Scots
Only in France
French Allies – Feudal French
Navarrese allies (Only from 1194 to 1196) – Feudal Navarrese and Aragonese
93
OATH OF FEALTY
LATER SICILIAN
This list covers the armies of the Kingdom of success. The battles of Benevento in 1266 and
Sicily from the death of Roger II in 1154 until Tagliacozzo in 1268 finally saw the end of the
the Kingdom was split by the War of the Sicilian Staufer reign in Sicily and the beginning of a
Vespers in 1282. Thereafter it covers the armies rather turbulent period.
of the Angevin Kingdom of Naples until 1320 The new Papal-sponsored King of Sicily,
and those of the Kingdom of Sicily until the Charles of Anjou, had to put down severe
union with Naples in 1442. resistance, especially amongst the Muslims, but
The last Norman kings were kept busy mostly by the end of 1270 had consolidated his position.
by their own nobility who (sometimes supported His repressive rule, however, culminated in a
by the Byzantines) tended to be rather rebellious. revolt on Sicily (known as the Sicilian Vespers) in
Nevertheless, some of them managed to put their 1282, giving Pere III of Aragon a pretext to invade
considerable military power to use on occasion, Sicily. While the initial invasion was successful on
such as William II’s campaign in Greece. Sicily itself, the Kingdom of Naples remained
After William died without male heirs, the contested for years, with the war spreading over
German King Heinrich VI claimed the throne in large parts of the Mediterranean. In mainland
the right of his wife Constance, posthumous Italy it consisted mostly of smaller raids with
daughter of Roger II of Sicily. He failed to enforce only few pitched battles, which usually saw the
his claim until 1194, however, allowing Tancred, Catalan/Aragonese forces coming out ahead of
an illegitimate grandson of Roger II, to become the Angevins. It also saw the formation and rise
the last reigning Norman King of Sicily. of the (in)famous Catalan Company. (See Field of
Heinrich VI was followed by his son Glory Companion 6: Eternal Empire).
Friedrich II who managed to keep the still Technically King Alfons III of Aragon gave up
rebellious Norman nobility under control his claim to Sicily (then ruled by his brother
and put down and later win the loyalty of Jaume) with the Treaty of Tarascon (1291), but
the Saracens. From 1235 Friedrich largely Jaume and later his son Frederic the Almughavar
undertook his military endeavours with an had enough troops and resources to
army based on his Sicilian Kingdom rather hold firm even after being deprived
than his German holdings. of outside assistance. Neither
After his death his son Konrad IV, bribes nor force allowed the
having been driven from Germany, Angevins to recapture Sicily. The
assumed the Sicilian throne. Unlike exhausted Charles II gave up all his
his father he proved unable to rights to Sicily in 1302, retaining
stand against the Pope and his only the Kingdom of Naples
supporters. After his death, his (although that officially kept the
brother Manfred at first, name of Kingdom of Sicily, while
and later his son Konradin, the kingdom of the actual
continued the struggle
with the Papacy without much Saracen Cavalry
94
LATER SICILIAN
INTRODUCTION
FEUDAL CATALAN AND
EARLY CROWN OF
ARAGON
EARLY HUNGARIAN
TAIFA ANDALUSIAN
FEUDAL NAVARRESE
AND ARAGONESE
FEUDAL CASTILIAN,
LEONESE OR
PORTUGUESE
FANATIC BERBER
ITALO-NORMAN
FEUDAL FRENCH
IMPERIAL GERMAN
FEUDAL GERMAN
COMMUNAL ITALIAN
PAPAL ITALIAN
EARLY SCOTS ISLES
AND HIGHLANDS
FEUDAL SCOTS
EARLY RUSSIAN
FEUDAL POLISH
ANGLO-NORMAN
LATER WELSH
EARLY LITHUANIAN
OR SAMOGITIAN
WENDISH, PRUSSIAN
OR ESTONIAN
EARLY MEDIEVAL
FRISIA AND OTHER
FREE CANTONS
POST-VIKING
SCANDINAVIAN
EARLY PLANTAGENET
ENGLISH
LATER SICILIAN
EARLY ANGLO-IRISH
EARLY TEUTONIC
KNIGHTS
MONGOL INVASION
EARLY GRANADINE
MIDDLE PLANTAGENET
ENGLISH
THE LISTS
TOURNAMENTS
Italo-Norman Nobleman, guardsman and Sicilian levy prisoner, by Angus McBride.

Taken from Elite 9: The Normans
95
OATH OF FEALTY
island was called the Kingdom of Trinacria). list offers plenty of knights that can be used to
Afterwards Sicily remained more or less represent them.
independent until 1409 when it was inherited by The Saracens in Italy were completely
the King of Aragon. disarmed under Charles of Anjou and only
handed their weapons when enlisted. We assume
TROOP NOTES that lack of practice would render them rather
Large numbers of Saracen troops were employed. ineffective.
Most were foot bowmen, others were armed with They were finally suppressed by Charles II in
a mixture of javelins, swords, knives, axes and 1301.
maces. Some wore light mail and some, at least, In the 13th century, most mercenary knights
were “splendidly uniformed”. Though large and sergeants were German. The substantial
numbers of mounted Saracen archers were numbers of Catalan-Aragonese knights and
employed at times, it is not clear from the sources cavalls alforrats used by the Aragonese party in
whether they fought mounted or on foot. Doubt Sicily during the War of the Sicilian Vespers can
has been cast on their fighting mounted owing to be taken from the normal maxima of Undrilled
the lack of a mounted archery tradition in western feudal or mercenary knights.
Muslim armies. There are, however, parallels in By the end of the 13th century, Greek troops
Andalusia, with locally recruited horse were relegated to the Arriere-ban.
archers being used at least in small numbers. Almughavars are described as lightly
It is also possible that Friedrich II imported armoured and equipped with a couple of iron
horse archer techniques he had seen on darts called sagetes or escones, similar to the
Crusade. We therefore allow for the Roman pilum or the ancient Spanish
possibility that they fought mounted, and soliferrum, a short sword or dagger, and a
also for the possibility that the bulk of the spear. Their fighting style relied on the
substantial numbers of Saracen cavalry may effect of missiles combined with a fierce
have fought in a more traditional charge. Classification presents a
North African/Andalusian problem – therefore we give
style. a choice of classification.
While there are reports Drilled grading reflects the
of Friedrich II equipping discipline and training
Saracens ‘like knights’ we gained after years of
doubt that they actually continuous service.
fought as such. We
recommend classifying Feudal
them as lancer cavalry – Sergeant
for those who disagree the
96
LATER SICILIAN
INTRODUCTION
LATER SICILIAN STARTER ARMY 1225 AD
EARLY CROWN OF
4 bases of Imperial ministeriales: Superior, Heavily Armoured, Drilled EARLY HUNGARIAN
Imperial ministeriales 1 BG
Knights – Lancers, Swordsmen TAIFA ANDALUSIAN
6 bases of feudal knights and sergeants: Superior, Heavily Armoured, FEUDAL NAVARRESE
Feudal knights and sergeants 1 BG AND ARAGONESE
4 bases of Saracen cavalry: Average, Armoured, Drilled Cavalry – FEUDAL CASTILIAN,
Saracen cavalry 1 BG LEONESE OR
Lancers, Swordsmen PORTUGUESE
Each comprising 4 bases of Saracen light horse: Average, Protected, FANATIC BERBER
Saracen light horse 2 BGs
Drilled Light Horse – Javelins, Light Spear ITALO-NORMAN
Comprising 8 bases of Saracen archers: Average, Protected, Drilled FEUDAL FRENCH
Saracen archers 1 BG
Medium Foot – Bow IMPERIAL GERMAN
Each comprising 6 bases of Saracen archers: Average, Unprotected, FEUDAL GERMAN
Saracen archers 2 BGs
Drilled Light Foot – Bow COMMUNAL ITALIAN
Camp 1 Unfortified camp PAPAL ITALIAN
Total 8 BGs Camp, 22 mounted bases, 20 foot bases, 3 commanders EARLY SCOTS ISLES
AND HIGHLANDS
FEUDAL SCOTS
BUILDING A CUSTOMISED LIST EARLY RUSSIAN
• Commanders should be depicted as knights. FEUDAL POLISH
USING OUR ARMY POINTS • From 1282 an army must either be that of ANGLO-NORMAN
Choose an army based on the maxima and Sicily or that of Angevin Naples. LATER WELSH
EARLY LITHUANIAN
minima in the list below. The following special • All Medium Foot Almughavars must be OR SAMOGITIAN
instructions apply to this army: classified the same. WENDISH, PRUSSIAN
OR ESTONIAN
EARLY MEDIEVAL
FRISIA AND OTHER
LATER SICILIAN FREE CANTONS
POST-VIKING
C-in-C Inspired Commander/Field Commander/Troop Commander 80/50/35 1 SCANDINAVIAN
Field Commander 50 0–2 EARLY PLANTAGENET
Sub-commanders
Troop Commander 35 0–3 ENGLISH
Troop Type Capabilities
Points Bases Total LATER SICILIAN
Troop name
Type Armour Quality Training Shooting Close Combat per base per BG bases EARLY MEDIEVAL IRISH
Core Troops EARLY ANGLO-IRISH
Feudal knights and sergeants Knights Heavily Superior Undrilled – Lancers, 23 4–6 0–24 EARLY TEUTONIC
Armoured Swordsmen KNIGHTS
Only before Heavily Lancers, MONGOL INVASION
EARLY GRANADINE
Mercenary knights Heavily Lancers,
Knights Superior Undrilled – 23 4–6 6–38 MIDDLE PLANTAGENET
and sergeants Only from Armoured Swordsmen
0–20 ENGLISH
Knights Average Drilled – 21 4–6 APPENDIX 1 – USING
Armoured Swordsmen
Italian Communal knights and Heavily Lancers,
THE LISTS
Knights Average Undrilled – 18 4–6 0–8
sergeants Armoured Swordsmen APPENDIX 2 – THEMED
Drilled or TOURNAMENTS
Undrilled
Only before Protected Drilled 7

