NATIONAL POLICE SERVICE

TRAINING MANUAL ON
SKILLS AT ARMS I
For
BASIC TRAINING COURSE

APRIL 2017

Developed with the support of

 FOREWORD

The development of National Police Service Basic Training Manuals marks a milestone in the
training reforms programme of the National Police Service. A training system is not complete until
trainers are fully resourced with all the tools they require to enable them enter the classroom with
confidence. While all efforts are being made to ensure that our training system is complete with all
the necessary teaching and learning resources, this training manual is one such tool that has been
developed to ensure that the instructor easily translates the goals and learning outcomes of basic
training into deliverable meaningful classroom experiences for the trainees.

The salient features of this training manual include a well developed lesson plan with lesson
objectives linked with learning domains. The plan provides trainers with a basic classroom
programme they can use as the minimum basis for strategizing for lesson delivery. It has also the
lesson objectives, the health and safety considerations, the trainee and trainer activities, the necessary
resources and the assessment methods the trainer may use to verify if the lesson objectives have been
achieved. The manual has equally developed the training activities in which both the trainer and the
trainees shall be engaged in during the delivery of the lesson. The other key aspect of the manual is
the key notes which are a compilation of all the relevant notes for the lesson. The notes are meant to
help the instructor develop handouts which can be issued to trainees at the end of the lesson. This
will reduce dictation of notes to trainees in class and help maximize learning output. The last part of
the manual is activities for lesson evaluation, which are meant to ensure that the instructor has readily
available case studies or test items to help in determining if the lesson objectives have been achieved.

The design of this manual will help in fast-tracking induction for any new instructor from the field
into the training system. Our desire is to institute a vibrant training system which is not only
responsive to the needs of the trainees and trainers, but also focused on our goal of delivering people-
centered policing services to our nation Kenya.

I would like to thank most sincerely Mr. Joel Kitili, CBS, Deputy Inspector General, Kenya Police
Service, Mr. Samwel Arachi, CBS, Deputy Inspector General, Kenya Police Service, and Mr.
Francis Ndegwa Muhoro, CBS, ndc (k), Director, Directorate of Criminal Investigations and the
Curriculum Review Committee headed by Dr. Kenedy Asembo, HSC, for their dedication and
commitment in achieving this milestone. My heartfelt appreciation to Jan-ake Kjellberg, Simon
Charters and Joyce Matara of United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) for their
financial support in developing these manuals. Many thanks to our resource persons who comprised
Dr. Nicholas Ondoro, Dr. Donald Otieno, Dr. Daniel Ochieng‘ Orwenjo (Technical University of
Kenya), Dr. Caroline Sambayi ( Moi University), Dr. Fredrick Okaka (Moi University), Mr. Philip
Lumumba ( High Court Advocate), Mr. Paul Sutter (Moi University) and Ms. Tabitha Wangare
(Karatina University), Mr. Francis Omondi (National Police Service Commission) and all instructors
of NPS training institutions for, their dedication and commitment in this process.

God bless you all. God bless Kenya.

JOSEPH K. BOINNET, MGH, NSC (AU)

INSPECTOR GENERAL
NATIONAL POLICE SERVICE

i
 PREFACE
This Skills-At-Arms I Manual is designed to impart the following competencies in the trainees:
ability to classify and handle firearms safely; ability to effectively service and operate a G3
Rifle; ability to effectively maintain and operate a FN Rifle; ability to effectively service and
operate an AK47 Rifle; ability to effectively operate and maintain Sub-Machine Guns; ability to
operate, maintain and secure pistols and revolvers; ability to operate Light Machine Guns
(LMGs); ability to operate a General Purpose Machine Gun (GPMG); ability to use grenades and
pyrotechniques; ability to recognize different types of mortars, bombs and IEDs; and ability to
operate mortars.

Each of the ten lessons has clear objectives, detailed subject content, specific trainer and trainee
activities, specific resources required to effectively deliver the lesson and excellent assessment
strategies to be adopted by trainers while evaluating the understanding of the trainees. The lesson
plans also contain health and safety considerations, key notes to guide the trainers, and sample
questions, video clips, and scenarios to be used by the trainers in imparting knowledge, values
and behaviours.

ii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The National Police Service Curriculum Review Committee (NPSRC) would like to
acknowledge the efforts and contributions of various individuals, institutions and all other
stakeholders who either directly or indirectly contributed towards the preparation of this manual.
The Committee is most thankful to Mr. Joseph K. Boinnet, MGH, nsc (AU), Inspector General,
National Police Service, for the privilege, confidence and honor accorded to it to contribute in
reforming the National Police Service training system. We would also like to thank Mr. Joel
Kitili, CBS, Deputy Inspector General, Kenya Police Service, Mr. Samwel Arachi, CBS, Deputy
Inspector General, Administration Police Service, and Mr. Francis Ndegwa Muhoro, CBS, ndc
(k), Director, Directorate of Criminal Investigations for their unrelenting support in this process.
We equally acknowledge the contribution of Mr. William Saiya, Commandant, Kenya Police
College, Mr. Peter Muriithi, Commandant Administration Police Training College and Mr. Titus
Muvea, Commanding Officer, GSU Training School. Many thanks to the United Nations Office
of Drugs and Crime (UNODC) for their financial support towards the development of this
manual.

iii
 HOW TO USE THIS MANUAL

This manual has been designed to make it easy for trainers to deliver instructions to trainees. It
has six main parts. The lesson objectives with the learning domains, the lesson plan, the training
activities, the key notes and the lesson assessment/evaluation component. All these parts are
expected to interact in order to realize the lesson objectives.

The lesson objectives have been derived from the syllabus, in which the learning outcomes are
defined, the time for each lesson is allocated, assessment methods stated and suggested resources
and learning strategies outlined. The objectives are linked to the learning domains, which include
knowledge, understanding, skills, attitudes and behaviors. During the lesson delivery, the trainer
is expected to focus on the selected areas of emphasis.

The section on health and safety considerations has been provided to remind the trainer of the
importance of creating a safe learning environment. These could be in relation to weather, noise
or possible dangers. Safety is usually a concern in Skill at Arms and Field Tactics Units where
safety supervisors are usually part of the lesson. Other considerations could be in the color of
PowerPoint slides and the seating arrangement in relation to student‘s unique needs.

Other sections of the lesson plan include time distribution, content to be covered, trainee
activities, trainer activities, resources and quantity, assessment and objectives. Even though time
has been allocated for each content to be covered, these are only suggestions, the classroom
peculiarities should dictate how the trainer distributes the time allocated for each lesson. The
trainee activities have been described in terms of what the trainee will be doing in class while the
specific content is being delivered while the trainer activities are the learning experiences to be
employed to deliver the content. These activities describe only the minimum experiences which
the trainer and the trainees can engage in while in class. There is no limit to the amount learning
experiences which the trainer may employ in class to deliver the content within the stipulated
time. Any other activity which would help drive the content home is still welcome.

The trainer should also pay particular attention to the quantity and quality to resources which
have been planned for during the lesson. Other resources may still be used so long as they are
adequate and appropriate for the lesson. These can be discussed with the heads of departments
before they are used. While the column on assessment describes how each objective will be
evaluated, the objectives column indicates the objective to be achieved at each stage. There is no
assessment for introduction and conclusion stages because they are not tied to any lesson
objective.

The training activity section outlines how the lesson will progress from the first to the last stage.
It is the process of actualization of the lesson plan. The trainer is expected to follow all these
stages for the smooth flow of the lesson. The section which follows the training activity section
is the key notes section. While the notes have been derived from the latest known knowledge
about the content, it is important for the trainer to research widely to improve on these notes
since they may be obsolete with time. They should also be updated during the review phases of
the manual. The notes should be given as handouts to the trainees to help minimize on dictation

iv
of notes in class. Where graphics have been provided, they should be used to generate
discussions in class.

The last section of the manual has suggested a number of assessment questions or activities
which may be used by the trainer to assess the achievement of the lesson objectives. It is import
that the trainer uses all these items during the lesson either for a classroom discussion, group
work classroom exercise or a take away assignment. The take away assignment should be
marked and feedback given to trainees.

It is our wish that you will find this manual a supportive companion in your journey as a
National Police Service instructor.

DR. K.O ASEMBO, HSC

CHAIRMAN,
NATIONAL POLICE SERVICE CURRICULUM REVIEW COMMITTEE
April 2017

v
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

FOREWORD.................................................................................................................................. i
PREFACE ...................................................................................................................................... ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................ iii
HOW TO USE THIS MANUAL ................................................................................................ iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................ vi
LESSON TITLE: 102.1.01 INTRODUCTION TO SKILLS AT ARMS................................. 1
LESSON TITLE: 102.1.02 INTRODUCTION TO G3 RIFLE ................................................ 9
LESSON TITLE: 102.2.03 INTRODUCTION TO FN RIFLE .............................................. 36
LESSON TITLE: 102.1.04 INTRODUCTION TO AK 47 RIFLE ........................................ 46
LESSON TITLE: 102.1.05 INTRODUCTION TO SUB-MACHINES GUNS ..................... 56
LESSON TITLE: 102.1.06 INTRODUCTION TO PISTOLS AND REVOLVERS ............ 66
LESSON TITLE: 102.1.07 INTRODUCTION TO LIGHT MACHINE GUNS (LMGS) ... 81
LESSON TITLE: 102.1.08 GENERAL PURPOSE MACHINE GUNS (GPMGs) ............ 103
LESSON TITLE: 102.1.09 INTRODUCTION GRENADES AND PYROTECHNIQUES
..................................................................................................................................................... 117
LESSON TITLE: 102.1.10 INTRODUCTION MORTARS, BOMBS AND IEDS ............ 125

vi
LESSON 1

UNIT CODE:102.1 SKILLS AT ARMS 1

LESSON TITLE: 102.1.01 INTRODUCTION TO SKILLS AT ARMS

DURATION 3HOURS

EXPECTED CLASS SIZE: MAXIMUM 40

COMPETENCE: The trainee should classify and handle firearms safely.

LESSON OBJECTIVES:
Objectives: Domains
By the end of this lesson, trainee should be
able to K U S A B
1. Define terminologies used in Skills 
at Arms
2. State aims of skill at Arms  
3. Explain the skill at arms Lessons  
4. Identify various types of firearms  
5. Describe the general characteristics  
and categories of firearms
6. Outline the procedure of  
ascertaining the safety of firearms

Learning Domains
KEY: K- Knowledge; U-Understanding; S- Skills; A- Attitudes; B - Behaviour

Health & Safety Have you considered the health and safety of trainees and instructor during
Considerations this lesson?
a) Carry out NSPs to ensure the safety of the trainer, trainee and any other visitor
who may come to visit the class
b) A health break scheduled after one hour
c) Medical personnel to be on standby for safety
d) Any other consideration, e.g., environmental hazards

1
 LESSON PLAN

Timing Content Trainer Trainee Resources Assessment Objective

Activity Activity and
Quantity
0-10 Introduction Introduction Listening Flip charts Q and A Climate
Explaining Speaking Photos setting
Displaying Observing
10-25 Definition of Explaining Listening White board Q/A 1
Terms Taking notes and mark
pens
-Firearms
Ammunition
25-40 Aims of Skill at Explaining Taking notes White board -Q/A 2
Arms Questioning Answering and mark
pens
40-60 Skill at Arms Explanation Taking notes White board -Q/A 3
Lessons Questioning Questioning and mark
and Answering pens
answering
60-70 HEALTH BREAK
70-90 Types of Explaining Answering Pictorials Q and A
Firearms Questioning Taking notes Flip chart
displaying Observing Firearms
Ammunitions
Mats
90-120 General Explaining Answering Flip chart Q and A
Characteristics Questioning Taking notes Firearms
and Categories Displaying Observing Ammunitions
of Firearms mats
120-130 HEALTH BREAK
130-150 General Safety Explaining Answering Flip chart Q and A
Rules of Questioning Taking notes Firearms
Handling displaying Observing Ammunitions
Firearms demonstratin Imitating mats
g Practising
150-180 Conclusion Explaining Answering Flip chart Q and A Summarize
Questioning Taking notes Firearms the key
Displaying Observing Ammunitions points of
mats the lesson

2
TRAINING ACTIVITIES

Stages
1. Introduction  Introduce yourself to the trainees
 Explain the aims and objectives of the lesson
 Show trainees photos of different firearms
 Explain to the trainees the images are some of the firearms they will
be using in the field
2. Definition of Explain to the trainees the meaning of the following terms:
terms  Skill at Arms
 Firearms
 Cartridge
 Weapon
 Ammunition
 Trainees to take notes
3. Aims of Skill at  Ask the trainees to state aims of learning skill at arms
Arms  Note the trainees responses and build on the responses to explain the
aims of skill at arms
 Trainees take notes
4. Skill at Arms  Identify the various lessons of skill at arms
Lessons  Explain the various lessons of sill at arms
i) Basic lesson- EDIP(Explain, Demonstrate, Imitate and
Practice)
ii) Practice lesson- RAWP( Remind by question and answers,
Assess weakness, Work on weakness and Progressive
practices
iii) TOETS (Testing on Elementary Technical Skills) - the
learners are tested on safety of weapons before
commencement of range exercises.
iv) Range work- The students exercise the skills of live firing
of various firearms
v) Battle Exercise- Individual Battle Handling Exercise
(IBHE)
 Trainees take notes
5. Types of Firearms  Ask the trainees to state different types of firearms they know
 Note the trainees responses on the flipchart
 Explain to the learners different types of firearms, citing examples of
each, namely:
 Assault rifles
 Sub-machine guns
 Hand guns
 Machines guns
 Shot gun
 Learners to take notes

3
6. Characteristics and  Explain the characteristics of firearms
Categories of  Describe the categories of firearms
Firearms  Learners to take notes

7. General Safety  State general safety rules of firearms

Rules of Handling  Demonstrate how to carry out normal safety precautions
Firearms  Guide trainees to practice on normal safety precautions

8. Conclusion  Give a summary of keys points on each learning outcome

 Ask learners to identify the key points
 Give a handout
 Pause for questions from learners

4
KEY NOTES

1. Introduction to Skill at Arms

Skill at arms involves training and handling of Arms, Ammunition and other Cartridges so as to
produce a skilled police officer.

Terminologies

a) Firearms
 Any lethal barreled weapon of any description from which any shot, bullet or other missile
can be discharged.
 Is a weapon that launches one or many projectiles at high velocity through a confined
burning of a propellant charge.
b) Cartridge
 A metal or plastic case containing propellant for a projectile and usually the projectiles as
well
c) Weapon
 Means a weapon capable of causing death, injury, maiming or any other boldly harm whether
or not the weapon is barreled from which any shot, bolt, bullet, grenade or any other noxious
substance or any other missile that can be discharged
d) Ammunition
 means any cartridge, whether a blank, tracer, incendiary, gas diffusive, signaling or any
cartridge of any other kind capable of being discharged from or used with a firearms, and
includes any grenade, bomb or any missile or explosive
2. Aims of Skill At Arms Training
To train and produce a competent police officer who:
a) Is able to identify and handle all firearms at his or her disposal.
b) Is efficient and effective in the use of all firearms.
c) Can demonstrate in maintaining all firearms at his/her disposal; e.g. stripping, cleaning,
assembling etc
3. Types of Skill at Arms Lesson

There are five main types of skill at arm lessons that a trainee will be inducted into. These are‖

i. Basic Lesson- this is a lesson where skills are taught initially and the trainer is guided by
acronym EDIP (Explain, Demonstrate, Imitate and Practice).
ii. Practice Lesson- this is where the students practice what they were taught in basic lesson.
The instructor is guided here by acronym RAWP (Remind by question and answers,
Assess weakness, Work on weakness and Progressive practices.
iii. TOETS (Testing on Elementary Technical Skills) - the learners are tested on safety of
weapons before commencement of range exercises.
iv. Range Work- The students exercise the skills of live firing of various firearms.
v. Battle Exercise- This is also called Individual Battle Handling Exercise (IBHE)- the
learners are tested on weapon handling, personal camouflage, movement, observation and
accuracy. The exercise is carried out individually by the learners

5
4. Types of Firearms

a) Assault Rifle: This is a long barreled semi or full automatic firearms designed to be fired
from the shoulder position with the support of two hands. Examples are G3, FN, AK 47,
M16, and Rifle NO.4. Etc
b) Sub-Machine Guns: These are short barreled semi or full automatic firearms designed to be
fired from shoulder, waist or hip as a close-range weapon. They are designed to use pistol
ammunition and are magazine fed. Examples are Uzi, MP5, Sterling patchet, styre, Mini Uzi,
SA 80 etc.
c) Handguns: These are short barreled firearms designed to be fired by the use of one or two
hands during combat shooting, they comprise pistols and revolvers.

Examples
 Pistols - Czeska, Browning, Mini-Czeska, Barretta, Benerdeli, Germany Walther.
 Revolvers – Wembley, Smith and Wesson special, ordinary and .22.
d) Machine Guns: These are long heavy barreled firearms designed to be fired from either a
bipod or tripod stand. They comprise Machine Rifle, Light Machine Gun and General
Purpose Machine Gun.
 Machine Rifle (MR):Example FN heavy barrel , AK-47 type 56m heavy barrel and
M-77 B-1 heavy barrel
 Light Machine Gun (LMG): Examples HK 11, Bren gun, Ultimax 100,
 General Purpose Machine Gun (GPMG): Examples are HK 21, MG3, M60, M58,
PKM,
e) Shotguns: These are firearms with smooth bores designed to be fired from either hips or
shoulder position depending on the nature of the target. A short gun is a long gun that looks
somehow like a traditional rifle on the outside, but short gun is usually used to shoot a packet
of ―shot‖ like little beads. Examples: MP7, MPRG (Machine pistol riot gun) or Greener and
Remington – 870

5. General Characteristics of Firearms and Categories of Firearms

5.1. Characteristics

a) The Bolts
They have grooves inside their bores.
They start their actions by cocking their bolts manually in order to lodge a cartridge in their
chamber and are unbolted manually. Examples are Rifle NO.4, Gas gun and the target rifle.
b) Gas Operated
They have grooves, may or may not have a device known as gas regulator which controls the
amount of gas fed into the piston. Examples are FN, LIAI 2, M60, Ultimax 100, Bren guns, M77.
c) Recoil operated
Have grooves, the circles of operation are performed by the power derived from the recoil spring
of either rod or the bolt. The rod spring and the bolt recoil spring lock together for a period to
allow the bullet to leave the barrel and the chamber. Example G3, HK 21, Pistols.
d) Revolvers
Derive their actions by revolving cylinders. Examples; Webley, Smith & Wesson, Taurus
6
e) Pump Action
They derive their action by pumping the gun. Their fore-end is attached to the breech block by
means of a rod sliding the fore-end backwards opening the breech block and the extractor. The
upper part of the block withdraws the spent cartridge from the tubular magazine. When the fore-
end is slid forward the fresh cartridge is raised and chambered and the striker is left cocked.
Some shotguns fall under this category.
Example: MP 7.
f) The Break Action
Mostly associated with double barrel shot guns. Most common types of break open action have
the top lever in which a small lever is located on the top of the grip. The breech is pushed to ON
side to open it manually. Example Webley, MPRG, Very pistol.

5.2. Categories of Firearms

a) Alternative Weapon (Handguns)
They are short barreled firearms, designed to be fired by the use of one hand or two during
combat shooting. Examples are pistol and revolvers.
b) Personal Weapon ( Long Guns)
They are sometimes called shoulder guns, designed to be fired from the shoulder. Examples:
rifles and shot-guns.
c) Support Weapon (Machine Guns and Cannons)
They are designed to be fired from either bipod or tripod stand. They are fully automatic guns.
They include:
i. MR – FN heavy barrel, AK-47 type- 56m, M-77 B-1
ii. LMGs – HK 11, Ultimax 100, Bren gun
iii. GPMGs – M60, MG3, HK 21, PKM, Mag-58
iv. Canons- aircraft gun and tank, 40mm – 84mm
6. Firearms Safety Rules

Firearms do not cause accidents. Firearm accidents are almost always found to have been as a
result of CARELESSNESS or IGNORANCE on the part of the user. The following safety rules
must be observed by the gun/rifle user at all times;

1. Know all the mechanical and handling characteristics of the firearm you are using. Not
all the firearms are the same. The method of carrying and handling firearms varies with
the mechanical provisions.

2. Always keep the muzzle pointing in a safe direction. A safe direction means a direction
which will not permit a discharged bullet to strike a person or an object where the bullet
may ricochet and damage property. ALWAYS CONTROL THE DIRECTION OF THE
MUZZLE.

3. Firearms should be unloaded when not in use. They should be loaded only when you get
to the field, on the target range or shooting area ready to shoot. It is the gun owner‘s

7
 responsibility to ascertain that no children or persons unfamiliar with firearms gain access
to firearms/ammunition.

4. Be sure the barrel is clear of obstruction before use (shooting). Mud, snow, excess
lubricating oil or grease in the bore may cause the barrel to bulge or even burst on firing.
Be sure you are using ammunition of the proper calibre for the particular firearm you are
using.

5. Do not climb a tree, fence or ride a bike with a loaded firearm. Unload your firearm
before ascending or descending a tree, jumping over a ditch or other obstructions or when
riding a bike. Never push or pull a loaded firearm towards yourself or another person.

6. Avoid alcoholic beverages when in possession of a firearm or when shooting. Do not take
alcohol until the days of work or range practices are over. Handling firearms while under
the influence of alcohol of any form constitutes a criminal disregard of the safety of
others. Medication also inspires your mental or physical ability.

7. When firing blank ammunition, a dangerous area of 30 meters exists immediately to the
front of the fire. Do not fire when your comrade is below the distance of 30 metres.

8. Never place your finger inside the trigger guard unless you intend to shoot. Your firearm
cannot fire unless the trigger is pressed. Also, ensure that other objects do not touch the
trigger.

9. Do not allow the firearm to be used by anyone who has not read these firearms safety
rules and also those who do not understand its safe operations and the rules of safe gun
handling.

10. Always be sure of your target and what is beyond it, always be sure of where the bullet
will strike and shoot only when there is a safe back stop free of obstruction.

7. Questions/Activity For Lesson Assessment/Evaluation:

1. Define the following terms

a) Firearm
b) Ammunition
c) Weapon
d) Cartridge
2. Explain at least three types of firearms
3. State seven general safety rules of firearms

8
 LESSON 2

UNIT CODE:102.1.1 SKILL AT ARMS I

LESSON TITLE: 102.1.02 INTRODUCTION TO G3 RIFLE

DURATION: 5 HOURS

EXPECTED CLASS SIZE: MAXIMUM 40

COMPETENCE: The trainee to effectively service and operate a G3 Rifle.

LESSON OBJECTIVES:
Objectives:
By the end of the lesson the trainees Domains
should be able to: K U S A B
1. Describe the general  
characteristics of a G3 rifle
2. Outline the procedure of  
stripping, cleaning and
assembling and naming of
internal parts of G3 rifle
3. Describe the procedure of  
magazine filling, loading,
unloading , make safe and sight
setting
4. Describe the procedure of holding  
and aiming of a G3 rifle
5. Explain firing drills, firing from  
lying position and firing from
other positions
6. Explain the mechanism, possible  
stoppages and Immediate Action
of a G3 Rifle
7. Outline the procedure of  
alteration of point of aim, wind
allowance and misfire drills
8. List the methods of carrying the  
rifle in Close Quarter Battle
9. Outline the procedure of firing at  
crossing target, from covers and
bayonet fighting

KEY: K- Knowledge; U-Understanding; S- Skills; A- Attitudes; B - Behaviour

9
 Health & Safety Have you considered the health and safety of trainees and
Considerations instructor during this lesson?
a) Carry out normal safety precautions(NSPs) to ensure the safety of the trainer,
trainee and any other visitor who may come to visit the class
b) A health break scheduled after one hour
c) Medical personnel to be on standby for safety
d) Any other consideration, e.g., environmental hazards

LESSON PLAN

Timing Content Trainer Trainee Resources Assessment Objectiv

Activity Activity e
0-5 Introduction Reviewing Listening Pictorials Climate
Explaining Answering G3 rifle setting
Displaying Observing
5- 30 Description Displaying Listening White board Oral 1
and Safety of Explaining Observing Marker pens Questioning
G3 Rifle Questioning Answering G3 rifle
Ammunition
30-60 Stripping, Explaining Listening White board -Q/A 2
naming, Displaying Taking notes Marker pens
Cleaning Demonstrati Observing G3 rifle
and ng Practicing Ammunition
Assembling Questioning Cleaning kit
of G3 Rifle

60-65 HEALTH
BREAK
65-95 Magazine, Explaining Listening White board -Q/A 3
Filling, Displaying Observing and mark pens
Loading, Demonstrati Taking notes G3 rifle
Unloading, ng Practicing Ammunition
Make Safe Questioning Answering
and Sight Practicing
Setting

95-120 Holding and Explaining Listening G3 rifle -Q/A

Aiming Demonstrati Observing Ammunition
ng Practicing Targets
Questioning Answering Mats
White board
and marker
pens

10
120-125 HEALTH
BREAK
125-155 Firing Drills, Explaining Listening G3 rifle Q and A
firing from Demonstrati Observing Ammunitions
lying ng Practising Mats
position and
firing from
other
positions
155-180 Mechanism, Describing Listening G3 rifle Q and A
Possible Explaining Observing Ammunitions
Stoppages Demonstrati Practising Mats
and ng Answering
Immediate Questioning
Action of a
G3 Rifle
180-185 HEALTHB
REAK
185-215 Alteration of Explaining Listening G3 rifle Q and A
point of Demonstrati Observing Ammunitions
Aim, wind ng Practising Mats
allowance Questioning Answering Targets
and Misfire
drills
215-245 Close Explaining Listening Video clip Q and A
Quarter Demonstrati Observing G3 rifle
Battle ng Practising Ammunitions
Video show Answering Mats
Questioning Targets

245-250 HEALTH
BREAK
250-275 Firing at Explaining Listening G3 rifle Q and A
Crossing Displaying Observing Ammunitions
target, firing Demonstrati Imitating Mats
from covers ng Practising Bayonet
and bayonet Questioning Dummy
fighting
275-300 Conclusion Explaining Answering Flip chart Q and A Summari
Questioning Taking notes G3 rifle ze the key
Displaying Observing Ammunitions points of
Mats the
lesson

11
 TRAINING ACTIVITIES

Stages The role of the trainer to facilitate learning by carrying out the stated
objectives
1. Introduction  Review the previous lesson
 Outline the title and objectives of the lesson
 Display to learners a G3 rifle
2. Description and  Ask the trainees to name external parts of a G3rifle they are observing
safety of G3  Describe to the learners the general characteristics of a G3
rifle  State the general safety rules
3. Stripping,  Let the trainees name the external parts of G3 rifle
naming,  Highlight the importance of stripping and cleaning of the rifle to the
cleaning and learners
assembling of  Demonstrate the stripping rifle, cleaning and assembling of the rifle
G3 rifle  Name the internal parts of the rifle
 Trainees to take notes
4. Magazine  State the nature and care of ammunitions used by a G3 rifle
filling, loading,  Explain the procedure of filling and emptying the magazine
unloading,  Demonstrate magazine filling and emptying of the magazine
make safe and  Demonstrate to the trainees how to load, unload , ready , make safe and
sight setting sight set a G3 rifle
 Assist the trainees as they load, unload, make safe, ready and sight set a
G3 rifle
5. Holding and  State to the trainees the four Marksmanship Principles
aiming of G3  Explain that the fundamentals that guide or aid the four marksmanship
rifle principles
 Demonstrate how to hold and aim using a G3 rifle in prone position
 Guide the trainees as they practice holding and aiming of a G3 rifle in prone
position
 Learners to take notes
6. Firing drills,  Explain how to adopt prone position
firing from  Describe to trainees different firing positions using a G3
lying position  Demonstrate different firing positions
and firing from  Guide the trainees as they imitate firing from different position
other position
7. Mechanism, Explain causes of possible stoppages of a G3 rifle and Immediate Action
possible Explain the immediate action in case of stoppages
stoppages and Demonstrate how to carry out Immediate action
immediate Guide trainees to imitate carrying out Immediate Action in a G3 rifle
action of G3
rifle

12
8. Alteration of State different types of targets
point of aim, Outline different types of winds that affect the flight path of a bullet
wind allowance Explain how to aim off for elevation and direction
and miss drills Explain how to carry out miss drills
Demonstrate the miss drills
9. Close quarter State to the trainees the different methods of carrying a G3 rifle
battle Explain how to shoot at close quarter
Demonstrate shooting at close quarter
Guide the learners as they role-play shooting at close quarter
10. Firing at  Explain the allowances to make for moving while shooting
crossing  Describe the methods of engaging crossing targets
targets, firing  Explain the use of covers while engaging the enemy
from covers  Explain the position adopted during bayonet fighting
and bayonet  Demonstrate to the trainees firing at crossing targets, firing from covers and
fighting bayonet fighting
 Guide the trainees as they role play and practice firing at crossing targets,
firing from covers and bayonet fighting
 Learners to take notes
11. Conclusion:  Give a summary of keys points on each learning outcome
 Ask learners to identify the key points
 Pause for questions from trainees if any

