1

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this study is to understand the reason for reverse migration into

component dimensions from the perspective of migrant workers during the

emergence of bad dementor called COVID-19. The study is based on an

exploratory nature design and is considered both a qualitative and quantitative

approach. The data was collected through face to face interview method using a

structured questionnaire based on a seven-point Likert scale, along with

secondary sources. The process of data collection was to get an appropriate

answer for the migrant workers to return to their native places and evaluate

outcomes. The sample was comprised of 210 respondents (migrant workers) of

Dehradun city in the Uttrakhand state. The Exploratory factor analysis and the

multiple regression were applied in SPSS version 23 to test hypotheses and to

analyze the ground reality of reverse migration. Factors that were identified in

this study were emotional causes, loss of employment, health, and hygiene.

This study has concluded and suggests migrant workers cope with the change

post of the pandemic.

KEYWORDS: COVID-19, Migrant workers, Health and Hygiene, Loss of

employment, Emotional causes.

2
INTRODUCTION

ABOUT COVID-19

COVID-19 is a catastrophic calamity across the world spreading with lightning

speed. It is the virus that is gobbling up human lives regardless of their

citizenship, racism, religion, caste, creed, economic status, or background. As

no vaccine or anti-drug has been found yet to prevent human infection. Social

distancing is only one tool that can prevent coronavirus from spreading.

Birth of Coronavirus

The official sources have reported that the birth of COVID- 19 took place in the

Wuhan city of China near the seafood market, where transmission of the virus

to human was first traced. The World Health Organisation (WHO) has declared

that the novel coronavirus outbreak had led to public health emergency of

international concern which was officially announced on Thursday, 30 th

January 2020.

CONSEQUENCES OF LOCKDOWN ON MIGRANT WORKERS

Black clouds are blowing in the world due to COVID-19. It has thrown up

monumental challenges for low, middle, and high-income countries. The

sectors, which had been grappling with a downturn for the last five years, had

started seeing some green shoots of recovery earlier this year. However, the

coronavirus and lockdown have led to a slump in their sales, halt operation,

and derailment of new project plans.

3
Lockdown Interpretation and Its Effects:

“Lockdown means no food, no work for poor people. Millions in underdeveloped

regions face penury and deprivation as economic activity grinds to a halt due to

lockdown” [ CITATION Pur20 \l 16393 ]. It creates a problem of unemployment,

poverty, no money, no food, causing a severe famine in under-developed and

developing nations.

India has a population amounted to approximately 1.33 billion, as per

statistical data reports. The outbreak of lethal COVID-19 has brought India

along with other countries around the world to a standstill. The government of

India had announced its first lockdown for 21 days starting from 25 th March to

14th April to control the spread of this pandemic. A rising number of confirmed

cases had forced the government to extend lockdown for the safety of the

nation. Million of people had been displaced, lakhs of businesses were

shattered, all schools closed, restaurants and hotels shut, millions were

without jobs, and closure of all places of worship. There was the prohibition of

all political, social, entertainment, academic, cultural, sports, and religious

activities.

All shops and services were closed except hospitals, banks, grocery,

pharmacies, and other essential services. All private establishments were closed

and had started doing work from their home. The poor have been hit like never

before and the middle class too will soon begin to crumble. The nationwide

lockdown announced on March 25 at short notice had caused immense distress

among migrant workers in the whole country. India is the second-largest

worker’s force nation after China. COVID-19 Pandemic and the resultant

lockdown strategy has affected everyone [ CITATION Ton20 \l 16393 ] . However, the

4
impact has been prominent on the lives of the migrant workers. The lockdown

brought the lives of migrant workers to a pause, as they had no work to do, nor

were they able to return to their places of origin. This is aggravated by the fact

that some of them are not able to meet their basic necessity due to the financial

crisis. Earlier Indian workers had been going abroad for purposes of

employment as foreign entrepreneurs demand them in abundance as they

believe that the availability of Indian workers is relatively economical. But this

pandemic led to the global recession in the demand and supply of the

workforce.