16–36
1267 Protected Undrilled 6
Saracen archers Medium Foot Average Bow – 6–8
Only Angevins Light Foot Unprotected Poor Undrilled Bow – 3 6–8
from 1267 to 0–8
1301 Medium Foot Unprotected Poor Undrilled Bow – 3 6–8
97
OATH OF FEALTY
Optional Troops
Imperial Only from Heavily Lancers,
Knights Superior Drilled – 26 4 0–4
ministeriales 1215 to 1250 Armoured Swordsmen
Superior Drilled 17
Lancers,
Saracen cavalry Cavalry Armoured Average Drilled – 13 4 0–4
Swordsmen
Average Undrilled 12
Drilled or
Light Horse Protected Average Bow – 9 4–6
Undrilled
0–8
Only before Drilled or Javelins
1267 Light Horse Protected Average Light Spear 8 4–6
Undrilled
Saracen light horse 0–16
Drilled or
Light Horse Unprotected Average Bow – 8 4–6
Undrilled
0–16
Drilled or Javelins
Light Horse Unprotected Average Light Spear 7 4–6
Undrilled
Berber light horse Light Horse Unprotected Average Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 7 4–6 0–6
Average Undrilled 6
Feudal, Communal or mercenary Average Drilled Defensive 7
Heavy Foot Protected – 6–8 0–24
spearmen Poor Undrilled Spearmen 4
0–24
Poor Drilled 5
Well equipped mercenary Defensive
Heavy Foot Armoured Average Drilled – 9 6–8 0–8
spearmen Spearmen
Light Spear,
Only before Medium Foot Protected Average Undrilled – 6 6–8
Greeks Swordsmen 0–16
1200
Armoured Drilled 9
Saracen close Only before Heavy Foot or Armoured Average Undrilled Light Spear, 8
– 6–8 0–8
fighters 1267 Medium Foot Protected Drilled Swordsmen 7
Protected Undrilled 6
Average 5
Light Foot Unprotected Drilled Crossbow – 6–8
Poor 3
Any date
Average 7
Poor 5
Communal Defensive
Heavy Foot Protected Average Drilled – 7 1/2 0–8
crossbowmen Spearmen 6
Only from Medium Foot Protected Average Drilled Crossbow – 7 1/2
1200 Defensive 0–16
Spearmen 6
Feudal crossbowmen Medium Foot Protected Average Undrilled Crossbow – 6 6–8 0–8
Mercenary crossbowmen Medium Foot Protected Average Drilled Crossbow – 7 4–6 0–6
Catalan Only Sicily Drilled 7 0–12
crossbowmen from 1282 Medium Foot Protected Average Crossbow – 6–8
Undrilled 6
Only Sicily Medium Foot Superior Undrilled – 6–8
from 1282 to
1291 Unprotected Impact Foot, 7
Medium Foot Superior Undrilled – 6–8
Almughavars 12–36
Only Sicily Medium Foot Superior Drilled – 6–8
from 1292 to
1301 Unprotected Impact Foot, 8
Medium Foot Superior Drilled – 6–8
Only Sicily
Almughavar Undrilled
from 1282 to Light Foot Unprotected Average or Drilled Javelins Light Spear 4 4–6 0–6
skirmishers 1301
Arriere Ban Mob Unprotected Poor Undrilled – – 2 8–12 0–12
Allies
Aragonese allies (Only Sicily from 1302)
Italian Communal allies (Only before 1282)
98
INTRODUCTION
EARLY MEDIEVAL IRISH FEUDAL CATALAN AND
EARLY CROWN OF
ARAGON
This list covers native Irish armies from 1167 to TROOP NOTES EARLY HUNGARIAN
1300. Irish warriors of this period were armed with TAIFA ANDALUSIAN
FEUDAL NAVARRESE
Forced into exile by the High King Ruaidri Ua short thrusting spear, javelins and large axes. AND ARAGONESE
Conchobair (Rory O’Connor) in 1166, Diarmait Although Giraldus Cambrensis describes the Irish FEUDAL CASTILIAN,
LEONESE OR
Mac Murchada (Dermot MacMurrough), King of axe as used in one hand, several contemporary PORTUGUESE
Leinster, fled to the court of Henry II of England, illustrations, including in his own manuscript, FANATIC BERBER
seeking help to regain his kingdom. Granted show it being used two-handed. Giraldus states ITALO-NORMAN
FEUDAL FRENCH
permission to obtain aid from Henry’s vassals, that neither helmet nor mail were any protection IMPERIAL GERMAN
Diarmait secured the interest of several of the against it. “The whole thigh of a soldier, though FEUDAL GERMAN
Norman lords of Wales, including Richard de ever so well cased in iron mail, is cut off by one COMMUNAL ITALIAN
PAPAL ITALIAN
Clare, Earl of Pembroke (Strongbow). The first blow of the axe, the thigh and the leg falling on
EARLY SCOTS ISLES
contingent, under Richard fitz Godbert de Roche, one side of the horse, and the dying body on the AND HIGHLANDS
arrived in 1167. The main body of Norman, other”. We therefore allow players the option to FEUDAL SCOTS
EARLY RUSSIAN
Welsh and Flemish troops arrived in 1169, treat all such axes as heavy weapon, or only those FEUDAL POLISH
rapidly gaining control of Leinster, Waterford and used two-handed. In the latter case, battle groups ANGLO-NORMAN
Dublin. Strongbow married Diarmait’s daughter, graded as light spear, swordsmen are those with LATER WELSH
EARLY LITHUANIAN
and was named heir to the Kingdom of Leinster. a low proportion of men using two-handed axes. OR SAMOGITIAN
Fearing the possible creation of an independent Armour was rare amongst Irish troops and WENDISH, PRUSSIAN
OR ESTONIAN
Norman kingdom in Ireland, Henry II arrived shields were uncommon. EARLY MEDIEVAL
with a large fleet in 1171. He declared Waterford Skirmishes and ambushes were favoured, FRISIA AND OTHER
FREE CANTONS
and Dublin royal cities, and made his youngest but Irish foot sometimes formed up in close POST-VIKING
son, John, “Lord of Ireland”. order for pitched battle, as at Clontarf before SCANDINAVIAN
EARLY PLANTAGENET
A treaty was signed between Henry and this period. ENGLISH
Ruaidri in 1175, leaving Ruaidri as King of the Bands of landless Irish adventurers hiring LATER SICILIAN
rest of Ireland outside Leinster, Meath, and themselves out as mercenaries were known in EARLY MEDIEVAL IRISH
EARLY ANGLO-IRISH
Waterford, in return for tribute. However, the this period as Dibergaigh, as some modelled
EARLY TEUTONIC
Norman lords in Ireland did not respect this themselves on the former pagan Diberga and KNIGHTS
treaty but continued to expand their lands, Fianna warrior cults, who shaved their hair at the MONGOL INVASION
EARLY GRANADINE
advancing far into the west of the island. front and grew it long and plaited at the back. MIDDLE PLANTAGENET
Throughout the 13th century, however, the policy Following their first employment by Diarmait ENGLISH
of the Kings of England was to weaken the power MacMurchada in 1167, Anglo- THE LISTS
of the Norman lords in Ireland. From the middle Norman mercenaries and APPENDIX 2 – THEMED
TOURNAMENTS
of the century onwards, the native Irish began to allies continued to be found in
push back the frontiers of the area under Norman Irish armies at various times
control. This process continued after the end of throughout the period.
the period covered by this list, until by the end of We assume that the
the 15th century English control was limited to a
relatively small area around Dublin (“The Pale”). Archer
99
OATH OF FEALTY
mercenary leaders were sufficiently independent (MacDonnell/MacDowell), MacSiothaigh

to be treated as allies. (MacSheehy), MacDubhgaill (MacDougall),
Galloglaigh (foreign warriors) were MacCaba (MacCabe) and MacRuari (MacRory)
mercenary warriors from the Western Isles clans. The classic galloglaigh weapon was the
and west coast of Scotland, serving under their two-handed axe, though not all were so armed.
own chieftains. Several clans of galloglaigh They aspired to a mail coat, but grave effigies
settled permanently in Ireland, notably the make it clear that a high proportion wore only
MacSúibhne (MacSweeney), MacDomhnaill a helmet and the textile cotun (akheton).
EARLY MEDIEVAL IRISH STARTER ARMY 1275 AD

4 bases of nobles and retainers: Superior, Armoured, Undrilled Cavalry
Nobles and retainers 1 BG
– Light Spear, Swordsmen
Each comprising 4 bases of nobles and retainers: Average,
Nobles and retainers 2 BGs
Each comprising 6 bases of galloglaich: Superior, Protected, Undrilled
Galloglaigh 2 BGs
Heavy Foot – Heavy Weapon
Each comprising 8 bases of other warriors: Average, Unprotected,
Other warriors 4 BGs
Undrilled Medium Foot – Heavy Weapon
6 bases of other warriors: Average, Unprotected, Undrilled Light Foot
Other warriors 1 BG
– Javelins, Light Spear
Each comprising 6 bases of levies: Poor, Unprotected, Undrilled Light
Levies 3 BGs
Foot – Javelins, Light Spear
BUILDING A CUSTOMISED LIST below, but the troops in the contingent are
USING OUR ARMY POINTS deducted from the minima and maxima in
Choose an army based on the maxima and the main list.
minima in the list below. The following special • Before 1260 nobles and retainers upgraded
instructions apply to this army: to cavalry can always dismount as Medium
Foot, Unprotected, Superior, Undrilled,
• Commanders should be depicted as nobles Heavy Weapon.
and retainers. • The minima marked * only apply if any
• Irish allied commanders’ contingents must Anglo-Norman troops are used.
conform to the Early Medieval Irish allies list
100
INTRODUCTION
Territory Types: Agricultural, Hilly, Woodlands FEUDAL CATALAN AND
EARLY CROWN OF
Sub-commanders Field Commander/Troop Commander 50/35 0–2 EARLY HUNGARIAN
Irish allied commanders Field Commander/Troop Commander 40/25 0–2 TAIFA ANDALUSIAN
Troop Type Capabilities Points Bases FEUDAL NAVARRESE
Troop name
Type Armour Quality Training Shooting Close Combat per base per BG Total bases AND ARAGONESE
Medium or Unprotected Superior Heavy LEONESE OR
Any date Undrilled – 7 6–8 0–16 PORTUGUESE
Heavy Foot Weapon
Only before Light Spear, FANATIC BERBER
Nobles and Cavalry Protected Average Undrilled – 9 4–6 0–16 6–
1260 Swordsmen ITALO-NORMAN
retainers 16
Light Spear, FEUDAL FRENCH
Only from Cavalry Armoured Superior Undrilled – 16 4 0–4
Swordsmen IMPERIAL GERMAN
1260
Light Horse Unprotected Average Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 7 4–6 4–10 FEUDAL GERMAN
Heavy COMMUNAL ITALIAN
Weapon
24–120 PAPAL ITALIAN
Other warriors Light Spear,
Medium Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled – 5 6–8 EARLY SCOTS ISLES
Swordsmen
AND HIGHLANDS
FEUDAL SCOTS
Optional Troops
EARLY RUSSIAN
Heavy
Dibergaigh Medium Foot Unprotected Superior Undrilled – 7 6–8 0–8 FEUDAL POLISH
Weapon
Superior 9 ANGLO-NORMAN
Only from Heavy
Galloglaigh Heavy Foot Protected Undrilled – 6–8 0–12 LATER WELSH
1260 Average Weapon 7
EARLY LITHUANIAN
Levies Light Foot Unprotected Poor Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 2 6–8 0–36
OR SAMOGITIAN
Slingers Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Sling – 4 4–6
0–6 WENDISH, PRUSSIAN
Archers Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow – 5 4–6 OR ESTONIAN
Field EARLY MEDIEVAL
Trenches, abatis or plashing 3 0–24
Fortifications FRISIA AND OTHER
Fortified Camp 24 0–1 FREE CANTONS
Allies POST-VIKING
Anglo–Norman allies – Early Anglo–Irish SCANDINAVIAN
Islesmen allies (Only from 1200) – Early Scots Isles and Highlands EARLY PLANTAGENET
ENGLISH
Viking or Ostmen allies (Only before 1195) – Viking – See Field of Glory Companion 8: Wolves from the Sea:The Dark Ages
LATER SICILIAN
EARLY MEDIEVAL IRISH ALLIES EARLY ANGLO-IRISH
Allied commander Field Commander/Troop Commander 40/25 1 EARLY TEUTONIC
KNIGHTS
Troop name MONGOL INVASION
EARLY GRANADINE
Medium or Unprotected Superior Heavy
Any date Undrilled – 7 4–6 0–6 MIDDLE PLANTAGENET
Heavy Foot Weapon
ENGLISH
Nobles and Only before Light Spear,
Cavalry Protected Average Undrilled – 9 4–6 0–6 4–6 APPENDIX 1 – USING
retainers 1260 Swordsmen
THE LISTS
Only from Light Horse Unprotected Average Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 7 4 0–4 APPENDIX 2 – THEMED
1260
TOURNAMENTS
Heavy
Weapon
8–32
Other warriors Light Spear,
Swordsmen
Only from Superior Heavy 9
Galloglaigh Heavy Foot Protected Undrilled – 4 0–4
1260 Average Weapon 7
Levies Light Foot Unprotected Poor Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 2 6–8 0–12
101
OATH OF FEALTY
Irish troops ambush Anglo-Irish knight, by Angus McBride. Taken from Elite 9: The Normans
EARLY ANGLO -IRISH