13
KEY NOTES

1. INTRODUCTION TO G3 RIFLE: GENERAL DESCRIPTION AND SAFETY OF G3

RIFLE:

AIM: To teach an introduction to the rifle and the safety precaution applicable to it is use
 This is an infantry soldier‘s personal weapon. At all times he/she is required to use it
effectively against the enemy, and safely amongst his/her comrades. Knowledge of the rifle,
its associated parts and the safety procedures are essential to him/her.

a) Attachments of the G3 rifle;

When fitted with
1. Bayonet-it is suitable for close quarter fighting
2. Blank firing attachment [B.F.A]-will fire blanks automatically
3. Optic sight-can be employed for sniper purposes.
4. Sub- caliber conversion unit-can fire .22mm ammunition (5.6mm x 16)
5. Special bolt assembly-can be used to fire plastic training bullet
6. Sling
7. Carrying handle
8. Teargas grenade adaptor-to launch anti riot grenades
b) General characteristic of the rifle:
 The automatic G3 rifle, cal 7.62mm x 51mm NATO is modern air-cooled combat rifle.
 The G3 is a recoil-operated weapon incorporating a split blow back locking system and is
fed from 20-rounds magazine with suitable cartridges and it may be used to launch
grenades in rapid succession without any adjustment. Each rifle is provided with means
to mount a telescope and to attach bayonet
c) Technical data
 Caliber ------------------------------------------ 7.62 mm x 51mm
 Length (with normal butt)-------------------- 40.38 Inches
 Length of barrel--------------------------------- 17.71 Inches
 Number of grooves in barrel ---------------- 4 rifling grooves
 Pitch of rifling--------------------------------- 1 turn in 304.8mm(12 inches)
 Twist of rifling -------------------------------- Right Hand
 Chamber plate--------------------------------- 12
 Sight range ------------------------------------ 100 – 400 metres
 Accurate range ----------------------------------300m
 Muzzle velocity ------------------------------- 800m/sec
 Muzzle striking energy ----------------------- 300kg
 Weight of rifle --------------------------------- 4.40 kg
 Weight of full magazine---------------------- 737g
 Weight of empty magazine------------------- 280g(steel) 140g(aluminum)
 Type of magazine ----------------------------- Box
 Magazine capacity ---------------------------- 20 rounds
 System of operation --------------------------- recoil
 Made in ----------------------------------------- Germany

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d) Existing models:
 G3 standard –rifle with plastic hand guard and plastic butt stock
 G3 sniper-rifle with telescopic sight
 G3 with bipod
 G3 carbine-riffle with retractable butt stock.
e) The Physical Parts of the Rifle
 Receiver and barrel, operating mechanism and sights
 Pistol grip/handgrip
 Back plate with Butt stock
 Hand guard
 Magazine and magazine release catch
 Sling rifle
f) Safety:
 Safe direction-is where, in case of any discharge of ammunition, it would not destroy life
or property
 Safety-is an act of precaution /measure taken to fire arm to ensure that it‘s safe to use,
done up on certain laid procedure
Safety Rules
 Your firearms should always point in safe direction
 Always handle your firearms as if it‘s loaded
 Don‘t put the trigger finger inside the trigger guard when you do not intend to shoot
 Ensure the safety catch is applied at all time
 Understand the mechanism and characteristic of the firearms handling it
When Do We Carry Out Safety Precautions?
 When collecting/returning firearms to the armory
 Before and after weapon training lesson
 Before and after range practice
 When taking over and handing over
 When you come across un-attended weapon
How do we carry out safety precautions?
On command ―FOR INSPECTION PORT ARMS‖
i) Bring the rifle to the standing-load position and ensure that the four fingers are
outside the trigger guard
ii) Check the fire selecting lever ids at letter ―S‖
iii) Take off the magazine by pressing the magazine release catch, with your left thump
pushing the magazine forward. Place the magazine in the pouch, when webbings is
not worn, put the magazine into your trousers pocket or inside your belt.
iv) Cock the rifle, to do this, unfold the cocking lever and pull it right back, engaging it I
the locking recess of the housing.
v) Return the left hand to the hand guard
NB: The instructor to inspect all rifles to make sure that they are empty and he should show his
own rifle to a soldier in the squad.

When the riffle has been inspect or on the command ―EASE SPRING‖
1. Using the left hand, release the cocking lever forward sharply

15
 2. Push the safety catch to letter ―E‖ with the left hand
3. Holding the pistol grip firmly with the right hand, put the fore finger on the
trigger and press it until the hammer goes forward
4. Put the safety catch back to latter ―S‖ using the left hand
5. Return to position on attention and ground arms
6. Unfasten both pouches and take out all magazine and drill rounds
NB: the instructor is to inspect all pouches; magazines and drill rounds are to be inspected by
soldiers in the squad. When the above drill is completed the trainees are to replace all magazines
and drill rounds in their pouches, fasten their pouches, pick up their rifles and stand at ease.

2. Stripping, Cleaning and Assembling

a) Reasons for Stripping:
i. For cleaning purposes
ii. For checking any defects or malfunctions
iii. For training purpose
b) Procedure for stripping;
i. Check that the fire selector is at letter ―S‖
ii. Remove the magazine by pressing the magazine release catch
iii. Cock the rifle by pulling the operating mechanism back engaging it in the recess
of the housing.
iv. Look into the chamber and ensure that it is empty
v. Release the operation mechanism forward
vi. Check again that the fire selector is at letter ―S‖
vii. Take off the bayonet(if fitted) by pressing the bayonet stud lifting it off
viii. Remove the sling and ensure that it is kept on your left hand
ix. Push in the end of the locking pins and remove them out inserting them into the
tubular rivets
x. Pull the back plate with back stock rearwards until it is clear from the receiver
xi. Draw the cocking lever rearwards allowing the bolt assembly to come out
xii. Push in the front end of the locking pin and move it out
xiii. Push in the locking pins and remove out thus freeing the hand guard to be
separated
c) Cleaning Materials
It is important that soldier keeps his rifles clean and in good condition. To enable him to do so,
the following cleaning materials are issued in cleaning kit box;
i. A pull through for cleaning the bore.
ii. A chamber brush, for cleaning the chamber
iii. A nylon brush for removing external fouling.
iv. An oil bottle
v. A tube of graphite grease
vi. Flannelette
vii. Cleaning brush for the barrel

16
d) Basic Daily Cleaning
Make sure the rifle is unloaded and then strip it as taught. The extractor or magazine should not
be stripped unless they are wet or dirty.
e) Cleaning for adverse/abnormal conditions
i. Heavy Rains;- in heavy rains, if water is allowed to gather in the bore of the rifle, a
breach explosion may occur on firing. To prevent the learner should carry the rifle with
the muzzle facing down
ii. Damp or Humid Conditions;- In damp or humid conditions, clean as already taught but
inspect more frequently for any rust
iii. Dry sand or Dirty Conditions-; It is important that all parts of the rifle must be kept dry.
In addition, the firing pin and extractor are to be stripped in order to clean the bolt head
more thoroughly
iv. Arctic Cold Conditions-; Normal issued oil with prove satisfactorily under those
conditions provided it is used sparingly.
v. Tropical Conditions- A special lubricant is issued for use under tropical conditions
f) Major Parts of the Rifle
i. magazine
ii. back plate with fixed butt stock recoil spring guide rod
iii. grip with trigger mechanism
iv. bolt assembly
v. receiver with fixed barrel, operating mechanism and sights
vi. hand guard
Magazine
The magazine is made of steel or metal (aluminum) and takes 20 cartridges.
i. magazine housing(tube)
ii. follower
iii. follower spring
iv. locking plate
v. floor plate
The Bolt Assembly
i. bolt head carrier with recoil spring tube and bolt head locking lever
ii. spring
iii. bolt head
iv. locking rollers
v. extractor and extractor spring
vi. locking piece
vii. firing pin
viii. firing pin spring
ix. feed horn(feed pieces)
Receiver and Barrel, Operating Mechanism Sights
i. Flash suppressor/hider/eliminator.
ii. Barrel
iii. Muzzle
iv. Cocking lever
v. Magazine house
vi. Receive.

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Grip Assembly with Trigger Mechanism.
i. trigger mechanism
ii. hammer
iii. the ejector
iv. the safety axel or pin-connects the trigger assembly to the grip
v. the hammer spring unit
vi. the sear and the sear catch
vii. The tripping lever.
Back plate and Fixed Butt stock.
i. stop pin
ii. guide ring
iii. buffer assembly
iv. recoil spring with recoil spring guide rod
v. butt plate
vi. back plate
vii. butt stock and tubular rivets
Assembling of the Rifle
i. Grip the hand guard firmly with the left hand
ii. Ensure that the hand guard is attached to the receiver
iii. Attach grip assembly
iv. Push the bolt assembly into the receiver
v. Attach butt stock and back plate to the receiver
vi. Check correct assembly by carrying out cocking operations
vii. Insert the empty magazine into the magazine house
viii. If required, insert the bayonet and the sling

3. Magazine Filling, Loading, Unloading, Make Safe and Sight Setting

a) Care of Ammunition
i) Always look after the ammunition by keeping them clean and dry.
ii) Never let your ammunition lie in the direct rays of the sun as this may cause inaccuracy
b) Type of Ammunition
The ammunition used by G3 rifle has a caliber of 7.62mmX 51mm NATO. The natures are:
i. Ball Ammunition-
 This round consists of a smooth brass cartridge and a copper jacketed bullet.
 The case contains both ignition and propellant charges.
 It has a percussion cap and manufacturing information is stamped at the base
ii. Tracer Ammunition-
 It is similar to ball but contains traced element at the tip which can either be red or orange
iii. Blank Ammunition-
 It has brass case,
 No bullet head.
 The top of the case is closed crimping.
 It has propellant charges, percussion cap and
 Can also be made of plastic with a metal base


18
 iv. Plastic Training Cartridge-
 It consist if plastic bullet and plastic body.
 It has percussion cap.
 It contains propellant charges and
 Has a metal base.
v. Drill Ammunition-
 It is completely inert.
 It has no percussion cap.
 It has a silvery grooved.
 The base is painted red.
c) Filling Magazines:
 Push the round into the magazine, bullet towards the narrow end one by one.
 Make sure the base of each rounds is right up against rear wall.
 Fill the magazine with 20 rounds when on active service.
d) To Empty Magazines:
 Push out the top round, then press down on each second round thus allowing each top
round drop out.
 Ensure that each round do not fall in dirt.
N/B: When the magazine is very dirty e.g. in desert, wet or muddy condition or when likely to be
affected by sand and sea water, fill your magazine with 15 rounds only. This will reduce the
number of stoppages
e) Loading
The rifle is said to be loaded when the magazine is fitted on whether with rounds or not.
On the command ―LOAD‖
i. Adopt the loading position, hold the rifle by the pistol grip in the right hand,
forefinger outside the trigger guard, muzzle pointing outward. Check that the
selective fire lever is at letter ―S‖. Unfasten the pouch and tilt the rifle to the right.
ii. Take a full magazine from the pouch, or one containing the number of rounds
ordered, put it on the rifle and make certain that it is secure.
f) Ready
The rifle is made ready by cocking the rifle with a charged magazine. The top most round is
taken from the magazine to the chamber. On the command ready adjust the sights and cock the
rifle.
g) Unload
The rifle is said to be unloaded when it has no magazine fitted in the magazine house and no
round in the chamber.
On the command ―UNLOAD‖
i. Check the fire selector to be at letter ‗S‘, unfasten the pouches.
ii. Remove the magazine from the rifle.
iii. Tilt the rifle to the right keeping the muzzle upward and pull back the cocking lever so
directing any ejected rounds downwards. Allow the working parts to go forward then re
cock. Repeat this action at least three times, if during this action, rounds are ejected, then
the magazine have not been removed. Remove it and repeat the above action.
iv. Hold the working part to the rear, tilt the rifle to the left and look or feel to ensure that the
chamber is empty. Let the working parts move forward.

19
 v. Pick up the rounds ejected, clean and replace in the magazine. Put the magazine in the
pouch and fasten the pouch.
h) Make Safe:
This is complete unload followed by fresh loading
On the command ‗MAKE SAFE‖ carry out the procedure of unload followed by loading.
i) Sight Setting (The Rear Rotary Sight)
 The rotary rear sight is provided with 3 diopter holes and one open ―V‖ sight and may
be set from a range of 200,300, and 400 meters
 The rotary rear sight can also be adjusted in the vertical direction.
 For all battle targets, up to and including 300 meters, the sight is to remain set at 300
4. Holding and Aiming:
It is essential that the soldier is capable of firing his rifle accurately and instinctively under battle
conditions. This can be achieved if he/she understands and applies the following:

a) The four (4) marksmanship principles.

1) The position and holding must be firm enough to support the rifle.
2) The rifle must point naturally at the target without physical effort.
3) Sight alignment (Aiming) must be correct.
4) The shot released must be followed through without disturbing the position.

b) Where to Aim
1) Aim at the lowest central point (central base) of the aiming mark on a target with aiming
patch.
2) Aim at the middle of a man, a figure target or any indistinct target.
3) On large object such as trees building, the section commander will indicate an exact point
of aim.
c) How to Aim
1) Look above the barrel with both eyes opened, identify your target and swing the barrel
towards it.
2) Keeping both eyes open. Roughly align the barrel on the area of the target ensuring at
same time that comrade is not moving into intended line of fire.
3) Drop head on butt; close the eye not in use.
4) Keeping the pointer upright, line the tip on the point of aim.

d) Aids to Aiming (four point relationships)

1) the eye
2) the centre of the aperture
3) the tip of the force sight and
4) The point of aim.
e) Eye Relief
 It must be emphasized that eye relief for successive shot must be constant.
 By ensuring this the apparent size of the aperture will remain the same and centralization
of the fight sight tip will be simplified. (1.5 to 2 inches)

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5. Firing Drills

a) Firing in the Lying Position

Fundamentals of Four Marksmanship Principles/Aids

 Firing the shot
 Breathing control
 Trigger operation
 Eye relief
 Sight alignment
 Follow though
 Declaration
Firing the Shot
The shot should be fired without disturbing the aim. Provided that the position is suitable with
the rifle held firmly and pointing naturally at the target all that is required is the control of
breathing and a smooth trigger operation, in order to allow the bullet to leave the muzzle without
any undue movement of the weapon.

i. Breathing
a) Is a natural body function, which will continue without strain until an individual does
something to disturb the cycle? It‘s important, therefore, that a firer restrain his breathing
in a way that induces no strain. This can be achieved as follows;
b) Take two deep breaths to oxygenate the body.
c) Slightly extend the natural pause between breathing in and out. [The lungs should not be
fully emptied.]
d) Release the shot within six (6) seconds.

ii. Trigger Operation

a) During the breathing pause its necessary to perfect to aim as near as possible and pres the
trigger without disturbing the aim.
b) The trigger slack should be taken up just before restraining the breath and perfecting the
aim.
c) It‘s important that the pressing action of the trigger is achieved without moving or
reducing the grip of the right hand or left hand.

iii. Eye Relief

 It must be emphasized that eye relief for successive shot must be constant.
 By ensuring this the apparent size of the aperture will remain the same and centralization
of the fight sight tip will be simplified. (1.5 to 2 inches)

iv. Sight Alignment-(Straight) Aiming

The relationship between eye, the centre of aperture, the foresight and the lowest central
point of the aiming mark must be correct.
v. Follow Through
 Operation of the trigger does not complete the sequence of firing shot.

21
  The firer should try to remain on aim, watching through the sight and maintain his
position for about two second after operating the trigger.
 `This follows through` of shot is intended to eliminate any movement of the rifle caused
by the firer relaxing or raising the head before the bullet leaves the muzzle.

vi. Declaration
 As the shot is fired, the recoil action causes the muzzle of the rifle to move, usually in an
upward direction. This movement should be consistent for successive shots.
 The firer must watch for the movement of his sights during the ―follow through‖ and
immediately declare the shot ―correct‖ or ―incorrect‖ to his coach.(the firer and coach
should discuss the fault and its correction).

FIRING DRILLS
.
INTRODUCTION

A soldier is required to produce different type of fire on orders from his section commander or
his own initiative. He must be familiar with these types of fire and when to use them in order to
apply effective fire against the enemy with minimum waste of time and ammunition.

TYPE S OF FIRE
The types of fire used in a battle field are:-
a) Deliberate:- Used when firing at ground features such as indistinct enemy positions
indicated by flashes, or observed by smoke. Used when firing at longer ranges
b) Snap shooting:- intermitted firing at an enemy who exposes themselves for short periods
only.
c) rapid fire:- quick firing for varying periods at well defined target at short ranges

READY AMMUNITION
In battle the soldier carries five magazines, one on the rifle and the other four in pouches. An
addition magazine is kept in the company reserve. The soldier is also issued with bandolier
containing 50 rounds belt which is worn slung over his/her equipment, this is reserved for the
section GPMG or for refilling magazine during lull in battle. The soldier may have some tracer
ammunition for use in target indication.

DELIBERATE FIRE
 On the command ―fire‖ put the selective fire lever to single (E) and aim.
 Fire and follow through as taught and in training declare the shot.
 Lower the rifle and observe
 Go on firing at deliberate rate, which are about five rounds a minute. Keep a count of the
number of rounds left in the magazine at all times.
 On the command ―stop‖ lower the rifle, put the selective fire lever to safe (S) and if
necessary change magazines.
 On the command ―go on‖ push the selective fire lever to single (E) and go on firing.

22
SNAP SHOOTING
Firing at target which show themselves for short periods only is called snap shooting snap
shooting is similar to deliberate shooting except that the soldier speeds up his/her action and
reduces the interval between the shots. There may be less time for correct breath restraint but the
marksmanship principle must be followed as closely as possible.
 On command watch and shoot adopt the alert position.
 When the target appears, restrain breathing, aim and fire quickly but with accuracy.
 Continue firing until the target falls or goes to cover, Stop firing but be ready to fire
again.
 Actions on command ―stop‖ go on and the need for counting rounds are as in deliberate
fire

RAPID FIRE
Firing a number of quick shots is called rapid fire. It is similar to snap shooting except that the
firer may fire more rounds. With practice, he/she will able to fire 20 rounds or more accurate
shots at different target in a minute.
 On command ―rapid‖ put the fire selective lever to single (E), aim and watch the
target area.
 On command ―fire‖, Fire as quickly as possible with accuracy change to a fresh
target as each one falls.
 It is important in rapid fire to try and fire with rhythm. This will enable breath
restraint, aim perfection, trigger operation and follow through to perform in the
correct sequence.
 Adjust the position for each target being engaged and go on firing until there are no
more targets at which to fire.
 Action on the command ―stop‖ go on and the need for counting rounds, as the same
as in deliberate fire.
 To allow the rifle to cool off lulls in rapid firing, pull back the cocking handle,
holding it back engaging it in the recess housing. This will remove a round from the
hot chamber and will allow air to pass through the bore and chamber.

b) Firing from other positions:

i. Kneeling position
a) Face half right to the line of fire. Kneel on the right knee, keeping it well out to the
right and if possible; sit on the heel or the side of the foot. Rest the left forearm
behind or in front of the left knee and the butt on the right thigh.
b) On command ‗READY‘, or range being ordered, carry out the actions as taught.
c) On command ―WATCH AND SHOOT‖, adopt the alert position, bring the butt into
the shoulder and move the fire selector to single mode of fire ―E‖ . The left foot is
turned inwards to lock the lower part of the foot and reduce movement.
d) The sequence and drill for firing the shot are as taught in the prone position.
e) Used where there in shrubs and scrub and when firing up hill or up slope.

23
 ii. Sitting position
a) The sitting position is useful when firing from a forward slope, in low scrubs, in a
night ambush or moving target at shot range.
b) Sit with legs crossed or apart and or place the feet in a comfortable position. The rifle
is held as in kneeling position
c) On the command ―READY‖, or range be ordered, carry out the action as taught.
d) On the command ―WATCH AND SHOOT‖ adapt the alert position, bring he butt into
the shoulder and move the fire selector to single mode(E). place the elbows in the
front of or on the inside of the kneels.
iii. Standing Position
a) The standing position is mainly used when firing from behind covers, in a trench, or
during an advance contact when targets are engaged quickly.
b) Adopt the standing load position
c) On command ―READY‖ or range order, carry out the action as taught.
d) On command ―WATCH AND SHOOT‖. Adopt alert position, bring the butt into the
shoulder and move the fire selector to ―E‖ muzzle pointing forward
e) The hand guard is held and the body leans slightly forward to the direction of the
target
iv. Alert Position
a) The soldiers are required to be ready for any act or actions, always in alert position.
b) The muzzle of the weapon must point forward and downward to the ground so that
incase of any discharge, it will not destroy life or property
c) The speed , accuracy and efficiency is needed in the access of the first shot.

NB: The police officer is responsible for the safe handling of his/her rifle and is therefore
required to ensure that that fire selector lever is at ―S‖ whenever he is crossing obstacles.:

6. Mechanism of the Rifle, Possible Stoppages and Immediate Action

An understanding of how the rifle works is necessary in order to appreciate the cause of
stoppages and how to clear them, therefore, getting the rifle firing properly again as quickly as
possible.

24
 AMMUNITION/CARTRIDGE/ROUND.
BALL ROUND

Percussion cap. Propellant powder/ charges.

Bullet/projectile/enamel

Primer
wire (+ve Cartridges case
and –ve
ions
Highly inflammable powder

a) Basic Mechanism.

The G3 rifle is a recoiled-operated weapon incorporating a split blow back locking system:

i. Loading and cocking action. The rifle is loaded and cocked by hand. To do this, put the
selective fire lever to safe (S). Insert the filled magazine into magazine house until the
magazine catch locks the magazine into position. Draw the cocking lever with the left hand
rearward engaging it in the locking recess of the housing.
ii. Trigger and forward action. Release the working parts forward. The topmost round is
pushed from the magazine into the chamber. The weapon is loaded and ready to fire. Put the
safety catch off either to letter ―E‖ or ―F‖. Pull/squeeze the trigger, the sear disengages the
hammer and the hammer moves forward hence hitting the base of the firing pin. The firing
pin in turn moves forward hitting the percussion cap. This ignites the primers which
produces fire that passes through the fire holes hence burning the propellant charges (gun
powder) whose composition is Nitroglycerine, charcoal and sulfur. The powder burns hence
forming a gas that expands and drive the projectile forward into the barrel. The projectile
gains the spinning action by the twist of the grooves, and after gaining momentum it leaves
the barrel with high velocity. the locking rollers, however, which have been forced outward
by the locking piece into engagement with recesses in the barrel extension, prevents
unrestricted recoiling of the bolt.
iii. Backward action.
The rearward movement is done by gas. The expanding powder gases drive not only the
projectile but apply force on the bolt head and thus on the locking rollers forcing the locking
piece and bolt head carrier back causing bolt assembly and cartridge case recoil. The bolt‘s
design features incorporating a displacement ration of 1: 4 keeps the locking roller in

25
 engagement until the projectile leaves the barrel. The recoiling bolt cocking the hammer as
they go and compresses the recoil spring, while the empty cartridge case is held by the
extractor, strikes the ejector with its base and is thrown out through the ejector slot. At the
rear, the bolt runs against the buffer and is stopped. The compressed recoil spring reasserts
itself hence driving the bolt forward again whereby the front face of the bolt head pushes the
top cartridge from the magazine into the chamber. The extractor engages in the extractor
groove of the cartridge, and inclined faces of the locking piece force the locking rollers into
the cam recesses of the barrel extension. The weapon is now ready to fire again.

b) Safety Features
The three position selective fire lever is situated on the left side of the grip assembly proving for
position ―S‖ for Safe; ―E‖ for Single fire, ―F‖ for Burst. The position selected is also indicated on
the right side of the grip assembly.
i. How to put safe. Set the selective fire lever at ―S‖. It will be impossible for the rifle to
fire. The rifle can be loaded while at safe position.
ii. Single fire. Set the selective fire lever at ―E‖.
iii. Burst fire. Set the selective fire lever at ―F‖
In semi-automatic operation, after a round has been fired, the hammer must be released again
by the trigger for the next shot.
During a burst, the sear is out of contact with the hammer. The cocked hammer is held by the
catch, and is disengaged by the action of the release lever.

c) Possible Stoppages
Stoppage is a failure of semi full automatic rifle failing to fire a new round, extract or eject an
empty case.
i. Minor Stoppages. (Within the Firer‟s Control)
1. deformed magazine
2. empty magazine
3. obstruction in the chamber
4. half cocked rifle
5. rust working part(not oiled)
6. badly filled magazine
7. badly inserted magazine
8. badly assembled rifle
ii. Major stoppages (outside the fire‟s control)
1. broken firing pin
2. loose recoil spring
3. damaged ejector
4. loose extractor
d) Immediate Action
This is unhesitating remedial action taken by the firer immediately a semi or fully automatic rifle
fails to extract, eject or fire a new round.
If the rifle fails to fire or stops firing the following immediate action (IA) will be carried out.
1. Empty magazine: - pull back the cocking lever engaging into recess of the housing.
Ensure that the chamber and magazine are empty. If they are empty change the magazine,
release, aim and carry on firing.

26
 2. When the chamber is empty and there are rounds in the magazine: - pull the working
part fully to the rear, release, aim and carry on firing.
3. When there is a live round or empty case in the chamber or body: - remove the
magazine, clear the obstruction, replace the magazine, release, aim and carry on firing.
NOTE: It is important that any round, whether damaged or not, which is involved in a stoppage
or used as a tool, be removed from use. Such rounds are not to be replaced in the magazine nor
are any attempt to be made to fire them.

e) Further Action.
i. If even after applying the I.A, the rifle will still not fire, take off the magazine, pull back
the cocking lever engaging it into the locking recess of the housing, release, strip the rifle
and inspect in the following order, the ejector and firing pin. If any of these are damaged,
they are to be replaced or repaired.
ii. If however, there is a separated case in the chamber, reassembly the rifle, pull back the
cocking lever engaging it into locking recess of the housing. Remove the clearing plug
from the section wallet. Screw up the head of the bolt assembly to go forward. Tilt the
rifle to the right; pull back the cocking lever engaging it into the locking recess of the
housing. Examine the clearing plug after ejection to ensure the separated case has been
withdrawn. Reload, aim carry on firing.
iii. At the earliest opportunity, unscrew the centre of pin of the clearing plug, remove the
separated case assembly the plug and replace it in the section wallet.
iv. If neither broken parts nor a separated case is the cause of the stoppage, then the rifle may
be badly fouled. Strip and clean the rifle.

7. Alteration of Point of Aim, Wind Allowance and Miss Drill.

In the battle, or during range work, the strength and direction of the wind have a direct influence
on the trajectory bullet. It is essential that the soldier makes allowance to counter this influence
and ensure first round hit. It is also important to know how to react should the shoot miss the
target.

a) Types of Targets.

i. Live Target
ii. Range Target

Range Targets:

a. Figure 11/59 target are 1145mm (45 inches) high and 450 mm (18 inches) wide.
b. Figures 12/59 target are 570mm (22 inches) high and 450mm(18 inches) wide
c. Falling plates 300mmx300mm
d. 4 by 4 small targets

27
e. The areas 150 mm (6 inches) 300mm (12 inches) 450mm (18 inches) 600mm (24 inches)
and 750mm (30 inches).above and below the POA on figure 11/59 targets are easily
identified at longer ranges and useful aids when altering POA.

b) Aiming Off for Elevation and Direction

i. Errors in direction and elevation can be overcome by changing the POA e.g. from the
POA the shoot is seen to be high (300mm) and to the left (100mm).re-aim low (300mm)
and right (100mm) of the original POA.
ii. When firing at small target at ranges of about 200m or less aim at the bottom.

c) Wind Direction
i. Oblique / Diagonal winds -blow from any other direction expect into or from behind you
ii. Tail or rear winds - blow from the rear
iii. Head on-blow toward your front
iv. A cross winds- blow straight across your front

d) Aiming Off for Wind

Only a wind blowing across the front will make the bullet veer considerably from its flight path.
To allow for this, aim off in to the wind .the direction of the wind can be determined by its effect
on the face, trees, dust, smoke from the weapon etc. The amount to aim off is determined by the
strength of the wind; for shooting purposes the wind strength called cross wind. (Consider
Direction and Distance)

i. Mild wind.
A mild wind is one which just moves the grass, the leaves of the trees and the range flags etc

ii. Fresh Wind.

A fresh wind is one which has an appreciable effect on bushes and thin branches of trees and
can be distinctly felt on the side of the face. It would cause the range flags to stand about half
way out from the pole.

