Lesson 5: THE KARTILYA OF THE KATIPUNAN (THE KKK)
after the attainment of freedom from the colonizers.
*Historical context*
The Founding of the Katipunan
Andres Bonifacio, Valentin Diaz, Teodoro Plata, Ladislao
Diwa, and Deodato Arellano
Met secretly at a house on Azcarraga (now Claro M.
Recto), near Elcano Street, Tondo, on July 7, 1892 and
decided to form a new secret organization called
Katipunan.
Bonifacio saw the futility of the efforts of the Filipino
propagandist and organized an underground movement
against Spain.
This was a result of the failure of Reform Movement in
Spain in which Filipinos attempted to demand reforms
for the Philippines.
*The Katipunan
KKK was a revolutionary society that espoused
independence and freedom for the Philippines through
force of arms.
Its main objective was separation of the Philippines
from Spain, at the same time, the development of the
Filipino citizens of their own nation once independence
was achieved
*Katipunan Membership
The recruitment process of the Katipunan followed
Masonic initiation rites.
The new members of the society were indoctrinated
with the Katipunan rules an its teachings that
emphasized the value of love of one’s country and
fellow Filipinos.
New members performs the ancient blood compact and
signed their membership papers with their own blood.
The payment of an entrance fee of one real fuerte (25
centavos) and a monthly due of media real (12
centavos).
Katipun – first grade members – Anak ng Bayan
Kawal – second grade members – GomBurZa
Bayani – third grade members - Rizal
*Kartilya ng Katipunan
It was penned by Emilio Jacinto (Pingkian), the greatest
writer of the Katipunan.
It was printed as a small pamphlet that was distributed
to the members of the Katipunan.
Serves as a primer as the primary lessons for the
members of the Katipunan.
These teachings are expected from the members even
The teachings are followed by a form to be filled out
with name, hometown, age, occupation, status, and
address
*ASSOCIATION OF THE SONS OF THE PEOPLE
To those who want to join this association.
In order that all who want to enter this Association may
have a full understanding and knowledge of its guiding
principles and main teachings, it is necessary to make
these things known to them so that they will not,
tomorrow or the next day, repent, and so that they may
perform their duties wholeheartedly.  
This Association pursues a most worthy and
momentous object: to unite the hearts and minds of all
the Tagalogs (*) by means of an inviolable oath.
(*The word Tagalog means all those born in this
Archipelago; even a person who is a Visayan, Ilocano, or
Kapampangan, etc. is therefore a Tagalog too.) 
One of the foremost rules here is true love of the native
land and genuine compassion for one another.  
Poor, rich, ignorant, wise – here, all are equal and true
brethren.
As soon as anybody enters here, he shall perforce
renounce disorderly habits and shall submit to the
authority of the sacred commands of the Katipunan.
 All acts contrary to noble and clean living are
repugnant here, and hence the life of anyone who
wants to affiliate with this Association will be submitted
to a searching investigation
Nobody is unaware of the misfortune that threatens the
Filipinos who contemplate these things that are sacred
(and even those that are not) and the sufferings they
are made to endure by the reign of cruelty, injustice and
evil.
Everybody also knows the need for money, which today
is one of the main things upon which we depend to
bring sustenance to all.  In this regard, the punctual
payment of dues is required: one peso upon entry and
then twelve and a half centimos each month. The
custodian of the funds will periodically render an
account to the members, and each member has a right
to examine the accounts, should he so wish.  The funds
cannot be expended without the consent of the
majority.
All this must be thought over and deliberated upon
calmly, as it cannot be accomplished or endured by
anyone who has no love for his native land and no
genuine desire to promote progress.
  And for the upliftment of your mind and virtue,
read the following  be able to fulfil these duties, he should put his request
*TEACHINGS OF THE KATIPUNAN OF THE SONS OF THE
PEOPLE
A life that is not dedicated to a great and sacred cause is
like a tree without a shade, or a poisonous weed.
A good deed lacks virtue if it springs from a desire for
personal profit and not from a sincere desire to do
good.
True charity resides in acts of compassion, in love for
one’s fellow men, and in making true Reason the
measure of every move, deed and word.
Be their skin dark or pale, all men are equal.  One can be
superior to another in knowledge, wealth and beauty...
but not in being.
A person with a noble character values honor above
self-interest, while a person with an ignoble character
values self-interest above honor.