This list covers Anglo-Irish armies from 1172
English
to 1300, and Anglo-Irish mercenary or allied Knight
contingents from 1167 to 1300.
TROOP NOTES
Scots colonists from the Western seaboard of
Scotland were settled in northern Ulster
following grants of land to the Earls of Galloway
and Atholl by King John.
Large armies usually included Irish allied
contingents.
102
EARLY ANGLO-IRISH
INTRODUCTION
EARLY ANGLO–IRISH STARTER ARMY 1275 AD
EARLY CROWN OF
Each comprising 4 bases of knights and sergeants: Superior, Heavily EARLY HUNGARIAN
Armoured, Undrilled Knights – Lancers, Swordsmen TAIFA ANDALUSIAN
8 bases of foot sergeants: Average, Protected, Undrilled Heavy Foot – FEUDAL NAVARRESE
Foot sergeants 1 BG AND ARAGONESE
Defensive Spearmen
FEUDAL CASTILIAN,
Each comprising 8 bases of Welsh or English archers: Average, LEONESE OR
Welsh or English archers 2 BGs
Protected, Undrilled Medium Foot – Longbow, Swordsmen PORTUGUESE
Each comprising 8 bases of Irish warriors: Average, Unprotected, FANATIC BERBER
Irish warriors 2 BGs
Undrilled Medium Foot – Heavy Weapon ITALO-NORMAN
Each comprising 6 bases of Irish warriors: Poor, Unprotected, FEUDAL FRENCH
Irish warriors 2 BGs IMPERIAL GERMAN
Undrilled Light Foot – Javelins, Light Spear
Camp 1 Unfortified camp FEUDAL GERMAN
Total 9 BGs Camp, 8 mounted bases, 52 foot bases, 3 commanders COMMUNAL ITALIAN
PAPAL ITALIAN
EARLY SCOTS ISLES
AND HIGHLANDS
BUILDING A CUSTOMISED LIST below, but the troops FEUDAL SCOTS
USING OUR ARMY POINTS EARLY RUSSIAN
in the contingent are FEUDAL POLISH
Choose an army based on the maxima and deducted from ANGLO-NORMAN
minima in the list below. The following special the minima and LATER WELSH
EARLY LITHUANIAN
instructions apply to this army: maxima in the OR SAMOGITIAN
main list. WENDISH, PRUSSIAN
OR ESTONIAN
• Commanders should be depicted as knights. EARLY MEDIEVAL
• Anglo-Irish allied commanders’ contingents English Archer FRISIA AND OTHER
FREE CANTONS
must conform to the Anglo-Irish allies list POST-VIKING
SCANDINAVIAN
EARLY PLANTAGENET
ENGLISH
LATER SICILIAN
EARLY ANGLO-IRISH
EARLY TEUTONIC
KNIGHTS
MONGOL INVASION
EARLY GRANADINE
MIDDLE PLANTAGENET
ENGLISH
THE LISTS
TOURNAMENTS
103
OATH OF FEALTY
EARLY ANGLO–IRISH
Territory Types: Agricultural
Sub-commanders Field Commander/Troop Commander 50/35 0–2
Anglo–Irish allied commanders Field Commander/Troop Commander 40/25 0–2
Troop Type Capabilities Points Bases
Troop name Total bases
Type Armour Quality Training Shooting Close Combat per base per BG
Core Troops
Heavily Lancers,
Norman knights and sergeants Knights Superior Undrilled – 23 4–6 4–12
Armoured Swordsmen 4–
Knights and sergeants with Lancers, 12
Cavalry Armoured Average Undrilled – 12 4 0–4
lighter equipment Swordsmen
Separately Only from Lancers,
Cavalry Protected Average Undrilled – 9 4–6 4–8
deployed hobilars 1290 Swordsmen
Defensive
Foot sergeants Heavy Foot Protected Average Undrilled – 6 6–8 6–24
Spearmen
Welsh archers Any date Medium Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Longbow – 6 6–8 0–32
Only before Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow – 5 6–8
English archers 0–8
1275 Medium Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow – 5 6–8
8–
Protected 8
Medium Foot Average Undrilled Longbow Swordsmen 6–8 32
Welsh or English Only from Unprotected 7
8–32
archers 1275 Protected 7
Medium Foot Average Undrilled Longbow – 6–8
Unprotected 6
Heavy
Weapon
8–36
Light Spear, 8–
Irish warriors Medium Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled – 5 6–8
Swordsmen 40
Average 4
Light Foot Unprotected Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 6–8 0–12
Poor 2
Optional Troops
Mercenary crossbowmen Medium Foot Protected Average Drilled Crossbow – 7 4 0–4
Irish archers Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow – 5 4 0–4
Heavy
Weapon
Ostmen 0–8
Offensive
Spearmen 0–
Heavy 12
Only from Weapon
Scots colonists 0–12
1212 Offensive
Spearmen
Allies
Irish allies – Early Medieval Irish (Up to 2 contingents)
Manx Viking allies (Only from 1177 to 1266) – Viking – See Field of Glory Companion 8: Wolves from the Sea:The Dark Ages
104
EARLY TEUTONIC KNIGHTS
INTRODUCTION
EARLY ANGLO–IRISH ALLIES
FEUDAL CATALAN AND
EARLY CROWN OF
Troop name
Heavily Lancers, TAIFA ANDALUSIAN
Norman knights and sergeants Knights Superior Undrilled – 23 4 0–4
Armoured Swordsmen FEUDAL NAVARRESE
Separately Only from Lancers, AND ARAGONESE
Cavalry Protected Average Undrilled – 9 4 0–4 FEUDAL CASTILIAN,
deployed hobilars 1290 Swordsmen
LEONESE OR
Defensive PORTUGUESE
Foot sergeants Heavy Foot Protected Average Undrilled – 6 4–6 0–6
Spearmen
FANATIC BERBER
Welsh archers Any date Medium Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Longbow – 6 4–8
ITALO-NORMAN
Protected 8 FEUDAL FRENCH
Medium Foot Average Undrilled Longbow Swordsmen 4–8
Welsh or English Only from Unprotected 7 4–8 IMPERIAL GERMAN
archers 1275 Protected 7 FEUDAL GERMAN
Medium Foot Average Undrilled Longbow – 4–8
Unprotected 6 COMMUNAL ITALIAN
Heavy PAPAL ITALIAN
Weapon EARLY SCOTS ISLES
0–8 AND HIGHLANDS
Only from Medium Foot Unprotected Light Spear, 0–
Irish warriors Average Undrilled – 5 6–8 FEUDAL SCOTS
1172 Swordsmen 12
Average 4 EARLY RUSSIAN
Light Foot Unprotected Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 4 0–4 FEUDAL POLISH
Poor 2
ANGLO-NORMAN
LATER WELSH
EARLY LITHUANIAN
OR SAMOGITIAN
EARLY TEUTONIC KNIGHTS WENDISH, PRUSSIAN
OR ESTONIAN
EARLY MEDIEVAL
The Teutonic Knights or Teutonic Order (The followed the Order successfully defended FRISIA AND OTHER
FREE CANTONS
Order of the German House of St. Mary in Hungary against Cuman raids, but also invited POST-VIKING
Jerusalem) was founded as a German hospital more German colonists to settle among those SCANDINAVIAN
EARLY PLANTAGENET
order during the siege of Acre in 1190 and already present (the so called Siebenbürger ENGLISH
transformed into a military order in 1198. The Saxons). Finally, in 1224, the Order sent a LATER SICILIAN
Teutonic Order never managed to become as petition to Pope Honorius III, asking to be placed EARLY MEDIEVAL IRISH
EARLY ANGLO-IRISH
powerful and famous in Outremer as the under direct Papal authority. This would
EARLY TEUTONIC
Templers or Hospitallers. Its true calling was have resulted in an Ordenstaat KNIGHTS
found in Eastern Europe where the Order independent of the Kings of MONGOL INVASION
EARLY GRANADINE
expanded greatly during the 13th century. Hungary. King Andrew could MIDDLE PLANTAGENET
In 1211 King Andrew II of Hungary accepted not tolerate this and expelled ENGLISH
the aid of the Knights in defending Hungary the Knights from Hungary THE LISTS
against the Cumans, granting them lands in the in 1225. APPENDIX 2 – THEMED
TOURNAMENTS
Burzenland in Siebenbürgen (Transylvania). This Even before that the
offer was probably a result of negotiations for the German Emperor Friedrich
marriage of his daughter with the son of II had already elevated his
Hermann, Landgrave of Thuringia, as the family close friend von Salza to the
of the Order’s Grand Master, Hermann von Salza,
were the Landgrave’s vassals. In the years that Teutonic Commander
105
OATH OF FEALTY
status of Reichsfürst, or “Prince of the Empire”, Novgorod, the so-called “Battle of Lake Peipus”.
allowing the Grand Master to negotiate with Despite long established Russian tradition,
other senior princes as an equal. He also however, there is nothing to suggest it was more
permitted the Grand Master to add the Imperial than a small and rather unimportant skirmish.
Eagle to his standard and encouraged von Salza Taking advantage of the current crusading
to become active in the Baltic area. atmosphere as well as the general boredom many
In 1226 Konrad I, Duke of Masovia in west- nobles faced during the winter months, the
central Poland, invited the Teutonic Knights to Order soon started to organize annual ‘winter
assist in the conquest of the pagan Prussians, crusades’ into the territories they were trying to
granting them and the Order of Dobrzyń (which capture. With this added manpower the Order
Konrad had founded) the use of the Kulmerland managed to slowly but surely subdue the natives
(Chełmno Land) in modern central Poland as over a period of almost 50 years. After the
their base. In the same year Emperor Friedrich II Prussians were finally subdued the Order then
bestowed special rights on the Order for the began to expand into Livonia. By 1300 the
conquest and possession of Prussia, including Teutonic Order was well established in Prussia,
Chełmno Land, with nominal Papal sovereignty. Latvia, Estonia, and Livonia.
In 1235 the Teutonic Knights assimilated the This list covers the armies of the Teutonic
smaller Order of Dobrzyń. The following year Orders from 1202 to 1300.
they also absorbed the Schwertbrüder Orden
(Livonian Brothers of the Sword) – which had TROOP NOTES
been founded in 1202 and operated around Subject foot included Estonians, Kurs, Letts, Livs
the Gulf of Riga – following the severe defeat and Prussians. (We assume that Slavic foot
of the Schwertbrüder by the Lithuanians and during the Hungarian period would be similar).
Semigallians at the Battle of Schaulen (Saule). Turcopoles were mercenary or native light
In 1242 there was the famous clash between cavalry. We have found no evidence for the horse
the Teutonic Order and the Republic of archers included in previous published army lists.
EARLY TEUTONIC KNIGHTS STARTER ARMY 1250 AD