28
 iii. Strong Wind
A strong wind is one which has noticeable effect on tree tops and lifts dust off dry ground.
Range flags would strain away from their poles.
For battle shooting, two point of aim are use at ranges over 100m;

Where to aim in case of strong or fresh winds:

Fresh wind –POA is halfway between the centre and the edge of the target.
Strong wind-POA is the edge of the target.

e) Miss Drills
In the event of continually missing a target:
i. Increase the aim off to the edge of the target and fire.
ii. If still a miss, aim and fire at the base of the target and adjusts the POA from the
observation of strike.
iii. When using iron sights, ensure that the alignment is correct for the adjusted point of aim
8. Close Quarter Battle
When moving in close country, in patrol or in a built-up area, the enemy may fire and attack at
close quarters. In such situations, it is the quickness and accuracy of the first shorts which gain

29
success. The soldier is therefore, to carry his rifle in state of readiness and in a manner best
suited to the type of terrain over which he is moving.

i. Method of Carriage
1. The high port
2. The alert position
3. The low port
4. The cradles carry.

1. The High Port

a) Bring the rifle up across the body, left hand on the hand guard, right hand around the
pistol grip and the barrel pointing upwards.
b) Move the mode of fire selecting lever to the single ―E‖ and place the finger on the trigger.
c) This position is used when going through scrubland or when crossing obstacles. If the
soldier stumbles using this position, the muzzle of the rifle will not get entangled, get
filled with dirt or point to his comrades.
d) The soldier is responsible for the safe handling of his rifle and is to move the selective
fire lever to safe (S) when necessary.

2. The Alert Position

a) The position is as previously taught and will basically depend on firing position adopted.
b) the soldier is responsible for the safe handling of his rifle and is to move the safety
catch to SAFE ‗S‘ when necessary e.g.; when crossing obstacles

3. The Low Port

a) The low port position is used when tactical situation does not necessitate the use of the
high port or alert positions, in particular, on internal security operation when one hand is
used for searching of personnel, the checking of document or the moving of barriers.
b) Hold the rifle by the pistol grip, finger outside the trigger guard, selective fire lever at
safe ―S‖, the barrel pointing upwards and the heel of the butt resting on the waist belt or
the special support, if available.

4. The Cradle Carry.

a) The cradle carry provides an alternative to the alert position when a fragmentation vest is
being worn.
b) Hold the rifle as for the alert position but allow the butt to rest outside the front of the
right arm with the butt weight in the cradle in the elbow.

30
 ii. Close Quarter Shooting

a) To fire from the high port, alert, low port position. Ensure that the selective fire lever is at
single ‗E‘, adopt the standing, kneeling, sitting firing positions and continue to fire until
the enemy is killed.

b) When moving in the advanced or on patrol, soldiers are to halt momentarily to aim and
fire. It should be remembered that accuracy is affected when firing with the bayonet fixed
and that it‘s necessary to aim slightly lower at close range targets.

c) The idea is to hit with the first shot. However, two or more shots in rapid succession (i.e.
double taps) will improve the chances of a kill.

1. Firing at Crossing Targets

Most shots fired under operational conditions will be against moving targets, some of which will
be crossing the front. The standing or kneeling position will be used frequently in close country
and urban areas during the advance and in attack or mopping up. It is important that, all soldiers
know what allowances to make for targets movement and techniques used to apply them in any
firing position.

i. Crossing Targets Allowance

a) During the time a bullet takes to travel to target, a crossing target will have moved from
its position at the moment of firing. unless allowance is made for this movement the shots
will fall behind it
b) To allow for target movement there is one point of aim
 Walking Target: pointer or foresight on the leading edge of the target
 Running Target: increase the lead in front of the target
c) To allow for target movement beyond 100 meters use the following:
 Walking Target - one targets width from the centre of the target per 100 meters of
range, i.e. at 300 meters allowances equal three targets‘ width.
 Running Targets - double the lead.

ii. Methods of Engaging Crossing Targets

Crossing targets are engaged by firing when the correct allowance has been made for target
movement. There are three methods of applying the allowance.
1. The Overtaking Methods
a) Align the sight
b) Swing the rifle in the same direction as the target movement so that the aligned
sight overtakes the target.
c) Without stopping the swing, open fire when the aim picture is correct for the
range and speed of the target.
d) Continue to fire until the target is hit or goes to ground.
e) Return to the ‗alert‘ position.

31
 2. The Half - Speed Methods
a) align the sights ahead of the target
b) Swing the rifle at about half - target speed so that the target gradually catches up with
the aligned sights.
c) When the aim picture is correct, open fire. Without stopping the swing, continue to
fire until the target is hit or goes to ground.
d) Return to the ‗alert‘ position

3. The Ambush Method

The ambush method is used when it is difficult to swing with the target, i.e. in the prone or
sitting positions with both elbows rested.
a) Align the sight
b) Aim at a point in front of the target.
c) When the target reaches the point where the aim picture is correct fire a number of
quick aimed shots.
d) continue to fire until the target is hit or goes to ground
e) Return to the ‗alert‘ position.
iii. Combined Crossing Targets and Wind Allowance
For ranges beyond 100 meters when wind allowances are also required, the firer should adjust
his aim off into the wind.
iv. Firing from Cover
In defence, fighting is normally done from a fire trench. In the attack or when patrolling, the
soldiers makes the best use of cover to conceal himself from view, to protect himself from
enemy fire and to provide himself with firing position.
v. Use of Cover
1) Always try to rest the forearm for more accurate shooting.
2) When the forearm cannot be rested, rest the back of the hand on the cover. If this is not
possible because the cover is too hard or has a sharp edge, then rest the rifle on the cover
as close to the hand as is possible.
3) Do not rest the barrel as this will displace the shots fired.
4) No matter how the cover is used, the four marksmanship principles are to apply
vi. Fire Positions
a) The ideal fire position is one which:-
1) Allows the soldiers free use of his personal weapon and grenades.
2) Provides cover from HE and small arms fire and also gives cover from view.
3) Enables an unobstructed view of a wide arc of fire.
b) Cover from view can be obtained by the skillful use of trees, bushes and crops.
Permanent defensive positions require camouflage placed carefully so as to appear
natural and skillful use of ground and buildings.
c) In selecting a fire position for use at night, the danger of dead ground near the position
and the importance of place where the enemy will be seen in silhouette are to be
considered.
vii. Examples of various covers include:
1. Trenches:
a) To get the best firing position, use the right corner of the trench. Place both elbows on the
elbow rest and the forearm against the cover. Left hander firer‘s use left corner.

32
 b) The soldier is to be afforded the maximum protection from the cover in the front of the
trench.
c) If the trench is shallow, kneeling or standing with the feet apart will lower the position.
d) If the trench is deep, stand on the on an ammunition box or sandbag.

2. Bushes, Trees and Building

a) Fire round the right side of cover unless better concealment is being afforded by shadow
on the other side.
b) If the cover is narrow, get directly behind it and keep the legs together

3. Scrub
 When firing from scrub, the squatting or kneeling position may be used for short periods.
 If the position is to occupied for some time, use the sitting position which is the least
tiring and provides accurate result.
 Firing from the lower branches of large trees sometimes provides a better view of the arc
fire.

1. Low Bank and Fold in the Ground.

a) To obtain maximum protection in the position, muzzle clearance is kept as close to the
top of the bank or the crest of the fold as possible.
b) The shape of the ground may necessitate lying at greater angle to the line of fire than is
normal.
2. Wall and Houses
a) In street fighting, walls and houses provide useful cover for fire position.
b) When possible, remove a few bricks near ground levels and fire through a wall, rather
than over the top.
c) A wall, one brick thick, doesn‘t give much protection from fire, but it is useful for
concealment.

Reaction to Effective Enemy Fire

Whilst advancing, the soldier continues to advance until ordered to take cover.
On command ‗take cover‘
1. Dash toward the nearest cover or cover previously indicated by the section commander.
2. Get down and crawl into the position and observe. Keep the rifle behind the cover
3. Check that the sight is correctly set and fire at any visible enemy or target indicated by
the section commander.
4. Actions on the commands ‗Ready‘, ‗fire‘, ‗watch and shoot‘, ‗go on‘, ‗make safe‘, are the
same as for firing in the open.
5. During any lull in firing, empty or partially filled magazine are to be refilled
6. On the command ‗prepare to advance (or move)‘ check that the safety catch is at safe (S)
and move back behind cover. Make sure that magazine are complete and that pouches are
fastened.
7. On the command ‗advance (or move)‘ break cover from a different place from that in
which firing took place and advance in the direction and formation indicated.

33
viii. Bayonet Fighting
The threat or use of the bayonet in a CQB situation can have a considerable effect on the
enemy‘s morale.

The On- Guard Position

a) The ‗on guard‘ position is adopted as the enemy position is approached in an assault or
when about to attack the enemy with the bayonet
b) To adopt ‗on guard‘ position, either grip the rifle firmly by the pistol grip and hand guard
or by the small of the butt and the hand guard (in an overhand grip) point the bayonet at
the enemy and adopt a natural fighting attitude.

To Kill a Standing Enemy

a) Adopt the ‗on guard position‘
b) Thrust at the enemy when approximately two meters away. Grip the rifle firmly, bring
rear foot forward or jump with both foot and stick the bayonet into enemy with the whole
weight of the body behind the rifle.
c) To withdraw the bayonet, pull the rifle straight back until the bayonet is out, punch
forward ‗on guard‘ and advance

To Kill an Enemy on the Ground

a) Adopt ‗on guard position‘
b) Thrust as taught, but keep both feet clear of the enemy
c) To withdraw the bayonet, it may be necessary to stamp one foot on the enemy near to the
bayonet, adopt the ‗on guard position and advance

To Kill a Number of Enemies

a) Adopt the ‗on guard‘ position
b) Thrust at the nearest enemy, if the next one is out of range, punch forward ‗on guard‘
advance on him and thrust again. If the enemy is so close as to be able to come on guard
withdraw from the first thrust and from that position thrust. Withdraw and advance. Deal
similarly with other enemy.

Firing during Bayonet Assault

 When assaulting an enemy position with the bayonet, the order may be given to fire
during the last few metres when the rifle is held in the ‗on guard‘ position. The purpose
of such firing is to keep the enemy‘s heads down after supporting fire has ceased or has
switched. There is tendency to shoot high so try to keep the muzzle slightly down when
firing. Keep firing on move until gaining the enemy position, or until ordered to stop.
Defensive Action
a) When the enemy attacks with the bayonet, be aggressive make an opening and kill the
enemy.
b) If the enemy‘s bayonet is directed to the rifle, parry the thrust by straightening the left
arm vigorously thus tending off his bayonet. Point the bayonet at the enemy, withdraw,
come ‗on guard‘ and advance.
c) If the enemy attacks to the left beat off the thrust to the left, jump round swing the rifle
round and hit the enemy on the head with the butt or pistol grip, knocking the enemy to

34
 the ground. Then thrust the bayonet into the enemy, withdraw come ‗on guard‘ and
advance
d) If when attacking the rifle is parried off the right the enemy will instantly follow up with
a butt stroke. To avoid this, act quickly and violently first to avoid a butt stroke, and then
to kill the enemy. How it is done depends on the opening the enemy gives. Those actions
cannot be practiced.

2. Questions/Activity for lesson Assessment/Evaluation

1. State the general characteristics of a G3
2. Describe the mechanism of a G3 rifle
3. State the four Marksmanship Principles
4. State general safety rules of handling a loaded rifle

35
 LESSON 3

UNIT CODE:102.1 SKILL AT ARMS I

LESSON TITLE: 102.2.03 INTRODUCTION TO FN RIFLE

DURATION 5 HOURS

EXPECTED CLASS SIZE: MAXIMUM 40

COMPETENCE: The trainee to effectively maintain and operate a FN Rifle

LESSON OBJECTIVES:

Objectives:
By the end of this lesson the trainees Learning domains
should be able to K U S A B
1. Describe the General Characteristics 
of a FN Rifle
2. Outline the procedure of stripping,  
naming , cleaning and assembling of
FN rifle
3. Explain the mechanism, possible  
stoppages and Immediate Action of a
FN Rifle

KEY: K- Knowledge; U-Understanding; S- Skills; A- Attitudes; B - Behaviour

Health & Safety Have you considered the health and safety of trainees and
Considerations instructor during this lesson?
a) Carry out normal safety precautions(NSPs) to ensure the safety of the trainer,
trainee and any other visitor who may come to visit the class
b) A health break scheduled after one hour
c) Medical personnel to be on standby for safety
d) Any other consideration, e.g., environmental hazards

36
LESSON PLAN

Timing Content Trainer Trainee Resources Assessment Objective

Activity Activity
0-10 Introduction Reviewing Listening Pictorials Climate
Explaining Answering FN Rifle setting
Displaying Observing

10-40 Description and Displaying Listening White board Oral 1

Safety of FN Explaining Observing Marker Questioning
Rifle Questioning Answering pens
FN Rifle
Ammunitio
n
40-60 Stripping, Explaining Listening White board -Q/A 2
naming, Displaying Taking Marker
Cleaning and Demonstrating notes pens
Assembling of Questioning Observing FN rifle
FN Rifle Practicing Ammunitio
n
Cleaning kit
60-70 HEALTHBREA
K
70-120 Mechanism, Describing Listening FN Rifle Q and A
Possible Explaining Observing Ammunitio
Stoppages and Demonstrating Practising ns
Immediate Questioning Answering Mats
Action of a FN
Rifle
120-130 HEALTHBREA
K
130-180 Conclusion Explaining Answering Flip chart Q and A Summariz
Questioning Taking FN Rifle e the key
Displaying notes Ammunitio points of
Observing ns the lesson
Practising Mats
Role
playing

37
Training Activities

Stages The role of the trainer to facilitate learning by carrying out the
stated objectives
1. Introduction  Review the previous lesson
 Outline the title and objectives of the lesson
 Display to learners a FN Rifle
2. Description and  Ask the trainees to name external parts of a FN Rifle they are
safety of FN observing
Rifle  Describe to the learners the general characteristics of a FN Rifle
 State the general safety rules
3. Stripping,  Let the trainees name the external parts of FN Rifle
naming,  Highlight the importance of stripping and cleaning of the rifle
cleaning and to the learners
assembling of  Demonstrate the stripping rifle, cleaning and assembling of the
FN Rifle rifle
 Name the internal parts of the rifle
 Trainees to take notes
4. Mechanism,  Describe the mechanism of a FN rifle
Possible  Explain causes of possible stoppages of a FN rifle and
Stoppages and Immediate Action
Immediate  Learners to take notes
Action of FN  Demonstrate how to carry out Immediate Action
rifle  Guide the trainers as they practice carrying out Immediate
Action in a FN Rifle
5. Conclusion  Give a summary of keys points on each learning outcome
 Ask learners to identify the key points
 Give a handout
 Pause for questions from learners

38
KEY NOTES

INTRODUCTION TO FN RIFLE

General Description and Safety

The rifle is infantry soldier‘s personal weapon. At all times he/she is required to use it effectively
against the enemy and safely amongst his/her comrades. A Knowledge of the rifle, it `s
associated parts and the safety procedures are essential to him/her.

1. Characteristic of the FN Rifle;

The self-loading rifle is a proven and thoroughly reliable magazine-fed weapon, which is capable
of;

 Quick and accurate fire at short range opportunity target

 A high rate of accurate rapid fire at range up to 300 meters
 Effective section fire range up to 400 meters
When fitted with
i) Bayonet-it is suitable for close quarter fighting
ii) Blank firing attachment [B.F.A]-will fire blanks automatically
iii) Optic sight-it is accurate at a range up to 500 metres and more according to the
firer‘s skill.
iv) Sub- caliber conversion unit-can fire .22mm ammunition (5.6mm x 16)
v) Special bolt assembly-can be used to fire plastic training bullet

NB: Owing to the self-loading action and large magazine capacity, a high standard of fire
discipline is necessary to prevent waste of ammunition.

The Physical Part of the Rifle

a) The muzzle, bayonet boss and flash eliminator
b) The iron foresight
c) The gas plug and regulator
d) The hand guard
e) The cocking handle
f) The sight top cover
g) The ejection opening and the carrying handle
h) The holding open device, the trigger and trigger guard
i) The safety catch
j) The iron back sight
k) The butt
l) The sling swivels
m) The body locking lever

Technical Data:
 Caliber ------------------------------------------ 7.62 mm (0.30 inches)
 Length (with normal butt) ------------------- 1143.00mm (45inches)

39
  Length of barrel ----------------------------- 533.40mm (21 inches)
 Number of grooves in barrel ---------------- 6
 Pitch of rifling -------------------------------- 1 turn in 304.8 mm (12 inches)
 Twist of rifling -------------------------------- Right Hand
 Iron Sight range ------------------------------------ 200 – 600 metres
 Muzzle velocity ------------------------------- 2624ft per second (8oom/sec)
 Muzzle striking energy ----------------------- 2170ft ibs.(300kgs/m)
 Weight of rifle --------------------------------- 4.3374 kg (9 lbs 9 ozs )
 Weight of full magazine---------------------- 737 gm (1 lbs)
 Weight of empty magazine ------------------ 255 gm
 Type of magazine ----------------------------- Box
 Magazine capacity ---------------------------- 20 rounds
 System of operation --------------------------- Gas
 Made in ----------------------------------------- Belgium

Safety Rules
 Your firearms should always point in safe direction
 Always handle your firearms as if it‘s loaded
 Don‘t put the trigger finger inside the trigger guard when you do not intend to shoot
 Ensure the safety catch is applied at all time
 Understand the mechanism and characteristic of the firearms handling it

When Do We Carry Out Safety Precautions?

 When collecting/returning firearms to the armory
 Before and after weapon training lesson
 Before and after range practice
 When taking over and handing over
 When you come across un-attended weapon

How Do We Carry Out Safety Precautions?

On the command “for” inspection-port arms.
1) Bring the rifle to the standing load position, and ensure that the forefinger is outside the
trigger guard.
2) Check that the selective fire lever is at ―safe‖(S)
3) Take off the magazine by pressing the magazine catch, with your left thumb pushing the
magazine forward.
4) Place the magazine in the pouch when equipment is not being worn, put the magazine in
your trousers pocket or inside your belt.
5) Cock the rifle, to do this, unfold the cocking handle and pull it right back, holding the
cocking handle to the rear, push up the holding open device.
6) Return the left hand to the hand-guard.

The instructor is to inspect all rifles to make sure that they are empty and is to show his
own rifle to a soldier in the squad.

40
 When a rifle has been inspected or on the command ‗ease spring‘.
1) Using the left hand pull back the cocking handle, release forward and fold it in
2) Push the safety catch to the ―R‖ with the right thumb
3) Holding the pistol grip firmly with the right hand, put the forefinger on the trigger and
press it until the hammer goes forward
4) Put the safety catch back to the ―safe‖(S) using the left hand by pushing upwards with
the back of the right thumb
5) Return to position of attention and ground arms.
6) Unfasten both pouches and take out all magazine and drill round

NOTE: The instructor is to inspect all pouches, magazine and drill round are to inspect by a
soldier in the squad. When the above drill is completed, the soldiers are to replace all
magazine and drill rounds in their pouches, fasten their pouches, pick up their rifle and stand
at ease.

Safe Handling, Rifle with No Magazine Fitted:

a) On handing over rifle to another soldier, or picking up rifle, point the muzzle in the safe
direction and carry out the following action.
1) Check that the selective fire lever is at safe (S)
2) Cock the rifle sharply
3) Push up the holding open device
4) Show the soldier that the chamber is clear
5) Pull back the cocking handle, let it go forward and fold it in.
6) Move the selective fire lever to ―R‖
7) Squeeze the trigger
b) The rifle is never to be pointed at anyone in jest.

2. Stripping, Cleaning and Assembling.

The rifle is the soldier‘s personal weapon and at all times it is his duty to maintain it in a
serviceable condition. It is an accurate weapon and thoroughly reliable under extreme condition
of heat, cold, rain or sand. The soldier must know how to strip and assemble the rifle in order to
clean it and check the working parts.

Procedure of Stripping the Rifle

a) Check the safety catch is at safe (S)
b) Cock the rifle by pulling the cocking handle back; hold it their; look into the chamber and
ensure that it is empty.
c) Let go of the cocking handle
d) Again check that the safety catch is at safe (S) and ensure it remains there until the rifle is
re-assembled
e) Remove off the bayonet(if fitted) by pressing in the bayonet stud and lifting it off
f) Remove the sling and ensure that the iron back-sight slide is pushed fully to rear and that
the leaf is lowered.
g) Remove gas plug, push in the wide end of the plunger with the thumb, combination tool
or round.

41
 h) Remove piston, push the piston and spring forward out of the gas cylinder. Take off the
piston spring.
i) Breech Block and Slide, grip the hand guard firmly with the left hand and point the
muzzle it.
j) Break the rifle by pulling the body locking lever to the rear and press down on the butt.
k) Remove the top cover by pulling it i\to the rear.
l) Keeping the rod towards the body, turn the slide upside down, pull the breech block fully
to the rear.

Reasons for Stripping:

It is stripped for the following reasons;
1) For cleaning purposes
2) For checking any defects or malfunctions
3) For training purposes
Cleaning Materials
It is important that soldier keeps his rifles clean and in good condition. To enable him to do so,
the following cleaning materials are issued in cleaning kit box;
a) A pull through for cleaning the bore and the cylinder. The metal weight is shaped as a
tool for scraping filling from gas plug, the top of the gas cylinder and the flash
eliminator.
b) A nylon brush for removing external fouling.
c) An oil bottle
d) A tube of graphite grease
e) Flannelette
Assembling
The last part to be stripped will be the first part to be assembled and always make sure you test
your weapon to confirm if it is properly assembled.

3. Mechanism of the Rifle, Possible Stoppages and Immediate Action

An understanding of how the rifle works is necessary in order to understand the cause of the
stoppages and how to clear them, therefore, getting the rifle firing properly again as quickly as
possible.

42
Ammunition /Cartridge /Round.
Ball Round

Percussion cap. Propellant powder/ charges.

Bullet/projectile/enam
el

Primer
wire (+ve Cartridges case
and –ve
ions
Highly inflammable powder

4. Mechanism, Possible Stoppages And Immediate Action Of A Fn Rifle

a) Basic Mechanism.
i. The rifle is loaded and cocked by hand. To do this, put the selective fire lever to safe (S).
Insert the filled magazine into magazine house until the magazine catch locks the
magazine into position. Draw the cocking lever with the left hand rearward engaging it in
the locking recess of the housing. Release the working parts forward. The topmost round
is pushed from the magazine into the chamber. The weapon is loaded and ready to fire.
Put the safety catch off.
ii. When the trigger is pressed, the hammer hits the rear of the firing pin and drives forward
on to the cap in the base of the round. The round goes off and forms gas which drives the
bullet up the barrel.
iii. When the bullet has passed the gas vent, some of the gas goes through the vent, through
the cut in the gas plug and into the gas cylinder and drives the piston to the rear thus
compressing the piston spring. Some gas escapes through the hole in the gas regulator,
the amount being determined by the setting of the gas regulator, if the gas plug is set with
narrow recess downwards, gas is prevented from entering the cylinder.
iv. The rear of the piston hits the front of the slide and drives it and the breech block back.
The compressed piston spring re-assert itself and forces the piston forward again.
v. The breech block and slide go back together, cocking the hammer as they go. The
extractor pulls the empty case with it until the case hits the ejector and is thrown out of
the rifle to the right. The rod on the slide goes through a hole in the butt and compressed
the returning spring.

43
 vi. The returning spring pushes the breech block and slide forward. As it does so, the front
end of the breech block pushes a round from magazine into the chamber and locks the
action; the extractor grips the base of the round when the breech is fully home.
vii. The rifle is now ready to fire again.

b) Possible Stoppages.

Minor Stoppages (within the firer‟s control)

 deformed magazine
 empty magazine
 obstruction in the chamber
 half cocked rifle
 rust working part(not oiled)
 badly filled magazine
 badly inserted magazine
 badly assembled rifle
 blocked gas regulator

Major stoppages (outside the firer‟s control)

 broken firing pin
 loose recoil spring
 damaged ejector
 loose extractor
 broken gas regulator
c) Immediate Action

If the rifle fails to fire or stops firing the following immediate action (IA) will be carried out.
i. Empty magazine: - pull back the cocking lever engaging into recess of the housing.
Ensure that the chamber and magazine are empty. If they are empty change the
magazine, release, aim and carry on firing.
ii. When the chamber is empty and there are rounds in the magazine: - pull the
working part fully to the rear, release, aim and carry on firing.
iii. When there is a live round or empty case in the chamber or body: - remove the
magazine, clear the obstruction, replace the magazine, release, aim and carry on
firing.
It is important that any round, whether damaged or not, which is involved in a stoppage or used
as a tool, be removed from use. Such rounds are not to be replaced in the magazine nor are any
attempt to be made to fire them.

d) Further Action.
If even after applying the I.A, the rifle will still not fire, take off the magazine, pull back the
cocking lever engaging it into the locking recess of the housing, release, strip the rifle and

44
inspect in the following order, the ejector and firing pin. If any of these are damaged, they are to
be replaced or repaired.

If however, there is a separated case in the chamber, reassembly the rifle, pull back the cocking
lever engaging it into locking recess of the housing. Remove the clearing plug from the section
wallet. Screw up the head of the bolt assembly to go forward. Tilt the rifle to the right; pull back
the cocking lever engaging it into the locking recess of the housing. Examine the clearing plug
after ejection to ensure the separated case has been withdrawn. Reload, aim carry on firing.

At the earliest opportunity, unscrew the centre of pin of the clearing plug, remove the separated
case assembly the plug and replace it in the section wallet.

If neither broken parts nor a separated case is the cause of the stoppage, then the rifle may be
badly fouled. Strip and clean the rifle.

5. Questions/Activity for lesson assessment/Evaluation.

1. State at least five attachments of an FN rifle

2. Name at least five natures of ammunitions used by FN rifle
3. Explain how to carry out immediate Action in a FN rifle

45
 LESSON 4

UNIT CODE:102.2.1 SKILL AT ARMS I

LESSON TITLE: 102.1.04 INTRODUCTION TO AK 47 RIFLE

DURATION: 5 HOURS
EXPECTED CLASS SIZE: MAXIMUM 40
COMPETENCE: The trainee to effectively service and operate an AK47 Rifle

LESSON OBJECTIVES:
Objectives:
By the end of this lesson the trainee Learning domains
should be able to: K U S A B
1. Describe the general characteristics 
of a AK47 rifle
2. Outline the procedure of  
stripping, cleaning and
assembling and naming of
internal parts of AK47 rifle
3. Describe the procedure of  
magazine filling, loading,
unloading and sight setting
4. Explain the mechanism, possible  
stoppages and Immediate Action
of a AK 47 Rifle

KEY: K- Knowledge; U-Understanding; S- Skills; A- Attitudes; B - Behaviour

Health & Safety Have you considered the health and safety of trainees and
Considerations instructor during this lesson?
a) Carry out normal safety precautions(NSPs) to ensure the safety of the trainer,
trainee and any other visitor who may come to visit the class
b) A health break scheduled after one hour
c) Medical personnel to be on standby for safety
d) Any other consideration, e.g., environmental hazards

46
 LESSON PLAN

Timing Content Trainer Trainee Resources Assessment Objective

Activity Activity
0-5 Introduction Reviewing Listening Pictorials Climate
Explaining Answering AK 47 rifle setting
Displaying Observing

5-60 Description and Displaying Listening White board Oral 1

Safety of AK 47 Explaining Observing Marker pens Questioning
Rifle Questioning Answering AK 47 rifle
Ammunition
60-70 HEALTH BREAK
70-130 Stripping, naming, Explaining Listening White board -Q/A 2
Cleaning and Displaying Taking notes Marker pens
Assembling of Demonstrating Observing AK47 rifle
AK47 Rifle Questioning Practicing Ammunition
Cleaning kit
130-140 HEALTH BREAK
140-200 Magazine, Filling, Explaining Listening White board -Q/A 3
Loading, Displaying Observing and mark pens
Unloading, Make Demonstrating Taking notes AK47 rifle
Safe and Sight Questioning Practicing Ammunition
Setting Answering
Practicing
200-210 HEALTHBREAK
210- 275 Mechanism, Describing Listening AK 47 rifle Q and A
Possible Stoppages Explaining Observing Ammunitions
and Immediate Demonstrating Practising Mats
Action of a AK47 Questioning Answering
Rifle
275-300 Conclusion Explaining Answering Flip chart Q and A Summarize
Questioning Taking notes AK47 rifle the key
Displaying Observing Ammunitions points of
Mats the lesson

47
 TRAINING ACTIVITIES

Stages The role of the trainer to facilitate learning by carrying out the stated
objectives
1. Introduction  Review the previous lesson
 Outline the title and objectives of the lesson
 Display to learners AK 47 rifle

2. Description and  Ask the trainees to name external parts of an AK 47 Rifle they are observing
safety of AK 47  Describe to the learners the general characteristics of an AK 47
rifle  State the general safety rules

3. Stripping,  Let the trainees name the external parts of AK47 rifle
naming, cleaning  Highlight the importance of stripping and cleaning of the rifle to the learners
and assembling  Demonstrate the stripping rifle, cleaning and assembling of the rifle
of G3 rifle  Name the internal parts of the rifle
 Trainees to take notes

4. Magazine filling,  State the nature and care of ammunitions used in AK47 rifle
loading,  Explain the procedure of filling and emptying the magazine
unloading, make  Demonstrate magazine filling and emptying of the magazine
safe and sight  Demonstrate to the trainees how to load, unload, ready , make safe and sight
setting set AK47 rifle
 Assist the trainees as they load, unload, make safe, ready and sight set AK47
rifle
5. Mechanism,  State to the trainees the four Marksmanship Principles
possible  Explain that the fundamentals that guide or aid the four marksmanship principles
stoppages and  Demonstrate how to hold and aim using a G3 rifle in prone position
immediate action  Guide the trainees as they practice holding and aiming of a G3 rifle in prone
of AK 47 rifle position
 Learners to take notes
6. Conclusion  Ask the learners to highlight key points on AK47 rifle
 Give a summary of keys points on each learning outcome
 Pause for questions from trainees if any
 Allocate the duties to learners to return the learning resources to the
armory/stores
 Supervise the carrying out of NSPs by the learners

48
KEY NOTES

INTRODUCTION TO AK-47

1. General Description and Safety

The assault rifle is an infantry personal weapon, at all times he/she is required to use it
effectively against the enemy and safely amongst his/her comrades.

a) Definition/ History
The AK-47 is a selected fire, gas operated 7.62 x 39mm assault rifle, first developed in the
Soviet Union‘s (USSR) by one Mikhail Kalashnikov. It is official known as Avtomat
Kalashnikov

Design work on AK-47 began in the last year of World War II (1945). After the war in 1946, the
Ak-46 was presented for official military trial. 1947 the fixed-stock version was introduced into
active service with selected unit of soviet army.