An honorable man’s word is his bond  and submit to its Orders.
Don’t waste time; lost wealth may be recovered, but
time lost is lost forever. 
Defend the oppressed and fight the oppressor
An intelligent man is he who takes care in everything he
says and keeps quiet about what must be kept secret.   ____________________of the year 189__.
Along the thorny path of life, the man leads the way
and his wife and children follow.  If the leader goes the
way of perdition, then so do those who are led.   THE TREASURER
Do not regard a woman as a mere plaything, but as a
helpmate and partner in the hardships of this
existence.  Have due regard to her weakness, and
remember the mother who brought you into this world
and nurtured you in your infancy.  sister who was a nun, who in turn revealed it to a
What you would not want done to your wife, daughter
and sister, do not do to the wife, daughter and sister of
another.
A man’s worth does not come from him being a king, or
in the height of his nose and the whiteness of his face,
or in him being a priest, a REPRESENTATIVE OF GOD, or
in his exalted position on the face of this earth. Pure
and truly noble is he who, though born in the forest and
able to speak only his own tongue, behaves decently, is
true to his word, has dignity and honor, who is not an
oppressor and does not abet oppressors, who knows
how to cherish and look after the land of his birth.
When these doctrines have spread and the brilliant sun
of beloved liberty shines on these poor Islands, and
sheds its sweet light upon a united race, a people in
everlasting happiness, then the lives lost, the struggle
and the suffering will have been more than
recompensed.
If the applicant understands all this, and believes he will
in writing, as follows:
TO THE PROVINCIAL DIRECTORATE OF 
_____________________________________________ 
I, _________________________________
NATIVE OF THE TOWN OF _________________
PROVINCE OF _________________________MY AGE 
IS___________YEARS, 
OCCUPATION_______________MARITAL
STATUS____________________________AND
RESIDENT AT ____________________STREET OF
________________________
Having fully understood the principles and teachings
proclaimed by the Katipunan of the Sons of the People, I
wish with heart and soul to become a member. 
Respectfully, therefore, I beg to be deemed worthy of
admission and to be counted as one of the sons of the
association, and I pledge to comply with its teachings
 
[Sgd.]
the ____________of the month of  _________________
Entrance fee has been paid. 
*Discovery
Teodoro Patiño and Apolonio dela Cruz were engaged in
a bitter personal dispute. Patiño deciding to seek
revenge, exposed the secrets of the Katipunan to his
Spanish priest, Father Mariano Gil. The priest was led to
the printing press of Diario de Manila and found
lithographic and secret documents
*Relevance
It established the rules not only for the members of the
Katipunan but the principles for the citizens of a nation
once independence had been achieved.
Though written in the 19th century, the Kartilya is
significant to the lives of modern Filipinos as it reads like
a simple creed for living in the light of the many changes
occurring in the present.
Lesson 6: On the Philippine Revolution of 1896 and its
Aftermath
Causes of Philippine Revolution
 Abuses of the Spanish officials
 Failure of Spain to grant reforms asked by the
people
  Persecution of oppressed people
 Racial prejudice and discrimination against the
people
 Desire to regain independence which their
ancestors enjoyed.
 The first battle of the revolution took place in
San Juan del Monte at the dawn of August 30,
1896.
 With less than 1,000 men, Bonifacio attacked
the Spanish garrison.
 It is also know as the Battle of Pinaglabanan.
 The revolution spread to several Luzon
provinces nearby. This prompted Governor-
General Ramon Blanco to place the first 8
provinces (Manila, Laguna, Bulacan, Batangas,
Cavite, Pampanga, Tarlac, and Nueva Ecija) to
revolt against Spain under Martial Law.
The Rise of Aguinaldo
 With the revolutionary group led by Emilio
Aguinaldo, the province of Cavite became a
hotbed for the revolution.
 He joined the Katipunan in 1894 and adopted
the name Magdalo.
 He had strings of victories starting with the
Battle of Imus.
 The Magdiwang faction, led by Mariano Alvarez
(Bonifacio’s uncle), recognize Bonifacio as
supreme leader, being the founder.
 The Magdalo faction led by Baldomero
Aguinaldo (Aguinaldo’s cousin) agitated for
Aguinaldo to be the organization’s head
because of his success in the battle field,
Bonifacio meanwhile has succession of defeat.