Each comprising 4 bases of brother knights and sergeants: Superior,
Brother knights and sergeants 2 BGs
Heavily Armoured, Drilled Knights – Lancers, Swordsmen
4 bases of other knights and sergeants: Superior, Heavily Armoured,
Other knights and sergeants 1 BG
Each comprising 4 bases of turcopoles: Average, Unprotected,
Turcopoles 3 BGs
Undrilled Light Horse – Javelins, Light Spear
6 bases of serving brother spearmen: Average, Armoured, Drilled
Serving brother spearmen 1 BG
6 bases of serving brother crossbowmen: Average, Protected, Drilled
Serving brother crossbowmen 1 BG
Medium Foot – Crossbow
106
EARLY TEUTONIC KNIGHTS
INTRODUCTION
BUILDING A CUSTOMISED LIST • The minima marked * apply if FEUDAL CATALAN AND
USING OUR ARMY POINTS any troops so marked are used. EARLY CROWN OF
ARAGON
Choose an army based on the maxima and • Knights can always dismount EARLY HUNGARIAN
minima in the list below. The following special as Superior, Heavily Armoured, TAIFA ANDALUSIAN
FEUDAL NAVARRESE
instructions apply to this army: Drilled or Undrilled (as mounted AND ARAGONESE
type) Heavy Foot – Heavy Weapon. FEUDAL CASTILIAN,
LEONESE OR
• Commanders should be depicted as brother PORTUGUESE
knights. Dismounted Brother Knight FANATIC BERBER
ITALO-NORMAN
FEUDAL FRENCH
EARLY TEUTONIC KNIGHTS IMPERIAL GERMAN
Territory Types: Agricultural, Woodlands. Only from 1211 to 1225 – Hilly FEUDAL GERMAN
C-in-C Inspired Commander/Field Commander/Troop Commander 80/50/35 1 COMMUNAL ITALIAN
Field Commander 50 0–2 PAPAL ITALIAN
Sub-commanders
Troop Commander 35 0–3 EARLY SCOTS ISLES
Troop Type Capabilities Points Bases Total AND HIGHLANDS
Troop name
Type Armour Quality Training Shooting Close Combat per base per BG bases FEUDAL SCOTS
Core Troops EARLY RUSSIAN
Heavily Lancers, FEUDAL POLISH
Brother knights and sergeants Knights Superior Drilled – 26 4–6 4–12
Armoured Swordsmen ANGLO-NORMAN
Heavily Lancers, 0– Before LATER WELSH
Armoured Swordsmen 16 1230 EARLY LITHUANIAN
Vassal, “Crusader” or mercenary 0–8,
men–at–arms From OR SAMOGITIAN
Heavily Lancers, 0– 1230
Knights Average Drilled – 21 4–6 WENDISH, PRUSSIAN
Armoured Swordsmen 12 4–16
OR ESTONIAN
Light Horse Unprotected Average Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 7 4–6
Only from EARLY MEDIEVAL
Turcopoles Light Spear, 4–12
1230 Cavalry Protected Average Undrilled – 9 4–6 FRISIA AND OTHER
Swordsmen FREE CANTONS
Serving brother or mercenary Armoured Defensive 9
Heavy Foot Average Drilled – 4–6 *4–6 POST-VIKING
spearmen Protected Spearmen 7 SCANDINAVIAN
Serving brother or mercenary Medium EARLY PLANTAGENET
Protected Average Drilled Crossbow – 7 6–8 *6–12
crossbowmen Foot
ENGLISH
Average Defensive 6
Heavy Foot Protected Undrilled – Spearmen 6–8 0–8 LATER SICILIAN
Poor 4
Subject foot spearmen EARLY MEDIEVAL IRISH
Medium Average 5
Protected Undrilled – Light Spear 6–8 0–16 EARLY ANGLO-IRISH
Foot Poor 3
Average 5 EARLY TEUTONIC
Subject foot archers Light Foot Unprotected Undrilled Bow – 6–8 0–8 KNIGHTS
Poor 3
Mounted crossbowmen Cavalry Armoured Average Drilled Crossbow Swordsmen 14 4–6 0–6 EARLY GRANADINE
Only from Light Horse Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow – 8 4–6 MIDDLE PLANTAGENET
Hungarians 0–8
1211 to 1225 Light Horse Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow Swordsmen 10 4–6 ENGLISH
Average Drilled 7 APPENDIX 1 – USING
Average Undrilled Defensive 6 THE LISTS
German town militia spearmen Heavy Foot Protected – 6–8 0–12
Poor Drilled Spearmen 5 APPENDIX 2 – THEMED
Poor Undrilled 4 TOURNAMENTS
Average Drilled 7
German town militia Medium Average Undrilled 6
Protected Crossbow – 6–8
crossbowmen Foot Poor Drilled 5
0–8
Poor Undrilled 4
Vassal o r “Crusader” Medium Protected Average Undrilled Crossbow – 6 6–8
crossbowmen Foot
Allies
Polish allies (Only from 1226 to 1242) – Feudal Polish
107
OATH OF FEALTY
Teutonic Knights in Cumania, by Graham Turner. Taken from Warrior 124: Teutonic Knight
108
MONGOL INVASION
INTRODUCTION
EARLY TEUTONIC KNIGHTS ALLIES
EARLY CROWN OF
Troop name
Brother knights and sergeants Knights Superior Drilled – 26 4 4
Vassal, Heavily Lancers, AND ARAGONESE
“Crusader” or Only from Armoured Swordsmen FEUDAL CASTILIAN,
4–6
mercenary 1230 Heavily Lancers, LEONESE OR
men–at–arms Knights Average Drilled – 21 4–6 0–4 PORTUGUESE
Armoured Swordsmen
Light horse Unprotected Average Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 7 4 FANATIC BERBER
Only from ITALO-NORMAN
Turcopoles Light Spear, 0–4
1230 Cavalry Protected Average Undrilled – 9 4
Swordsmen FEUDAL FRENCH
Serving brother or mercenary Medium IMPERIAL GERMAN
Protected Average Drilled Crossbow – 7 4 0–4
crossbowmen Foot FEUDAL GERMAN
Medium Average 5 COMMUNAL ITALIAN
Subject foot spearmen Protected Undrilled – Light Spear 4–6 0–6
Foot Poor 3 PAPAL ITALIAN
EARLY SCOTS ISLES
AND HIGHLANDS
FEUDAL SCOTS
MONGOL INVASION EARLY RUSSIAN

FEUDAL POLISH
ANGLO-NORMAN
This list covers the Mongol armies that invaded invaded Hungary, while Orda’s forces invaded LATER WELSH
EARLY LITHUANIAN
Russia and Europe from 1223 to 1242. Poland. The Hungarians were severely defeated at OR SAMOGITIAN
In 1223 a Kievan Russian army, with Cuman Mohi and the Poles at Legnicą (Liegnitz). WENDISH, PRUSSIAN
OR ESTONIAN
allies, was defeated at the Kalka River by a Fortunately for Europe, the Great Khan, Ögedei, EARLY MEDIEVAL
Mongol reconnaissance force under Subutai.. died the same year, and the Mongol leaders broke FRISIA AND OTHER
FREE CANTONS
After the death of Ghengis Khan in 1227, off the campaign to take part in the election of a POST-VIKING
command of the Mongol forces in South Russia new Great Khan. SCANDINAVIAN
EARLY PLANTAGENET
was divided between Ghengis’s grandsons, the After his return in 1242, Batu established his ENGLISH
brothers Batu in the west (Blue Horde) and capital at Sarai, on the lower Volga. Following LATER SICILIAN
Orda in the east (White Horde). Batu had the Batu’s death in 1255, the Blue and White Hordes EARLY MEDIEVAL IRISH
EARLY ANGLO-IRISH
larger forces, mostly recruited from conquered were consolidated into a single state by Batu’s
EARLY TEUTONIC
tribes, including Cumans (Polovtsy), Alans, brother and successor, Berke. This state came to KNIGHTS
Bashkirs, Burtas, Circassians, Karburdians, be known as the Golden Horde, and was the MONGOL INVASION
EARLY GRANADINE
Kirghiz, Khwarazmians, Mordvins, Volga Bulgars longest lasting of the Mongol successor states. MIDDLE PLANTAGENET
and others. “Tatar” came to be the general term used for its ENGLISH
Between 1236 and 1239, Batu’s forces multi-ethnic population. Its armies are covered THE LISTS
subjugated the Volga Bulgars and the Russian by the Tatar list in Field of Glory Companion 6: APPENDIX 2 – THEMED
TOURNAMENTS
principalities. Most of the latter retained vassal Eternal Empire.
status rather than being directly incorporated
into the Horde’s territories. TROOP NOTES
In 1241 Mongol forces invaded Central Mongol cavalry include troops raised from
Europe. Batu’s forces (under the supreme subjugated tribes and trained to Mongol
command of the Great Khan’s general Subutai) standards.
109
OATH OF FEALTY
MONGOL INVASION STARTER ARMY