Mikhail Kalashnikov began his career as weapon designer while in hospital after he was shot in
the shoulder
In late 1946, as the rifle were being tested, one of Kalashnikov‘s assistant. Aleksandra Zeytsev
suggested a major redesign of AK-1, particularly to improve reliabilities.

b) General Characteristic
 The AK 47 is multipurpose weapon which can be used in the street fight and in the
jungle
 The assault rifle is designed for both semi and full automatic mode of fire
 The AK 47 assault rifle can fire up to 800m, but the effective range is 300m.
 AK 47 is gas operated with rotating bolt and is fed from banana shape box
magazine.
 The AK 47 assault rifle was first manufactured and used in communist counties,
Soviet Union and the countries have also designed AK 47 in different versions.

c) Basic Models of AK-47 Assault Rifle

The basic models of AK 47 assault rifle is two and this are:-
 Fixed wooden butt stock
 Folded metal shoulder stock

d) Existing Versions
 AK 47 Assault rifle
 AK 101- 112 series
 Soviet AKM and AKMs assault rifle
 Type 56 and 56-1 assault rifle
 Types 58 and 68 assault rifle
 M64 series – has u at the top for safe position

49
Note: This assault rifle is today manufactured by many countries e.g. China, Pakistani, India,
Poland, North Korea, Yugoslavia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Ethiopia, Sudan & etc

e) Physical Parts / Outer Parts / External Parts

 Sliding back sight
 Metal / Wooden butt stock
 Butt release catch ( if with folded butt stock )
 Driving spring guide
 Gas cylinder tube
 Gas cylinder tube lock
 Bolt / Top cover
 Foresight pillar
 Muzzle / muzzle nut (locking plunger)
 Trigger/ trigger guide
 Magazine / magazine release trigger
 Rear/upper sling swivel
 Piton grip / hand grip
 Fire selective lever
 Radial gas ports / cooling holes
 Clear rod / Cleaning rod
 Compressor /flash eliminator

f) Technical Data / Main Data

Type Assault rifle

Place origin Soviet union
Designer Mikhail Kalashnikov
Designed 1944 – 1947
Weight 4.78kg with loaded magazine (standard)
3.1kg without magazine
Length 880mm(35 inches) wooden butt stock
875mm(34.4 inches) extended butt
645mm(25.4 inches) folded butt
Barrel 415mm(16.34 inches)
Action Gas operated- rotating bolt
Fed system Standard magazine -30 round
Others -10, 20, 40, and 75 drum magazine
Muzzle velocity 715m/s (2,345ft/s)
Rate of fire Cyclic rate of 600rds/m
Semiautomatic – 40rds/m
Full automatic – 100rds/m
Number Built Approximately 75 million AK-47
100 million AK types
Caliber 7.62mm x 39mm (7.62mm special)
Grooves 4

50
g) Safety Lever / Safety Slide Operation:
The fire selector lever operates in three (3) positions.
 Top position – safe mode the trigger mechanism is locked.
 Centre /Middle position, the rifle can perform automatic mode of fire.
 Bottom position, the rifle can perform single mode of fire.

h) Safety Precautions:
On the command “FOR INSPECTION PORT ARMS‖
 Bring the rifle to the standing loading position; ensure that fore finger is outside the
trigger guard.
 Check the selective fire lever is closed to the upper slot for safe
 Take off the magazine by depressing the magazine release catch, with your left thumb
pushing it forward
 Put the magazine in your pouches/ trouser pockets/ or inside the belt
 Open the safety lever to Bottom
 Cock the rifle sharply, hold the cocking lever and examine the chamber
 Release cocking lever forward and press the trigger
 Close the safety lever to the Top slot for safe
 Return the magazine into the rifle

2. Stripping, Cleaning and Assembling

The rifle is a personal weapon and at all times it is his/her duty to maintain it in a serviceable
condition.
a) Reasons for Stripping
i. Learning purposes e.g. to known the internal part of the rifle
ii. Cleaning purposes
iii. Replace defect parts

b) Procedure of Stripping
 Make sure that the safety catch is closed
 remove the magazine
 open the safety catch
 cock the rifle and examine the chamber, release the working part to go forward but do not
press the trigger
 remove the top cover by pressing driving spring guide and pull it out
 remove the recoil rod with spring pushing it forward and then up out backward
 push back the breech block and lift it up from the slide
 remove the bolt carrier assembly by rolling it round to separate it from the breech block
 remove the cylinder tube from the receiver by balancing the release catch to 90 degrees.

c) Assembles of AK-47
 Bolt /Top cover
 Driving spring guide assembly
 Bolt carrier assembly
51
  Receiver assembly
 Gas cylinder tube assembly
 Accessory box (if any)

d) Cleaning

Make sure that the rifle is unloaded and then strip

Clean the following parts using cleaning rod, flannelette, gun oil.
a) Clean the chamber using the brush attached in the combination tool in the butt stock
and the cleaning rod
b) The Barrel-put a piece of flannelette 4 by 2 inches into the cleaning rod loop and push
through the barrel from the front
-repeat several times until the barrel is clean, hold the muzzle to the eye and look into
the grooves for cleanliness
c) The cylinder – clean all the parts i.e. the receiver and the parts of the rifle
NB:
 In heavy rains carry the muzzle pointing down and apply enough oil
 In dusty conditions- keep it bone dry and sweat in the sun after cleaning.

Reasons for Cleaning

 for service
 to minimize stoppages
 to keep it clean / tidy
 for durability
 for learning purposes

e) Assembling
In assembling the rifle, the last part striped will be the first part to be assembled
 Procedure is from right to left
 Check that the numbers on the breech block, the top cover and the body
correspond
 The safety catch to remain at l
 Replace the cylinder tube and upper hand guard
 Point the muzzle down, place the thumb behind the breech block to keep it
forward, then put the breech block and the bolt into the body of the rifle from the
rear and push the assembly fully forward

Reasons for Assembling

 For readiness for use
 To avoid loss of parts
 To confirm the parts
 Acquire skills-learning purposes

52
3. Magazine Filling, Sight Setting, Loading and Unloading

lt is essential that the soldier is capable of maintaining his/her rifle in a state of readiness under a
battle condition and is able to handle it safely amongst his/her comrades.

a) Care and Cleaning of Ammunition

 The ammunition is rimless and its caliber is 7.62mm by 39mm.(special)
 Always look after the ammunition, by keeping it clean and dry. Never let your
ammunition lies in the direct rays of the sun, as this can cause inaccuracy.

b) Filling Magazines:
 Push the round into the magazine, bullet towards the narrow end one by one.
 Make sure the base of each rounds is right up against magazine rear wall.
 Fill the magazine with 30 rounds when on active service.

c) To Empty Magazines:
 Push out the top round, then press down on each second round thus allowing each top
round drop out.
 Ensure that each round do not fall in dirt.
N/B: When the magazine is very dirty e.g. in desert, wet or muddy condition or when likely to
be affected by sand and sea water, fill your magazine with 25 rounds only. This will reduce the
number of stoppages

d) Sight Setting
By using the rear back sight on a slide/ rum with ―U‖ shaped notch. The sight is set from 100m -
800m. Therefore the soldier must be able to adjust the required range scale.
N/B: The leaf back sight is positioned in a way that you adjust the slide to the number required
and do not turn upright.

e) Loading and Unloading

The rifle is loaded when it has magazine on it. It is ready to fire when the rifle is cocked and a
live round is in the chamber. It is unloaded when it has no magazine on it and no round in the
chamber.

On the command “load”

 Adopt the standing load position; hold the rifle by the pistol grip in the right hand,
forefinger outside the trigger guard, muzzle pointing upward. Check that the selective fire
slide is at ―safe‖ . Unfasten the pouch and tilt the rifle to the right.
 Take a full magazine from the pouch, or one containing the number of rounds ordered,
put it on the rifle and make certain it is secure.

On the command ‗ready‘ or range being ordered, set the sights and cock the rifle.

On the command ―unload”

 Check the selective fire slide at ―safe‖ then unfasten the pouch.

53
  Remove the magazine from the rifle (it is essential for safety reasons, that the magazine
be removed at the point).
 Tilt the rifle to the right keeping upward and pull back the cocking slide so directing any
ejected rounds downwards. Allow the working part to go forward then re-cock repeat this
action at least three times, if during this action, rounds are ejected, then the magazine
have not been removed. Remove it and repeat the above action.
 Hold the working part to the rear, tilt the rifle to the left and look or feel to ensure that the
chamber is empty. And let the working part go forwards.
 Pick up the round (S) ejected, clean and replace in the magazine. Put the magazine in the
pouch and fasten the pouch.

Make Safe
On command ―make safe‖ unload the rifle as taught then put on full magazine (it is complete
unload, followed by fresh reloading)

Firing
The AK 47 assault rifle is fired from three different positions by a well trained and skilled soldier
i.e.
 Fired from the shoulder
 Fired from the hip
 Fired from the waist-mass targets
Applications
The assault rifle is also used in the following field
 Escort duties
 Sentry duties
 Close quarter battle i.e. street fight, bush clearing(fire& manoeuvre) and built up area

4. Mechanism, Immediate Action and Possible Stoppages.

An understanding of how the rifle works is necessary in order to understand the cause of the
stoppages and to clear them, therefore , getting the rifle firing properly again as quickly as
possible

a) Basic Mechanism of AK-47 Assault Rifle

The AK47 assault rifle is air-cooled operated light weight weapon and it is designed or adopted
to be fired by use of two hands. The rifle incorporates a sear which permits semi and full
automatic mode of fire.
The rifle is loaded with a charged magazine, the safety catch is opened and the rifle cocked.
After the cocking handle is retracted and released, the top round is fed into the chamber, when
the trigger is squeezed the sear releases the hammer and strikes the base of the firing pin and
drives it forward into the cap of the round. The propellant charge is burnt and high pressure gas
is formed. The gas pushes the bullet/projectile up the barrel, before leaving the barrel; some gas
is diverted into the gas cylinder through the gas vent on top of the barrel which drives the piston

54
rearwards together with bolt carrier into the piston extension. The extension has about 6 mm of
free play while gas pressure drops to a safer level.

A cum cut slot in the bolt carrier contacts, the cum stud on the ―Bolt‖ further travel rotates the
bolt through an angle of 35 degree to unlock it from receiver.

The piston carrier and bolt move rearward together, rocking the hammer back. The extractor
withdraws the empty cartridge case from the chamber and holds it against the bolt until the case
strikes the fixed ―ejector‖ the case then pivots around the extractor and is expelled. The bolt
carrier hits the inner rear wall of the receiver and stops. The compressed return spring re-asserts
itself.

The driving spring drives the recoiling part forward, and as the bolt moves, its fed rib drives the
top cartridge out of the magazine into the chamber. The extractor snaps into the grooves of the
cartridge case, and bolt carrier continues forward, it‘s cum rotates the bolts to its locked position.
During the final one-third inch of travel, the carrier depresses the automatic sear. The forward
movement terminate when the front of the bolt carrier strikes the receiver.

5. Questions/Activity for Lesson Assessment/Evaluation

1. Explain how the safety mode of AK-47 operates
2. State natures of ammunition used by AK-47 rifle
3. Explain the mechanism of AK-47

55
 LESSON 5

UNIT CODE:102.2.1 SKILL AT ARMS I

LESSON TITLE: 102.1.05 INTRODUCTION TO SUB-MACHINES GUNS

DURATION 5 HOURS

EXPECTED CLASS SIZE: MAXIMUM 40

COMPETENCE: The trainee to effectively operate and maintain Sub-Machine Guns

LESSON OBJECTIVES:
Objectives: Domains
By the end of this lesson, the trainee
should be able to; K U S A B
1. Explain the general description and 
safety of Sub-Machine guns
2. Outline the procedure of stripping,  
naming, cleaning and assembling of
Sub-Machine guns
3. Describe the procedure of magazine  
filling, loading, unloading , make safe
and sight setting
4. Describe the procedure of holding  
and aiming of Sub-Machine guns
5. Explain the mechanism, possible  
stoppages and Immediate Action of a
Sub-machine guns
6. List the methods of carriage for sub  
machine guns

KEY: K- Knowledge; U-Understanding; S- Skills; A- Attitudes; B - Behaviour

Health & Safety Have you considered the health and safety of trainees and
Considerations instructor during this lesson?
a) Carry out normal safety precautions(NSPs) to ensure the safety of the trainer, trainee and any
other visitor who may come to visit the class
b) A health break scheduled after one hour
c) Medical personnel to be on standby for safety
d) Any other consideration, e.g., environmental hazards

56
 LESSON PLAN

Timing Content Trainer Trainer Resources Assessment Objective

Activity Activity and Quantity
0-5 Introduction Explaining Listening Pictorials Q and A Climate
Displaying Answering SMGs setting
Questioning Observing Flip charts

5-60 Description and Explaining Brainstormi White board -Q/A 1

Safety Sub- Questioning ng and mark pens
Machine Guns Answering SMGs rifle
Ammunition
60-70 HEALTH BREAK
70-130 Stripping, Explaining Taking notes White board -Q/A 2
Naming, Questioning Answering and mark pens
Cleaning and Demonstrating Imitating Sub-machine
Assembling of Practising guns
Sub-machine Ammunition
guns Cleaning rods
Clearing rods
Flannelette
Pull through
130-140 HEALTH BREAK
140-200 Magazine, Explaining Taking notes White board -Q/A 3
Filling, Loading, Questioning Answering and mark pens
Unloading, Demonstrating Imitating Sub-machine
Make Safe and Practising guns
Sight Setting Ammunition
200-210 HEALTH BREAK
210-240 Mechanism, Explaining Answering Flip chart Q and A
possible Questioning Taking notes Sub-machine
Stoppages and Demonstration Observing guns
Immediate Ammunitions
Action of Sub- Mats
machine guns
240-275 Methods of Explaining Answering Flip chart Q and A
carriage of Sub- Questioning Taking notes Sub-machine
machine guns Demonstration Observing guns
Ammunitions
Mats
275-300 Conclusion Explaining Answering Flip chart Q and A Summarize
Questioning Taking notes Sub-machine the key
Displaying Observing guns points of
Ammunitions the lesson
Mats

57
TRAINING ACTIVITIES

Stages The role of the trainer to facilitate learning by carrying out the stated
objectives
1. Introduction  Review the previous lesson
 Outline the title and objectives of the lesson
 Display to learners various types of sub-machines guns
2. Description and  Ask the trainees to name external parts of an SMG Rifle they are
safety of SMGs observing
rifle  Describe to the trainees the general characteristics of an SMG Rifle
 State the general safety rules
 Learners to take notes
3. Stripping,  Let the trainees name the external parts of SMG rifle
naming, cleaning  Highlight the importance of stripping and cleaning of the rifle to the
and assembling learners
of SMG Rifles  Demonstrate the stripping rifle, cleaning and assembling of the rifle
 Name the internal parts of the rifle
 Trainees to take notes
4. Magazine filling,  State the nature and care of ammunitions used in an SMG Rifle
loading,  Explain the procedure of filling and emptying the magazine
unloading, make  Demonstrate magazine filling and emptying of the magazine
safe and sight  Demonstrate to the trainees how to load, unload, ready , make safe
setting and sight set AK47 rifle
 Assist the trainees as they load, unload, make safe, ready and sight
set AK47 rifle
 Learners to take notes
5. Mechanism,  Describe the mechanism of Sub-machine guns
possible  Explain causes of possible stoppages and Immediate Action
stoppages and  Demonstrate how to carry out Immediate action
immediate action  Guide trainees as they practice g out Immediate Action in Sub-
of Sub-machine machine guns
guns
6. Methods of  Explain to the trainees how different sub-machine guns are carried
carriage  Demonstrate to the trainees how carry sub-machine guns are carried
 Trainees take notes

7. Conclusion  Ask the trainees to highlight key points on SMG Rifle

 Give a summary of keys points on each learning objectives
 Pause for questions from trainees if any
 Allocate the duties to learners to return the learning resources to the
armory/stores
 Supervise the carrying out of NSPs by the learners

58
KEY NOTES

SUB-MACHINE GUNS (SMG)

These are automatic weapons which fire pistol ammunition (9mm). They are light enough to be
fired either from shoulder or hip/waist. They differ from pistols in that they require use both
hands

Types and Origin

TYPE ORIGIN
Patchett/ sterling Great Britain
Uzi Israel and Belgium
Uzi mini Israel
MP5 standard (MP5 A2, A3) West Germany
MP5 mini (MP5 K) West Germany
SHE (Samopal Cz25) Czech Republic
Steyr Austria

General Safety Precautions of SMG

a. Never point a weapon at your friend

b. When carrying, ensure safety is at letter S and the breech block is forward
c. Always ensure the weapon is not loaded e.g when you pick yours or your friend‘s
d. Unload any unattended weapon
e. Treat any unattended weapon as loaded and dangerous
f. Point a safe direction with the weapon when performing NSPs.

1. MACHINE PISTOL FIVE (MP5)

a) General Description.
The sub-machine guns MP5 for caliber 9mm x 19 ammunition is an automatic small arm,
produced in accordance with the most advanced manufacturing methods. It permits single shots,
three shots, or burst and can be fired from all shooting positions. The submachine guns are also
suitable street fighting, patrols, wood clearing, and VIP protection and any other close quarter
battle. Therefore it is essential that the user understands it, so that it does not let him down in a
battle.

b) Characteristics
 The MP5 is an alternative weapon

59
  The weapon is loaded by hand and its cartridge is fed from 15 to 30 rounds box type
magazine.
 The sight device consists of front sight and the rear rotary sight adjustable for
elevation and depression.
 It has a rotary sight in diameter all corresponding to a uniform for four scales of 25,
50, 75, and 100 meters.

c) Existing Models.
 MP5 A2 ……….With fixed butt stock.
 MP5 A3 ……….With retractable butt stock.
 MP5 K ……….With double handgrip

d) Technical Data
 Made in……………………Germany (heckler and koch) original company S/Africa ( by
Tondar company)
 Caliber measurements……………………………….. 9mmx19
 Magazine capacity…………………………………… 15 and 30 rounds
 Length with fixed butt stock…………………………..680mm
 Length with retractable butt stock……………………..660mm
 Barrel length…………………………………………..225mm
 Length of receiver with fixed barrel…………………..17.1 inches
 Butt length..…………………………………………..11.5 inches
 Number of grooves……………………………………..6
 Effective range……………………………………….up to 100m
 Weight with fixed butt stock without magazine……………2.5kg(5.5 lbs)
 Weight with retractable butt stock without magazine…….2.88kg(6.34lbs)
 Muzzle velocity………………………………………….. 400m/s
 Muzzle energy……………………………………………470fts/lbs (650j)
 Rate of fire………………………………………………800rnds/min

2. Stripping, Cleaning and Assembling

a) Stripping
 Close the safety catch.
 Remove the magazine
 Unload and check to make sure that there is no cartridge in the chamber.
 Move the bolt to forward position by releasing the cocking lever.
 Remove both locking pins from the back plate and insert them into the tubular rivets
holes.
 Remove the butt stock and pistol grip.

60
  Remove the hand guard and secure the safety pin
 Disassemble the bolt by turning it clockwise then pull
 Remove the locking piece, the firing pin and spring
b) Major parts when the weapon is stripped
 Magazine
 Butt stock
 Pistol grip with trigger mechanism
 Bolt assembly with recoil spring an guide rod
 Hand guard
 Receiver with fixed barrel, cocking lever and sight
c) Accessories
 Multipurpose carrying sling
 Blank firing attachment
d) Cleaning
 The cleaning materials include:-
 Flannelette 4x4
 Gun oil
 Pull through
 Soft brush, hard brush
 Clearing rod
e) Assembling
The last part to be stripped will be the first to be assembled and make sure you test your weapon
to confirm proper assembly.

3. Magazine Filling, Sight Setting, Loading and Unloading

It is essential that, the soldier is capable of maintaining his rifle in state of readiness under battle
condition and able to handle it safely when amongst his comrades.
 Magazine Filling and Emptying the Magazine
 There are two types of magazine, one of 32 rounds and of 25 rounds
 Filling and emptying the rounds is as for G3 rifle
 Loading and Unloading
 SMG is loaded when it has magazine on with or without ammunition
 Ready to fire when filled with magazine on the breech block is held at the rear
 Unloaded when it has no magazine and the breech block is fully forward
 Make safe it is complete unload followed by fresh load
4. Method of Carriage

There are three (3) methods of carrying the SMG

 Sling over one shoulder

61
  Sling over the neck and the steyr in front of the body
 The tail
5. PATCHETT/STERLING 9MM
Characteristics
 it is a blowback operated weapon
 It is a magazine fed weapon
 uses 9mm caliber
 Fires from open bolt system
 Fires semi automatic and automatic
 Magazine capacity 34rds

Technical Data
 weight 2.70kgs
 has 6 grooves right hand twist
 Rate of fire 550 rounds per minute
 Barrel length 19.6cm
 muzzle velocity 1250f/sec
 Length with folded butt 19 inches, extended/unfolded is 28 inches
 Effective range 75 yards

External Parts

They include:- Magazine /magazine release catch, back sight, back sight protectors, foresight
trigger/trigger guard, cocking handle, cooling holes, rear/fore hand guard, magazine house,
magazine plate, body cap, body cap catch, cooling holes, bayonet lug, Pistol grip, rear sling
swivel and main casing.

Normal Safety Precautions

 Ensure safe is at letter s‘
 Remove magazine
 Open safe to letter a
 Cock and hook
 Examine the chamber
 Support the working parts to go forward by squeezing the trigger
 Close safe to letter s‘
 Replace the magazine.
Internal Parts
Breech block, large return spring/ small return spring, large &small spring cup, ejector,
extractor/extractor spring, safety sear or bent, dust grooves, Firing pin, Chamber

Mechanism
When the weapon is cocked, the bent holds the breech block at the rear thereby compressing the
return springs, as you press the trigger, the return springs drives the breech block forward taking
the top most round from the magazine en route to the chamber, the ammunition is therefore fired

62
while en route to the chamber. The propellant gun powder then pushes the bullet off the barrel
and also drives the breech block backwards with equal forces ready to fire again.

How to detect stoppages in Sterling patchet

a) Muffed report- unusual sound

b) Unusual smoke
c) The return spring and the breech block remaining forward

Why sterling Patchet Does Not Hurt the Firer

The blow back though direct, but is countered due to the following;
1. The round is fired before it reaches the chamber
2. The weight of the breech block and the empty case is heavier than the bullet.
3. The return spring compresses the breech block forward

INTRODUCTION TO UZI 9MM

Characteristics
 Fires semi automatic and automatic
 Fires from open bolt system
 Is a blowback operated weapon (direct blowback)
 Uses 9mm x 19mm ammunition
 Magazine capacity 20, 25, or 32rds

Technical Data
 Rate of fire is 550 to 600 rounds per minute.
 Weight when unloaded is 3.5 kgs
 Barrel length 260mm
 Muzzle velocity 400m/sec
 Length with extended metal stocks is 640mm, folded metal stocks 440mm

External Parts
 Barrel, barrel locking nut, foresight and protector foresight
 Back sight and protector back sight
 Cocking handle, trigger and trigger guard
 Magazine and magazine release catch,
 Pistol grip safety and safety catch.
 Receiver cover and receiver cover release catch,
 Bayonet lug, hand guard, butt release catch,
 Retractable butt and butt plate
 Sling swivels rear and front.
Normal Safety Precautions
 Ensure safe is at letter S‘
 Remove magazine
 Press pistol grip safety and cock
 Examine chamber
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  Open safe to letter A‘
 Support working parts forward while pressing pistol grip safety and trigger.
 Close safe and replace magazine.
Internal Parts
 Breech block, extractor and spring extractor
 Recoil spring and rod, ejector, chamber
 Firing pin, recoil spring plate and sear.

NB: Existing models; UZI with fixed wooden butt, UZI with retractable metal butt.

MINI UZI 9MM

Israel military industries (IMI) has produced a new specially designed UZI reduced in size
and weight but retaining the same features of UZI SMG above except that its butt is folded to
the front under the hand guard.
Characteristics
 Fires automatic and semi automatic
 Easy to conceal under ordinary clothing and carriage in minimal space in vehicles
 Butt stock rests in front of the hand guard
 A blowback operated weapon
 Caliber 9mm
 Magazine capacity 20, 25, and 32rds
Technical Data
 Weight 2.65kgs
 Length with folded butt 360mm, extended butt 600mm, barrel length 197mm
 Has 4 grooves right hand twist
 Rate of fire 950rpm
 Sight radius 233mm
 Muzzle velocity 350m/sec
 Effective range 150mts..

SHE (SAMOPAL CZECH 25)

General Characteristics
 Uses 9mm caliber
 Magazine capacity 24, 30 and 34rds
 Fires automatic BUT single shots are achieved through trigger control
 Fires from open bolt system of operation
 Effective range 100 to 200mts
 Rate of fire 650rpm
 Has 6 grooves right hand twist
 A direct blowback operated weapon.
NB: there exist Samopal Cz25 with retractable butt and Cz23 with fixed wooden butt.

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 Normal Safety Precautions
 Ensure safe is closed
 Remove magazine
 Open safe, push safety catch to the left
 Cock and hook
 Examine the chamber
 Support the working parts to go forward by squeezing the trigger
 Close safe push to the right

External Parts
 Trigger and trigger guard, safety catch, front & rear sling swivel,
 Foresight and back sight and their protectors,
 Pistol grip, cap cover, and cap cover release catch
 Barrel, nut, bayonet, lug etc.

Stripping Procedure
 Perform the NSPs and don‘t replace the magazine.
 Press the cap cover release catch; turn the cap cover in either direction while lifting it
out.
 Pull up the cocking handle and cock to draw the breech block to the rear and remove
breech block.
 Remove the barrel by using the breech block to unscrew the barrel locking nut, by
turning it anti-clockwise, remove the front sling swivel and barrel.

NB; Assembling is the reverse of stripping.

