Final Review

TA’s Class
TOPIC 1 FEEDBACK CONTROL 1 QUESTION

Topic 2 Origin of Bio-potential 4 questions( 2 exercises )

Topic 3 Electrocardiogram 2 questions( 1 exercise )

Topic 4 Medical Devices 1 question

Topic 5 Design + Research Methodology 1 question

Topic 6 Project Design 1 question

 Topic 1: Feedback Control

 Difference between an open loop controller and a

closed loop controller?
 Characteristics/parameters a user must look at to
qualify a good controller
 Output characteristics of ON/OFF, P, PI, PID.
Indicate the main disadvantages/advantages of
these controllers
 Note: Don’t forget the line….
 Op-amp circuit is used to design an ON/OFF
controller
Topic 2: Origin of
Bio-potential
1. Ion exchanges through cell membrane

Na+ K+ Cl- Na-K

Pump
Extracellular

Membrane

Intracellular

Passive process Active process

Hodgkin–Huxley model
“
2. Membrane Potential

”
also transmembrane potential or membrane voltage) is the difference in electric
potential between the interior and the exterior of a biological cell.
Exercise of Nernst’s equation and
Goldman’s Equation
Given the table below of various ionic concentrations
inside and outside the cell, find the Nernst potential of each
ion at room temperature (25oC). Assume that at 25oC,
RT/F is simplified to 26mV. The valence of Na+ and K+ are
+1, while Cl- is –1.

Ion External Internal

Potassium 110mM 420mM
Sodium 456mM 50mM
Chloride 400mM 80mM
A squid axon is assumed to be permeable only to K+ and Na+.

Kcyt, Nacyt, Kecs and Naecs are 400, 55, 20 and 430 mM, respectively.

The resting potential of the squid axon is –70mV and the peak potential at
the peak of the action potential is +40 mV.

Calculate tshe ratio PNa/PK at rest and at the peak of the action potential.

Notes: cyt: cytoplasm, ecs: extracellular space.

K+ Na+

Cytoplasm 400 55

Extracellular 20 430
3. ACTION POTENTIAL
 Assume the membrane is only
permeable to Na+ and K+, the
electrical model of axon
membrane is the following:

The membrane potential at rest

and at peak is -65mV and 50mV
respectively.
Given that ENa= 60mV and EK= -
80mV
Find gNa/gK at rest and at peak.
Why is this ratio important?
 4. Potential
Propagation
Refractory Period
=>> why an action potential is propagated only in one
direction?
5. ACTION
POTENTIAL in
case of
NEURONS
a, Brief review about neuron

 main roles of Myelin sheath and Node of Ranvier

 Electrical
model of axon

Units of membrane resistance,

axial resistance and membrane
capacitance in the model
 b. Potential
Propagation in
Neurons
Temporal Summation process
Saltatory Conduction process
 TOPIC 3:
Electrocardiogram
 TOPIC 4:
Medical Devices
 Blood pressure: sphygmomanometer, stetoscope,
Korotkoff sound, Oscillometry method, how to
measure blood pressure, what cause blood pressure,…
 Spirometer
 Function
 Parameters
 Diseases
 Head of a gastroscope
Topic 5:
Research
+Design
Methodology
Design Process Research methodology
TOPIC 6: Project Design