Name: Zohaib Iqbal

Reg#no: SU-19-01-074-119

Department: Civil

Section: C

Semester: 3 rd

Subject: Engineering survey

Assignment # 1

Q # (a) Define ranging of a survey line. Discuss in detail the method of indirect/reciprocal ranging.
(b) Explain with an example the following various obstacles in chaining.
- Chaining free, Vision obstructed
- Chaining obstructed, vision free
- Both chaining and vision obstructed

Part a:
Ranging of survey line:
Process of making number of intermediate points on survey line joining two station
Or
The process of making a line completely straight is known as ranging.

Method of indirect/ reciprocal ranging :

Levelling due to intervening ground if the ranging rod at B is not visible from station, a
reciprocal ranging may be resorted its need two assistants one points M and another at
point N where from those point both station A and B are visible.
Part b:
chaining is free but vision is obstructed:
Such a problem arise when a rising ground or a jungle area interrupt the chain line. The
end stations are not visible from intermediate points when a jungle area come across the
chain line.

Example:
Both ends may be visible from any intermediate point lying on the line such as in the case
of a hill.
Both ends may not be visible from any intermediate point such as in the case of a jungle.
Chaining Obstructed, Vision Free:
The typical obstacle of this type is a sheet of water, the width of which in the direction of
measurement exceeds the length of the chain or tape. The problem consists in finding the
distance between convenient points on the chain line on either side of obstacle

Example:
When the obstacle can be chained around, e.g. a pond, a thorny hedge etc.
When the obstacle cannot be chained around e.g. a rive.

Chaining and Vision Both Obstructed:.

It sometimes happens that a survey line passes through some object such as a pond, a
building, a river, a hedge etc. which prevents the direct measurement of that part of the
line which the object intersects. The interfering object in such a case is called on obstacle.

Q # 2: A survey line CD intersects a high building. To prolong the line beyond this obstacle, a
perpendicular DE, 150 m long is set out at D. From E two lines EF and EG are set out at angles of 45 o
and 60o with ED respectively. Determine the lengths of EF and EG in order that the points F and G may
lie on the prolongationof CD, and also the obstructed distance DF.