Internal Parts
 Breech block, fixed firing pin,
 Extractor and extractor spring,
 Ejector, recoil spring and recoil spring rod.
 Bent, chamber etc.
Uses of SMGs
a) Street fighting
b) Close quarter battles
c) Bush clearing
d) Escort in vehicles
e) Patrols

Ways of Carrying SMG

a) At trail position
b) In front of the chest with sling round the neck.
c) At the side of the body sling over one shoulder.
Question/Activity for lesson Assessment/Evaluation
1. State at least examples of SMGs
2. Explain the reasons why Sterling Patchet does not hurt the firer
3. Highlight three ways carrying SMGs

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 LESSON 6
UNIT CODE:102.2.1 SKILL AT ARMS I

LESSON TITLE: 102.1.06 INTRODUCTION TO PISTOLS AND REVOLVERS

DURATION 5 HOURS

EXPECTED CLASS SIZE: MAXIMUM 40

COMPETENCE: The trainee to operate, maintain and secure pistols and revolvers

LESSON OBJECTIVES:
Objectives:
By the end of this lesson the trainee Learning domains
should be able to K U S A B
1. Outline the general descriptions and 
safety of pistols and revolvers
2. Outline the procedure of stripping,  
naming, cleaning and assembling and
of pistols and revolvers
3. Describe the procedure of magazine  
filling, loading, unloading , make safe
and sight setting of pistols
4. Describe the procedure of filling the  
revolving chamber, loading,
unloading and making safe of a
revolver
5. Explain firing drills and firing  
positions for pistols and revolvers
6. Explain the mechanism, possible  
stoppages and Immediate Action of
pistols and revolvers

KEY: K- Knowledge; U-Understanding; S- Skills; A- Attitudes; B - Behaviour

Health & Safety Have you considered the health and safety of trainees and
Considerations instructor during this lesson?
a) Carry out normal safety precautions(NSPs) to ensure the safety of the trainer, trainee and any
other visitor who may come to visit the class
b) A health break scheduled after one hour
c) Medical personnel to be on standby for safety
d) Any other consideration, e.g., environmental hazards

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 LESSON PLAN

Timing Content Trainer Learner Resources Assessment Objective

Activity Activity and Quantity
0-5 Introduction Explaining Answering Flip charts Q and A Climate
Displaying Observing Pistols setting
Questioning Revolvers
5-60 General Explaining Listening White board -Q/A 1
Description and Displaying Observing and mark pens
Safety of Pistols Demonstratin Brainstorming Pistols
and Revolvers g Answering Revolvers
Questioning Ammunition

60-70 HEALTH BREAK

70-110 Stripping, Explaining Taking notes White board -Q/A 2
naming, Questioning Answering and mark pens
Cleaning and Demonstratin Imitating Pistols
Assembling of g Practising Revolvers
pistols and Ammunition
revolvers
160-170 HEALTH BREAK
170-210 Magazine and Explaining Listening White board -Q/A 3
cylinder filling Questioning Taking notes and mark pens
chambers for Demonstratin Answering Pistols
pistols and g Imitating Revolvers
revolvers Practising Ammunition
210-220 HEALTH BREAK
220-2 Firing positions Explaining Answering Flip chart Q and A 4
and firing Questioning Taking notes Pistols
methods of Demonstratin Observing Revolvers
pistols and g Practising Ammunitions
revolvers Mats
210-220 HEALTH BREAK
220-285 Mechanism, Explaining Answering Flip chart Q and A 5
possible Questioning Taking notes Pistols
Stoppages and Demonstratin Observing Revolvers
Immediate g Ammunitions
Action of pistols Mats
285-300 Conclusion Explaining Listening Flip chart Q and A Summarize
Questioning Answering Pistols the key
Displaying Observing Revolvers points of
Taking notes Ammunitions the lesson
Mats

67
 TRAINING ACTIVITIES

Stages The role of the trainer to facilitate learning by carrying out the stated
objectives
1. Introduction  Outline the title and objectives of the lesson
 Display to learners various types of Pistols and Revolvers
2. Description and  Ask the trainees to name external parts of an pistol they are observing
safety of pistols  Describe to the trainees the general characteristics of pistols
 State the general safety rules
 Learners to take notes
3. Stripping,  Ask the trainees to name some of the external parts of pistols
naming, cleaning  Trainer notes the answers given by the trainees on the flipchart
and assembling  Name the external parts of pistols
of pistols  Highlight the importance of stripping and cleaning of pistols to the
trainees
 Demonstrate the stripping , cleaning and assembling of pistols
 Name the internal parts of pistols
 Trainees to take notes
4. Magazine filling,  State the nature and care of ammunitions used in pistols
loading,  Explain the procedure of filling and emptying the magazine
unloading, make  Demonstrate magazine filling and emptying of the magazine
safe and sight  Explain and demonstrate to the learners how to load, unload , ready ,
setting make safe of pistols
 Guide the trainees as they load, unload, make safe, ready for pistols
Learners to take notes
5. Firing position  Describe to trainees different firing positions using pistols and revolvers
and firing  Demonstrate different firing positions
methods for  Supervise the trainees as they imitate firing from different position
pistols and
revolvers
6. Mechanism,  Describe the mechanism of pistols
possible  Explain causes of possible stoppages and Immediate Action of pistols
stoppages and  Demonstrate how to carry out Immediate action
immediate action  Guide trainees as they practice g out Immediate Action in Sub-machine
of pistols guns

7. General  Describe to the learners the general characteristics of revolvers

Description and  State the general safety rules
safety of  Trainees to take notes
revolvers
8. Stripping,  Ask the trainees to name some of the external parts of revolvers
naming, cleaning  Note the answers given by the trainees on the flipchart
and assembling  Name the external parts of revolvers
of revolvers  Highlight the importance of stripping and cleaning revolvers to the

68
 trainees
 Demonstrate the stripping rifle, cleaning and assembling of revolvers
 Name the internal parts of revolvers
 Trainees to take notes
9. Cylinder filling,  State the nature and care of ammunitions used in revolvers
loading,  Explain the procedure of filling and emptying the magazine
unloading, make  Demonstrate magazine filling and emptying of the magazine
safe of revolvers  Explain to the trainees how to load, unload , ready , make safe of
revolvers
 Demonstrate to the trainees how to load, unload , ready , make safe of
revolvers
 Guide the learners as they load, unload, make safe, ready for revolvers
10. Conclusion  Ask the trainees to highlight key points on pistols and revolvers
 Give a summary of keys points on each learning objective
 Pause for questions from trainees if any
 Guide the carrying out of NSPs
 Help trainees with the storage of training resources

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KEY NOTES

INTRODUCTION TO PISTOLS

Pistols is short barreled semi-automatic, recoil operated firearm designed or adopted to be fired
by use of one hand and it feeds from the magazine with suitable cartridge designed for the make
of the firearm. Its chamber is generally formed by reaming and enlarged breech of the barrel so
as to receive the cartridge case. It also extracts off the empty case through the ejector slot when
firing and has a safety catch.

Types/Origin/Calibre:
1) Czeska CZ 85 standard pistol -Manufactured in Czech Republic -9 mm.
2) Czeska pistol mini -Manufactured in Czech Republic -7.65 mm.
3) Berretta pistol mini -Manufactured in Italy -7.65 mm.
4) German Walther pistol P38 -Manufactured in West Germany -9 mm
5) Browning pistol HP -Manufactured in Belgium by FN Company -9 mm.
6) Browning short- Manufactured in Hungary Company -9 mm.
7) Baby browning pistol- Manufactured in Belgium by FN Company -9 mm
8) Jericho pistol – manufactured in Israel
9) PPK Walter manrhn –manufactured in France -9.380mm

There are many other existing types and models of pistols within and outside the police force.
Safety Instructions
Always follow the safety instructions for your safety and the safety of others
1. Always handle your pistol as if it is loaded
2. Never point your pistol at anything you do not intend to shoot
3. Never take anyone word that a gun is unloaded
4. Always make sure that your pistol is not loaded before laying it down, or handing it to
another person
5. Always keep and carry your pistol empty, with the hammer forward except when you
intend to shoot.
6. Never abuse your pistol empty, with the hammer forward except when you intend to
shoot.
7. Never leave your loaded pistol unattended.
8. Before loading your pistol be sure that the barrel bore, chamber, and action are clean and
clear of obstructions. After shooting, clear the dirtied pistol as soon as possible.
9. Always use only clean, dry, original highly quality commercially manufactured
ammunition, which is appropriate to the caliber of your pistol.
10. Never drink alcohol beverages or take drugs before or during shooting.
11. Always keep the safety on when the pistol is loaded and corked, until you are ready fire.
12. Never squeeze the trigger or put your finger in the trigger guard until you are aiming at a
target and ready to shoot.
13. Always be absolutely sure of your target, and the area behind it, be you squeeze the
trigger.
14. Never shoot at a hard surface such as rock, or a liquid surface such as water.
15. Never indulge in ―horseplay‖ while holding your pistol.

70
 16. Failure to fire: always hold the pistol, keeping it pointed towards the target, or a safe open
area and wait 30 seconds when the pistol fails to fire. If a hang fire( slow ignition) has
occurred the round will fire within 30 seconds. If the round does not fire, remove the
magazine, eject the round and examine the primer.
17. Always make sure that your pistol is not loaded before cleaning, storing or traveling.
18. Always keep and store your pistol in separate locked receptacles out of reach and sight of
children and untrained people.

CZESKA PISTOL CZ 85.

It is a shot barrel, recoil operated, magazine fed, and semi automatic handgun designed to be
fired by use of one or two hands.
General Characteristics
The CZ 85 pistol is produced in several versions. Characteristics features of all versions are:-
 Manufactured in Czechoslovakia.
 It is a semi-automatic hand gun with locked breech.
 It is a recoil operated
 Range accuracy 50 meters
 It is a universal hand gun for both left and right handers.
 It has a comfortable grip and balanced in either hand.
 Good result at instinctive shooting without aiming
 Lower trigger pull weight and high accuracy of fire.
 The slide stays open after the last cartridge has been fired
 Sights are fitted with a three dot illuminating system for better aiming in poor
visibility conditions
 Suitable for Combat shooting
 Barrel length is 155 mm
 Weight of the weapon with empty magazine is 1000 gms

External Parts
Barrel, Foresight, Slide, Slide stopper, Rear sight, Firing pin stopper, Safety, Hammer,
Frame, Grip, Magazine catch, Trigger guard

Normal Safety Precautions

 Point safe direction
 Remove magazine by depressing magazine release catch
 Cock by pulling the slide rearwards and hook by pushing slidestop upwards
 Examine the chamber
 Release the slide forward by pressing the slide stop downwards
 Squeeze the trigger and replace the magazine.
Stripping
Point your pistol in a safe Direction
Remove the magazine
Put the safety to off position
Make sure that there is no cartridge in the chamber

71
 Retract the hammer slightly back and then release it, until it stops on half-cock safety
notch position
Put your left thumb through the trigger guard and with the other fingers grasp the top of
the front part of the slide firmly. Push the slide slightly back until the two vertical lines
on the rear part of the frame and slide are in line with each other.
Keeping the lines aligned push (tap) the slide stop from the right hand side of the weapon
(the left one) e.g. using the magazine the remove the slide stop from the left.
Pull the slide and the barrel forward off the frame.
Remove the recoil spring and guide and finally the barrel.

Internal Parts
- Barrel, Recoil spring, Rod, Locking lug, Extractor, , locking lug, locking recesses,
ejector,
- Chamber, bullet guide
- Firing pin and spring, firing pin block and lever
- Sear, trigger spring, trigger bar and spring
- Slide stop spring, guide ribs and rails
- Magazine release catch spring and screw.

Terms
SA (Single Action)
The trigger mechanism operates in a single action mode of fire. The hammer is cocked
manually and then after pressing the trigger the pistol is fired the trigger travel is short,
and pull weight is low(5 lbs). After each discharge the hammer remains cocked.

DA (Double Action)
The trigger mechanism operates in a double action mode of fire. The hammer is cocked,
released and the pistol is fired by one pull of the trigger. the trigger travel is longer, and
trigger pull weight is higher(14 lbs) than at SA mode of fire.

De Cocking
It is the lowering of the hammer from the cocked position to the hammer safety notch position.
This device is especially useful when a cartridge is loaded in the chamber. When the
hammer is de cocked, the pistol is safe for all normal handling and yet is ready for
immediate use.

Magazine Filling, Loading, Unloading, Aiming and Firing

Magazine Filling
Natures of ammunitions used by pistols
1. Ball- 9mm x 19 - It contains propellant charges, a percussion cap, bullet head, brass case
and manufacturer‘s information at the base.
2. Sliver tip- 9mm x 19- It contains propellant charges, has a percussion cap, has a silvery
bullet head with a hole on top. It is used in hostage or air rescues. It budges at the body
hence producing maximum impact. It cannot exit the body once fired.

72
 3. Blanks- 9mm x 19- They contain propellant charges, do not have bullet head and their
cases are crimped at the top.
4. Tracer- 9mm x 19- It is the same as the ball but has trace element at the top ( either
orange or red). It is mostly used in target indication.
5. Drill – 9mm x 19 - It is completely inert; has no percussion cap
6. Plastic training cartridge-9mm x 19 - It is made of plastic and has either and a metal
base with a percussion cap. It has a plastic bullet head and the body contains the
propellant charges.
Procedure of filling the magazine
i. Before charging the magazines confirm it clean and serviceable.
ii. With open end upper most, grasp the magazine with one hand.
iii. Place a cartridge on the magazine follower. Press the cartridge down and back until it
touch the rear wall of the magazine.
iv. Place the next cartridge on top of the previous cartridge. After some cartridge are filled
depress them slightly of the hand which holds the magazine
v. Number filled should be checked through the inspection hole in the side of the magazine

Loading
Pistol is loaded when it has a magazine filled with or without rounds and no round in the
chamber.
a. Assume low ready position (45o).
b. Ensure muzzle points safe direction.
c. Draw the magazine out of the pouch facing forward with the index finger off the
support on the front of the first bullet.
d. Use the index finger to guide the magazine into the magazine house.
e. Ensure the magazine clicks.
Ready.
A pistol is ready when it has a magazine fitted, cocked and around in the chamber. Having
loaded the pistol, with the support of the handgrip, hold the top rear of the slide and pull it
forcefully all the way to the end let it snap forward.

Low Ready Position

a. During firing the weapon is always carried in a holster
b. It is only presented when the target has been identified and ready to shoot.
c. The feet are approximately shoulder width apart to toe pointing to the target, the weak
side foot slightly forward of the strong slide foot.
d. The knee should be slightly bend and not in a squat.
e. The feet should be flat on the ground and shoulders weight evenly distributed.
f. Shoulders approximately square with the target elbows down and tucked in the body.
g. Body should bend slightly at the waist with the upper torso leaning slightly forward.
h. The shooter is relaxed and his head held upright
i. The pistol is held in a two handed grip in front of the belt buckle.
j. The muzzle of the pistol is depressed 45 degrees toward the ground.
k. The fore finger outside the trigger guard and straight along the frame.

73
Unload.
A pistol is loaded when it has no magazine fitted and no live round in the chamber.
1. Ensure the pistol points to a safe direction and fore finger outside the trigger guard.
2. Remove the magazine.
3. Retract the slide and verify that the chamber is clear.
4. Let the slide snap fully forward.
5. Squeeze the trigger.
Holding and Aiming.
The four marksmanship principles.
1. The position and hold must be firm enough to support the pistol.
2. The pistol must point naturally to the target without adding any physical effort.
3. Sight alignment (aiming) must be correct.
4. The shot released must be followed through without disturbing the position.
Aiming.
Where to aim:- The mean point of impact MPI approximately coincides with the point of aim-
POA.
How to Aim.
1. Point the pistol to the direction of the target, aligning it to the master eye.
2. Obtain the correct sight alignment i.e,
a) Bring the front sight into the U notch of the rear sight such that the three
illuminating dots lie in one horizontal line.
b) Centralize the front sight into the U notch i.e the space between the front sight and
the U notch are balanced on either side.

Methods of Carrying.
1. Holster
2. In a brief case.
3. Side of the body.

`Firing Positions
1. Standing position
2. Kneeling position
3. Sitting position
4. Squatting position
5. Prone position

Firing Methods
1. Weaver method
2. Isosceles method
3. Cup and saucer method
4. Modified weaver method
5. Horse riding method
6. Optional method-others.

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Mechanism of Czeska Pistols

When the pistol is loaded with a charged magazine, slide pulled rearwards, the hammer is cocked
and when the slide is released forward, it picks the topmost round from the magazine and feeds it
into the chamber.
On squeezing the trigger, the sear released the hammer to fly forward striking the base of the
firing pin which in turn strikes the percussion cap of the cartridge. Primer is ignited hence
burning the propellant charge forming a high explosive gas.
This gas drives the bullet off the barrel and the remaining gas escaping rearwards pushes the
slide to the rear though the fired case, whereby the fired cartridge case is ejected.
At this point, the slide cocks the hammer and moves forward under the influence of the recoil
spring picking another round from the magazine and feed it to the chamber.
When the pressure applied to the trigger is removed, the pistol is ready to fire again.

BROWNING PISTOL HP 9MM

General Characteristics
 Manufactured in Belgium by FN Company
 Caliber 9mm
 Magazine capacity 13rds
 Recoil operated weapon
 Has a U notch back sight and fixed blade foresight integral with the slide

Technical Data
 Range accuracy 50mts
 Sight radius 6.25 inches
 Muzzle velocity 1148f/sec
 Barrel length 4.75 inches
 Overall length 8 inches
 Has 6 grooves right hand twist
 Fires semi-automatic
 Weight with empty magazine 0.9kgs.
 Weight with loaded magazine 1.05kgs
External Parts
-Foresight, back sight, slide, slide stop, magazine release catch
-Safety, hammer, frame, right and left plastic handgrips
-Trigger and trigger guard

Normal Safety Precautions

 Point a safe direction
 Remove magazine by pressing magazine release catch
 Cock by pulling the slide rearwards and hook on the 2nd notch using safety
 Examine the chamber
 Release the slide forward by pressing the safety downwards
 Replace an empty magazine
 Press the trigger.
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Browning Pistol Stripping Procedure;
-Perform normal safety precautions
-Remove magazine
-Draw the slide rearwards; push the safety upwards to the 2nd notch to hold the slide at the
rear.
-Pivot the slide stop upwards on its axis, push it from the right and remove from its housing
from the left.
-Draw the slide forward by pushing the safety with your thumb downwards and holding the
slide in the left hand.
-Hold the slide upwards, compress recoil spring using recoil spring rod and disengage from
the barrel.
-Remove the barrel and do not strip any further.
NB; The last part to be stripped is the first to be assembled.

Internal Parts
-Recoil spring and recoil spring rod
-Barrel, sear, ejector, firing pin and spring
-Firing pin retaining plate
-Magazine safety
-trigger lever, sear lever
-Extractor and extractor spring.

CZESKA MINI PISTOL 7.65MM

General Characteristics
 Manufactured in Czech Republic
 Uses 7.65mm caliber
 Magazine capacity 8rds
 Muzzle velocity 1110f/sec
 Has 6 grooves right hand twist
 A Recoil operated weapon
 Fires single shots
 Range accuracy 50mts

External Parts
 Foresight and back sight, slide and slide release catch
 Magazine release catch, trigger and trigger guard
 Frame, grip, hammer.

Stripping Procedure
 Carry out normal safety precautions
 Ensure safe is closed and remove magazine
 Remove slide by pulling it far back and with your right hand forefinger, press the slide
release catch and lift the slide upwards, while escorting it forward.
 Remove the recoil spring and do not strip beyond this point.

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Internal Parts
 Barrel, recoil spring, chamber
 Firing pin, extractor and extractor spring
 Ejector, sear etc.

BERRETTA PISTOL MINI 7.65MM

General characteristics
 Manufactured in Italy
 Uses 7.65mm caliber
 Magazine capacity 8rds
 Mas 4 grooves right hand twist
 Muzzle velocity 250m/sec
 Range accuracy 50mts
 A recoil operated weapon
 Fires single shots
 Remains open after the last shot
NB: NSPs, external and internal parts are as for Czeska Mini.

Stripping Procedure
 Ensure safe is closed
 Remove magazine
 Pull the slide to the rear and hook with safety catch
 Remove the barrel from the rear (upwards)
 Release slide forward and taking care of the safety catch, disengage slide from the frame.
 Remove recoil spring and rod.
 Do not strip any further.

BERRETTA PISTOL 9MM

Characteristics
 Fires single shots
 Manufactured in Italy (in 1934 and modified in 1938)
 Weapon‘s length is 6 inches
 Barrel length is 3.5 inches
 Weight with empty magazine is 23.5ozs
 Magazine capacity is 7rds
 A recoil operated weapon
 Uses 9mm cartridge

NB: NSPs, internal/external parts and stripping procedure are as for Berretta mini.

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GERMAN WALTHER P38 9MM
Characteristics.
 Fires semi automatic
 Fires on single and double actions
 Weapon‘s length is 8.5 inches
 Barrel length is 4.75 inches
 Weighs about 34ozs
 Magazine capacity is 8rds
 A recoil operated weapon
 Manufactured in west Germany
 Range accuracy is 50mts
 When letter s is exposed, the pistol is safe but F means ready to fire.
NB: Do not apply safe when the pistol is cocked as this will automatically lock the firing pin and
drop the hammer on it.
External Parts:
 Slide, foresight, back sight, trigger and trigger guard,
 Hand grip, hammer, magazine release catch etc.
Internal parts:
 Barrel, recoil spring and rod, locking lugs and locking recesses,
 Extractor and its spring, chamber, sear, locking plunger etc.

Stripping German Walther P38

i. Perform normal safety precautions.
ii. Pull the slide back fully to open position. If magazine is empty, the weapon stays open.
iii. Push the magazine release catch and remove magazine.
iv. Put safety catch down so it in safe position.
v. turn down the slide lock lever
vi. Keep slide under control with one hand while pushing down the slide release catch and
let the slide and barrel move forward.
vii. Press trigger and push the slide forward off the receiver.
viii. Push the locking plunger forward and remove the barrel.

REVOLVERS
A revolver is a short barreled, semi automatic firearm designed to be fired by use of one hand
and consist fixed barrel, positioned in a frame and a revolving cylinder which contains several
chambers being lined and locked in line with the barrel individually at the time of firing and has
no safety catch.

Types /Origin /Caliber

1. Webley revolver -manufactured in Great Britain -.38‘‘ and .45‘‘ ordinary
2. Smith and Wesson -manufactured in USA -.38‘‘ ordinary
3. Smith and Wesson -manufactured in USA -.38‘‘ special.
4. Smith and Wesson -manufactured in USA -.22‘‘
5. Taurus revolver -manufactured in USA & Brazil -.38‘‘ special

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6. GP100 Rugger pistol- manufactured in USA-.38 special

NB: The USA Taurus has hammer and fires on both single and double action unlike Brazil
Taurus which fires only on double action.

General Characteristics of Revolvers

 Have revolving cylinders instead of magazines
 calibers used are .22‘‘, .38‘‘ special, and .38‘‘ ordinary
 cylinder capacity is either 5 or 6rds
 have no safety catch
 fires on single and double action
 have grooves in their barrel right hand twist
 are cylindrical as compared to pistols
 they are not stripped other than opening the cylinder

Parts of the Revolver

 Foresight, back sight, cylinder release catch, barrel
 extractor and extractor rod, frame, hammer, strain screw
 hand grip, trigger and trigger guard, barrel pin
 Firing pin [hammer nose], side plate, cylinder stop.
Safety Precaution
On picking the revolver from the armoury, open the cylinder and check for any ammunition
in the chambers and check if barrel is clear of obstruction.
Safety Rules to Revolvers
 The weapon should always be carried in a holster
 Never point the weapon to anyone jokingly
 The weapon should ONLY be removed from the holster when:
a. -you want to clean it
b. -you want to return it to armoury
c. -you want to use it in shooting
 Never carry the weapon when the hammer is cocked
 Never shoot at hard surfaces such as rock or liquid surface such as water
 If the revolver fails to fire, hold it pointed to the target and wait for 30 seconds
 If hang fire (delayed ignition) has occurred, the round will fire after 30 seconds
 If not, open the cylinder and check the fault.

Filling the cylinder

 Press the cylinder release catch forward and then push the cylinder outwards.
 Insert the rounds into the chambers with the bullet head first.
NOTE: In aWebley revolver, the cylinder is filled when the cylinder release catch is pressed
forward and broken

Mechanism f Revolvers
The weapon is loaded with a filled cylinder. The revolver is cocked for the single action or fired
on double action. When the hammer is squeezed it moves forward making the cylinder to rotate

79
either clockwise or anticlockwise depending to the type of the revolver. The chamber of the
cylinder aligns itself to the barrel. After the hummer has hit the percussion cap, the primer ignites
hence producing fire that passes through the fire holes burning the propellant charges. The gun
powder burns hence forming a gas that expands hence drives the bullet out through the barrel.
The cylinder rotates aligning the next round on the chamber to the barrel. Firing continues until
the rounds are finished.

NB: The empty cases are ejected manually after firing.

Firing Systems of Revolvers

1. DOUBLE ACTION; this is done by squeezing the trigger without cocking the hammer. At
this point, the trigger pull weighs 14lbs until the hammer reaches the point when it is cocked
after which it goes back to its locking position having hit the percussion cap of the bullet.
(Hammer cocks and strikes on pressing trigger)

2. SINGLE ACTION; this is done by cocking the hammer. This reduces the trigger pull weight
to 5lbs instead of 14lbs when not cocked. It is single since the hammer only strikes on pressing
the trigger.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SMITH AND WESSON AND WEBLEY REVOLVERS

SMITH & WESSON WEBLEY

Manufactured in USA
Revolves anticlockwise
Has a wooden had grip
Extracts cartridges manually
Cylinder cannot open when cocked
cylinder release catch is pushed forward
Cylinder is swing out to open
Manufactured in Great Britain
revolves clockwise
has a plastic hand grip
extracts cartridges when broken
cylinder opens when it is cocked
cylinder release catch is pushed to open downwards
to open
it is broken to open cylinder

Questions/Activity for lesson assessment/evaluation

1. State six natures of ammunitions used by pistols
2. Differentiate between Single Action and Double action in firing of pistols
3. Highlight at least eight general safety rules of pistols and revolvers
4. Differentiate between Smith and Wesson and Webley revolvers

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 LESSON 7
UNIT CODE:102.2.1 SKILL AT ARMS I

LESSON TITLE: 102.1.07 INTRODUCTION TO LIGHT MACHINE GUNS (LMGS)

DURATION 5 HOURS

EXPECTED CLASS SIZE: MAXIMUM 40

COMPETENCE: The trainee should operate Light Machine Guns (LMGs)

LESSON OBJECTIVES:

Objectives:
By the end of this lesson trainee should Learning domains
be able to: K U S A B
1. Outline the general descriptions and 
safety of light machine guns
2. Explain the procedure of stripping,  
naming, cleaning and assembling of
LMGs
3. Describe the procedure of magazine  
filling, loading, unloading , make safe
and sight setting of LMGs
4. Explain how to hold, aim and fire  
LMGs
5. Explain the mechanism, possible  
stoppages and Immediate Action of
LMGs
6. Explain how to mount a LMG on a  
bipod stand

KEY: K- Knowledge; U-Understanding; S- Skills; A- Attitudes; B - Behaviour

Health & Safety Have you considered the health and safety of trainees and
Considerations instructor during this lesson?
a) Carry out normal safety precautions(NSPs) to ensure the safety of the trainer, trainee and any
other visitor who may come to visit the class
b) A health break scheduled after one hour
c) Medical personnel to be on standby for safety
d) Any other consideration, e.g., environmental hazards

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 LESSON PLAN

Timing Content Trainer Trainee Resources Assessment Objecti

Activity Activity and Quantity ve
0-5 Introduction Explaining Answering Flip charts Q and A Climate
Displaying Observing G3 rifle setting
Questioning
5-30 General Explaining Listening White board -Q/A 1
Description Questioning Answering and mark pens
and Safety of Brainstormi LMGs
LMGs ng Ammunition
30-60 Stripping, Explaining Listening White board -Q/A 2
naming, Demonstrating Observing and mark pens
Cleaning and Questioning Answering LMGs
Assembling Taking notes Ammunition
of LMGs Practising

60-70 HEALTH BREAK

70-130 Magazine, Explaining Listening White board -Q/A 3
Filling, Questioning Observing and mark pens
Loading, Demonstrating Answering LMGs
Unloading, Taking notes Ammunition
Make Safe Practising
and Sight
Setting
130-140 HEALTH BREAK
140-200 Holding , Explaining Listening White board -Q/A
Aiming and Questioning Observing and mark pens
firing of Demonstrating Answering LMGs
LMGs Taking notes Ammunition
Practising Targets
Mats
200-210 HEALTH BREAK
210-270 Mechanism, -Explaining -Answering Flip chart Q and A
possible Questioning Taking notes LMGs
Stoppages Demonstration Observing Ammunitions
and Mats
Immediate
Action of
LMGs
270-300 Conclusion -Explaining -Answering Flip chart Q and A Summa
Questioning Taking notes LMGs rize the
-Displaying Observing Ammunitions key
Mats points
of the
lesson

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TRAINING ACTIVITIES

Stages The role of the trainer to facilitate learning by carrying out the
stated objectives
1. Introduction  Review previous lesson
 Outline the title and objectives of the present lesson
 Display to learners various types of LMGs
2. Description and  Ask the trainees to name external parts of an pistol they are
safety of LMGs observing
 Describe to the trainees the general characteristics of LMGs
 State the general safety rules
 Trainees to take notes
3. Stripping,  Ask the trainees to name some of the external parts of LMGs
naming, cleaning  Name the external parts of LMGs
and assembling  Highlight the importance of stripping and cleaning of LMGs to the
of LMGs trainees
 Demonstrate the stripping , cleaning and assembling of pistols
 Name the internal parts of pistols
 Trainees to take notes
4. Magazine filling,  State the nature and care of ammunitions used in LMGs
loading,  Explain the procedure of filling and emptying the magazine
unloading, make  Demonstrate magazine filling and emptying of the magazine
safe and sight  Explain trainees how to load, unload , ready , make safe of LMGs
setting  Demonstrate to the trainees how to load, unload , ready , make
safe of LMGs
 Guide the trainees as they load, unload, make safe, ready for
pistols
5. Holding, Aiming  Explain to the trainees the four Marksmanship Principles
and Firing of  State that the fundamentals that guide or aid the four
LMGs marksmanship principles
 Demonstrate how to hold and aim using LMGs in prone position
 Guide the learners as they practice holding and aiming of LMGs
in prone position
6. Mechanism,  Describe the mechanism of LMGs
possible  Explain causes of possible stoppages and Immediate Action of
stoppages and LMGs
immediate action  Demonstrate how to carry out Immediate action
of LMGs  Guide trainees as they practice carrying out Immediate Action in
Sub-machine guns
7. Conclusion  Ask the trainees to highlight key points on pistols and revolvers
 Give a summary of keys points on each learning objective
 Pause for questions from trainees if any
 Guide the carrying out of NSPs
 Help trainees with the storage of training resources

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KEY NOTES

1. LIGHT MACHINE GUNS (LMG‟s)

These are long and heavy barrels, capable of sustaining high volumes of fire and use same
cartridge as assault rifles
 They are magazine fed and have bipod stands
 Most of them do not have a tripod mount position and are capable of being carried
and operated by one man
 some fire single and automatic shots, others automatic only
 Can be mounted on:
 Bipod stand
 Vehicles
 Aircrafts
a) Functions
They are important for:-
 Ground attack
 Airborne attack
 Mass targets
b) Makes to be Dealt With
 M77B1- Manufactured in Yugoslavia -7.62mm x 51 NATO
 HK 11 - Manufactured in West Germany – 7.62MM X 51 NATO
 ULTIMAX 100 - Manufactured in Singapore. – 5.56mm x 45
 FN HEAVY BARREL- Manufactured in Belgium.- 7.62 mm x 51
 AK 47 type 56 – Made in China - 7.62 mm x 39

BREN GUN

Introduction, Safety, Stripping Assembly and Cleaning

The light machine gun (LMG Bren) has stood up to the test of battle in many parts of the world
and its one of the best guns of its type ever made. Knowledge of the gun, its associated parts and
safety procedures provide the police officer with the basics required to understand all that is
taught to him/her regarding the gun. The police officer is tested in his ability to strip and
assemble the gun as for daily cleaning.