Ground Reality and Problems which Migrants workers have been facing:

Thousands of factories, industries, business undertakings are considered as

the backbone of our nation’s economy and GDP. These commercial sectors

employ lakhs of workers. But lockdown forces factories and other commercial

sectors to shut down their businesses and it leads to the problem of

unemployment. Extreme hardship is being faced by migrant workers, who are

causal and uncontracted workers, and people who rely on their daily wages to

meet their daily necessities. Lakhs of people live with this reality throughout

their lives.

They were engaged in construction or daily wage work, with an average earning

of 332 according to official reports. Delhi, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Uttar

Pradesh, Tamil Naidu, Chandigarh, West Bengal, and many others are hub

areas of industries, factories, companies where lakhs of people came all across

India for employment purpose. But in lockdown, workers were receiving the

largest number of distress calls from a cluster of industrial sectors. Companies

are not able to make payments to workers they often have neither savings to

5
cushion them against sustained economic disruption nor employment

protections and health insurance.

Despite the government have appealed that all employers should give full wages

and salaries to their workers in the period of lockdown. Still, many employers

were unable to pay daily wages to workers. Indian migrant workers during the

COVID-19 pandemic have faced multiple adversities. They begin their journey

in the scorching heat, wearing a rubber slipper at their feet with heavy bags on

their shoulder, had decided to leave the city with their family members, and

return to their native places. There is no transport facility for them to start their

journey. The only thing that is reflecting is sorrow and pain in their eyes, which

compel them to walk long distances to reach their native place(destination). The

journey towards home was paralyzed for most of the cases, where dozens of

migrant workers had died on their way due to starvation, suicides, exhaustion,

road and rail accidents, police brutality, and denial of timely medical care .

It’s a difficult journey because it is very long and tough. Perhaps that’s why it is

called the longest march in India. Since then, the government has announced

palliation measures for migrant workers and made arrangements for migrants

to return to their native places. The Supreme Court of India, while recognizing

the hurdles of migrant workers trapped in depressed parts of the country,

evaluates the entire transport and relief system.

On June 9, the Supreme Court directed central, state governments to complete

transportation of remaining stranded migrants and focus on immediate relief

measures. The bench of justice who had passed an order on 9 th June

included Ashok Bhushan, S.K Shah, M.R Shah. After this order, the Ministry

6
of Home Affairs had finally directed the Indian Railways to start the Shramik

special trains for the movement of migrant workers.

Widely publicized on television by the anchor reporting that the government is

providing free services to them. But for the ticket, they had paid money. Besides

this, the migrant workers had also stood in a long queue for their registrations,

form fillings, and also to get themselves a fitness certificate from the doctor. The

most painful thing was to happen in this adverse situation that doctors were

taking money for fitness certificates. Workers didn’t have enough money. They

felt helpless and miserable. Additionally, they felt that going back to their native

land, they could return to farming or take up small jobs under the Mahatma

Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA). MGNREGA

is Indian labour law and social security measure that purpose is to provide

work that is right for every individual.

In cities where they were working before, they had no assurance of their job.

There was no food to fill their stomach, not enough resources to bear the rent

burdens and with this, they also had to maintain social distancing with an

average of 5 people in a 10/10 ft. room. India has been struggling with

inequality problems since the past.

According to many authorized reports and news, problems of migration

magnification are not new in COVID-19, but India had been facing these

problems for the last many years. Before this pandemic, migration meaning was

to shift from a place of residence to a place where they could work for some

years or permanently, including different types of other voluntary movements. It

has a great impact on the economic status as well as, social, cultural, and

psychological life of people [ CITATION Kau111 \l 16393 ] . But now India is facing a

7
problem of reverse migration. After a long tolerance of lockdown, reverse

migration has been seen where migrant workers were returning to their native

places from their places of work.

Partition Between Indian and Pakistan in 1947:

Even today, if we think about the misery and struggle which people had faced

at the time of partition between India and Pakistan in 1947, where migration

took place to a large extent, we have tears in our eyes. It was a painful and

nostalgic time in our history. That partition bought morph into a fatal situation

in everybody’s life and livelihood. The problem of famine, poverty,

unemployment, depression, no residential accommodation, limited or negligible

resources, etc. have arisen.