Commander-in-Chief 1 Inspired Commander (Subutai)
4 bases of guard cavalry: Elite, Armoured, Drilled Cavalry – Bow,
Guard cavalry 1 BG
Swordsmen
4 bases of best equipped cavalry: Superior, Armoured, Drilled Cavalry
Best equipped cavalry 1 BG
– Bow, Swordsmen
Each comprising 4 bases of other Mongol cavalry: Superior, Protected,
Other Mongol cavalry 2 BGs
Drilled Cavalry – Bow, Swordsmen
Each comprising 4 bases of other Mongol cavalry: Average,
Other Mongol cavalry 4 BGs
Unprotected, Drilled Light Horse – Bow, Swordsmen
Total 8 BGs Camp, 32 mounted bases, 3 commanders
Mongol heavy cavalryman, by Angus McBride. Taken from Men-at-Arms 105: The Mongols
110
MONGOL INVASION
INTRODUCTION
Novgorod 0 500 miles
N O V G O RO D
Lake FEUDAL CATALAN
Peipus Pskov Yaroslavl
N 0 500 km
Winter campaign 1237–38
AND EARLY CROWN
Mongolian invasion 1241 OF ARAGON
A
Tver Kadan’s ride 1242
SE Riga
Northern boundary of Steppes EARLY HUNGARIAN
VL A D I M I R
C
TAIFA ANDALUSIAN
TI
Moscow
L Vladimir
ma
Vo lga
BA Ka
FEUDAL NAVARRESE
IA
N
AND ARAGONESE
A
U Riazan
A TH FEUDAL CASTILIAN,
SI LI
S
P RU LEONESE OR
Vis
tu l
PORTUGUESE
D
a
M A SOVIA
lga
FANATIC BERBER
N
Chernigov Vo
Liegnitz
A Lublin VO L H Y N I U ra l ITALO-NORMAN
Breslau L A
FEUDAL FRENCH
Do
O Sandomir KAIDU
n
Kiev
BOH
EMI A
P IMPERIAL GERMAN
GALICIA KADAN Dn
MOR Krakow BATU Haliz iep
AV I A Main body P ODOL
er FEUDAL GERMAN
S a jo
C IA
AU S T R I A
Vienna Mohi
a
r Dnie
s te
COMMUNAL ITALIAN
Dan
R YBistritz
u be K
p
PAPAL ITALIAN
r
U M
a
Wiener Gran A N
th
Neustadt Buda AGrosswardein EARLY SCOTS ISLES

ia
Pest
Klausenberg Sarai
G
AND HIGHLANDS
ns
T R A N S YLVA N I A MOLDAVIA SEA of

The iss
SLA Hermannstadt
N
VO
NIA Kronstadt
A Z OV FEUDAL SCOTS
CR
OA B A N AT Tran s y l v a n ian A l p s EARLY RUSSIAN
DA
TIA
LM
Arbe Belgrade
AT
WA L
L A C H I Aube
BOSNIA
FEUDAL POLISH
C AS
IA
H
n
Da
DJ
AD
RI Trau
BLACK SEA ANGLO-NORMAN
B RU
AT C a
PIA
Spalato
B IA BU u c
IC ER LG
LATER WELSH
DO
Ragusa S ARI a
N
A s
Cattaro u
SE
s EARLY LITHUANIAN
A
OR SAMOGITIAN
WENDISH, PRUSSIAN
The Mongol Invasion of Europe. Taken from Essential Histories 57: Genghis Khan & the Mongol OR ESTONIAN
Conquests 1190–1400 EARLY MEDIEVAL
FRISIA AND OTHER
FREE CANTONS
POST-VIKING
BUILDING A CUSTOMISED LIST • Mongol cavalry can always dismount. Light SCANDINAVIAN
USING OUR ARMY POINTS Horse dismount as Light Foot, Cavalry as EARLY PLANTAGENET
ENGLISH
Choose an army based on the maxima and Medium Foot. Armour, quality, training, and LATER SICILIAN
minima in the list below. The following special shooting and close combat capabilities are EARLY MEDIEVAL IRISH
EARLY ANGLO-IRISH
instructions apply to this army: the same as when mounted.
EARLY TEUTONIC
KNIGHTS
• Commanders should be depicted as guard MONGOL INVASION
EARLY GRANADINE
or best equipped Mongol cavalry. MIDDLE PLANTAGENET
ENGLISH
THE LISTS
TOURNAMENTS
111
OATH OF FEALTY
MONGOL INVASION
Territory Types: Steppes
Sub-commanders
Troop name
Core Troops
Guard cavalry Cavalry Armoured Elite Drilled Bow Swordsmen 22 4 0–4
Best equipped Mongol
Cavalry Armoured Superior Drilled Bow Swordsmen 19 4–6 4–16
cavalry
Superior 12
Light Horse Unprotected Drilled Bow Swordsmen 4–6
Average 10
Other Mongol cavalry 16–60
Cavalry Drilled Bow Swordsmen 4–6
Protected Superior 15
Optional Troops
Light Horse Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow Swordsmen 10 4–6
Other nomad cavalry Unprotected 10 0–36
Protected 11
Stone throwers and
Heavy Artillery – Average Drilled Heavy Artillery – 20 2 0–4
bolt shooters
Fortified Camp 24 0–1
EARLY GRANADINE
Muhammed I ibn Nasr, founder of the Nasrid The Marinid Berbers of North Africa supported
dynasty, became the effectively independent Emir the Kingdom of Granada.Thanks to the strength of
of Granada (in the far south of modern Spain) in the Granadine and Marinid fleets, the Christians
1232 AD after the departure of the last Almohad were forced to attack by land across Granada’s
prince, Idris, from Iberia to take the Almohad strongly fortified and mountainous borders.
leadership in North Africa. The Nasrids initially This list covers the
aligned themselves with Castile, Granada becoming armies of Granada from
a tributary state and officially a kingdom in 1238. 1232 to 1340. Following
Prior to the Almoravid conquest, Granada had been the defeat of the combined
a Taifa kingdom from 1013 to 1090. Marinid and Granadine
Granada adopted the political structure of the army at the Battle of Rio
Cordova Caliphate, and came to be a cultural and Salado that year, the
economic power (the famous Alhambra palace Christians took control of the
in Granada was built by the Nasrids), but was Straits of Gibraltar, and
forced to pay tribute to the Christian kingdoms
to avoid being attacked. Mercenary Spearman
112
EARLY GRANADINE
INTRODUCTION
Granada was isolated from North Africa. The later and mail horse barding. Some, indeed, were FEUDAL CATALAN AND
EARLY CROWN OF
armies of Granada, until the fall of the kingdom Christians captured in youth and brought up in ARAGON
to the Spanish in 1492, are covered by the Later the Islamic faith but trained and armed in the EARLY HUNGARIAN
Granadine list in Field of Glory Companion 2: Christian manner. Christian mercenary knights TAIFA ANDALUSIAN
FEUDAL NAVARRESE
Storm of Arrows. were also used. AND ARAGONESE
“Ghuzz” mercenaries were used on the FEUDAL CASTILIAN,
TROOP NOTES borders. Camelry were initially supplied by the
LEONESE OR
PORTUGUESE
In this period Granadine heavy cavalry were Marinids, but later adopted into the Granadine FANATIC BERBER
equipped and fought like Christian knights. They army, as depicted in the “King’s Room” in the ITALO-NORMAN
FEUDAL FRENCH
wore full mail armour, helmets – sometimes Alhambra which shows camels ridden by riders IMPERIAL GERMAN
barrel-helms adapted to accommodate a turban – with long lances. FEUDAL GERMAN
COMMUNAL ITALIAN
PAPAL ITALIAN
EARLY SCOTS ISLES
EARLY GRANADINE STARTER ARMY 1275 AD AND HIGHLANDS
Commander-in-Chief 1 Field Commander FEUDAL SCOTS
Sub-commanders 2 2 x Troop Commander EARLY RUSSIAN
Each comprising 4 bases of Granadine lancers: Superior, Heavily FEUDAL POLISH
Granadine lancers 2 BGs ANGLO-NORMAN
Armoured, Drilled Knights – Lancers, Swordsmen
LATER WELSH
Each comprising 4 bases of Granadine and Berber cavalry: Average,
Granadine and Berber cavalry 3 BGs EARLY LITHUANIAN
Unprotected, Drilled Light Horse – Javelins, Light Spear OR SAMOGITIAN
Town militia or mercenary Each comprising 6 bases of spearmen: Average, Protected, Drilled WENDISH, PRUSSIAN
2 BGs OR ESTONIAN
spearmen Heavy Foot –Defensive Spearmen
Each comprising 6 bases of archers: Average, Unprotected, Undrilled EARLY MEDIEVAL
Peasant archers 2 BGs FRISIA AND OTHER
Light Foot – Bow FREE CANTONS
8 bases of crossbowmen: Average, Unprotected, Undrilled Light Foot – POST-VIKING
Peasant crossbowmen 1 BG SCANDINAVIAN
Crossbow
EARLY PLANTAGENET
ENGLISH
Total 10 BGs Camp, 20 mounted bases, 32 foot bases, 3 commanders LATER SICILIAN
EARLY ANGLO-IRISH
EARLY TEUTONIC
BUILDING A CUSTOMISED LIST KNIGHTS
Border Soldier
USING OUR ARMY POINTS MONGOL INVASION
EARLY GRANADINE
Choose an army based on the maxima and MIDDLE PLANTAGENET
minima in the list below. The following special ENGLISH
instructions apply to this army: THE LISTS
TOURNAMENTS
• Commanders should be depicted as
Granadine lancers or Granadine cavalry.
• Christian mercenary knights cannot be used
with camelry or Berber javelinmen, nor
with Marinid allies.
113
OATH OF FEALTY
EARLY GRANADINE
Territory Types: Agricultural, Developed, Mountains
Sub-commanders
Troop name
Core Troops
Heavily Lancers,
Granadine lancers Knights Superior Drilled – 26 4–6 4–8
Armoured Swordsmen
Granadine and Berber
Light Horse Unprotected Average Drilled Javelins Light Spear 7 4–6 8–24
cavalry
Town militia or Average Defensive 7
Heavy Foot Protected Drilled – 6–8 6–24
mercenary spearmen Poor Spearmen 5
Average 5
Poor 3
Average 5
Medium Foot Unprotected Undrilled Bow – 6–8
Peasant archers and Poor 3
12–64
crossbowmen Average 5
Poor 3
Average 5
Medium Foot Unprotected Undrilled Crossbow – 6–8
Poor 3
Optional Troops
Horse archers Light Horse Unprotected Average Drilled Bow – 8 4–6
0–6
Mounted crossbowmen Light Horse Unprotected Average Drilled Crossbow – 7 4–6
Christian mercenary Heavily Lancers,
knights armoured Swordsmen
Lancers,
Camelry Camelry Protected Average Undrilled – 11 4–6 0–6
Swordsmen
Light Horse Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow Swordsmen 10 4
“Ghuzz” mercenaries Unprotected 10 0–4
Cavalry Average Undrilled Bow Swordsmen 4
Protected 11
Border soldiers Medium Foot Protected Average Undrilled – Light Spear 5 6–8 0–8
Mercenary or town Average 7
militia crossbowmen Poor 5
0–8
Protected 7
Mercenary archers Medium Foot Average Drilled Bow – 4–6
Unprotected 6
Berber javelinmen Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 4 6–8 0–12
Allies
Marinid allies – Fanatic Berber
114
MIDDLE PLANTAGENET ENGLISH
INTRODUCTION
EARLY GRANADINE ALLIES
EARLY CROWN OF
Troop name
Granadine lancers Knights Superior Drilled – 26 4 0–4
Granadine and Berber AND ARAGONESE
Light Horse Unprotected Average Drilled Javelins Light Spear 7 4–6 4–8
cavalry FEUDAL CASTILIAN,
Town militia or Average Defensive 7 LEONESE OR
Heavy Foot Protected Drilled – 6–8 0–8 PORTUGUESE
mercenary spearmen Poor Spearmen 5
Average 5 FANATIC BERBER
Poor 3 ITALO-NORMAN
Average 5 FEUDAL FRENCH
Medium Foot Unprotected Undrilled Bow – 6–8
Peasant archers and Poor 3 IMPERIAL GERMAN
6–18
crossbowmen Average 5 FEUDAL GERMAN
Poor 3 COMMUNAL ITALIAN
Average 5 PAPAL ITALIAN
Medium Foot Unprotected Undrilled Crossbow – 6–8
Poor 3 EARLY SCOTS ISLES
AND HIGHLANDS
FEUDAL SCOTS
MIDDLE PLANTAGENET ENGLISH EARLY RUSSIAN