Description
a) The .303‖ bren gun it‘s a magazine fed, gas operated weapon. The change lever can be
set at ‗S‘ (safe) ‗A‘ (Automatic) to fire burst ‗R‘rounds to fire single rounds. The
magazine holds 30 rounds. There is a magazine cover on the top of the gun and the
ejection opening cover on the underside. The cocking handle when not in use is folded
flush with the body.
b) It is extremely accurate at range up to 600m when fired from the bipod and at much
greater ranges when the tripod is used.
c) It is simple and sturdy in construction easy to learn and fire. Stoppages are rare and easy
and quick to remedy.
d) The weapon is air cooled .the barrel is chrome lined.

84
 e) The bipod leg can be adjusted for height and also lowered, folded and locked.
Safety Precaution
a) Put the change lever to (S) safe.
b) Open the magazine and the ejection opening cover.
c) Pull the cocking handle to the rear as far as possible and return it to its forward position
(this action is called ‗cocking the gun)
d) Look in to the body and the chamber and ensure that there is no obstruction.
e) Put the change lever forward to ‗A‖
f) Press the trigger and close the two covers.
g) Put the change lever to ‗S‘ (safe)
h) Inspect all magazines, drill rounds and pouches to make certain there are no live rounds.
i) These actions are to be carried out before and after using an LMG (Bren) for any
purposes.

Stripping

1. The Piston Group

 Arrange the parts as they are being stripped from light to left
 Carry out safety precautions and leave ejection opening cover open.
 Push out the body locking pin and pull the butt back until the return spring rod is
clear from the body
 Hold the rod over to the left and pull the cocking handle sharply to rear, then
return to its forward position. This action should have drawn the piston to the
rear. If this has not happened, use a finger underneath the gun to pull it back.
 Lift the piston group out of the body
 Close the butt group.
 Remove the breech block from the piston by pulling it to the rear and lifting it
off.
 Lift the extractor stay with a finger nail and remove the extractor stay and spring.
2. The barrel group
 With the gun tilted over to the right, press in the barrel nut catch and lift the barrel
nut as high as will go.
 Raise the carrying handle, push the barrel forward and remove it, care should be
taken not to damage the breech end of the barrel.
 Remove the gas regulator by pushing in the return pin flush with its housing and
turning the regulator using the combination tool or the nose of a round.

7. The butt group

 Pull it to the rear until clear of the body.

8. The body and the bipod groups

 To take the body and bipod part, hold, turn the body to the left and pull it out of
the bipod sleeve.
 The gun is now stripped down sufficiently for daily cleaning purposes.

85
Assembling
To put the gun together, reverse the process of stripping exactly, but ensure that the numbers on
the side of the breech block, the rear end of the piston and on the barrel correspond with those on
the body.

1. The body and the bipod groups

Hold the body upright and angle the bipod to the left. Insert the forward end of the body
in the bipod sleeve and turn to the right.

2. The barrel group

a. There are four different sized gas parts in the gas regulator. Their locations are
marked by punch marks on the left side. The smallest is called No. 1, and the
largest No. 4.there is a zero mark on the gas block. When assembling the gas
regulator should be set on the smallest gas part at which the gun will fire
efficiently, this is normally the No. 1.
b. Tilt the gun over to the right, unlock the barrel nut catch and lift up the barrel nut.
Holding the barrel by the carrying handle, engage the barrel locking threads in the
barrel nut, lock the barrel, press the barrel nut sharply downwards until the catch
engages.
3. The piston group
i. Assemble the extractor, stay and spring. Replace the breech block over the piston
post and ensure that it is forward.
ii. Locate the guide ribs on the piston in the grooves on the inside of the body group
and slide in the piston group. Make sure that the breechblock is fully inside the
body then close the butt forward and push in the body locking pin.

4. The butt group

Engage the guide ribs in the grooves on the inside of the body, see that the breech block
is inside the body before you push the butt forward.

5. Testing the gun.

i. Move the change lever to ‗S‘ and operate the trigger. The working parts should
stay to the rear
ii. Move the change lever to ‗R‘ and operate the trigger. The working parts should
go forward. Maintain pressure on the trigger; cock the gun, the working parts
should remain to the rear.
iii. Release the trigger, move the change lever to ‗A‘ and operate the trigger the
working parts should go forward. Maintain pressure on the trigger, cock gun, the
working parts should not stay to the rear.
iv. The change lever should not be moved from ‗S‘ to ‗A‘ while the trigger is pressed
or the gun will not fire. If this is in advertently done, remove the finger from the
trigger, move the change lever from ‗A‘ to ‗S‘ and then back to ‗A‘

86
Daily- cleaning
a. Assemble the chamber cleaning brush to the rod and clean out the chamber of the barrel.
b. Clean the barrel using the pull through fitted with a piece of flannelette size 4 inches by 2
inches. The pull through should always be inserted from the chamber end of the barrel
c. Inspect the barrel and the chamber to ensure that the they are clean, and then oil using
flannelette size 4inches by 11/2 inches.
d. Clean and oil the flash hider
e. Clean the gas cylinder using a piece of flannelette size 4inches by 4 inches wrapped
around the chamber cleaning brush or placed through the cyelet of the rod. Inspect, and
oil using the same size of flannelette.
f. Clean the rest of the gun with oily flannelette.
g. Assemble the gun and test it as previously taught.
h. Clean all magazines using oily flannelette.

Adverse Conditions
i. In damp humid conditions the gun should be cleaned as for normal daily cleaning.
However, it must be inspected frequently for signs of rust forming and all parts must
be kept well oiled.
ii. It is vital that under extreme dusty and sandy conditions the whole gun is kept dry. The
gun should be dried sweating the parts in the sun, constantly wiping off the exuding
oil.
Magazine Filling, Loading, Unloading, Sight Setting and Making Safe.
It is essential that a police officer is capable of maintaining the gun in a state of under battle
conditions. To achieve this, he/she should know the actions to carry out on receiving the
commands.

Magazine Filling
A) The magazine holds 30 rounds. Before filling the magazine, ensure that the ammunitions are
clean and not damaged, to fill the magazine;
i. hold it with its base on your thigh, put the round on the magazine follower/platform
well back between the lips, with its base towards the projection on the platform, and press
it down and forward with your thumb.
ii. Put 30 rounds counting them as you make sure that the rim of each round is in front of
the round underneath it.
B) To empty the magazine, push the rounds out forward one by one, with the side of the nose of
a bullet. Be careful not to hit the cap of the round with the point of the bullet‘s nose, if you did it
hard enough it might go off.

Loading;
On the command LOAD;
i) -lie down straight behind your gun with your legs together, heels uppermost.
ii) -hold the small of the butt with your left hand in an overhand grip and the pistol
grip with the right hand.
iii) -keep the right forefinger outside the trigger guard.

87
To load the gun
-put the change lever/safety catch to ‗safe‘ and push the magazine opening cover forward.
-ensure that the magazine is correctly filled, not damaged, put it on the gun, forward end
first with the rounds pointing forward. Ensure it is fully secure.
Unloading
To Unload,
 Ensure safety catch is at ‗SAFE‘ and raise the butt to the shoulder if it was not there
already. Cock the gun.
 Take off the magazine by pressing the magazine release catch with the bottom of your
palm
 Put the magazine on the ground, or in the pouch.
 Push the change lever forward.
 Align the sights roughly onto the target and press the trigger, repeat this action.
 Remove the butt from the shoulder, close the magazine and ejection opening covers,
lower the sights and put the change lever to ‗safe‘.
 Lower the butt, put the magazine in the pouch, if the order ‗unload, gun clear‘ has been
given, carry out the action as taught, stand up and report ‗gun clear‘.

Sight Setting
 The back sight is marked in hundred graduations from 200m to 2000m, even numbers on
the left side and odd numbers on the right, to adjust to a given range, turn the adjusting
screw until the top of the slide is level with the graduations required. The back sight
should be folded forward when not in use.
 The foresight is a blade and its protector.
 When you are given a range, ‗300‘ for example, set the sights, lift the butt to your
shoulder and cock the gun sharply, ensure that the cocking handle is fully forward.

Action on the command „MAKE SAFE‟

a) Adopt the loading position.
b) It is often necessary to return the gun, which has been loaded and cocked to a state in which it
is loaded but safe. On the command ‗make safe‘, a police officer is to;
i) Unload but do not close the magazine opening cover.
ii) Ensure the safety catch is at ‗safe‘.
iii) Reload a new magazine.
iv) Return the hands to the loading position.
Two-Man Gun Team.

a) The gun can be handled and fired by the gunner, but there may be situations when he must be
assisted in handling the gun by no.2, who may be either the gun controller or a rifleman from the
section. The no.2 is to be on the left of the gun close to gunner, to assist in loading.
b) When the gunner wants a fresh magazine, he cocks the gun, removes the magazine, calls
‗change‘ and passes the magazine under the gun, no.2 puts a full magazine on the gun and puts
the empty one away either in his pouch or in the magazine box.

88
Holding, Aiming and Firing

In order to bring effective fire down onto the enemy the officer must know how to hold, aim and
fire the gun using the best type of fire against both stationary and moving targets.

Holding

a. When a range is ordered act as already taught.

b. Pull the butt backwards and downwards with your left hand.
c. Keep your left elbow well forward.
d. Ensure that the body and the gun is in line with the target.
e. To lock your hold, turn your wrist inwards, and press your chin against the butt
Aiming
a. Aiming is similar to the G3 rifle although the aperture on the gun back sight is larger than
that of the G3 rifle.
b. When a target is indicated. Move the whole of the body up to the gun until the right
shoulder is firmly in contact with the butt.
c. Slight adjustments for height can be made by moving the elbows inwards or outwards
until position is correct.
d. Larger adjustments are made by adjusting the height of the bipod legs.
e. Pull the butt backwards and downwards with an overhead grasp of the left hand, the left
elbow being placed on the ground level with the right elbow so that shoulders remain
square to the front.
f. Hold the pistol grip firmly with the right hand, forefinger on the trigger, and pull the gun
backwards into the shoulder.
g. Lock the hold again by turning the wrists inwards and rest the check on the left hand. If
this is uncomfortable adopt an underhand grasp
h. Test the hold by rocking backwards and forwards slightly, the foresight should move
directly up and down on the point of aim.

Firing
The main type of fire required from an LMG is burst of two to three rounds duration. When the
command ‗Burst fire‘ is given.
a. Move the change lever to ‗A‘ correct the hold and aim and take up the slack on the target.
This slack has to be taken up before the proper trigger pressure start. There is more slack
when the charge lever is at ‗R‘ than when it is at ‗A‘.
b. When the hold and aim are correct, the trigger should be pressed long enough to fire a
minimum of three rounds and then should be fully released to allow it to go forward.
c. Observation of the burst is most important. The moment the trigger is released the left
eye should be opened and the area of the target observed to ascertain the strike of the
shots.
d. Any necessary alterations to the sights or the aim should be made and then continue
firing at the normal rate of about one magazine per minute.
e. One the command ‗Stop‘, cock the gun, move the change lever to ‗S‘ and rest the butt on
the ground. If the magazine needs to be changed, change it before butt is lowered to the
ground.

89
 f. On the command ‗Go on‘ move the change lever to ‗A‘, re-align onto the target, adjust
the hold and continue firing.
g. On the command ‗stop make safe‘, act as already taught.
h. It is the firer‘s responsibility to ensure that there is a full or nearly full magazine on the
gun at all times.
Mechanism of the Gun
The gun is loaded and cocked by hand. When the round is fired, the gases drive the piston group
to the rear, ejecting the empty case. The return spring and rod drive the piston forward, loading a
fresh round, which is then fired. This action goes on as long as the change lever is at A, the
trigger is kept pressed and there are rounds in the magazine.

Stoppage and Immediate Action (IA)

If the gun is correctly cleaned and prepared for firing, stoppages will seldom occur. However
should the gun stop firing, it is important that the police officer knows how to remedy it with a
minimum less of time. The knowledge of how the gun works will assist in a quick understanding
of the reason behind the stoppage
If the gun stops or fails to fire, your immediate action is to:
a) Cock the gun and change the magazine.
b) Aim, adjust the hold and carry on firing.
c) This immediate action must be practiced until it becomes instinctive whenever the gun stops
or fails to fire.
Stoppages Remedied by Applying IA

The following causes of stoppages will be remedied by applying IA

 An empty magazine:-On pressing the trigger, the working parts go forward and round
doesn‘t go off.
 A badly filled magazine:-If the rim of one round is behind the rim of the next, both are
fed together and the piston group cannot go forward.
 A misfire:-Which produces no gas to drive the piston back.
 Hard extraction:-When a dirty case fits so tightly in the chamber that the gas cannot
drive the piston back. It will not happen if you keep your ammunition and chamber clean.
 To set more gas:-If too little gas gets through the gas regulator or dirt gets into the gun, it
may not drive the piston far enough back to eject the empty case or to feed another round.
Move the regulator to a larger hole to get more gas through, and ask an armourer to clean
the regulator at the next opportunity.

Gas Stoppage Drill

If after carrying out the immediate action, the gun fires one round or two rounds and stops again
the firer is to:
 Cock the gun.
 Move the change lever to S and lower the butt to ground
 Disconnect the barrel nut and ease the barrel forward so that the gas cylinder
regulator is cleared off the locking bar.
90
  Turn the gas regulator (using a round removed from a magazine or the combination
tool) to the next large hole.
 Replace the barrel, lower the carrying handle, raise the butt in to the shoulder, move
the change lever to R or A aim, adjust the hold and carry on firing.
 Put the tool back in its place when you have the chance.
 Any round, whether damaged or not, which is involved in a stoppage, or used as a
tool, is to be removed from use. Such rounds are not to be replaced in a magazine, nor
any attempt to be made to fire them.
 The firer can adjust the gas regulator either by pulling the gun back to his right side or
by crawling forward on the left side of the gun.

Further Action
If after carrying out the stoppages drill, the stoppages re-occur, repeat the drill until the
gun functions correctly. In addition to normal cleaning, the gas regulators should be
cleaned by an armourer at the earliest opportunity. Other stoppages that warrant further
action include:
 Broken firing pin.
 Weak return spring.
 Broken extractor or ejector.
 A live round or empty case jammed in the breech.
 Separated case in the chamber.

Obstruction in the body/chamber.

If after applying immediate action the gun will not fire,
1. Remove the magazine.
2. Cock the gun.
3. Put the change to ―S‖(Safe).
4. Fold down the sights.
5. Lower the butt and inspect the interior of the gun for an obstruction.
a. If there is a visible obstruction in the body (jammed live round, empty case or
both), clear it using a tool from the spare parts wallet, replace the magazine, aim,
adjust the hold and carry on firing.
b. If there is no obstruction in the body, remove the barrel and check for an
obstruction.
c. If an obstruction is visible, replace the barrel, remove the clearing plug from the
spare parts wallet, screw up its base tight and insert it into the chamber, move the
change lever to ―R‖ press the trigger and cock the gun.
d. Examine the clearing plug to ensure that the obstruction (a separated case) has
been cleared. Replace the magazine, aim, adjust the hold and carry on firing.
e. The separated case should be removed from the clearing plug and the clearing
plug replaced in the spare part wallet at first available opportunity.

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Broken or Faulty Parts.
Stoppages caused by broken or faulty parts are rare, but if after carrying out the immediate action
and the stoppages drill, the gun will still not fire, the following action should be carried out:-
1. Unload as already taught.
2. Examine the gun and ejected ammunition for the following signs and change the
offending parts.
SIGN PROBABLE CASE
1. Cartridge not struck 1. Broken firing pin.
2. Cartridge not properly struck 2. Weak return spring (Fitting anew one is
3. Repeated failure to extract and eject. an armourer‘s job).
4. No gas to drive the piston back but 3. Broken extractor and ejector.
round in the magazine. 4. Misfired round.
5. Working parts stay forward and gas 5. Empty magazine.
produced. 6. Hard extraction.
6. A dirty case fits so tightly in the
chamber that the gas can not drive the
piston back.

HANDLING

The success of the action carried out by the infantry section is determined to a large degree by
the effective fire support it obtains from its gun team. To give good fire support the gun team
should be in a good fire position and capable of carrying out instinctively the orders given to
them.

a) The Gun Team.

The normal gun team is to consist of three men, the gun controller, the gunner and the No. 2.
Individual responsibilities are:-
b) Gun controller.
1. To control the fire of the gun onto the target as directed by the section commander.
2. To act as the link man with the section and watch for any signals from the section
commander.
3. To observe and correct the gunners fire.
4. To select fire positions for the gun and its route when on when on the move.
5. To fire his rifle in an emergency.
6. To order rapid fire and the appropriate movement in the final assault.
c) Gunner.
To handle and fire the gun as ordered by the gun controller.
d) No. 2 Gunner.
1. To assist the gunner as and when required.
2. To ensure an adequate supply of ammunition to the gun
3. To fire his rifle in an emergency.

-When preparing magazines, they should be filled with one round of tracer to four rounds of ball.
- Normally the gun team will carry 13 magazines; one is to be on the gun and the other 12, split
up among the team or members of the section.

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Fire Positions.
In addition to the qualities of a good fire position as already taught for the G3 rifle there are
special points to note about the LMG fire position, these are;-
1. Run to and get down behind the nearest cover or to the cover pointed out by the gun
controller.
2. No.2 should always be on the left of the gun in order to change the magazines quickly.
3. It is sometimes necessary to fold the bipod legs in order to make the best use of cover.
The gun rested as near as possible to bipod bracket.
4. The firer must always ensure that there is adequate crest clearance.

Battle Drill for Three-Man Gun Team.

The gunner in the advance carries the gun either by using the carrying handle, or in the front of
the body supported by the sling over the right shoulder and holding the muzzle down and
forward, right hand on the pistol grip and left hand under the folded bipod legs.
Battle Drill for the Two-Man Gun Team.
On many occasions when the gun team is reduced to two men, the gunner is to carry out his
duties as taught and the No.2 is to perform the duties of the gun controller in addition to his own.
Sustained fire.
If rapid fire has to be kept up for some time:-
1. No.2 lies on the left of the gun to help No.1 gunner to change magazines and barrels.
2. When he wants a fresh magazine, No. 1 cocks the gun, takes off the magazine, calls,
―change‖, and passes the magazine under the gun.
3. No.2 puts a full magazine on the gun, and puts the one a way or in the pouch.

Changing of the Barrel.

 As No.2 puts the tenth magazine, he calls ―Tenth magazine-barrel‖.
 He sees that the gas regulator of the other barrel is set right.
 When that magazine is empty, No.1 cocks the gun, takes off the magazine, closes the
magazine opening cover, and calls ―Barrel‖.
 No.2 changes the barrel, and puts a full magazine on the gun.
 No.1 gunner waits until the barrel nut is engaged before opening the magazine cover.

Points to Note.
1. No.1 opens the magazine opening cover.
2. No.2 puts a full magazine on the gun and the No.1 carries on firing.

HK 11 7.62MM LMG.

Introduction
This is a recoil operated weapon incorporating a delayed blow back action, magazine fed,
designed to fire both semi-automatic and automatic fire from closed bolt position/system.
Have bipod stand and a detachable barrel and employed on mass and aerial targets
It was manufactured in Germany by Heckler and Koch.
Characteristics
1. it‘s a one man gun

93
 2. It is a recoil operation weapon
3. Feed system- Magazine fed.
4. Firing system- locked bolt
5. Type of fire- Semi automatic and automatic fire.
6. Rifling - 4 grooves right hand twist
7. Magazine capacity- 30 rounds.
8. It has a single recoil spring
Technical Data
1. Caliber- 7.62 mm
2. Effective range- 200-1200 m.
3. Rate of fire- 650 rds/m burst -900rds/m
4. It weighs 9.3 kgs with a bipod stand
5. Muzzle velocity 840m/sec
6. Length is 1140 mm
7. Maximum range 1800m

Physical Parts
Flash eliminators, bipod stand, barrel lock lever, magazine, rear rotary drum, rear sling swivel,
tubular rivets, fire selector, carrying handle, Butt stock, butt plate. Trigger guard, magazine
house, bipod release catch
Safety Precautions
On the command, inspect the gun
1. Adopt the kneeling position
2. Check the safety catch is at ―safe‖(S)
3. Remove the magazine by pressing the magazine catch.
4. Cock and hook, to do this, unfold the cocking lever and pull it right back, engaging it in
the locking recess of the housing.
5. Examine the chamber and ensure it‘s clear.
6. Using the left hand release the cocking lever forward sharply.
7. Push the safety catch to the ―E‖
8. Press the trigger until the hammer goes forward
9. Close the safety catch back to the ―safe‖(S)
10. Replace the magazine
11. Return to position of attention and stand at ease

STRIPPING
 Put the safety catch to letter ‗S‘.
 Remove the magazine
 Unload and check to make sure that there is no cartridge in the chamber.
 Move the bolt to forward position by releasing the cocking lever.
 Remove sling
 Remove both locking pins from the back plate and insert them into the tubular rivets
holes.
 Remove the butt stock and pistol grip.
 Remove the breech block
94
  Pull back the cocking lever forward again and remove the barrel from the receiver.
 Remove the bipod stand by pressing the bipod release catch

 After stripping the order of the parts should be as follows:-
 Sling, magazine, butt stock pistol grip and trigger mechanism, bolt head assembly, recoil
spring, barrel, bipod.
Major Parts
 Magazine assembly (magazine plate, platform, spring, follower, loop and lips)
 Trigger mechanism assembly (sear, ejector, and hammer).
 Bolt head assembly (firing pin, bolt head. locking rollers, locking piece, bolt locking
lever.
 Recoil spring /guide rod.
 Receiver (Flash suppressor/hider/eliminator, Barrel, Muzzle, Cocking lever, Magazine
house)
 Butt stock assembly (Stop pin, buffer assembly, butt plate, back plate
 Barrel
 Bipod (bipod release catch)

Assembling the Weapon

The weapon can be reassembled by reversing the order of stripping.

Magazine Filling
Conditions before charging
i. Examine the magazine thoroughly especially (i) body case (ii) the spring (iii) follower
and platform (iv) bottom plate
ii. Don‘t expose ammunition to dampness or sun
iii. Don‘t lubricate the ammunition
iv. The projectile should be firm.
Type of Ammunition
1) 7.62mm x51 Ball ammunition
2) 7.62mm x51 Tracer ammunition
3) 7.62mm x51 Blank ammunition
4) 7.62mm x51 Plastic round
5) 7.62mm x51 Drill ammunition

Loading, Unloading, Ready and Make Safe

a) Loading- The rifle is loaded when it has magazine on it with or without rounds.
b) Ready-It is ready to fire when the rifle is cocked and a live round is in the chamber.
c) Unloading-It is unloaded when it has no magazine on it and no round in the chamber.
d) Make safe-It is complete unload, followed by fresh reloading

Firing Position
Prone.

M77- B1

95
General Description

 LMG (Light Machine Gun) M77B1 is an automatic weapon used to destroy line forces
and firearms of the enemy.
 It may be used to fire successful at air targets as well as night firing since the weapon is
equipped with night sights.
 The weapon was initially made in Yugoslavia, but also manufactured by communist
countries such as Russia, Cuba and Ukraine
 It is designed for semi-automatic and full automatic fire and can be fired from any
position.
Characteristics
 Its rate of fire is 100 rounds per minute
 Its effective range (horizontal) in firing line force is 1000m whereas (vertical) air target
may be fired effectively up to a height of 600m.
 Its magazine fed weapon.
 Its foresight is adjustable vertically and horizontally.
 Its rear sight is provided with wind lead correction mechanism.
 It uses a caliber of 7.62mm x 51mm.
 Its back sight is graduated from 0 – 1000m/1km
 Its magazine capacity is 20 rounds
 It‘s a gas operated weapon.

Technical Data
a) Data Relating to LMG
Caliber 7.62 mm
No. of grooves 6
Direction of the groove twisting To the right
Muzzle velocity 840m/sec
Weight of the weapon without magazine 4.984 kg
Mass of empty magazine 0.250 kg
Length of LMG 1020 mm
Length of line of sight 525

Physical Parts
Butt stock, Gas regulator, Barrel, Pistol grip, Protecting ring, Foresight, Bipod stand,
Cleaning rod, Trigger/trigger guard, Magazine/magazine release catch, Receiver,
Receiver cover, Back sight, Hand guard

Safety Precautions:
On the command ―MAKE SAFE‖
Adopt kneeling position
 Hold the pistol grip barrel facing the target or downwards, ensure that fore finger is
outside the trigger guard.
 Check the selective fire lever is closed to the upper slot for safe
 Take off the magazine by depressing the magazine release catch.

96
  Put the magazine in your pouches/ trouser pockets/ or inside the belt
 Open the safety lever to Bottom
 Cock the rifle sharply, hold the cocking lever and examine the chamber
 Release cocking lever forward
 Press the trigger
 Close the safety lever to the Top slot for safe
 Return the magazine into the rifle

STRIPPING, CLEANING AND ASSEMBLING

Procedure of Stripping
 Make sure that the safety catch is closed
 Remove the magazine
 Open the safety catch
 Cock the rifle and examine the chamber, release the working part to go forward but do
not press the trigger
 Remove the top cover by pressing driving spring guide and pull it out
 Remove the recoil rod with spring pushing it forward and then up out backward
 Pull back the breech block and lift it up from the slide
 Remove the bolt carrier assembly by rolling it round to separate it from the breech block
 Remove the cylinder tube from the receiver by balancing the release catch at 70 degrees.
 Remove the cleaning rod by pulling it forward
 Remove the hand guard

MAJOR ASSEMBLY GROUPS

 Magazine
 Top cover
 Driving spring guide assembly
 Bolt /bolt carrier assembly
 Receiver assembly
 Hand guard assembly

Internal Parts
Recoil spring and guide rod , Ejector, Bolt carrier, Hummer, Bolt, Firing pin, Piston, Extractor,
Grooves right twist, Extractor spring.

NB: Further stripping may be done only by skilled technical bodies (Armourer).
 Stripping be done on a smooth service free from dirt and dust
 A lot of care is necessary when stripping/assembling the LMG in order not to lose, break
or inter change some parts or assemblies either of the same or different LMG‘s.
 The parts stripped should be arranged in the sequence they were stripped.
 In assembling, the last part stripped will be the first part to be assembled.
 Speed and efficiency is important since the soldier is supposed to strip and assemble his
LMG with the shortest time possible.

