1.

History of Community Development Industrialization, Urbanization, Democratization, Agriculture-decreasing, Industrial

civilization, economy and society
2. Pre-Unification, Unification and Rana Period
Capital Formation, Urbanization, Training, Education, Health, Insurance, Qualitative
3. Planned Development Period (2007-2018) Production
4. Panchayat Period Participation
5. After 1991- BOVO, PDDP, LGP, DLGSP Knowledge Age
6. Development of Community – based Organizations in Nepal (CBOs): Indigenous and 1971 to 2100
induced
Knowledge revolution, About 40 years ago
History of Community Development
Knowledge Globalization, De-Industrialization, Knowledge civilization, economy and
Stone Age: a) Paleolithic b) Mesolithic c) Neolithic society
About time 2.5 million years to 6000 years ago, Tool making revolution, 2.5 million years Environment protection,
ago,No Characters, No States, Hunting, Gathering, Primitive culture, economy and society,
Mother and Child Relation, Social Security of Group Sustainable Development, Gender Mainstreaming, Inclusive and ethnicity democracy.
Caucasian and Caspian Migration 3500 BC Note： S： Start， D： Developing， M： Mature， T： Transition E： Emerge; K. S： Knowledge
Aryan Migration Theory society, I. S： Industrial society, A. S： Agriculture society, P. S： Primitive society; P：
Primitive， A： Agricultural， I： Industrial， K： Knowledge Source: (Chuwanqi, 2006,)
Mongolian Migration Theory
Kasyap Kashmir and Kailash
Dravid south Indian (Tamil, Malayalam) Indigenious
River Valley (Migration) Civilizations (1500 BC)
Indus, Mohenjo-Daro, Harappa of Pakistan
Ganga, Brahmaputra of India and Padma in Bangladesh
Tigris and Ufretus of Mesopotamia (Middle East)
Nile of Egypt
Whangho, Yangzi, Shiqyang of China
Amazon , Colorado, Mississippi of American continents
Indo Asian Civilization
Indian European from Caucasian Caspian arrived India through the route of Hindu Kush
Hills around in 2000 BCs.
Indus, Mohenjo-Daro, Harappa of Pakistan (1500 Bc)
Ganga, Brahmaputra of India and Padma in Bangladesh Historical Concept of Community
They developed Sanskrit Language, Script, Grammar and the great Epic “The Rig Ved” the Gotra System led by prominent Rishi
pioneering Civilization
Prachin Gram and Gramini as Mukhiya (Bed Ma ke chha ? Dr. Swami Prapannacharya)
Gautam Buddha and Samrat Ashok BC 563 to 200
Panchali: Local Governance system by five gentle elders
Maurya, Gupta, Sultan (1200 AD), Mongol and Muslim (Turk)
Gram Pradhan at Lichhabi period
Mughal invasion 1300 AD
Historical Development of philosophy of Community Development
British invasion from east India company 1800 AD
1. Ved – 1500 BC – Byas Municipality of Tanahu District of Nepal
Agricultural Age
2. Puran / Upanishad – 1200 BC
B.C. 4000 to A.D. 1763A.D
3. Rammayan / Mahabharat – 700 BC
Agricultural revolution, 10000 to 5000 years ago
4. Gautam Buddha - 562 BC
States emerging, Characters emerging, Slave, feudal system, Decline of Gathering,
5. Chanakya / Kautillya / Batsayan - 350 BC
Agricultural civilization, economy and society
6. Socrates – 300 BC
State Individual/ Character Relationship, Slave/ Feudal Relationship
7. Aristotle – 322 BC & Plato – 347 BC
Barter exchanges of Seeds and Plants and animals.
8. Jesus Christ (0) (Church Revolution)
Industrial Age
9. Sankarachrya 400 AD
1763 to 1970 A.D.