 The greatest victory of Filipino arms was won by
Aguinaldo in Binakayan, Cavite (Battle of
Binakayan). It fanned the flames of revolution
and thousands of patriots for Bataan, Mindoro,
Zambales, and Ilocos joined the revolutionary
cause.
Bonifacio-Aguinaldo Rivalry
 In the middle of revolution, a bitter rivalry
between the two leaders developed.
 A split occurred in the ranks of the revolutionist,
the Magdiwangs and the Magadalos.
 Aguinaldo’s troops gave no help to the
Magdiwang, in retaliation, Bonifacio’s men did
not come to aid when Magdalo towns were
under attack by Spanish forces.
Tejeros Convention
 In order to unite the Katipunan in Cavite, the
Magdalo invited Bonifacio to come to Cavite
and agreed to form a Revolutionary
Government (Pamahalaang Paghihimagsik) to
replace the Katipunan and continue the
struggle.
 On March 22, 1897, a meeting was held in
Tejeros that called for the election of officers of
the Revolutionary Government.
 The session opened under the presidency of
Jacinto Lumberas. After a heated discussion
with the other members, Bonifacio reluctantly
chaired the election.
 Bonifacio was confident that he would be
elected President, called for election results to
be respected.
 President: Emilio Aguinaldo
 Vice-President: Mariano Trias
 Secretary of War: Emiliano Riego de Dios
 Captain General: Artemio Ricarte
 Secretary of Interior: Andres Bonifacio
 Daniel Tirona objected the election of Bonifacio
and said that the position should be occupied
by a more suitable person, a lawyer, specifically
Jose del Rosario.
 Having lost his leadership, Bonifacio angrily
walked out of the Tejeros Assembly. He defies
the Revolutionary Government which the
patriots established by majority vote.
 Aguinaldo won the presidency despite of being
absent in the assembly, and was away fighting is
Pasong Santol
 Having lost his leadership, Bonifacio angrily
walked out of the Tejeros Assembly, and
declared the election null and void.
 Bonifacio defies the Revolutionary Government
which the patriots established by majority vote.
 In a letter written by Bonifacio to Jacinto, he
stated that “even before the elections were
made, some of those from Imus had secretly
spread the word that it was not good for them
to be under the leadership of someone from
another province. It was for this reason Captain
Aguinaldo was elected President”.
Lesson 1: HISTORY
HISTORY
 from the Greek word Historie or Historia which
means “learning, inquiry and or investigation”
 a branch of the Social Sciences that deals with
the systematic study of significant past, a
branch of knowledge that records and explains
past events and which concerns people and
human nature.
Historiography
 refers to the study of history itself.
 analyzes
 the history writer
 the motives of the writer
 the sources of the writer
 the context when the history was written.
 Theories are applied and other historical
methods.
ELEMENT OF HISTORY
HISTORIAN- refers to the person writing the history.
PLACE- The location where the history was written.
PERIOD- Refers to the context of the time when the
history was written.
SOURCES- Refers to the basis of claims or analysis of the
historian such as documents, written or oral accounts.
NATURE OF HISTORY AS AN ACADEMIC DISCIPLINE
History has no subject matter of its own. Of course, the
subject matter of history covers all the persons and all
events that have happened in the past. It is actually very
broad since it does cover everything that has happened
in the society including all aspects from political,
economic social, culture etc.
History synthesizes knowledge from other fields. Since it
covers all phenomena, History as a branch of the Social
Sciences analyzes the relations of different events, their
cause and effects using also the knowledge used in
other fields of the Social Sciences such as Anthropology,
Sociology Economics etc.
History illuminates pieces of the past. History provides
for explanations of things that happened in the past. By
looking at relationships of different events and
phenomena, it provides explanations for seemingly
unexplainable gaps.
History is constantly changing. Since claims to historical
facts are based on personal accounts, documents and
artifacts, a historian makes an analysis based only on
available sources of data. The historian cannot conclude
something which is baseless. Unlike other Social
Sciences which can gather actual and real time data or
conduct experiments to test their hypothesis, historians
have to rely on what is available. Therefore, when new
data are discovered, previous historical accounts can be
changed.
History sheds light to truth. Since a historian constantly
write about previous phenomena using historical
sources as basis, all claims therefore supports only the
truth base on the data available. This however does not
preclude the fact that a historian uses also unwritten
sources such as oral accounts and traditions.