Effect of Demonetization on Indian Economy and Employment:

The Indian economy recently had badly been affected by the past event of

demonetization. It was a step taken by our Honourable Prime Minister Mr.

Narendra Modi Ji, to curb out black money and convert old currency into the

new currency. Due to a lack of proper planning and strategy, it’s consequences

were not that effective, which was expected before taking its decision. As we all

know that black money is bad but it creates employment opportunities for

lakhs of workers.

Economists analyze that impact of demonetization had exposed the fragility of

our economies, which had indirectly affected thousands of employment

opportunities. Businesses and jobs are affected at the macro level within the

country. Still, India recovers slowly from its adverse effect, but now the country

is facing a more stringent and complex problem i.e. COVID-19. It enhances the

problem of a vicious cycle.

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REVIEW OF LITERATURE

International Labour Organisation (2020) provides information and identifies

several proposals and suggestions to help governments of the various national

and other interested parties in formulating COVID-19 policy. Policy ingredients

like (i) elimination of gender discrimination and xenophobia against migrant

workers which helps to ensure equity and social justice, (ii) the government

should adopt complete measures for migrants who are experiencing loss in

income during the pandemic, (iii) to make sure better medical care services, free

access to testing and screening and wide range of social protection to migrant

workers, (iv) focusing on the special menace of migrant workers residing in

coterie and worksite housing, (v) provide migrant workers all legitimate panacea

for unfair treatment including matters related to reduced or non-payment of

wages, avoid workplace discrimination, provide legal advice, bilateral and

multinational cooperation to migrant workers, safe return measures. In various

countries, ILO assists and support Migrant Worker Resource Centres and

Partner giving information to migrant workers on a wide range of matters

related to COVID-19, help them to realize their labour right, training, and

materials on health and safety, including hand sanitizers and masks.

International Organisation of Migration (2020) reported that the hardship

and exploitation faced by migrant workers during migration and employment,

due to various factors like fear of deportation, unscrupulous recruitment,

unable to find alternative recruitment, migration status particularly during the

present crisis in COVID-19. International Organisation of Migration had

published guidance for member states for the implementation of the regulation

of international recruitment and safeguard migrant workers. The Montreal

9
Recommendations on Recruitment provide assistance and direction to

policymakers on how to protect migrant workers during recruitment, migration,

and employment.

Onofrei et al. (2020) aim to study the procedure of socio-economic

rehabilitation of return migrants in Moldova. In this research, various methods

were used to fulfill the objectives. The following methods were qualitative

sociological research, policy, and Strength, Weakness, opportunities, and

threats (SWOT) Analysis.

McKinsey & Company (2016) emphasized six essences: productivity and

growth, labour markets, natural resources, expansion of the world financial

market, urbanization, and the economic impact of innovation and technology.

This report draw configuration structure about integration which consists of

economic(labour market results, economic prosperity), social(education,

housing, healthcare, social unity), and civic(political representation, civic

commitment) features as well as labour market results. Overall integration

nurture the global gross domestic product (GDP).The economic impact of

migrants due to productivity, labour force, gross domestic product,

employment, and wages. This report also designed voluntary migrants. They

were classified into the following five categories :

1. Long-term, high- skill migrants.

2. Long-term, medium-to low- skill migrants.

3. Short-term, high-skill migrants.

4. Short-term, low-skill migrants.

5. Short-term, circular migrants.

10
Meenakshi Thapan (2014) showed a reason for the fact that women migrated
to Jamia Nagar in Delhi for leading a more fulfilling life. Evidence is drawn in

this standard of living, better opportunities, and higher education. The

Problem of small-town impairment and autocratic families had forced them

to migrate into new locality i.e. Jamia Nagar in Delhi.

Oded Stark, Dorn Agnieszka (2013) designed a model that defines the
possibility of employment in a developed country that increases the level of

human capital acquired by workers in a developing country. This study also

reflects a significant tool of migrant workers to work in a developed nation that,

there pay is that much enough which helps them to save.