10. Muhammad 571 AD
Industrial revolution, About 200 years ago
11.Mugal’s Invasion (1526 – 1857 AD )
12. British Imperialism (1858 – 1947 AD)
13. Marxism – Religion as opium (1818 -1883)
14. Gandhi's Ideology (1869 – 1943)
Pre-Unification, Unification and Rana Period
Medieval Age (Malla Period)
Pancha smuchhya
Modern Age (Shaha Period)
Bhara Pancha
Panchakachahari
Nepalese History
Baanprastha asram, Gurukul, Satsang, Saptaha, Yagya, Puza
Dhami, Jhankri, Gothpuja, Bayupuza, Deewali
Daan, Daxina , Bheti, Koseli
Purohit Yajaman
Dhikur, Kipat, Rodhi, Veza, khyal, Guthi
Madhav Raj Joshi (Arya Samaj- 1895)
Yogmaya Neupane ( Naari Mukti 1860 – 1941)
Tulsi Mehar Shrestha (Mahatma Gandhi Charkha pracharak mahaguthi 1896 – 1978)
Dayabirsing Kangsakar ( Paropakar Sanstha 1911- 2001 AD)
Planned Development Period (2007-2018)
Five-Year Plans of Nepal generally strove to increase output and employment; develop the
infrastructure; attain economic stability; promote industry, commerce, and international
trade; establish administrative and public service institutions to support economic
development; and also introduce labor-intensive production techniques to alleviate
underemployment. The social goals of the plans were improving health and education as well
as encouraging equitable income distribution.
Although each plan had different development priorities, the allocation of resources did not
always reflect these priorities. The first four plans concentrated on infrastructure—to make it
possible to facilitate the movement of goods and services—and to increase the size of the
market. Each of the five-year plans depended heavily on foreign assistance in the forms of
grants and loans.
The First Five-Year Plan(1956–61) allocated about Rs576 million for development
expenditures. Transportation and communications received top priority with over 36 percent
of the budget allocations. Agriculture, including village development and irrigation, took
second priority with about 20 percent of budget expenditures. The plan, which also focused
on collecting statistics, was not well conceived, however, and resulted in actual expenditures
of about Rs382.9 million—two-thirds the budgeted amount. In most cases, targets were
missed by a wide margin. For example, although approximately 1,450 kilometers of
highways were targeted for construction, only about 565 kilometers were built.
After Parliament, which had been established under the 1959 constitution, was suspended in
1960, the Second Plan failed to materialize on schedule. A new plan was not introduced until
1962 and covered only three years, 1962-65. The Second Plan had expenditures of almost
Rs615 million. Transportation and communication again received top priority with about 39
percent of budget expenditures. Industry, tourism, and social services were the second
priority. Although targets again were missed, there were improvements in industrial
production, road construction, telephone installations, irrigation, and education. However,
only the organizational improvement area of the target was met.
The Third Five-Year Plan(1965–70) increased the involvement of local panchayat. It also
focused on transport, communications, foreign trade and industrial and agricultural
development. Total planned expenditures were more than Rs1.6 billion. Its objective was
also to make fair society ty by eliminating the social disparities.
The Fourth Five-Year Plan(1970–75) increased proposed expenditures to more than Rs3.3
billion. Transportation and communications again were the top priority, receiving 41.2
percent of expenditures, followed by agriculture, which was allocated 26 percent of the
budget. Although the third and fourth plans increased the involvement of the panchayat in the
development process, the central government continued to carry most of the responsibilities
The Fifth Five-Year Plan (1975–80) proposed expenditures of more than Rs8.8 billion. For
the first time, the problem of poverty was addressed in a five-year plan, although no specific
goals were mentioned. Top priority was given to agricultural development, and emphasis was
placed on increasing food production and cash crops such as sugar cane and tobacco.
Increased industrial production and social services also were targeted. Controlling population
growth was considered a priority
The Sixth Five-Year Plan(1980–85) proposed an outlay of more than Rs 22 billion.