97
Cleaning
Make sure that the rifle is unloaded and then strip
Clean the following parts using- a) cleaning rod, flannelette, gun oil
1) Clean the chamber using the brush attached in the combination tool in the butt stock and
the cleaning rod
2) The Barrel-put a piece of flannelette 4 by 2 inches into the pull through chain
Repeat several times until the barrel is clean, hold the muzzle to the eye and look into the
grooves for cleanliness
3) The cylinder – clean all the parts i.e. the receiver and the parts of the rifle
NB; in heavy rains carry the muzzle pointing down and apply enough oil
-In dusty conditions- keep it bone dry and sweat in the sun after cleaning.
Assembling
In assembling the rifle, the last part striped will be the first part to be assembled
 Procedure is from right to left
 Check that the numbers on the breech block, the top cover and the body correspond
 The safety catch to remain at bottom
 Replace hand guard.
 Replace the cylinder tube
 Point the muzzle down, place the thumb behind the breech block to keep it forward, then
put the breech block and the bolt into the body of the rifle from the rear and push the
assembly fully forward
 Insert the recoil rod with spring pushing it forward and then backward.
 Replace the top cover.
 Cock the rifle to confirm you have assembled properly.
 Press the trigger.
 close the safety catch to top
 Replace the magazine

Loading, Unloaded and Making Safe

Loading
The LMG is loaded when it has a magazine fitted whether with or without rounds
On the command ―load‖
i. Adopt the loading position. Hold the gun by the piston grip with the fore finger
outside the trigger guard, muzzle pointing upwards.
ii. Take a full magazine from the pouch containing the number of rounds ordered
and fit it to the gun

Ready or Range Being Ordered

On receiving this command, set the sight and cock the weapon.

Unloading
On the command ―UNLOAD‖

98
  Check that the safety catch is at safe
 Remove the magazine
 Tilt the gun to the right keeping the muzzle upwards and pull back the corking handle.
 Allow the working parts to go forward and repeat this severally.
 Put the safety catch to letter ―R‖ and squeeze the trigger. Return the safety catch to safe
and the back sight as necessary.
Making Safe
On the command make safe, unload the gun as taught and load afresh

Mechanism.
When the weapon is loaded with a charged magazine, then cocked, the hammer is compressed
and cocked on the sear while the return spring is compressed; a round is picked from the
magazine as working parts move forward, it is the chambered ready to be fired.
On squeezing the trigger, the sear releases the hammer which is under influence of the main
spring. The hammer hits the base of the firing pin causing it to strike the percussion cap of the
cartridge. The primer ignites and burns the gun powder forming high explosive gas.
This gas trying to escape drives the bullet along the bore where a portion of it escapes through
the gas vent near the muzzle. The gas trapped through the gas vent hits the piston head and
pushes it to commence its rearward movement.
During the rearward movement, the hammer is cocked, fired cartridge case is ejected, and return
spring is compressed after which it reasserts itself pushing the working parts forward to pick
another round from the magazine to the chamber ready to fire again. The same process is
repeated until the pressure is removed from trigger or the magazine is empty.
.
FIRING POSITIONS
 Lying position.
 Standing position for aircraft shooting (anti-aircraft).
 Kneeling position for aircraft shooting (anti-aircraft.

LIGHT MACHINE GUN-AK 47 BREN TYPE 56M

.
General Characteristics.
The 7.62mm spcl, light machine gun is imitation of PNK, 7.62mm light machine gun of the
former USSR. The gun is an automatic weapon, it can perform both single mode and continuous
mode of fire. The feed mechanism takes the form of 30rds or 75rds drum magazine which
compared with ammunition belt is easier to operate. The gun is section support.

Technical Data

Cal 7.62mm
Cart. 7.62mm x 39
Muzzle velocity 732m/s
Locking mode Bolt rotating
Feed mode 30rds box and 75rds drum magazine
Weight with an empty drum magazine 5.2kg.
With an empty box mag. 4.6kg.

99
 Empty drum mag. 0.95kgs.
Empty box mag. 0.33kgs
Barrel length 590mm
Effective range 600m
Rear sight range 1000m
Maximum range 2500m
Cyclic rate of fire 600rds/min.
Magazine capacity 20/30/75
Effective range 300m – 400mtrs
Theoretic rate of fire 570rds/min
Practical rate of fire;

Single shot mode of fire 40rds/min.

Automatic mode of fire 80 rds/min.
No of grooves 4
Made in China

Safety Lever/Safety Slide Operation.

1. Safe mode:-Pulling the safety lever to the uppermost (top slot) position, the gun is in a
safe state.
2. Single mode:-Pulling the safety lever to a letter ―L‖(middle) position, the gun can
perform single mode of fire.
3. Automatic mode:-Pulling the safety lever to a letter ―D‖(bottom) position, the gun can
perform automatic mode of fire.
Safety Precautions
On the command ―For safety precaution, ready go”
 Bring the gun to the standing loading position; ensure that fore finger is outside
the trigger guard.
 Check the selective fire slide is closed to upper slot for ―safe‖

Physical Parts/External Parts.

 Sliding back sight
 Metal or wooden butts tock
 Driving spring guide
 Gas cylinder with gas vent
 Top cover or receiver cover
 Front sight post.
 Bipod stands.
Ultimax 100 5.56mm lmg:
These are long heavy barreled gas operated weapons which fires only automatic from open bolt
system. They are designed to be fired from lying position and used to support the section fire
fight
It was manufactured in Singapore by Chartered Industries of Singapore, C.I.S.

Characteristics
 It‘s a one man portable machine gun

100
  It‘s a magazine fed weapon
 It has four types of magazines-
 Box magazine –20rds
 Banana magazine -30rds
 Drum magazine -60rds
 Drum magazine- 100rds
 It‘s a gas regulated machine gun
 It operate fully automatic
 Single shot can be achieved through trigger control
 Fires from open bolt
 Bipod has incremental length adjustment
 Has three gas regulators to enable the weapon work in different conditions
 Has detachable barrel
 Fire selector has two position safe and automatic
Technical Data
 Caliber- 5.56mm (5.56 x 45mm cartridge
 Rifling- 6 grooves right hand twist.
 Rate of fire- 400-600 rpm
 Effective range is 800m
 Maximum range 1300m
 Have 6 rifling grooves
 Muzzle velocity- 970 m/sec
 Length without butt is 31.9 inches with butt is 40.3
 Receiver length is 17.5 inches
 Barrel 20 inches
 Weight without bipod nor magazine-4.48 kgs, bipod 0.45 kgs, spare barrel 1.56 kgs

Safety Precautions
 Adopt the lying position
 Close safe.
 Remove magazine.
 Open safe.
 Cock and hold working parts at the rear.
 Examine the chamber.
 Squeeze trigger as you support working parts forward under control.
 Close safe.
 Replace magazine.

Physical Parts
Muzzle, barrel, gas regulator, stud, fore sight tip, carrying handle, bipod, bipod adjusting stud,
front sling holder, bipod/barrel release catch, ejector slot cover, front sling swivel, corking
handle. Back sight flip site selector, gas piston.

Internal parts: - Back plate cover, bolt head cam pin, firing pin, rod/main spring, bolt head
carrier.

101
Types of Ammunition Used
 5.56 X 45 mm drill round
 5.56 X 45 mm ball round
 5.56 X 45 mm tracer round
 5.56 X 45 mm blanks round
Firing Positions
 Prone
 Standing
 Kneeling
 Sitting
Mechanism.
a. The mechanism begins when the weapon is loaded with a filled magazine. When the
weapon is cocked the sear holds the breech block at the rear. When the trigger is
pressed the sear releases the breech block forward taking the top most round from the
magazine en route to the chamber. The ammunition is therefore fired as the working
parts are still travelling forward. The round goes off with some gas which drives the
bullet up to the barrel.
b. When the bullet has passed the gas vent, some of the gas goes through the vents, then
cut in to the gas plug and on to the gas cylinder and drives the piston to the rear thus
compressing the piston spring, some gas escapes though the hole in the gas regulator,
the amount being determined by the setting of the gas regulator. If the gas plug is set
with the narrow recess downwards gas is prevented from entering the cylinder.
c. The rear end of the piston hits the front of the slide and drives it and the breech block
back, the breech block and slide go back together, as they go, the extractor pulls the
empty case with it until the case hits the ejector to the right.
d. The rod on the slide goes through a hole in the butt and compresses the return spring.
The compressed piston reasserts itself and forces the piston forward again with equal
force.
Note: Action of mechanism involves open bolt firing system and gas operation.

Questions/activity for lesson assessment/evaluation

1. State at least three examples of LMGs
2. Explain the roles of first and second gunners
3. Name explain the following terms as used in LMG:
i. Loading
ii. Unloading
iii. Make safe
Explain three major and two minor causes of stoppages

102
 LESSON 8
UNIT CODE:102.2.1 SKILL AT ARMS I

LESSON TITLE: 102.1.08 GENERAL PURPOSE MACHINE GUNS (GPMGs)

DURATION 2 HOURS

EXPECTED CLASS SIZE: MAXIMUM 40

COMPETENCE: The trainee should operate a General Purpose Machine Gun (GPMG)

LESSON OBJECTIVES:
Objectives: Domains
By the end of this lesson, the trainees
should be able to K U S A B
1. Describe the General Purpose 
Machine Guns
2. Demonstrate the stripping, naming  
cleaning and assembling of General
Purpose Machine Guns
3. Demonstrate how to make an  
Ammunition Belt
4. Describe the procedure of loading,  
unloading , sight setting and make
safe
5. Describe the procedure of holding,  
Aiming and firing of General
Purpose Machine Guns
6. Explain the mechanism, possible  
stoppages and Immediate Action of
General Purpose Machine Guns

KEY: K- Knowledge; U-Understanding; S- Skills; A- Attitudes; B - Behaviour

Health & Safety Have you considered the health and safety of trainees and
Considerations instructor during this lesson?
a) Carry out normal safety precautions(NSPs) to ensure the safety of the trainer, trainee
and any other visitor who may come to visit the class
b) A health break scheduled after one hour
c) Medical personnel to be on standby for safety
d) Any other consideration, e.g., environmental hazards

103
LESSON PLAN

Timing Content Trainer Trainee Resources Assessment Objective

Activity Activity and
Quantity
0-5 Introduction Explaining Answering Flip charts Q and A Climate
Displaying Observing GPMGs setting
Questioning Ammunition
Mats
5-15 General Explaining Listening White board -Q/A 1
Description Questioning Answering and mark
and Safety Brainstorming pens
of General GPMGs
Purpose Ammunition
Machine
Guns
15-25 Stripping, Explaining Listening White board -Q/A 2
Naming, Demonstrating Observing and mark
Cleaning Questioning Answering pens
and Taking notes GPMGs
Assembling Practising Ammunition
of General
Purpose
Machine
Guns
25-35 Making of Explaining Listening Ammunition
Ammunition Questioning Answering Ammunition
Belt Demonstrating Observing links
Taking notes
Practising
35-50 Loading, Explaining Listening White board -Q/A
Unloading, Questioning Answering and mark
Make Safe Demonstrating Observing pens
and Sight Practising GPMGs
Setting for Ammunition
GPMGs Links

50-60 Holding Explaining Listening White board -Q/A

Aiming and Questioning Answering and mark
Firing of Demonstrating Observing pens
GPMGs Practising GPMGs
Ammunition
Targets
Mats
Links
60-65 HEALTH BREAK

104
65-75 Mechanism, Explaining Listening Flip chart Q and A
possible Questioning Answering GPMGs
Stoppages Demonstration Observing Ammunitions
and Taking notes Mats
Immediate Links
Action of a
GPMG
75-85 Magazine, Explaining Listening White board -Q/A 3
Filling, Questioning Observing and mark
Loading, Demonstrating Answering pens
Unloading, Taking notes GPMGs
Make Safe Practising Ammunition
and Sight
Setting

85-95 Holding , Explaining Listening White board -Q/A

Aiming and Questioning Observing and mark
firing of Demonstrating Answering pens
GPMGs Taking notes GPMGs
Practising Ammunition
Targets
Mats
95-105 Firing drills, Explaining Listening White board -Q/A
firing from Questioning Observing and mark
lying Demonstrating Answering pens
position and Taking notes GPMGs
firing from Practising Ammunition
other Targets
position Mats
105-115 Mechanism, Explaining Listening Flip chart Q and A
possible Questioning Observing GPMGs
Stoppages Demonstration Answering Ammunitions
and Taking notes Mats
Immediate Practising
Action of
GPMGs
115-120 Conclusion Explaining Questioning Flip chart Q and A Summariz
Questioning Answering GPMGs e the key
Displaying Ammunitions points of
Mats the lesson

105
 TRAINING ACTIVITIES
Stages The role of the trainer to facilitate learning by carrying out the stated
objectives
1. Introduction  Review previous lesson
 Outline the title and objectives of the present lesson
 Display to trainees various types of GPMGs
2. Description and  Ask the trainees to name external parts of the GPMG they are observing
safety of GPMGs  Describe to the trainees the general characteristics of GPMGs
 State the general safety rules
 Trainees to take notes
3. Stripping, naming,  Ask the trainees to name some of the external parts of GPMGs
cleaning and  Name the external parts of GPMGs
assembling of  Highlight the importance of stripping and cleaning of GPMGs to the trainees
GPMGs  Demonstrate the stripping , cleaning and assembling of GPMGs
 Name the internal parts of GPMGs
 Trainees to take notes
4. Making of  Explain the procedure of joining and delinking of ammunition links
Ammunition Belt  State when used links can be re-used
 Trainees demonstrate the procedure of joining and delinking of ammunition
links
5. Magazine filling,  State the nature and care of ammunitions used in GPMGs
loading, unloading,  Explain the procedure of filling and emptying the magazine
make safe and sight  Demonstrate magazine filling and emptying of the magazine
setting  Explain trainees how to load, unload , ready , make safe of GPMGs
 Demonstrate to the trainees how to load, unload , ready , make safe of GPMGs
 Guide the trainees as they load, unload, make safe, ready for pistols
6. Holding, Aiming  Explain to the trainees the four Marksmanship Principles
and Firing of  State that the fundamentals that guide or aid the four marksmanship principles
GPMGs  Demonstrate how to hold and aim using GPMGs in prone position
 Guide the learners as the practice holding and aiming of GPMGs in prone
position
7. Firing drills, firing  Explain how to adopt prone position
from lying position  Describe to trainees different firing positions using a GPMG
and firing from  Demonstrate different firing positions
other position  Guide the trainees as they practice firing from different position
8. Mechanism,  Describe the mechanism of GPMGs
possible stoppages  Explain causes of possible stoppages and Immediate Action of GPMGs
and immediate  Demonstrate how to carry out Immediate action
action of GPMGs  Guide trainees as they practice carrying out Immediate Action in Sub-machine
guns

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9. Conclusion  Ask the trainees to highlight key points on pistols and revolvers
 Give a summary of keys points on each learning objective
 Pause for questions from trainees if any
 Guide the carrying out of NSPs
 Help trainees with the storage of training resources

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KEY NOTES

INTRODUCTION TO HEAVY MACHINE GUNS/GENERAL PURPOSE MACHINE

GUNS (GPMG):

These are guns with heavy barrels, capable of sustaining high volumes of fire and are belt fed,
have detachable and spare barrels, have bipod stands, and tripod stands, and are also called
section support weapons.
 They can be mounted on vehicles or aircrafts
 They can be fired by one or two men depending on situation
 They are important for ground attack, airborne attack and mass targets
 destruction
Types to be dealt with:
1 HK 21 7.62MM
2 CQ 7.62MM
3 MG3 7.62MM
4 FN MAG 58 7.62MM
5 M60 7.62MM

HK 21 GPMG- 7.62 x 51MM

Introduction,
HK 21 is a Germany made all purpose machine gun developed in 1961 by small arms
manufacturer Heckler and Koch Company. The manufacturer developed the firearms based on
the G3 rifle. It is categorized under the general purpose machine gun. The gun can be employed
against mass target, air borne or to individual target.
It is a recoil operated weapon designed to fire both semi automatic and automatic shots from
locked bolt system, employed on mass and aerial targets.

Characteristics
 It‘s a two man gun
 Feed system- metal link belt
 Firing system- locked bolt position and can be used for single shots as well as for
burst of fire.
 Type of fire- semi automatic and automatic
 Rear sight graduated from 100m to 1200m in 100 increments
 The machine gun is recoil operated and has affixed barrel and delayed blowback
action.
 The machine gun can be used with a bipod or tripod-type fired mount.

Technical Data
 Caliber- 7.62mm
 Rifling- 4 grooves right hand twist
 Rate of fire- 900 rpm
 Weight – 9.3kgs with stand and 7.3kgs without stand
 Effective range 1200m

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Physical Parts / External
Flash eliminator, Bipod stand, Barrel locking lever, Feed tray unit and feed tray release catch,
Rear rotary drum, Rear sling swivel, Tubular rivets, Fire selector, Carrying handle, Butt plate,
Butt stock, Small of the butt Trigger/trigger guard, Front Sling swivel, Fore/ fore sight protector

Safety Precautions.
On the command for safety precaution
 Adopt the kneeling position
 Check the safety catch.
 Open feed tray mechanism,
 Cock and hook the weapon
 Examine chamber- if clear
 Release working parts to go forward
 Open safe to ‗E‘
 Press the trigger
 Disengage safety catch to ‗s‖ and lower the butt
 Close the Feed tray unit

Stripping
 Put the safety catch to letter ‗S‘.
 Unload and check to make sure that there is no cartridge in the chamber.
 Move the bolt to forward position by releasing the cocking lever.
 Remove sling
 Remove both locking pins from the back plate and insert them into the tubular rivets
holes.
 Remove the butt stock
 Remove pistol grip.
 Pull back the cocking lever forward
 Remove the barrel from the receiver.
 Swivel down the feed tray unit and cartridge guide
 Withdraw the socket pin on the right side of the feed tray unit to remove it
 Detach the bipod stand.
 Then strip the bolt.

Internal Parts
Trigger assembly (sear, ejector, and hammer). Bolt head assembly (firing pin, bolt head locking
rollers, locking piece, bolt head locking lever, cum way cut, double recoil spring /spring guide).
Feed tray unit (cartridge guide, sprocket wheel, control bolt, cartridge catch lever).

Assembling
Is the reverse order of stripping and then test the weapon.
Belt Making,
It to teach care and cleaning of ammunition, how to make ammunition belt, set sight, load, make
ready, unload and make safe as member of gun team or as ann individual.

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It‘s always essential that an officer is capable of maintaining his gun in a state of readiness under
any battle conditions and be able to use it instinctively against the enemy and safely amongst his
comrade.
Ammunitions
The ammunitions used is 7.62mm by 51mm belt link
Belt is metallic disintegrating that can be easily broken down or joined up to give a belt of any
length.
Belt may be issued as follows:-
 4:1 (four ball to one tracer)
 1:1( one ball to one tracer)
 Belt of successive balls ( with no tracers)

To Make Up an Ammunition Belt

Take two links, the same way up and place them so that the projection of one fits into the gaps of
the other link, then interlock them by inserting projectile (nose)
of a round through both links and press the round forward until the projecting detent of the clip
clicks into the place in the groove at the base of the round. Connect further links and rounds in
the same way

To Break Down Ammunition Belt

Remove any round from the belt as required by pushing the projectile (nose) of the round firmly
against a solid surface thus releasing the round from the detent so that it can be withdrawn. Do
the same way with any adjoining round and so on.

Joining Up a Belt
a) Fit the projection of end link of one belt into the gap of the end of the other, making sure
that the links are the same way up. If there is round in position, press the projection so
that it snaps into place over of the cartridge case, if round is in position.

To Separate Ammunition Belt

Hold the rounds on each side of the point at which is desired to separate the belt and twist them
in opposite direction. Then the links at the point will become disengaged.
NB: live ammunition belt are already made up when issues and are not to be made from old links
and loose ammunitions except in battle and only then in an emergency.

When May Links Be Re-Used

Only in two occasion
a) During training with drill rounds
b) During operations in active areas
Sight Setting
 Adjusting the weapon sight according to the required range.
 Numbers are marked on the left side of the drum
 When not in use set the sight at 200mm

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 Loading
On the command ‗LOAD‘
 Lie down straight behind the gun heels uppermost.
 Hold the small of the butt with your left hand in an over handgrip and the pistol grip by
your right hand with the fore finger outside the trigger guard and this is known as loading
position.
 Tilt the gun to the right and lower the feed tray unit by pressing the feed tray catch lever
and place the belt with links down wards with first round against the cartridge guide until
it engages the feed tray
 Raise the complete feed tray unit it engages the catch lever the return your hands to the
correct loading position and the gun in the upright position.
Unloading
On the command ‗UNLOAD‘ turn the safety catch to safe, lower the feed tray and remove the
belt.
 Clear the feed tray of any rounds or links
 Cock the gun and engage in the recess, check that the chamber is clear and release the
cocking handle
 Raise the gun into the shoulder, safety to letter ‗E‘ align to the target and press the
trigger.
 Position the safety catch to letter ‗S‘, raise the feed tray, put sight back the sight back to
200 m and stand up.
Unload- Clear the Gun
On the command ‗UNLOAD- CLEAR THE GUN‘ the individual is to unload as taught, lower
the feed tray, stand up and in a clear voice shout ‗gun clear‘.

Action on Range Being Ordered and Make Safe

When range is ordered, adopt loading position as previously taught.
On the command make safe the gun is to:
 Unload as taught (not forgetting sight 200m)
 Reload with a new belt.
 Return to the correct loading position
Loading and Unloading –Two Man Gun Team
a) The gun can be loaded and fired by a gunner alone but there may be situation when he is
assisted second gunner or a rifle man.
b) The second gunner or the rifle man is to lie on the left side of the gun close to the gunner.
c) During action the gunner lower the feed tray and the second gunner or the rifle man will
position the belt on the feed tray and close the feed tray.

Mechanism
When cocked, ammunition is carried by the working parts from the belt link and lodged in the
chamber.
Hammer is slides back and held by the sear.
As the safety catch is opened the sear releases the hammer and when the trigger is squeezed the
hammer hits the rear parts of the firing pin which also hits the cartridge at the rear (primer) of the
ammo while in the chamber.

111
The ammunition here explodes into fire (charge powder) forcing the bullet head to look for way
out of the case, which then goes through the barrel.
The remaining gas returns the working parts for the same motion.
As the working parts, the extractor carries back the empty cartridge, which is then ejected out,
through the ejector slot.
The motion continues on and on until when ammo's are over or when you stop squeezing the
trigger.

CQ -GENERAL MACHINE GUN

Introduction
CQ 7.62mm general machine gun is a gas actuated automatic weapon with locking-dog lock,
cartridge-belt feed and full automatic fire, and fast speed of replacing a barrel.
A bipod or a tripod is equipped on it so that this weapon can be used for light or heavy machine
gun
Characteristics
 CQ 7.62 mm machine gun has adjustable cyclic fire rate.
 Action- gas operated weapon
 Feed system- belt fed
 Firing system- open breech firing
 Rifling -4 grooves right hand twist
 Caliber- 7.62mm
 Type of fire – automatic fire only.

Technical Data
 Cyclic rate of fire-600 to 1000 r/m
 Lock mode – locking –dog lock
 Muzzle velocity - 840m/s
 Cartridge used- 7.62 x 51mm NATO
 Effective range – 1200 m
 Service life - 20,000 rounds
Safety Precaution
 Open the feed tray mechanism cover.
 Cock and ensure the working parts are held at the rear.
 Put safe at letter S
 Examine the chamber and feed tray properly.
 Put safe at letter F.
 Squeeze the trigger as you support working parts forward under control.
 Close feed tray mechanism cover and close safe to letter S.

Physical Parts
Butt stock, butt stock release catch, feed tray, feed tray release catch, pistol grip, trigger/trigger
guard, carrying handle, bipod
a) The whole of the machine gun
The whole of the machine gun consists of
i) Light machine gun.

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 ii) Tripod
iii) Cartridge box and Accessories
2. The light machine gun.
The light machine gun consists of:-
 Barrel
 Receiver
 Feed mechanism unit
 Breechblock
 Trigger mechanism
 Butt stock
 Bipod mount and accessories

Disassembly and Assembly of the Gun

 Pull out front and rear pivots of the gun mount.

 Hold and lift carrying handle for barrel, and then take the gun body out of the mount.

 Take off the barrel, by pressing down the barrel blocking tenon, then turn the carrying
handle for barrel upright, release coupler of barrel and coupling sleeve of receiver, Hold
and push forward the carrying handle for barrel, take off the barrel.

 To remove the butt stock, first hold the trigger mechanism by one hand, at the same
time hold the butt stock and turn on its hanging hook of the butt stock upward by another
hand and fore finger, while lift the butt stock upward to remove butt stock.

 Remove the trigger mechanism, push out the trigger mechanism pin towards the left
side, then pull the trigger mechanism pin to the position and then hold the trigger
mechanism and turn it over downward, pull out the trigger mechanism towards the back,

 Remove the returning spring and Automatic mechanism, hold the receiver by one
hand, with the thumb of another hand press the returning spring base inside about 5mm
and then lift it upward, loosen grip to remove the return spring. And then pull the loading
handle backward to retreat the automatic mechanism towards the rear end of the receiver,
take off the bolt carrier backward.

 Remove the feed mechanism unit, first close the cover of the feed mechanism unit, pull
the cover pivot to left side limit position, then press the two cover tenon to inside and
make the two cover tenon to disengage two fixed positional grooves of the receiver, and
then lift the cover to cover to off the feed mechanism unit.

 Carry out the assembly of the gun according to the opposite sequence from disassembly.

Assembly Groups
1. Barrel 2. Butts stock. 3. Receiver 4. Trigger mechanism 5. Bipod. 6. Feed base 7. Feed
mechanism unit 8. Automatic mechanism 9, return spring assembly

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MG3 (MACHINENGEWEHR 3A1) 7.62MM GPMG

This is a recoil operated roller-locked weapon which fires from open bolt system. It was
designed in West Germany in 1960 by Rheinmettal who later produced it in 1968

Characteristics
 Action- recoil operated roller-locked action.
 Feed system- belt fed
 Firing system- open bolt
 Rifling- 4 grooves right hand twist
 Caliber- 7.62x51mm NATO
Technical Data
 Weight- 11.5kgs
 Length- 1225mm
 Barrel length- 565mm
 Muzzle velocity- 820m/sec
 Effective range- 200m-1200

FN MAG 58 7.62MM GPMG

It is a Belgium GPMG which is gas operated and fires from open bolt system. It was designed in
1950 at Fabrique Nation ale produced in 1958. MAG.

Characteristics
 Action- gas operated
 Feed system- belt fed
 Firing system- open bolt
 Rifling- 6 grooves RHT
 Caliber - 7.62x51mm NATO

Technical Data
 Weight- 11.79kgs
 Length 1263 mm
 Barrel length 630mm
 Rate of fire -650-1000rpm
 Muzzle velocity- 840m/s
 Effective range is 200m-1800m
Refer the CQ 7.62mm notes

M60 7.62 X 51MM GPMG.

This is a gas operated, air cooled, belt fed weapon designed to fire only full automatic from open
bolt system/position. It is a USA product.
Characteristics
 M60 machine gun is a section gum
 Action-air cooled gas operated weapon
 Feed system- belt fed

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  Firing system- open bolt
 Rifling -6 grooves right hand twist
 Caliber- 7.62mm
 Type of fire – automatic fire only.
 Has a changeable barrel with a fixed head space
Technical Data
 Cyclic rate of fire-500-600rpm
 Cartridge used- 7.62 x 51mm NATO
 Back sight graduation from 300m 400m
 Weight of the weapon 10.5kgs
 Effective range on bipod 1000m on tripod 1800m
 Muzzle velocity 855m/sec
Physical Parts
 Flash eliminator
 Fore sight
 Plastic hand guard
 Reamer/cooling holes
 Carrying handle
 Safety catch
 Butt trap attachment for belt carrier
 Rubber bonded part
Normal Safety Precaution
 Open the feed tray mechanism cover.
 Cock and ensure the working parts are held at the rear.
 Put safe at letter S
 Examine the chamber and feed tray properly.
 Put safe at letter F.
 Squeeze the trigger as you support working parts forward under control.
 Close feed tray mechanism cover and close safe to letter S.

Stripping
 Conduct the NSP
 Unlatch and raise the tray.
 Remove the butt stock, by lifting shoulder rest and insert cartridge in exposed latch
hole.
 Lift the lock plate vertically for removal, holding the buffer to prevent drive spring
from ejecting it.
 Withdraw the buffer.
 Pull the operating rod drive and bolt assembling rearward with the cocking lever
 As the bolt rotate cum is exposed, insert the lock plate in front of the cum opening to
hold the firing pin back.
 The operating rod then withdrawn from the bolt.
 Remove trigger housing assembly by pressing spring lock flat against the trigger
housing at extreme front pin to unlock it from the pin, and then rotate the spring lock
down.
 Remove trigger housing by sliding it from the receiver.