Kaur et al. (2011) addressed that in Punjab, an enormous number of migrant

workers, especially belonging to the agricultural sector, came and had started

their livelihood with the Green Revolution. The state largely depends on migrant

labourers for agricultural operation since the growth of monoculture in the

cropping pattern. Various socio-economic bottlenecks were suffered by

permanent and seasonal labour from outside Punjab. In their research, they

had taken 105 respondents (labourers) belongings to the state of Bihar,

Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Nepal. The factors leading to

migration were economic, social, psychological. Statistical tools used in the

research were average, percentages. Besides this t-test was used to find the

existence of a difference between the wage rates for the agricultural operation of

local and migrant labourers.

11
RESEARCH GAP

There are many studies available relating to the migration of workers in various

states of India, but hardly any study is available on workers who are

penetrating from their places of work to their native places all over India during

the novel pandemic. Therefore an effort will be made to study factors that have

a direct impact of COVID-19 on migrant workers who are returning to their

native places during the lockdown period of COVID-19.

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The objectives of the research work are as under:

1. To evaluate the determinants causing the movement of migrant workers

from their workplaces to native places in the period of COVID-19.

2. To ascertain the mechanism which can overcome the problems of the

movement of migrant workers.

HYPOTHESES OF THE RESEARCH

The hypotheses are made primarily, considering the objectives:

H0: There is no significant impact of COVID-19 factors on migrant workers.

H1: There is a significant impact of COVID-19 factors on migrant workers.

H0: Null Hypothesis.

H1: Alternative Hypothesis.

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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The research methodology purpose is to appraise the impact of COVID-19 on

migrant workers who are going back to their native places.

RESEARCH DESIGN

Research design is a blueprint in the process of research methodology. It is a

framework that provides direction to the investigation being carried out more

efficiently. After several reviews of literature and some empirical researches, the

exploratory research design was applied to fulfill the study’s framework and

objectives. It involves a combination of both qualitative and quantitative

research (Malhotra & Dash, 2016).

DATA COLLECTION

For this present research, both primary and secondary data are collected and

used for achieving an appropriate conclusion. They are as follows:

Primary Data is collected through a structured questionnaire, personal

interview, observation, group discussion, experience with the migrant workers.

The structured questionnaire was developed by a generally accepted survey

research principle and it helps to understand the problems of research at the

ground reality.

Secondary data is collected through referring conceptual aspects and reviews of

literature collected from different sources like journals, magazines, newspapers,

social media, annual reports, published books, etc.

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SAMPLE PLAN AND SAMPLE UNIT

In this present study, the sample plan comprises of the migrant workers in

Dehradun city of Uttrakhand state. Migrant workers are considered as

respondents in this research. Migrant workers have an exhaustive list to define

both skilled and unskilled workers.

SAMPLE SIZE

The sample size for the research work is covering 210 respondents out of which

only 172 have given complete responses. It may be noted in the study that the

sample size is more than 5 times the number of variables (eleven). Data is

collected from respondents through a structured questionnaire which involves

face to face in-depth-interview. Under non-probability sampling, convenient

sampling is used in this research. As a researcher, many places in Dehradun

such as railway stations, bus stops, national highways, factories, their

landlord's places, journalists, and many other commercial places were

personally visited to understand the true gravity of migrant workers, who were

returning to their home more closely and also filled questionnaire by personally

interacting with migrant workers.

MEASUREMENT OF FACTORS

In the study, all determinants causing movement of migrant workers from their

workplaces to native places in the period of COVID-19 were measured with a

seven-point Likert scale, ranging from 7(very highly agree), 6(highly agree),

5(agree), 4(neutral), 3(disagree), 2(highly disagree), 1(very highly disagree).

14
DATA ANALYSIS AND ITS INTERPRETATION

EXPLORATORY FACTOR ANALYSIS

Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) is conducted in SPSS version 23 to compress

data in a meaningful way with the support of principal component analysis

along with the rotation approach of Varimax for summarising the real

information with linear dimensional reduced factors and ideal coverage.

