Professional Documents
Culture Documents
PRESENTED BY
MAJ ANJANI KUMAR
RESIDENT (OPHTH)
MODERATOR
LT COL MANEESH JHA
CL SPL (OPHTH)
References
K Bhujang Shetty
KS Kumar
INTRODUCTION
SHAPE OF THE NORMAL CORNEA
Cornea is not a perfect sphere ,assumed to have a conic section.
X 2 + Y 2 + (1 + Q)Z 2 – 2RZ = 0
Z axis - axis of revolution of the conic
Perfect sphere Q= 0
This tendency to flatten towards periphery can be detected in the topographic map.
Toward the periphery, dioptric power appears to decline, and the nasal area flattens more
than the temporal area .
The topographic patterns of the two corneas of the same individual often show
mirror-image symmetry.
ZONES OF CORNEA
Corneal topography in a normal right eye. There is a flattening towards the periphery, more
pronounced at the nasal area
Corneal profile in principal meridians
Corneal Topographic Patterns:
• Depending on corneal curvature
• Rabinowitz et al in 1996 described 10 different patterns:
• REGULAR PATTERNS :
– Round
– Oval
– Steepening : Superior or Inferior
• ASTIGMATIC PATTERNS:
1. Colour Codes:
– Hot colours: red-orange
– steep portions
– Cool colours: blue-purple
– flat portions
Magnify subtle changes in corneal surface if the scale is too narrow, or minimize large
distortions if the scale is too wide.
Color recognition is lost with a variable scale, since it uses different colors for different eyes.
ii. Absolute scale (fixed scale)
uses the same color for the same curvature or elevation no matter which eye is examined.
However, there are many different absolute scales since the examiner can choose different
variables such as range or step size (intervals in color changes)
Topographic Displays: Corneal Maps
Axial Map (Sagittal Map)
Most commonly used map, good
approximation for the paracentral cornea
Inferiorcorneal thinning between 4 and 8 o’clock positions above a narrow band of clear thinned
corneal stroma. The ectasia is extremely peripheral and it presents a crescent-shaped
morphology. This pattern has a classical “butterfly” appearance that results in a flattening of the
vertical meridian and a marked against-the-rule irregular astigmatism
Keratoglobus
Entire cornea is thinned out most markedly near the corneal limbus
When the lesion continues to grow out onto the cornea, it could lead to a high degree of
astigmatism.
When the growth of pterygium is about 2 mm or more, a flattening of the cornea at the axis
of the lesion occurs . This produces a marked with the-rule astigmatism, even of more than 4 D.
The evolution of the pathology and the surgical outcome could be monitored by changes in
corneal topography.
Photorefractive keratotomy
(PRK)
axial map
CONTACT LENS INDUCED CORNEAL WARPAGE
Characterised by topograhic changes in cornea following contact
lens wear as a result of mechanical pressure exerted by lens
i.Peripheral steepening
3. To guide contact lens fitting: election of the probe lens and design of the lens.
4. To calculate the keratometry values for the calculation of the required power of
an intraocular lens for implantation.