WHY DO WE NEED TO STUDY HISTORY?
HOW DOES HISTORY LINKS THE PAST, PRESENT and
FUTURE?
It provides us with the capacity to analyze previous
events and phenomena which therefore will provide us
with proper basis on how to view the present and the
future.
Will provide us with a strong basis for providing answers
for problems that pervades at present.
Our historical view will in itself provide us with the
manner by which we view the present and how we
prepare for the future.
KENT ROGERS
To know about the roots of our current culture.
To learn about human nature by looking at the trend
that repeat through history.
To learn about mistakes of those who have gone before
us.
AMBETH OCAMPO
History can be a mere narrative of past events, while
kasaysayan is not just a narrative or salaysay – it must
have saysay or meaning.
Saysay gives us a way or looking at the world, a Filipino
viewpoint that influences the way we see the past, the
present, and hopefully the future.
SOURCES OF HISTORY
Primary Source
provides direct or firsthand evidence about an event,
object, person, or work of art. the evidences by
eyewitnesses or created by people who experienced the
said event or phenomena.
Example: historical and legal documents, statistical
data, survey, eyewitness accounts, pieces of creative
writing, audio and video recordings, speeches, and art
objects, fieldwork, results of experiments, interviews,
Internet communications via email, blogs, and
newsgroups
Secondary Source
interpretations of history They describe, discuss,
interpret, comment upon, analyze, evaluate,
summarize, and process primary sources. products of
people or writers who were not part of the event or
phenomena.
Example: articles found in scholarly journals that discuss
or evaluate someone else's original research, articles in
newspaper, popular magazines, Book (except
autobiographies) and movie reviews.
Tertiary Source
contain information that has been compiled from
primary and secondary sources.
Examples: Almanacs, Chronologies, dictionaries and
encyclopedias, Directories, Guidebooks, Indexes,
Abstracts, manuals, textbooks.
TYPES OF HISTORICAL SOURCES
1. Archival Material
 Archives
 Manuscripts
 business and personal correspondence
 Diaries
 Journals
 legal and financial documents
 Photographs
 Maps
 architectural drawings
 Objects
 oral histories
 computer tapes,
 video and audio cassettes.
2. GOVERNMENT DOCUMENTS
provide evidence of activities, functions, and policies at
all government levels. It was already dated and
analyzed
3. SERIALS
Journals, magazines and news papers
Example: la solidaridad
4. BOOKS
Doctrina Cristiana- unang librong nailimbag
5. VISUAL AND AUDIO MATERIALS
HISTORICAL CRITICISM
External Criticism
 physical examinations of sources like
documents, manuscripts, books, pamphlets,
maps, inscriptions and monuments.
 Authorship-author’s name in itself can provided
for the test of authenticity
 Date and place of publication-correct
 Textual errors
Unintentional errors
Intentional errors
 Meanings of words used-words used usually
changes from generation to generation
Internal Criticism
• In cases of contradicting records, the historian
should corroborate the facts from other claims
or documents.
• Question the motive of the writer and question
the accuracy of the document.
• The truthfulness or veracity of the document
should be established
• In cases of contradicting records, the historian
should corroborate the facts from other claims
or documents.
• Verify the writer of the document
• You must refrain from making your own
conclusions so as not to convey their own
interpretation rather than the true meaning of
the content.
AUTHORSHIP
• No manuscript for Sa Aking Mga Kabatà written
in Rizal's handwriting exists. The poem
supposedly wrote in 1869 where he was only 8
years old then.
• The poem contains some very mature insights
for an eight-year-old boy – the “stinky fish” line
notwithstanding.
DATE AND PLACE OF PUBLICATION
• The poem was first published in 1906, a decade
after his death, in a book authored by the poet
Hermenigildo Cruz.
TEXTUAL ERRORS
• In Rizal’s childhood they spelled words with a
“c” rather than “k.” Further, the word
“kalayaan” (freedom) is used twice.
MEANINGS OF WORDS USED
• Kalayaan was not a common word in 1869 and
there is irrefutable evidence that Jose Rizal
himself did not learn the word until he was 25
years old. Rizal first encountered the word
atleast by 1872 the years after the execution of
GOMBURZA
• Zeus Salazar: “Laya/calayaan was not yet
needed in writing before 1864 and even later,
especially since timawa/catimaoan was still
widely used back then as meaning
‘free/freedom.’”