According to (Hair, Black, Babin, Anderson & Tatham,2010; Joti & Arora,

2013) items with factors loadings minimum than 0.5 will be not considered in

further analysis. In a structured questionnaire, an exploratory factor analysis

technique was used to assist in exploring the independent factors for knowing a

better picture of the adverse reversal migration phenomenon. It had identified

three factors which were the actual causes of migrant workers returning to

their native places. These causes were emotions, health, hygiene, and loss of

employment. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) value of all factors was 0.743

which means there was sampling adequacy in a given dataset of respondents

(migrant workers sample). Further, Bartlett’s test of sphericity testing for the

significance of the correlation matrix is significant as indicated by the p-value

connected to the chi-square statistic. The p-value is 000, which is less than

0.05, the expected level of significance had indicated the rejection of the null

hypothesis and acceptance of the alternative hypothesis. In this study factor

loading and extracted commonalities for all the factors is above 0.5. The EFA

rotation component matrix is presented in Table 1.

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Table 1: Exploratory Factor Analysis

Rotated Component Matrixa

Component

1 2 3

loss of employment .927

loss of employment .832
loss of employment .784
loss of employment .595
health and hygiene .907
health and hygiene .887
health and hygiene .843
emotional cause .775
emotional cause .766
emotional cause .713

MULTIPLE REGRESSION

Multiple regression model is used to overcome the problem of multicollinearity.

In this study, multiple regression has statistically indicated three independent

variables (loss of employment, emotional causes, and health and hygiene cause)

which have a positive linear relationship with dependent variable I,e Migration

of workers who had returned to their native places. Regression results are

presented in Table 2 which indicates that 37.8 percent of the variation in the

migration(dependent variable) is explained by three independent variables.

Further table 3 reflecting the coefficient of all the three factors is significant.

Table 2: Multiple Regression Outcomes

Model Summary

Adjusted R
Model R R Square Square Std. Error of the Estimate

1 .624a .389 .378 .64110

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Table 3: Multiple Regression Coefficients

Coefficients
Standardized
Unstandardized Coefficients Coefficients

Model B Std. Error Beta t Sig.

1 (Constant) 3.994 .049 81.709 .000

A-R factor score 1 for analysis 1

.200 .049 .247 4.088 .000

A-R factor score 2 for analysis 1

.331 .049 .407 6.752 .000

A-R factor score 3 for analysis 1

.327 .049 .403 6.680 .000

RELIABILITY

The reliability of all the factors has been scrutinized through Cronbach’s alpha.

The value of Cronbach alpha equal to or greater than 0.70 indicate good

reliability[ CITATION Hai101 \l 16393 ]. Reliability results through SPSS version 23 in

this research are greater than 0.70 which indicates that the scales are truly

reliable.

17
CAUSES WHICH COMPELLED MIGRANT WORKERS TO
DISPLACEMENT

The following are the main causes that compelled migrant workers to be

displaced from the city area to their home place.

Emotional Cause:

The migrants are more vulnerable to the emotional, social, and psychological

ordeal in this critical situation which creates fear of negativity due to ignorance

of the local community and concerns about the well-being of their families and

safety at their native places. Stress and trauma have been robustly associated

with the risk of mental disorders of migrant workers. In this adverse scenario,

they had missed their families which had compelled them to go back to their

native land. The study has been surveyed that lakhs of migrant workers from

Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, and many other states in India left their families who

were living in a vernacular place and had shifted to the city for employment or

some left for enhancing the standard of living, better education, and lifestyle of

their children but due to lack of their basic and social needs, they were

compelled to shift back to their families in the native land because they know in

their village they will get food and love of their family members. A study reveals

that migrant workers were facing stress or trauma due to the crisis and

nonfulfillment of their psychological needs. These needs draw a concept of

“Maslow Hierarchy Needs Theory”, proposed by Abraham Maslow which

include physiological needs(food, water, warmth, rest), safety needs (security,

safety), social needs(intimate relationship, belonging, social interaction and

18
care), esteem needs(prestige, feelings of accomplishment), self-actualization

(achieving one’s full potential, including creative activities).