115
  Feed cover removal is not necessary for field training but can be done if desired.
- Use the bullet to loosen the cover pin spring and withdraw the cover pin
spring.
- Cover and plate are free for removal
 Remove barrel by raising lock cover to its vertical position and pull the barrel out in a
forward direction.
 Hand guard removal is not necessary for field training but can be done as follows
- Insert a bullet nose in the hole provided at the bottom rear of the hand
guard.
- Push cartridge to disengage spring lock
- Slide the hand guard off to the front.
Assembling
The weapon can be reassembled by reversing the order of the above steps.
Assembly Groups
1. Butt stock group- hinged shoulder rest, butt stock, butt plate.
2. Receiver group- top cover carrying handle, sights, cocking handle.
3. Buffer group- locking plate, buffer, and plunger.
4. Trigger mechanism group- trigger, pistol grip, trigger guard.
5. Barrel group- gas cylinder, bipod
6. Operation group- operating rod, bolt, spring and guide
Questions/activity for lesson assessment /evaluation
1. State at least six general safety rules of General Purpose Machine Guns
2. Explain the procedure of carrying out normal safety precautions of
General Purpose Machine Guns
3. Explain the mechanism of HK 21 General Purpose Machine Guns

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 LESSON 9
UNIT CODE:102.2.1 SKILL AT ARMS I

LESSON TITLE: 102.1.09 INTRODUCTION GRENADES AND PYROTECHNIQUES

DURATION 2 HOURS

EXPECTED CLASS SIZE: MAXIMUM 40

COMPETENCE: The trainee should use grenades and pyrotechniques

LESSON OBJECTIVES:
Objectives: Learning Domains
By the end of this lesson trainees should
be able to K U S A B
1. Describe grenades and their safety 
2. State the types and categories and  
uses of Grenades
3. Outline the procedure of priming and  
unpriming grenades
4. Outline the procedure of preparing  
Grenades before throwing
5. Explain the mechanism of grenades  
6. State the methods and bays for  
throwing grenades
7. Describe Pyrotechniques  

KEY: K- Knowledge; U-Understanding; S- Skills; A- Attitudes; B - Behaviour

Health & Safety Have you considered the health and safety of trainees and
Considerations instructor during this lesson?
a) Carry out normal safety precautions(NSPs) to ensure the safety of the trainer, trainee and any
other visitor who may come to visit the class
b) A health break scheduled after one hour
c) Medical personnel to be on standby for safety
d) Any other consideration, e.g., environmental hazards

117
 LESSON PLAN

Timing Content Trainer Trainer Resources and Assessment Objective

Activity Activity Quantity
0-5 Introduction Explaining Listening Flip charts Q and A Climate
Displaying Observing grenades setting
Questioning Answering
5-15 Description of Explaining Listening -White board -Q/A 1
grenades and Displaying Observing and mark pens
their Safety Questioning Discussing Grenades
Answering
15-30 Types , Explaining Listening White board -Q/A 2
categories and Displaying Observing and mark pens
uses of Questioning Discussing Grenades
Grenades Answering

30-45 Procedure of Explaining Listening White board -Q/A 3

and Un- Questioning Taking and mark pens
priming of notes Grenades
Grenades Answering
Practising
45-60 Preparation of Explaining Listening White board -Q/A
Grenades Displaying Observing and mark pens
Demonstrating Taking Grenades
Questioning notes Targets
Answering Mats
Practising
60-70 HEALTH BREAK
70-85 Mechanism of Explaining Listening Flip chart Q and A
Grenades Questioning Taking Grenades A
notes Mats
Answering
85-100 Methods and Explaining Listening Flip chart Q and A
Bays for Displaying Observing Grenades
Throwing Demonstrating Taking Mats
Grenades Questioning notes
Answering
Practising
100- Description of Explaining Listening Flip chart Q and A
115 Pyrotechniques Displaying Observing Pyrotechniques
Questioning Answering Mats
Targets
115- Conclusion Explaining Answering Flip chart Q and A Summarize
120 Questioning Taking Grenades the key
Displaying notes Pyrotechniques points of
Observing Mats the lesson

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 TRAINING ACTIVITIES

Stages The role of the trainer to facilitate learning by carrying out the stated
objectives
1. Introduction  Determine trainees entry behaviour
 Outline the title and objectives of the present lesson
 Display to trainees assorted grenades and pyrotechniques
2. Description of  Describe to the trainees the general characteristics of grenades
grenades and  Explain the different parts of grenades
their safety  State the general safety rules for handling grenades
 Trainees to take notes
3. Types ,  Explain to the trainees the types and categories of grenades.
Categories and  Outline to the trainees the various uses of grenades
Uses of Grenades  trainees to take notes
4. Procedure of  Explain to the trainees the factors to consider before priming a grenade
Priming and Un-  Explain to the trainees the procedure of Priming and Un-priming
priming of grenades
grenades  Demonstrate to the trainees how to prime and un prime grenades
 Guide the learners as they practice priming and un-priming of grenades
5. Mechanism of  Explain to the trainees the mechanism of grenades
grenades  Trainees to take notes
 Trainees discuss the mechanisms of grenades
6. Methods and  Describe the different parts of Grenade range(Bays)
Bays for  Explain to the trainees the methods of throwing grenades
Throwing  Demonstrate to the trainees how the grenades are thrown
Grenades  Guide the trainees as they imitate the throwing of grenades
 Trainees to take notes
7. Description of  Define pyrotechniques
Pyrotechniques  State at least three examples of pyrotechniques
 Trainees to take notes
8. Conclusion  Ask the trainees to highlight key points on grenades and pyrotechniques
 Give a summary of keys points on each learning objective
 Pause for questions from trainees if any
 Guide the carrying out of NSPs
 Help trainees with the storage of training resources

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KEY NOTES

INTRODUCTION TO GRENADES

INTRODUCTION
Small explosive or chemical munitions thrown by hand or discharged by a hand held projector,
designed to detonate after impact or after a set amount of time.

NSPS of Grenade.

 Check for any cracks.

 Check safety pin whether tightened.
 Ensure you open the mechanism and check the igniter set [for factory unprimed grenades
only]
 Never open the mechanism of factory primed grenades.

Parts of Grenade.
There are three main parts as follows:
Mechanism – Consists of Safety ring, striker, spring, retaining pin, hammer and flying
lever/handle.
Igniters set – Consists of detonator, screw, tube metal [fuse] and percussion cup.
Body – consists of plastic explosive, steel pellets and a hole in the centre for detonator, four
raised gripping rings.

Delay Period
Takes 2-21/2 seconds to explode, some takes up to 4 seconds
Lethal Distance/Radius
The maximum distance from the point of burst at which a man sized target can expect to receive
enough fragments of sufficient power to incapacitate it. The speed of fragments immediately
after the bust-1500m/sec
Danger Zone
1. 20 m on soft ground
2. 250 m on hard ground

Categories of Grenades
Offensive
They are hand grenades producing very small fragments of limited radius which can be thrown
further distance than lethal radius, permitting to be thrown by advancing officers without fear of
suffering from their missile.
This effective is achieved by having grenade with high explosive content but very thin walls
which do not have sufficient volume of metal to produce heavy fragments with large kinetic
energy.
Produce considerable blast effect which will daze and demoralize the defender before he could
recover the attacker would follow up his temporary advantage and press home his assault.

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Defensive
Hard grenade producing heavy lethal fragment to over a radius greater than distance it can
generally be thrown. The thrower must take cover and shout ―GRENADE‖ to inform his
colleagues to take cover

Types of Grenades
1. Bursting
2. Emission
1. Bursting Grenades

General characteristics

 Danger area is 20-250 meters from point of burst depending on the hardness/softness
of the ground.
 Body contains plastic explosive [P.E] of 2 oz.
 Steel pellets of eighth an inch are contained in the body and held in position by the
P.E.
 Detonation duration is two to four and half seconds
Examples of Bursting Grenades.
 PL.61
 Arges 85 – factory primed
 Anti-Personnel [FRG].
 Anti-Tank piercing [ARP].
 E 105 mark 3
 Stun grenade
 Sound flash

Uses of Bursting Grenades

 They are particularly effective for close quarter battle.
 They cause multiple casualties
 Used to shock the enemies
 Used for bush clearing
 For enemies who are holed up in building and tunnels
 Used to perform tank and personnel mission.

2. Emission Grenades

General characteristics of emission grenades.

 Filled with smoke
 Steel pellets of eighth an inch are contained in the body and held in position by the P.E.
 Have CS gas
Examples of Emission Grenades.
 Anti-Riot LIAI.
 Smoke grenade.
 Incendiary – white Phosphorus.

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Uses of Emission Grenades
 Riot control (civil disturbance)
 Irritating effect
 Casualties evacuation
 Incendiary effect
 For signaling
 Screening ( cover)
Preparation before Priming
Inspect to ensure the following:
1. Mechanism holder is not defective.
2. There are no cracks in the plastic containing striker and spring.
3. Fly of lever/handle is properly secured by the retaining pin.
4. Ensure the retaining pin is slightly splayed to avoid coming out.
5. Do not strip the mechanism holder.
Priming Grenade
a. Unscrew the mechanism holder from the body
b. Holding the igniter set by the metal tube; screw it to the mechanism holder to a finger
tight.
c. Get hold of the mechanism holder and the igniter set then screw them into the body and
the grenade is said to be primed
Un-priming
 unscrew the mechanism holder from the body
 Unscrew the ignition set from the mechanism holder.
 Screw the mechanism holder to the body and return the igniter set to its container Keep
them separate.

MECHANISM OF GRENADES
 Starts after the safety pin is removed and grenade thrown.
 The striking lever throws the flying handle and striking lever end strikes percussion
cup.
 Percussion cup heats the fuse and generate heat.
 The heat ignites detonator at two to two and half seconds interval after throwing.
 Detonator burns plastic explosive [PE] thus the grenade explodes.

PREPARATION BEFORE THROWING HAND GRENADES[READY POSITION]

 Grasp the grenade with the throwing hand and hold it at waist level with fuse assembly
uppermost.
 Use the other hand to adjust the grenade so that the lever is positioned firmly on the web
of throwing hand between the forefinger and the thumb.
 To complete the hold, close the fingers of the throwing hand firmly around the grenade.
 Turn the body so that the left shoulder is pointing towards the target.
 Place the thumb of non-throwing hand through the ring of the safety pin.

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  Under no circumstances is the safety pin to be removed and replaced. Once removed the
grenade must be thrown.

METHODS OF THROWING GRENADES

 Grenades may be thrown in many ways but in battle, the method used is not very
important provided the grenade is effective. To be effective the grenade must explode as
close as possible to its target or even in case of a trench or bunker inside it.
 There are 4 main ways of throwing grenades;
1. Over-arm – in high covers.
2. Under-arm [looping] – in low covers.
3. Like a stone – for distant targets.
4. By rifle – to propel a distance away from the user.

NB. Always shout „GRENADE‘ after throwing to warn colleagues to take cover.

Safety consideration before throwing grenades

The following points are to be considered:
 On grenade ranges the thrower must see where the grenade lands before taking
cover.
 Pulling out the pin, releasing out the lever and counting one or two seconds before
throwing is forbidden.
 If a grenade strikes a wall or other hard object it may rebound. This may not only
make the thrower less effective but may also put him/her or friendly troops in
danger.
 Make sure there is no obstruction in between the thrower and landing area

Grenade Range Bays.

The Grenade range has four bays:
2) Holding bay – This bay holds all personnel who are not engaged in the other bays.
3) Priming bay – This bay is manned by a senior N.C.O. All Grenades are kept here. If the
Grenades are not factory primed then they are primed here. At one time the bay is
occupied by the senior N.C.O and one thrower who is waiting to proceed to the next bay.
4) Waiting bay - One thrower occupies this bay only with his/her grenade waiting to move
to the last bay.
5) Throwing bay – This bay is manned by the Range Officer and is occupied by one
thrower at a time.

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INTRODUCTION TO PYROTECHNICS

Pyrotechnics –These are materials capable of undergoing self-contained and self-sustained

exothermic chemical reactions for the production of heat, light, gas, smoke and/or sound.
Pyrotechnics include not only the manufacture of fireworks but items such as safety matches,
oxygen candles, explosive bolts and fasteners,
Examples – thunder flash, trip flare,

Questions/Activity for Lesson Assessment/Evaluation

1. Define grenades
2. Explain the three parts of Grenades
3. State methods of throwing grenades
4. Outline bays of grenade range

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 Lesson - 10
UNIT CODE:102.2.1 SKILL AT ARMS I

LESSON TITLE: 102.1.10 INTRODUCTION MORTARS, BOMBS AND IEDS

DURATION: 2 HOURS
EXPECTED CLASS SIZE: 40

COMPETENCE: The trainee should

a) Recognize different types of mortars, bombs and IEDs
b) Operate mortars
LESSON OBJECTIVES:

Objectives:
By the end of this lesson trainee should Learning domains
be able to K U S A B
1. Describe mortars, mortar bombs and 
their safety
2. Outline the procedure of stripping,  
naming ,cleaning and assembling
and of mortar
3. List the types of mortar bombs  
4. Outline the of procedure of laying,  
loadings, firing, unloading and safety
rules
5. Describe the procedure of dealing  
with blind and misfire bombs
6. Describe IEDs  

KEY: K- Knowledge; U-Understanding; S- Skills; A- Attitudes; B - Behaviour

Health & Safety Have you considered the health and safety of trainees and
Considerations instructor during this lesson?
a) Carry out normal safety precautions(NSPs) to ensure the safety of the trainer, trainee and any
other visitor who may come to visit the class
b) A health break scheduled after one hour
c) Medical personnel to be on standby for safety
d) Any other consideration, e.g., environmental hazards

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 LESSON PLAN

Timing Content Trainer Trainer Resources Assessmen Objective

Activity Activity and t
Quantity
0-5 Introduction Explaining Listening Flip charts Q and A Climate
Displaying Observing Mortar setting
Questioning Answering 60mm
Bombs
5-25 Description Explaining Listening White board -Q/A 1
mortar, Displaying Observing and mark
mortar bombs Questioning Discussing pens
and their Answering Mortar
safety 60mm
bombs

25-60- Stripping, Explaining Listening White board -Q/A 2

naming, Displaying Observing and mark
Cleaning and Questioning Answering pens
Assembling of Demonstrating Practising Mortars
Mortar 60mm
bombs
Ammunition
Cleaning Kit
60-70 HEALTH BREAK
70-85 Laying, Explaining Listening White board -Q/A 3
Loading, Questioning Taking notes and mark
Firing Demonstrating Answering pens
,Unloading Practising Mortar
and Safety 60mm
Rules bombs Mats
85-110 IEDS Explaining Listening White board -Q/A
Displaying Observing and mark
Demonstrating Taking notes pens
Questioning Answering Mats

110-120 Conclusion Explaining Answering Flip chart Q and A Summariz

Questioning Taking notes Mortar e the key
Displaying Observing 60mm points of
bombs Mats the lesson

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 TRAINING ACTIVITIES

Stages The role of the trainer to facilitate learning by carrying out the stated
objectives
1. Introduction  Determine trainees entry behaviour
 Outline the title and objectives of the present lesson
 Highlight to the learners brief safety rules to be observed when
handling bombs during class presentation
 Display to trainees various bombs, explosives and mortars
2. Description of  Highlight the general characteristic of mortars
Mortars and  Describe the types of ammunitions used in mortars
Bombs and their  Highlight to the trainees the safety precautions in handling mortars
Safety  Explain to the trainees the charges used on 60MM H.E bombs
 Ask the learners to identify different types of bombs
 Trainees to take notes
3. Stripping,  Explain to the trainees the procedure of stripping, cleaning and
naming, cleaning assembling a mortar
and assembling  Explain to the trainee the internal parts of a mortar
of Mortars  Demonstrate to the learners stripping, cleaning and assembling of a
mortar
 Guide the learners as they practice stripping, cleaning and assembling a
mortar
 Trainees to take notes
4. Laying, loading,  Explaining to the trainees how to choose a suitable place for laying a
Firing, Unloading mortar
and safety Rules  Explain to the trainees the role played by No.1 and No.2 mortar men
during mortar firing exercise
 Explain how bombs are loaded into the mortar
 Outline the causes of misfire
 Elaborate the actions taken in case of misfires
 Demonstrate to the trainees how loading of a mortar is done
 Guide the trainees as they imitate the loading of mortars
 Trainees take notes
5. Dealing with  Explain to the trainees the procedure to be followed when handling
Blinds/Misfires blinds and misfires
 Demonstrate how blinds and misfires and handled
 Guide the trainees as they imitate handling of blinds and misfires
 Trainees to take notes
6. IEDS  Describe IEDS to the trainees
 Explain the categories of IEDS
 State the components of IEDs
 Trainees to take notes

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7. Conclusion  Ask the trainees to highlight key points
 Give a summary of keys points on each learning objective
 Pause for questions from trainees if any
 Guide the carrying out of NSPs
 Help trainees with the storage of training resources

KEY NOTES

MORTARS:
A mortar is an indirect fire weapon that fires high explosive projectiles known as bombs at high
trajectory. It is a long-range platoon or company weapon used for special operations, normally
operated by two men (No. 1 and 2 mortar men).

Types of Mortars
1. 60 mm base plate mortar - manufactured in Israel
2. 60 mm commando mortar - manufactured in Israel
3. 60mm Morterriette mortar – Israel
4. 60mm Tampella mortar (hot kiss)

General Characteristics
 The 60mm Base Plate Mortar is simple to operate small in size and light in weight.
 It is a high trajectory weapon for the infantry.
 It enables troops to engage the enemy between 70m to 2555m because of its high
trajectory and high steep angle of decent
 Engages target behind high covers such as those at the rear of slopes or position with
head cover and in open trenches. Also helps own troops by providing over head
support because of the greater distance between firing position and exploitation area.

Description of 60mm Base Plate Mortar
The mortar consists of three main parts:
1. The barrel
2. The base plate
3. Bipod.

Barrel
a. The barrel piece is made of alloy steel with the bore given a particularly smooth finish
screwed to the bottom of the mortar tube with the breech piece rounded off at its lower
end into a ball which fits into the socket of the base plate.
b. On the tube there is a wide longitudinal line which is used to zero deflection adjustment
of the sight and for eye estimation of the firing direction.
c. The striker pin is contained in the breech; it is fixed not re-tractable type and has no
control mechanism.
d. The barrel has the cup, sighting line/ longitudinal line, protective sleeve, barrel cover and
clearing rod.

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 e. The impact of the bomb on the fixed striker is enough to set off the cap of the primary
cartridge.
f. A canvas sleeve is to help to resist heat on the barrel and is attached to the sling.
g. The life of the barrel is approximately 3,000 bombs.

Base plate
a. The base plate is of welded construction with a flat dished top plate and three webbed
ribs which enables the base plate to take the recoil force without striping
b. Center of the base plate is a socket to take place at the bottom of the breech piece.
c. The socket has a clamping ring with a securing that can be used to clamp the barrel
rigidly to the base plate.

Bipod assembly –
a. Elevation lever, lateral adjustment lever, sighting screw lever, bipod stands, barrel
crimping collar.

60 mm Commando Mortar.
It is manufactured by Israel military industries, it consists of barrel, bipod stand, barrel top cover,
sighting line/ longitudinal line, protective sleeve, fixed firing pin, sling which have graduations
of charges as per range

Safety Precautions
 Open the muzzle cover.
 Remove the clearing rod.
 Never should you look into the barrel.
 Bend the barrel so gently to confirm of any bomb in the barrel.
 Show clear to your men to confirm its safety.

Ammunitions Used by the Mortar

The 60 mm Mortar uses six types of ammunition;
1. H.E bombs- used in high complete distractions of buildings, vehicles etc
2. H.E Coloured - used as in No. 1 in destruction.
3. Para-illuminating - used to provide light during operations
4. Smoke bombs - used in providing cover by its thick smoke.
5. Practice bursting - used for training and locating of distance and firing systems.
60mm practice inert—used to throw the practice bursting
Use of Smoke Bombs
• Conceal the movement of a section from one point to another.
• Makes an artificial defilade.
• Screen the advance when there is no natural cover
• Distract the attention of the enemy
• Thicken the gap

Limitations of Smoke Bombs

• Weather
• Winds flowing at right angles.

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 • Lots of wind ( large nos. of bombs are required )
• Owing to weight, less nos. of bombs are carried

Uses of Illuminating Bombs

Used at night to enable a section to see the position and catch up with the enemy

Charges
These are explosives used to boost the distance a bomb can travel.
Primary charge means without any charge and the bomb moves a distance of 150 meter's.
Secondary charge mean a bomb have the charges either from 1-4
Charge Charge charges charges Charges
60mm mortar China 0 1 2 3 4
Distance 400 750 1100 1400
60mm mortar Israel 0 1 2 3 4
Distance 750 1600 2080 2555

Uses of Mortars
 It is a suitable weapon to kill enemies grouped together e.g. in harbours.
 To destroy enemy's camp
 To destroy armored vehicles, likewise established buildings hideout for enemies.
 Bombing down aircraft and even vessels at sea

Laying, Loading, Firing, Unloading and Safety Rules

• Choose a suitable positio to lay the base plate preferably a flat and reasonably hard
surface.
• Laying of the mortar is usually done by two men. ( Mortar man No. 1 and Mortar man
No. 2)

Duties of Mortar-M

an No.1.
• Prepare the mortar.
• Dig a hole sufficient for the base plate to rest upto the ground level with the flat surface
off the place.
• If the ground is soft, he is to insert sticks and stones in to the hole before placing the
plate.
• To direct and elevate the mortar.
Duties of Mortar-man No.2
• Prepares the bombs.
• Removes from the carrying case and unwraps the plastic cover,
• Arranges as necessary
• Puts the needed charge
• Removes the safety pins and
• Checks for any cracks or damages.
Loading
• Done by inserting the bomb into the barrel.
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 • Both mortar men must ensure the base plate is totally clear from their chests and knees.
The first mortar man will;
• Mount the mortar ensuring the base is firmly in the ground.
• Take off the muzzle cover ensuring that the barrel is at the needed angle.
• Grip the mortar firmly to the direction of the target.

The second mortar man will;

• Place and keep himself to the right hand side of the no. 1 mortar man.
• Prepare the bomb
• Pull off the firing pin
• Check the cartridge and put the necessary charges.
Firing
• Done by mortar man no. 1 while still holding the mortar at the correct elevation and line
of sight according to the target position
• The safety pin is pulled out using the right hand while the bomb rests on the left hand.
• On command load, the bomb is placed on the muzzle of the mortar and then inserted, the
tail unit first up to the middle of the bomb body.
• On command fire, release the bomb into the barrel and remove the right hand from the
muzzle.

Misfires
A misfire is a bomb that is fired but fails to leave the launcher due to either factors caused by
bomb or the mortar.
Misfires Caused by Mortars
• Damaged or broken firing pin
• Falling of the steel pad
• Dirty mortar
Misfires Caused by Bombs
• The primary cartridge not screwed up.
• The bomb not resting on the steel pad.
• Faulty cartridge
• Mechanical default.

In Case of Misfires;
• NEVER look in to the barrel
• NEVER try to force the bomb down.
• WAIT for at least 15 minutes after the misfire before attempting to remove it.
• ONLY a minimum of two men should remove the bomb from the barrel.
• UNAUTHORISED or UNTRAINED personnel are never to attempt to fix or disturb the
bombs.
• Inspect the barrel for dirt and obstruction, remove if any, clean the barrel and mount it on
the base plate.
• Resume firing and if misfire occurs again, inspect the barrel for worn out firing pin or
other causes.
NOTE: Blinds are bombs that upon firing, exits from the mortar, lands on the ground but fails to
explode due to due to the following:

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  Manufacturing defect ( ie. Failure to insert the M2 fuse),
 Landing on a soft ground,
 The firer failing to remove the safety pins,
In case of smoke, the firer fails to turn the bomb head from ―S‖ to ‖F‖you should call authorized
officer to come and demolish it after a duration of 15-30m minutes

Unloading
This is done by both mortar men in case there is a miss fire especially in the base plate mortar
where the pin is fixed
Misfire Drills
Once the bomb fails to come out of the barrel never look in the barrel, never try to force the
bomb down the barrel, wait for 15 minutes to see if it had a slow ignition, if it fails follow the
drills below:
No. 1 mortar man will
• Remove the clamping collar of the plate of the plate by loosening the knob till the
screw is free from the outer collar.
• Remove the barrel assembly from the base plate; lower the barrel sufficiently to
remove the base plate.
• Rest the ball of the breech piece near the base plate socket. If the barrel is too hot,
handle with both hands using rags as padding.
• If conditions allow, wait till it is sufficiently cool.
No. 2 mortar man will
• Put both hands at the muzzle while no.1 tilts the barrel slowly.
• The bomb is to slide slowly to the hands of mortar man no. 2
• Send for authorized personnel for the detonation or destruction of the bomb.

IMPROVISED EXPLOSIVE DEVICES (IEDS)

An Improvised Explosive Device(IED), as the name suggests is an "homemade" device that is
specifically designed to cause destruction in form of either death or injury by use of explosives
or in together with toxic substances such as chemicals, biological toxins, or radiological
material. IEDs vary in form of functioning methods, containers or delivery methods and may
also vary considerably in form of sizes. IEDs utilize commercial or military explosives, ordnance
components, homemade explosives, or military ordnances.

It is important to note that detecting IEDs is complex as it is only IED builder who understands
it. Mainly a builder will design his IED with the sole aim of defeating a specific target or targets.
Thus the sophistication of the IEDs will depend on the designer capability and objective.

IEDs fall into three types of categories:

 Package Type IED

 Vehicle-Borne IEDs (VBIEDs)
 Suicide Bomb IED

Common Components of IEDs:

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  A switch/trigger;
 An initiator (fuse);
 Main charge (explosive fill);
 A power source for the switch/trigger; and
 A container.

Techniques Used in Boosting the Main Charge

An IED builder in most cases will aim at achieving maximum impact of his/her device on the
target. . The unexploded ordnance (UXO) can be enhanced by several ways to achieve this,
namely:

 Coupling. This is whereby one mine or explosive device to another, usually with
detonating cord. When the first device is detonated, it also detonates the linked explosive.
This technique is often used to defeat countermine equipment, such as mine rollers
 Rolling. The roller will pass over the initial, un fused device and set off the second fused
device. This in turn detonates the over passed device underneath the clearing vehicle.
When the linked devices are directional fragmentation mines, they can create a large,
lethal engagement area.
 Boosting. Buried mines, UXOs, or other explosive devices are stacked on top of one
another. The device buried deepest from the surface is fused. Fusing only the deepest
ordnance helps mask no- and low-metal explosive hazards placed near the surface. This
reduces the probability of detection by metal detectors, and it increases the force of the
blast.
 Sensitizing antitank (AT) mines. On some nonmetallic AT mines, the pressure plate is
cracked and the spring is removed to reduce the pressure required to initiate the mine.
Similarly, the pressure plate can be removed from metallic AT mines to create the same
effect. A pressure fused AP mine can be placed on the top of an AT mine, thus creating a
very large AP mine as an alternative method.
 Daisy chaining. AP mines may be used in daisy chains linked with other explosive
hazards. Enemy forces may link the mines together with trip wire or detonating cord.
When the initial mine is detonated, the other mines may detonate. This may also create
large, lethal engagement areas.

Booby traps and IEDs are similar to mines in that they are designed to kill or incapacitate
personnel. They are also emplaced to avoid detection and improve effectiveness. Most are
victim-activated, but some may involve remote or command detonation architectures.

The use of booby traps is limited only by the imagination of the adversary. Booby traps are
victim-activated devices intended to create casualties and terror and may or may not be found in
areas of tactical significance.

Booby traps:

 Are usually explosive in nature.

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  Are usually activated when an unsuspecting person disturbs an apparently harmless
object performs a presumably safe act; for example, souvenir hunting.
 Are designed to kill or incapacitate.
 Cause unexpected random casualties and damage.
 Create an attitude of uncertainty and suspicion, in effect lowering morale and inducing a
degree of caution that restricts or slows movement.
 Threaten force protection.
 Assume that all mines are booby-trapped.

IED Incident vs. Non-IED Incident

IED Incidents:

 Hand grenade with pin pulled, placed in a small glass with glass filled mortar or plastic of
Paris.
 120-mm HE mortar with hole drilled in shipping cap with an electric blasting cap inserted
(placed in a sandbag). Suicide vest-leather-look sleeveless waistcoat with explosives and
ball bearing sewn into the interior.
 A thrown block of TNT with a grenade fuse inside

Non IED Incidents:

 A hand grenade thrown into a building or dropped from a bridge.

 A rocket-propelled grenade (RPG) fired at a vehicle from the manufactured launcher. An
RPG fired from an improvised launcher (while the launcher is improvised, the round was
fired as intended without modification).
 A landmine placed in the roadway using the manufactured fuse to initiate it as designed.

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