FEUDAL POLISH
ANGLO-NORMAN
Edward I ascended the throne in 1272 AD War of Independence followed, lasting until LATER WELSH
EARLY LITHUANIAN
following the death of his father Henry III. Edward III finally recognised Scottish OR SAMOGITIAN
In 1276 he invaded Wales, conquered most of independence in 1328. WENDISH, PRUSSIAN
OR ESTONIAN
the country and left Llywelyn ap Gruffydd with Edward also fought wars with Philip IV of EARLY MEDIEVAL
only a rump of Gwynedd. A rebellion in 1282 France from 1294 to 1298 and 1300 to 1303. FRISIA AND OTHER
FREE CANTONS
collapsed following the death of Llywelyn. In He died in 1307, and was succeeded by his son POST-VIKING
1284 Wales was incorporated into England under Edward. Edward II was a weak king, during SCANDINAVIAN
EARLY PLANTAGENET
the Statute of Rhuddlan. whose reign Scotland was reconquered by King ENGLISH
Following the death of the Scots King Robert the Bruce. He was deposed in 1327, in LATER SICILIAN
Alexander III in 1286, there was no direct male favour of his 14-year old son Edward III, and EARLY MEDIEVAL IRISH
EARLY ANGLO-IRISH
heir to the throne. Edward succeeded in murdered later the same year.
EARLY TEUTONIC
betrothing his heir, Edward of Caernarfon, to This list covers English armies from 1272 KNIGHTS
Alexander’s granddaughter Margaret (daughter to 1320. MONGOL INVASION
EARLY GRANADINE
of King Eirik II of Norway), but she died on the MIDDLE PLANTAGENET
way from Norway to take the Scottish throne. To TROOP NOTES ENGLISH
prevent civil war, the Scottish Guardians invited The main characteristic feature of English armies THE LISTS
Edward to arbitrate between the rival claimants of this period was the fielding of large numbers APPENDIX 2 – THEMED
TOURNAMENTS
to the throne. He did so, but only on condition of longbowmen. This seems to have been an
that he be recognised as Overlord of Scotland. innovation by King Edward I following his
King John Balliol was crowned in November Welsh wars. Initially most of the longbowmen
1292, but Edward continued to undermine were Welsh, but later in the period the longbow
Scottish independence. In 1296 Edward invaded, also became the main weapon of the English
and deposed King John. The First Scottish yeomanry. All freemen with 40–100s worth of
115
OATH OF FEALTY
land were expected to arms such as gisarmes and fauchards and

serve with bow and assorted peasant weapons. Most wore quilted
sword, those with less gambesons (aketons).
with bow and whatever By this time the decline of the feudal system
hand-to-hand weapons had drastically reduced the size of feudal knightly
they could get, contingents, the shortfall being made up with
including knives, pole- paid mercenaries.
English Archer
MIDDLE PLANTAGENET ENGLISH STARTER ARMY 1285 AD

Royal household knights and 2 bases of royal household knights and sergeants: Superior, Heavily
1 BG
sergeants Armoured, Drilled Knights – Lancers, Swordsmen
Feudal knights and sergeants 2 BGs
Heavily Armoured, Undrilled Knights – Lancers, Swordsmen
8 bases of spearmen: Average, Protected, Undrilled Heavy Foot –
Spearmen 1 BG
Defensive Spearmen
Each comprising 6 bases of Welsh or English archers: Average,
Welsh or English archers 4 BGs
Protected, Undrilled Medium Foot – Longbow, Swordsmen
BUILDING A CUSTOMISED
LIST USING OUR ARMY • Commanders should be depicted as
POINTS knights.
Choose an army based on the maxima and • No more than one allied
minima in the list below. The following special contingent can be used.
Spearman
116
INTRODUCTION
FEUDAL CATALAN AND
EARLY CROWN OF
Sub-commanders
Troop Type Capabilities
FEUDAL NAVARRESE
Points Bases Total AND ARAGONESE
Troop name
FEUDAL CASTILIAN,
PORTUGUESE
Royal household knights and Heavily Lancers,
Knights Superior Drilled – 26 2 0–2 FANATIC BERBER
sergeants Armoured Swordsmen
ITALO-NORMAN
Heavily Lancers, 4–
Feudal knights and sergeants Knights Superior Undrilled – 23 4–6 FEUDAL FRENCH
Armoured Swordsmen 18 6–
Heavily Lancers, 24 IMPERIAL GERMAN
Knights Superior Undrilled – 23 4–6 FEUDAL GERMAN
Mercenary knights and Armoured Swordsmen
0–8 COMMUNAL ITALIAN
sergeants Heavily Lancers,
Knights Average Drilled – 21 4–6 PAPAL ITALIAN
Armoured Swordsmen
Average 6 EARLY SCOTS ISLES
Defensive 0–
Heavy Foot Protected Undrilled – 6–8 AND HIGHLANDS
Poor Spearmen 4 16
FEUDAL SCOTS
Defensive 0–
Spearmen Heavy Foot Protected Average Drilled – 7 6–8 0–8 16 EARLY RUSSIAN
Spearmen
FEUDAL POLISH
Defensive 0– ANGLO-NORMAN
Heavy Foot Protected Poor Drilled – 5 6–8
Spearmen 12
LATER WELSH
Protected 8
Medium Foot Average Undrilled Longbow Swordsmen 6–8 EARLY LITHUANIAN
Unprotected 7 OR SAMOGITIAN
Welsh or English archers 8–60
Protected 7 WENDISH, PRUSSIAN
Medium Foot Average Undrilled Longbow – 6–8 OR ESTONIAN
Unprotected 6
EARLY MEDIEVAL
Optional Troops FRISIA AND OTHER
Lancers, FREE CANTONS
Separately deployed sergeants Cavalry Armoured Average Undrilled – 12 4–6 0–6
Swordsmen POST-VIKING
SCANDINAVIAN
Mounted crossbowmen Cavalry Armoured Average Undrilled Crossbow Swordsmen 13 4 0–4
EARLY PLANTAGENET
Gascon crossbowmen Medium Foot Protected Average Undrilled Crossbow – 6 6–8 0–16 ENGLISH
Heavy LATER SICILIAN
Weapon
Only in EARLY MEDIEVAL IRISH
Irish foot Britain or Light Spear, 0–6 EARLY ANGLO-IRISH
Ireland Swordsmen
EARLY TEUTONIC
Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 4 4–6 KNIGHTS
Allies MONGOL INVASION
Irish allies – Early Medieval Irish EARLY GRANADINE
MIDDLE PLANTAGENET
North Welsh allies – Later Welsh
ENGLISH
THE LISTS
TOURNAMENTS
117
OATH OF FEALTY
Longbowmen, by Gerry Embleton. Taken from Warrior 11: English Longbowman 1330–1515
118
APPENDIX 1 – USING THE LISTS
INTRODUCTION
APPENDIX 1 – USING THE LISTS FEUDAL CATALAN AND
EARLY CROWN OF
ARAGON
To give balanced games, armies can be selected BATTLE GROUPS EARLY HUNGARIAN
using the points system. The more effective the All troops are organized into battle groups. TAIFA ANDALUSIAN
FEUDAL NAVARRESE
troops, the more each base costs in points. Commanders, supply camps and field fortifications AND ARAGONESE
The maximum points for an army will usually be are not troops and are not assigned to battle groups. FEUDAL CASTILIAN,
LEONESE OR
set at between 600 and 800 points for a singles Portable defences are not troops, but are assigned PORTUGUESE
game for 2 to 4 hours play. We recommend to specific battle groups. FANATIC BERBER
800 points for 15mm singles tournament games Battle groups must obey the following ITALO-NORMAN
FEUDAL FRENCH
(650 points for 25mm) and 1000 points for restrictions: IMPERIAL GERMAN
15mm doubles games. • The number of bases in a battle group must FEUDAL GERMAN
The army lists specify which troops can be correspond to the range specified in the COMMUNAL ITALIAN
PAPAL ITALIAN
used in a particular army. No other troops can be army list.
EARLY SCOTS ISLES
used. The number of bases of each type in the • Each battle group must initially comprise an AND HIGHLANDS
army must conform to the specified minima and even number of bases. The only exception FEUDAL SCOTS
EARLY RUSSIAN
maxima. Troops that have restrictions on when to this rule is that battle groups whose army FEUDAL POLISH
they can be used cannot be used with troops with list specifies them as 2/3 of one type and ANGLO-NORMAN
a conflicting restriction. For example, troops that 1/3 of another, can comprise 9 bases if LATER WELSH
EARLY LITHUANIAN
can only be used “before 1150” cannot be used this is within the battle group size range OR SAMOGITIAN
with troops that can only be used “from 1150”. specified by the list. WENDISH, PRUSSIAN
OR ESTONIAN
All special instructions applying to an army list • A battle group can only include troops from EARLY MEDIEVAL
must be adhered to. They also apply to allied one line in a list, unless the list specifies a FRISIA AND OTHER
FREE CANTONS
contingents supplied by the army. mixed formation by specifying fractions of POST-VIKING
All armies must have a C-in-C and at least the battle group to be of types from two SCANDINAVIAN
EARLY PLANTAGENET
one other commander. No army can have more lines. e.g. 2/3 spearmen, 1/3 archers. ENGLISH
than 4 commanders in total, including C-in-C, • All troops in a battle group must be of the LATER SICILIAN
sub-commanders and allied commanders. same quality and training. When a choice of EARLY MEDIEVAL IRISH
EARLY ANGLO-IRISH
All armies must have a supply camp. This is quality or training is given in a list, this
EARLY TEUTONIC
free unless fortified. A fortified camp allows battle groups to differ from each KNIGHTS
can only be used if specified in the other. It does not permit variety within a MONGOL INVASION
EARLY GRANADINE
army list. Field fortifications and battle group. MIDDLE PLANTAGENET
portable defences can only be • Unless specifically stated otherwise in an ENGLISH
used if specified in the army list. army list, all troops in a battle group must THE LISTS
Allied contingents can only be of the same armour class. When a APPENDIX 2 – THEMED
TOURNAMENTS
be used if specified in the army choice of armour class is given in a
list. Most allied contingents have list, this allows battle groups to differ
their own allied contingent list, from each other. It does not permit
to which they must conform variety within a battle group.
unless the main army’s list
specifies otherwise. Commander
119
OATH OF FEALTY
EXAMPLE LIST • Capabilities – comprising Shooting and

Here is a section of an actual army list, which Close Combat capabilities.
will help us to explain the basics and some • Points cost per base.
special features. The list specifies the following • Minimum and maximum number of bases
items for each historical type included in the in each battle group.
army: • Minimum and maximum number of bases
• Troop Type – comprising Type, Armour, in the army.
Quality and Training.