Agriculture remained the top priority; increased social services were second. The budget
share allocated to transportation and communication was less than that allocated in the
previous plan; it was felt that the transportation network had reached a point where it was
more beneficial to increase spending on agriculture and industry
The Seventh Five-Year Plan(1985–90) proposed expenditures of Rs29 billion. It
encouraged private sector participation in the economy (less than Rs22 billion) and local
government participation (Rs2 billion). The plan targeted increasing productivity of all
sectors, expanding opportunity for productive employment, and fulfilling the minimum basic
needs of the people. For the first time since the plans were devised, specific goals were set
for meeting basic needs. The availability of food, clothing, fuelwood, drinking water,
primary health care, sanitation, primary and skill based education, and minimum rural
transport facilities was emphasized. Because of the political upheavals in mid-1990, the new
government postponed formulating the next plan. The July 1990 budget speech of the
minister of finance, however, implied that for the interim, the goals of the seventh plan were
being followed.
The Eighth Plan(1992-1997) is the first plan of the democratic government formed through
popular elections following the restoration of democracy brought about by the historic
people's movement of 1990. In this context, the perspectives of this plan are based on two
principal contradictory factors. These factors consist of, on the one hand, the positive aspects
of the new aspirations and enthusiasm among the general public and, on the other, the
negative aspects of the legacy of economic depravity left behind by the panchayat regime
Ninth Year Plan(1997-2002) The main objectives of Ninth plan was poverty alleviation.
The target of the ninth plan was to increase industrial production by 6% per annum the
investment both domestic and foreign was estimated to be Rs. 35 billion. The plan also
estimated creation of additional 0.35 million job. Industrial contribution to the GDP was
expected to reach 14% by the end of the plan period. Many of these targets could not be
achieved during the plan period
Tenth Year Plan(2002-2007) Tenth plan also has given priority to poverty alleviation. To
achieve the objective the plan has targeted to improve the economic, human and social
indicators. The plan also aims to strengthen the capability of the private sector and encourage
it to participate in social development activities.
11th Plan Three Year Interim Plan (2007/08 – 2009/10)
This Plan, the first one after the epochal political change in the country, has set the goal of
reducing poverty, increasing employment and making people feel perceptible positive
changes. For the attainment of the objectives, the Plan has adopted strategies such as giving
emphasis to relief, rehabilitation and reintegration; achieving pro-poor and sustainable
economic growth rate; increasing investments in physical infrastructure; carrying out
inclusive development and targeted development programs; and emphasizing social
development, which will make people feel improvements in governance. The private and
cooperative sectors will have important roles in the overall economic activities of the country
whereas investments from the government sector will be directed mainly to relief,
rehabilitation and reconstruction, development of physical infrastructure, and poverty
alleviation.
12th Plan ( 10 – 13) Three year plan
The present 12th Plan was expired in July 2013, and does not provide much guidance for
planning of the Country Programme. The Country Programme will be revised and aligned
with the 13th Plan (Three Year Plan 2013–16) and the Nepal Foreign Aid Policy and
National Development Strategy as soon as they are available. Planning of donor finance is
presently coordinated by the National Planning Commission, while the Ministry of Finance is
in charge of the implementation of bilateral development programmes as the signatory body.
The Social Welfare Council of the Ministry of Women, Children and Social Welfare is the
competent authority for INGO and NGO projects.
(Constituent Assembly ups and Down)
13th Plan ( 14 – 16) Three year Plan women, Dalits and other disadvantaged groups. Intended outputs include enhanced capacity
of LBs, MLD and NPC; a VDP implemented in 1000 VDCs based on positive discrimination
The 13th three-year plan is an overarching national development plan set by the National to favor the disadvantaged; and HIV / AIDS mainstreamed in training packages. DLGSP
Planning Commission (NPC) It is the third interim plan (previously, TYIP FY2008-FY2010 focuses mainly on the community level, but aims to provide inputs into capacity building for
and TYIP FY2010-FY2013) as the country is unable to have a full five year plan due to the local bodies (DDCs and VDCs) and to contribute to central government policy debates on
protracted political transition. It has a long-term a vision of graduating Nepal from LDC decentralization.