Loss of employment:

Loss of employment is another most important cause of workers to go back to

their native places. Migrants belong to the most marginalized sections of the

society who are dependent on daily wages for their living, and in times of such

distress, need the sympathy and understanding of the community. But they

had lost confidence and trust in their employers because they had abandoned

them in this adverse situation without paying wages or salaries. They were

struggling with the problem related to food, shelter, healthcare, fear of getting

an infection, loss of wages, concerns about the family, fear, and anxiety (Singh,

2020). Sometimes, they had also faced harassment and the bad reaction of

their local community. With a little chunk of savings in their hand, they had

decided to return to their native land with this belief that in their villages or

cities at least they have their families and land to grow crops or with help of

MNREGA (Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act) they

will get jobs.

Health and Hygiene:

Health and hygiene is one of the most important element for every living being.

The study after the survey through a structured questionnaire reveals that the

migrant workers were unable to get proper food, water, and proper nutrition

which adversely affected their immune system. On an average of 5 people living

in 10/10 ft. room with a lack of proper sanitation system, ventilation, and

difficulty for them to maintain social distance in this pandemic where the virus

19
is spreading contagious from one human to another human. They had no

money to buy masks, sanitizer, etc

SUGGESTION AND CONCLUSION

1. To build aspiration and capacity for vocational skills among migrant

workers by developing several training centers across India, which will

guide migrant workers to start up their new business idea into operation.

Attention should be paid by the government to enhance the skills of

workers who are in the unorganized or informal sector. The promotion of

poultry farming, animal husbandry, beehive farming, pisciculture,

boasting more dairy business. Enhancement in the growth of solar

energy which will create employment opportunities at largescale. The

elevation of the gig economy will help in reshaping the overall economy of

the country. The gig economy encompasses freelancers, full-time

independent contractors, delivery drivers, etc. The government should

maintain an eco-friendly relationship with a foreign country and

encourage them to make a foreign direct investment in our country, when

conditions will be normal. The government should build and develop

more special economic zones in the backward areas and this will

motivate many industrialists to plant, invest, and construct factories,

workshops, companies, and other commercials sectors. These steps will

create employment opportunities and boast standard of living.

2. The government must make sure that all workers must enroll themselves

in the Ayushman Bharat scheme with proper information prescribed in

20
 their aadhar cards and ration cards. Besides this, there will be many

alternatives such as building and construction of workers' welfare funds

in which all workers should be enrolled. In this welfare fund, the equal

contribution will be made by the employer, state government, and

workers. It provide immediate relief to them.

3. A healthy environment makes a positive environment within the

organizations. In this severe pandemic times, employers should pay

attention to the health and hygiene of workers. They must take care of

some practical steps in the workplace:

(a) Daily proper sanitization at every place within the premises of work.

(b) Thermography devices for measuring body temperature should be

available at the entrance to check health status at least twice a day.

(c) Provide masks and gloves to every worker at their workplace.

(d) Provide adequate facilities like tissues, soaps, and alcohol-based sanitizers

(e) Spread awareness among workers about the severe pandemic and giving

them proper guidance to take preventive measures to combat COVID-19 like

frequently washing their hands, avoiding close contact with people, etc.

(f) Ask them to download various government apps like Aarogya Setu, etc.

(g) Proper functioning of the ventilation systems.

Employers must make sure that they comply with all guidelines and directions

prescribed by WHO for the safety and well being of the human being.

4. Arrangement of proper means of transport with flexible and comfortable

formalities for those workers who want to make a reverse entry from their

native place to the city where they had worked before.

21
5. The Finance Minister Smt. Nirmala Sitharaman had announced

Aatmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan reform which supports the Indian economy in

the fight against COVID-19. In this reform, the Government had considered

migrant workers regarding their basic necessity. But there are some important

aspects which must be considered immediately for the livelihood of workers and

their families. The government has to use escape velocity through this Abhiyan

by providing immediate monetary assistance to workers so that they can start

up their business in micro and small level or buy economical agriculture land

in their native city to grow crops and feed themselves and their families and

earn normal profit which will help them to cross Break-even point level. This

will help them to save money because in their native places they have less

expenditure and feel mentally comfortable with their community.

22
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