Troop name
Berber or Andalusian cavalry Light Horse Unprotected Average Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 7 4–6 12–42
Lamtuna or Only Superior Offensive 10 2/3
Heavy Foot Protected Drilled – 0–18
Hintata spearmen Almoravids Average Spearmen 8 or all
8–12
Supporting or Superior 6 1/3
Almohades Light Foot Unprotected Drilled Bow – 0–9
Defensive 2/3
Other Berber or Black spearmen Heavy Foot Protected Average Undrilled – 6 16–48
Spearmen or all
8–12
1/3
or 0
8–32
Separately deployed Berber or Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow – 5 6–8
0–24
Black archers Medium Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow – 5 6–8
Only Armoured Lancers, 12
Arab cavalry Cavalry Average Undrilled – 4–6 0–12
Almohades Protected Swordsmen 9
SPECIAL FEATURES: costs. The army cannot include more than

• Berber or Andalusian cavalry must be 18 bases of Lamtuna or Hintata spearmen,
organized in battle groups of either 4 or 6 nor more than 9 bases of archers supporting
bases. The army must include at least 12 bases them.
of Berber or Andalusian cavalry and cannot • Other Berber or Black spearmen must be
include more than 42. organized either in battle groups of 8, 10 or
• Only Almoravid or Almohad armies can 12 bases of spearmen, or in mixed battle
have Lamtuna or Hintata spearmen. These groups of 6 bases of spearmen and 3 bases
must be organized either in battle groups of of supporting archers or 8 bases of
8, 10 or 12 bases of spearmen, or in mixed spearmen and 4 bases of supporting
battle groups of 6 bases of spearmen and archers. The army must include at least 16
3 bases of supporting archers or 8 bases bases of other Berber or Black spearmen
of spearmen and 4 bases of supporting and cannot include more than 48. It cannot
archers. Each battle group can be of include more than 24 bases of archers
Superior or Average quality, but all of the supporting other Berber or Black spearmen.
bases in a battle group must be of the same • Separately deployed Berber or Black archers
quality. The list specifies the different points can either be Light Foot or Medium Foot.
120
APPENDIX 1 – USING THE LISTS
INTRODUCTION
They must be organized in battle groups of • Only Almohad armies can have Arab cavalry. FEUDAL CATALAN AND
EARLY CROWN OF
either 6 or 8 bases. All the bases in a battle These must be organized in battle groups of ARAGON
group must be the same. The army cannot either 4 or 6 bases. They can be Armoured EARLY HUNGARIAN
include more than 24 bases of separately or Protected, but all the bases in a battle TAIFA ANDALUSIAN
FEUDAL NAVARRESE
deployed Berber or Black archers. group must be the same. The list specifies AND ARAGONESE
• The total number of bases of archers the different points costs. The army cannot FEUDAL CASTILIAN,
LEONESE OR
supporting other Berber or Black spearmen include more than 12 bases of Arab cavalry. PORTUGUESE
and separately deployed Berber or Black FANATIC BERBER
archers must be at least 8 and cannot be ITALO-NORMAN
FEUDAL FRENCH
more than 32. IMPERIAL GERMAN
FEUDAL GERMAN
COMMUNAL ITALIAN
Troop name PAPAL ITALIAN
EARLY SCOTS ISLES
Only before Lancers, AND HIGHLANDS
Knights and 1150 Swordsmen FEUDAL SCOTS
6–32
sergeants Only from Heavily Lancers, EARLY RUSSIAN
1150 Armoured Swordsmen FEUDAL POLISH
Defensive 0– ANGLO-NORMAN
Feudal spearmen Heavy Foot Protected Average Undrilled – 6 6–8
Spearmen 24 LATER WELSH
Armoured Defensive 9 8– EARLY LITHUANIAN
Protected Spearmen 7 40 OR SAMOGITIAN
Defensive 0– WENDISH, PRUSSIAN
Communal militia spearmen Heavy Foot Protected Poor Drilled – 5 6–8 OR ESTONIAN
Spearmen 24
EARLY MEDIEVAL
FRISIA AND OTHER
FREE CANTONS
POST-VIKING
SPECIAL FEATURES: be Armoured or Protected, but all the bases SCANDINAVIAN
EARLY PLANTAGENET
• Before 1150, knights and sergeants are in a battle group must be the same. The list ENGLISH
graded as Armoured. From 1150 they are specifies the different points costs. The LATER SICILIAN
graded as Heavily Armoured. They must be army cannot include more than 8 bases of EARLY MEDIEVAL IRISH
EARLY ANGLO-IRISH
organized in battle groups of either 4 or 6 mercenary spearmen.
EARLY TEUTONIC
bases. The army must include at least 6 bases • Communal militia spearmen must be KNIGHTS
of knights and sergeants and cannot include organized in battle groups of either 6 or MONGOL INVASION
EARLY GRANADINE
more than 32. 8 bases. The army cannot include more than MIDDLE PLANTAGENET
• Feudal spearmen must be organized in 24 bases of communal militia spearmen. ENGLISH
battle groups of either 6 or 8 bases. The • The army must include at least 8 bases of THE LISTS
army cannot include more than 24 bases of feudal, mercenary or communal militia APPENDIX 2 – THEMED
TOURNAMENTS
feudal spearmen. spearmen. It cannot include more than
• Mercenary spearmen must be organized in 40 bases total of feudal, mercenary and
battle groups of either 6 or 8 bases. They can communal militia spearmen.
121
OATH OF FEALTY
TOURNAMENTS
A tournament based on the “Feudal Europe” theme WOLVES FROM THE SEA
can include any of the armies listed in this book. Early Welsh
It can also include the following armies from Viking
our other army list books. These can only use Norse-Irish
options permitted between 1041 AD and 1300 AD: Norman
Anglo-Danish
DECLINE AND FALL
Lombard SWORDS AND SCIMITARS
Nikephorian Byzantine Komnenan Byzantine
INDEX
Al-Kamil 38 Batu 109 Cathar heretics 33
Alarcos, battle of (1195) 22, 25 Bavarian Schwertknechte 48, 50 Charlemagne 5
Albigensian Crusade (1209-1229) Béla IV of Hungary 9 Charles of Anjou 94, 96
5, 33, 37 Benevento, battle of (1266) 94 Civitate, battle of (1053) 29
Alexander III of Scotland 58, 61 Berke 109 Clare, Richard de, Earl of Pembroke
Alfons III of Aragon 94 Bleddyn ap Cynfyn 75 (Strongbow) 90, 99
Alfons IV of Aragon 5 Boleslaw III of Poland (Wrymouth) Concordat of Worms (1122) 38
Alfonso I of Portugal (The Battler) 68 Consuegra, battle of (1097) 21
18, 22 Boleslaw the Brave of Poland 68 Contadini troops 51
Alfonso VI of León 21 Borrell, Ramon, Count of Crug Mawr, battle of (1136) 75
Alfonso VIII of Castile 22 Barcelona 5 Cullera, battle of (1126) 18
Almeria, conquest of (1147) 5 Borsa, Count Roger 30 Cumans, the 64, 65, 105
Almohades, the 22, 25, 112 Bouvines, battle of (1214) 33 Curthose, Robert 72
Almoravids, the 14, 18, 21, 25 Boyars 78 Cutanda, battle of (1120) 18
Almughavars 6, 14, 96 Brabant, Duke of 83
Anacletus, Anti-Pope 30 Brabanzonen 40, 48 David I of Scotland 61
Andalusia 13–17 Bremen, Arch-Bishop of 83 Denmark 86–89
András III of Hungary 9 Byzantines, the 28, 29 Dithmarchen 83
Andrew II of Hungary 105 Drengot, Ranulf 28
Anglo-Norman 72–74 Caballeros villanos 22 Drengot, Richard, Count of Aversa
Aragon 18–21 camelry 26, 113 29
Early Crown of Aragon 5–8 Campaldino, battle of (1289) 55 Drogo of Italy 28–29
carroccios 51 Durbe, battle of (1260) 78
Bannockburn, battle of (1314) 61 Casimir of Poland (The Restorer) 68
“Barbarossa” (Friedrich I) 38, 51 Castile 21–24 Edward I of England 33, 61, 75,
battle groups 119 Catalonia 5–8 92, 115
122
INDEX
Edward II of England 61, 115 Heinrich III of Germany 29, 38 Lithuania 78–80 INTRODUCTION
El Cid 5, 9, 13, 14, 15 Heinrich IV of Germany 30, 38 Livonian Brothers of the Sword FEUDAL CATALAN AND
EARLY CROWN OF
Eleanor of Aquitaine 33, 90 Heinrich V of Germany 38 78, 80, 106 ARAGON
England Heinrich VI of Germany 38, 94 Llwelyn ap Gruffydd 75, 115 EARLY HUNGARIAN
Anglo-Norman 72–74 Henry I of England 72 Llwelyn ap Iorwerth 75 TAIFA ANDALUSIAN
Early Anglo-Irish 102–105 Henry II of England 33, 90, 99 Lombard League, The (c. 1176) FEUDAL NAVARRESE
Early Plantagenet English 90–93 Henry III of England 90 51 AND ARAGONESE
Middle Plantagenet English Highlanders 58–60 Lombards, the 28, 29 FEUDAL CASTILIAN,
LEONESE OR
115–118 Hintata troops 25 Lothar III of Germany 38 PORTUGUESE
Eric dynasty 86 Honorius III, Pope 105 Louis IX of France (Saint Louis) FANATIC BERBER
Estonia 80–82, 86 Hova, battle of (1275) 87 33 ITALO-NORMAN
Hundred Years War 33 FEUDAL FRENCH
Fanatic Berbers 25–28 Hungary 109 Mac Murchada, Diarmait of IMPERIAL GERMAN
Fernando I, Count of Castile 21 early Hungarian 9–12, 13 Leinster 99 FEUDAL GERMAN
Fernando III (The Saint) 21, 22 MacDonald, Angus Mor 58 COMMUNAL ITALIAN
Finland 86 Iceland 86 MacDonald clan 58 PAPAL ITALIAN
Fraga, siege of (1134) 18 Ireland 90 MacDougall clan 58 EARLY SCOTS ISLES
AND HIGHLANDS
France 33–37, 115 Early Anglo-Irish 102–105 Magna Carta (1215) 90
FEUDAL SCOTS
Free Cantons 83–85 Early Medieval Irish 99–101 Magnus VI of Norway (The EARLY RUSSIAN
Friedrich I “Barbarossa” 38, 51 Isle of Man 58, 86 Law-Mender) 58, 61, 86 FEUDAL POLISH
Friedrich II of Germany 38–39, Italy 28–32 see also Sicily Majorca 5 ANGLO-NORMAN
51, 94, 96, 105–106 Communal Italian 51–55 Marinid dynasty 25, 112 LATER WELSH
Friesland 83 Papal Italian 56–57 mesnaderos 14 EARLY LITHUANIAN
Frisia 83–85 Mieszko I of Poland 68 OR SAMOGITIAN
Fußknechte 40, 46, 48 James IV of Scotland 58 Mindaugas 78 WENDISH, PRUSSIAN
OR ESTONIAN
Jaume I (The Conqueror) 5 Ministeriales 39–40, 41, 46
EARLY MEDIEVAL
Gaimar of Salerno 28 jinetes 22, 50 Misilmeri, battle of (1086) 29 FRISIA AND OTHER
galloglaigh 100 John Balliol of Scotland 61, 115 Mohi, battle of (1241) 9 FREE CANTONS
Garcia of Galicia 21 John of England 33, 61, 90 Monfort, Simon de 34 POST-VIKING
SCANDINAVIAN
Garcia Sánchez II of Navarre 18 Juana I of Navarre 33 Mongols, the 9, 65, 69, 78,
EARLY PLANTAGENET
Geldoni 40, 48 109–112 ENGLISH
Germany Kalka River, battle of (1223) Moray, Andrew de 61 LATER SICILIAN
Feudal German 45–50 65, 109 Muhammed I ibn Nasr 112 EARLY MEDIEVAL IRISH
Imperial German 38–45 Komnenos, Emperor Alexios 29 Murcia 14 EARLY ANGLO-IRISH
“Ghibellines” 51, 56 Konrad I, Duke of Masovia 106 Muret, battle of (1213) 5 EARLY TEUTONIC
Gonzalo Sánchez 18 Konrad II of Germany 28 Muwahhidun (Almohades) 22, KNIGHTS
Granada 112–115 Konrad III of Germany 38 25, 112 MONGOL INVASION
EARLY GRANADINE
Greenland 86 Konrad IV of Germany 39, 94
MIDDLE PLANTAGENET
Gregory, Pope 30 konstaflers 40 Nasrid dynasty 112 ENGLISH
Gruffydd ap Cynan 75 Navarre 18–21, 33 APPENDIX 1 – USING
“Guelfs” 51 Lake Peipus, battle of (1242) Navas de Tolosa, battle of (1212) THE LISTS
Guiscard, Robert (The Cunning) 65, 106 25 APPENDIX 2 – THEMED
29, 30 Lamtuna troops 25 Neva, battle of (1240) 65 TOURNAMENTS
Largs, battle of (1263) 58, 86 Nevsky, Alexander 65
Håkon Håkonsson of Norway 86 Las Navas de Tolosa, battle of Normans, the 29, 32, 75, 94,
Hanse Marines 40 (1212) 5, 12 95, 99
Hauteville, Humphrey de 29 León 21–24 Anglo-Norman 72–74
Hauteville, William de 28 Lewes, battle of (1264) 91 Italo-Norman 28–32
Hebrides 58 Lewis chessmen (c.1175) 58 Norway 86–89
123
OATH OF FEALTY
Oldenburg, Count of 83 Sagrajas, battle of (1086) 25 Tinchebrai, battle of (1105) 72