category to a developing country status by 2022. developing country from the least
developed country status within the next ten years. The main strategy of the plan is 4.6 Development of Community – based Organizations in Nepal (CBOs): Indigenous
improving the living standard of the people with a goal of reducing the number of people and induced
under the poverty line to 18 per cent from the existing 24 per cent. Nutrition is incorporated
twice under the headings of sectoral development policies - 'food security and nutrition' Community based organizations (CBO's) are nonprofit groups that work at a local level to
under 'agriculture, irrigation, land reforms and forests' plus 'health and nutrition' under 'social improve life for residents. The focus is to build equality across society in all streams - health
development.' care, environment, quality of education, access to technology, access to spaces and
information for the disabled, to name but a few. The inference is that the communities
14th (17-19) Three Year Plan represented by the CBO's are typically at a disadvantage. CBO's are typically, and almost
necessarily, staffed by local members - community members who experience first hand the
14th three-year development plan to remain in effect from 2073-74 to 75-76 BS has set a needs within their neighborhoods. Besides being connected geographically, the only link
target of attaining seven per cent economic growth rate. The main objective of the plan between staff members and their interests is often the desire and willingness to help.
would be to build an independent and prosperous state while ensuring basic social service Occupational skill sets and experience are greatly diverse.
and maintaining food, health, energy and job security to build a welfare state.
The economic policies would be focused on the path of prosperity while strengthening
national economy through participation, independent development and complementary role
of public, private and cooperatives sector as per the policies and programmes.
4.4 Panchayat Period
The first elections to the National Panchayat took place in March–April 1963. Although
political parties officially were banned and the major opposition parties publicly refused to
participate, about one-third of the members of the legislature were associated with the Nepali
Congress. Support of the king by the army and the government bureaucracy prevented
opposition to his rule from developing within the panchayat system. Real power came from
the king's secretariat, and in the countryside influence rested in the offices of zonal
commissioners and their official staffs or the parallel system of development officers.
Founded on the idea of having a system "suitable to the soil" by King Mahendra, the
Panchayat polity was marked by a party-less system that emphasized decentralization while
class coordination was to be implemented "only through active and dynamic leadership of
the crown". Mahendra dismissed the first ever democratically elected government of BP
Koirala and the Panchayat polity’s legacy has had a lasting impact on Nepal’s history. The
Panchayat equated nationalism with the Nepali language, Daura-Suruwal and Hindu religion.
It led an aggressive campaign to mold a Nepali identity along these lines. However, the
institutions and policies of Panchayat were riddled with contradictions.
Under the direct leadership of the king, the government implemented some of the major
projects that were initiated under the previous regime and oversaw further steps toward the
development of the country. Land reforms led to the confiscation of large Rana estates. Rajya
reform abolished special privileges of some aristocratic elites in western Nepal. A new legal
code promulgated in 1963 replaced the Muluki Ain of 1854. A major land reform program
launched in 1964 essentially was a failure. The new panchayat system managed to bring
50,000 to 60,000 people into a single system of representative government in a way that had
been rendered impossible for the elite-based political parties. Nepal was able to carry out its
second plan (1962-65) and third plan (1965-70), and to begin the Fourth Five-Year Plan
(1970-75). Eradication of malaria, construction of the Mahendra Highway, or East-West
Highway, along the southern foot of the hills, and land settlement programs contributed to a
massive movement of population from the hills into the Terai, resulting in a large increase in
the area devoted to agriculture.
4.5After 1991- BOVO, PDDP, LGP, DLGSP
In 1994, the Build-Our-Village-by-Ourselves (BOVO) programme was started in order to
further accelerate this process. It helped to speed up local development through the
utilization of locally available labor and financial resources. It also facilitated developing
local body institutions in an independent way without intervention by the central
government. Above all, it promoted self-reliant development at the local level
Participatory District Development Programme (PDDP)
Local Government Program (LGP)
DLGSP (Decentralized Local Government Support Program)
The overall goal is to enhance effective participation of people in the local governance
process, ensuring improved access to socio- economic services by rural poor, particularly