Orda 109 Salatrices, battle of (1106) 21 Toledo, conquest of (1085)
Order of Dobrzyn 106 Samogitians 78–80 21, 25
Orkney, Earl of 58 Sancho II of Castile 21 Treaty of Lambeth (1217) 90
Otto IV of Germany 90 Sancho Ramirez of Aragon 18 Treaty of Montgomery (1267)
Ourique, battle of (1139) 22 Sancho VI of Navarre 19 75
Sancho VII of Navarre (The Strong) Treaty of Paris (1303) 33
Papal Italian 56–57 19, 22 Treaty of Perth (1266) 58, 86
Pere II of Aragon 22, 33 Saracen troops 30, 96 Treaty of Tarascon (1291) 94
Pere III of Aragon 94 Sardinia 5 Treniota 78
Pere the Catholic 5 Saule, battle of (1236) 78
Pere the Great 5 Scandinavia 86–89 Ua Conchobair, High King Ruaidri
Petronila of Aragon 5, 18 Scotland 86 99
Philip II of France 33, 90 Early Scots Isles and Highlands Uclés, battle of (1108) 21
Philip III of France (The Bold) 33 58–60
Philip IV of France (The Fair) Feudal Scots 61–64 Vajk of Hungary 9
19, 33, 115 scutage 4 Valdemar Birgersson 86
Piast dynasty 68 Sergius IV of Naples 28 Valdemar the Great 86
Poland 109 Sicily 5, 29, 30 Valencia 5, 14
Feudal Polish 68–72 Later Sicilian 94–98 Vivar, Rodrigo Diaz de see El Cid
Portopi, battle of (1229) 6 Somerled 58
Portugal 21–24 Statute of Rhuddlan (1284) 75 Wales 115
prisoners of war 10 Stedinger 83 Later Welsh 75–77
Prussia 80–82, 106 Stephen I of Hungary 9 Wallace, William 61, 62
Stephen of England 61, 72 War of the Sicilian Vespers (1282)
Ramiro I of Aragon 18 Stirling Bridge, battle of (1297) 33, 94
Ramon Berenguer IV of Aragon 18 61, 62 Wendland 80–82, 86
Ramon Berenguer of Aragon 5 Swabian Schwertknechte 48, 50 William I of England (The
Rhys ap Gruffydd (The Lord Rhys) Sweden 86–89 Conqueror) 33, 72
75 szeklers 10 William II of England (Rufus)
Ribaulds 63 72, 94
Richard I of England 19, 90 Tagliacozzo, battle of (1268) 94 Wladyslaw of Poland (The Elbow-
Robert the Bruce of Scotland Taifa kingdoms 5, 13–17, 21, High) 68
58, 61, 115 26, 112
Roche, Richard fitz Godbert de 99 Tamarón, battle of (1037) 21 Yaroslav, Prince of Kievan Rus
Roger II of Sicily 30, 94 Teutonic Knights 78, 80, 105–109 (The Wise) 64
Rudolph I of Germany 39 themed tournaments 122
Russia 64–68 Theobald IV of Champagne 19 Zalaca, battle of (1086) 21
124
FOG 10 cover.qxd 10/16/09 11:45 AM Page 1
While the Crusades raged in the Holy Land,

Europe, too, was torn apart by war. From
England’s Anarchy to the slaughter of the
Albigensian Crusade, kings, nobles and
clergy all vied for power and wealth. Out
of this bloodshed, however, arose one of the
most honoured ideals of history – the Code
of Chivalry.With new troop types, historical
backgrounds and accompanying maps and
artwork, Oath of Fealty allows Field of Glory
generals to take up arms in defence of
honour, faith and liege lord.
Oath of Fealty is a companion to Field of Glory, the historical miniatures

tabletop wargaming rules system for ancient and medieval wargaming.
To play the rules you will need a copy of Field of Glory.
Visit www.fieldofglory.com for the latest releases including companion

army lists, hints and tips, discussion forums and more.
FIELD OF GLORY COMPANION 10

OSPREY
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FOG 10 cover.

qxd 10/16/09 11:45 AM Page 1

While the Crusades raged in the Holy Land,

Oath of Fealty is a companion to Field of Glory, the historical miniatures

Visit www.fieldofglory.com for the latest releases including companion

FIELD OF GLORY COMPANION 10

Written by Richard Bodley Scott, assisted by

First published in Great Britain in 2009 by Osprey Publishing Ltd.

© 2009 Osprey Publishing Ltd and Slitherine Software UK Ltd.

ISBN: 978 1 84603 689 7

FOR A CATALOGUE OF ALL BOOKS PUBLISHED BY OSPREY MILITARY AND AVIATION

ALL OTHER REGIONS

FOR DETAILS OF ALL GAMES PUBLISHED BY SLITHERINE SOFTWARE UK LTD

EARLY SCOTS ISLES AND HIGHLANDS 58 MIDDLE PLANTAGENET ENGLISH 115

FEUDAL CATALAN AND EARLY CROWN OF ARAGON

Military Orders Knight

EARLY CROWN OF ARAGON STARTER ARMY 1276 AD

FEUDAL CATALAN AND EARLY CROWN OF ARAGON

Only from Drilled Lancers, 22

FEUDAL CATALAN AND EARLY CROWN OF ARAGON ALLIES

TROOP NOTES who themselves came to adopt their equipment

EARLY HUNGARIAN STARTER ARMY 1175 AD

BUILDING A CUSTOMISED LIST • Commanders should be

Only from Medium Light Spear,

EARLY HUNGARIAN ALLIES

MURCIAN STARTER ARMY 1165 AD

BUILDING A CUSTOMISED LIST the C-in-C must be “The Cid”

Protected Impact Foot, 9 INTRODUCTION

FEUDAL NAVARRESE AND ARAGONESE

FEUDAL NAVARRESE AND ARAGONESE

BUILDING A CUSTOMISED LIST • Commanders should be

FEUDAL NAVARRESE AND ARAGONESE

FEUDAL CASTILIAN, LEONESE OR PORTUGESE

never managed to recover Toledo. To the west, TROOP NOTES

FEUDAL CASTILIAN STARTER ARMY 1225 AD

FEUDAL CASTILIAN, LEONESE OR PORTUGESE

Slingers Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Sling – 4 6–8 0–12

FEUDAL CASTILIAN, LEONESE OR PORTUGUESE ALLIES

Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Crossbow – 5 4–6

Protected Average 6 0–8

ALMOHAD STARTER ARMY 1175 AD

BUILDING A CUSTOMISED LIST • Christian mercenaries and

FANATIC BERBER ALLIES

ITALO -NORMAN STARTER ARMY 110 0 AD

Simon de Montfort, by Angus McBride. Taken from Men-at-Arms 231:

FEUDAL FRENCH ALLIES

IMPERIAL GERMAN STARTER ARMY 1225 AD

Optional Troops INTRODUCTION

GERMAN CITY ALLIES

FEUDAL GERMAN EARLY ANGLO-IRISH

FEUDAL GERMAN STARTER ARMY 1225 AD

BUILDING A CUSTOMISED LIST Heavy Foot – Heavy Weapon.

GERMAN FEUDAL ALLIES

ITALIAN COMMUNAL STARTER ARMY 1225 AD

ITALIAN COMMUNAL ALLIES

PAPAL STARTER ARMY 1225 AD

BUILDING A CUSTOMISED LIST

• Commanders should be depicted as knights.

EARLY SCOTS ISLES AND HIGHLANDS

EARLY SCOTS ISLES AND HIGHLANDS STARTER ARMY 1225 AD

EARLY SCOTS ISLES AND HIGHLANDS

BUILDING A CUSTOMISED LIST • Commanders should be depicted as

EARLY SCOTS ISLES AND HIGHLANDS