Visoka medicinska škola strukovnih studija ,, Milutin Milanković ,, ,Beograd

Seminarski Rad

Predmet: Engleski jezik

TEMA:
XRAY AND CT SCAN

Predavač: Student:

Prof.Jelena Sekulić Ime i prezime:Amar Ašćerić

Br.Indeksa: P26/2020

Beograd,2020.

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CONTENT

Introduction......................................................................................................................................3

1.X-ray.............................................................................................................................................4

1.1. How x-rays work ?...................................................................................................................4

1.2. Types of x-rays.........................................................................................................................4

1.3.Properties of x-ray.....................................................................................................................4

1.4.Medical uses of x-rays...............................................................................................................5

1.5.X-rays principles of working………………………………………………………………….5

2.CT scan………………………………………………………………………………………….6

2.1. What is a ct scan?......................................................................................................................6

2.2. Basic principes of ct scan……………………………………………………………………..6

2.3.Working of ct scan…………………………………………………………………………….7

2.4. System components of ct scan………………………………………………………………..7

2.5.Advantages of ct-scan over X-ray……………………………………………………………..8

Conclusion.………………………………………………………………………………………..9

Literature…………………………………………………………………………………………10

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Introduction

X rays are a form of radiation similar to light rays, except that they are more energetic than light
rays and are invisible to the human eye. They are created when an electric current is passed
through a vacuum tube. X rays were accidentally discovered in 1895 by German physicist
Wilhem Roentgen (1845-1923), who was later awarded the first Nobel Prize in physics for his
discovery. Roentgen was also a photographer and almost immediately realized that the shadows
created when x rays passed through the body could be permanently recorded on photographic
plates. His first x-ray picture was of his wife's hand. Within a few years, x rays became a valued
diagnostic tool of physicians world-wide.

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1.X-ray
1.1.How x-rays work ?

X rays pass easily through air and soft tissue of the body. When they encounter more dense
material, such as a tumor, bone, or a metal fragment, they are stopped. Diagnostic x rays are
performed by positioning the part of the body to be examined between a focused beam of x rays
and a plate containing film. This process is painless. The greater the density of the material that
the x rays pass through, the more rays are absorbed. Thus bone absorbs more x rays than muscle
or fat, and tumors may absorb more x rays than surrounding tissue. The x rays that pass through
the body strike the photographic plate and interact with silver molecules on the surface of the
film.

Once the film plates have been processed, dense material such as bone shows up as white, while
softer tissue shows up as shades of gray, and airspaces look black. A radiologist, who is a
physician trained to interpret diagnostic x rays, examines the pictures and reports to the doctor
who ordered the tests. Plain film x rays normally take only a few minutes to perform and can be
done in a hospital, radiological center, clinic, doctor's or dentist's office, or at bedside with a
portable x-ray machine.

1.2. Types of x-rays

Hard x-rays

 -X rays with photon energies above 5-10 keV (above 0,2-0,1nm wavelength)

Soft x-rays

 -X rays with photon energies belowe 5-10 keV (below 0,2-0,1nm wavelength)

1.3 Properties of x-ray

X-ray photons carry enough energy to ionize atoms and disrupt molecular bonds.The ionizing
capability of X-rays can be utilized in cancer treatment to kill malignant cells using radiation
therapy.

 Ability for producing luminescence

 Effect in case of photographic emulsions
 Capability for penetration of matter in various materials

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1.4. Medical uses of x-rays

 Computer tomography

Imaging alternatives for soft tissues are computed axial tomography (CAT or CT scanning)

 Fluoroscopy

Fluroscopy is another X-ray test methodology. Examples include cardiac catheterization (to
examine for coronary artery blockages) and Barium swallow (to examine for esophageal
disorders). Radiotherapy The use of X-rays as a treatment is known as radiation therapy and is
largely used for the management (including palliation of cancer); it requires higher radiation
energies than for imaging alone.

 Radiotherapy

The use of X-rays as a treatment is known as radiation therapy and is largely used for the
management (including palliation of cancer); it requires higher radiation energies than for
imaging alone.

1.5. X-rays principles of working

X-rays are produced in: specially constructed glass tube, which basically comprises.

 A source for the production 0f electrons,

 a energy source to accelerate the electrons,
 a free electron path, a means of focusing the electron beam and
 a device to stop the electrons.

Stationary mode tubes and rotating anode tubes are the two main types of X-ray tubes.

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 (Picture 1. Construction of stationary anode X-ray tube)

2.CT Scan
2.1.What is a ct scan?

A computed axial tomography scan or CT Scan (also CAT Scan) is a medical imaging
technology that uses finely focused X-rays together with a detector rather than photographic film
combined with computer imaging technology to create detailed three-dimensional images of
interior body tissue, including soft tissue. It is primarily used to detect and locate structures
within the body that cannot be located by other forms of radiological investigation.

2.2. Basic principles of ct scan

 Mathematical principles of CT were first developed in 1917 by Radon

 Proved that an image of an unknown object could be produced if one had an infinite
number of projections through the object
 Plain film imaging reduces the 3D patient anatomy to a 2D projection image

Density at a given point on an image represents the x-ray attenuation properties within the
patient along a line between the x-ray focal spot and the point on the detector corresponding to
the point on the image.With a conventional radiograph, information with respect to the
dimension parallel to the x-ray beam is lost limitation can be overcome, to some degree, by
acquiring two images at an angle of 90’’ degrees to one another.For objects that can be
identified in both images, the two films provide location information.

2.3. Working of ct scan

In principle, computed tomography involves the determination of attenuation characteristics for

each small volume of tissue in the patient slice, which constitute the transmitted radiation
intensity recorded from various irradiation directions. It is these calculated tissue attenuation
characteristics that actually compose the CT image.

For a monochromatic X-ray beam, the tissue attenuation characteristics can be described by:

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  It = Io e- x I0
 Io = Incident radiation intensity
 It = Transmitted intensity
 x = Thickness of tissue
 μ = Characteristic attenuation coefficient of tissue

(Picture 2. System components of ct scan)

2.4. System components of ct scan

All computed tomography systems consist of the following four major sub-systems:

 Scanning system - This takes suitable readings for a picture to be reconstructed, and
includes X-ray source and detectors.
 Processing unit - This converts these readings into intelligible picture information.
 Viewing part - It presents this information in visual form and includes other
manipulative aids to assist diagnosis.
 Storage unit - This enables the information to be stored for subsequent analysis.

2.5. Advantages of ct-scan over x-ray

Traditional X-rays suffer from their inability to give any perception of depth to the physician.
This is because the X-ray can only picture the average density of any tissue in front of the X-ray
film. A CT Scan gets around this limitation in three ways:

 Instead of using a broad beam of X-rays, a CT Scan uses a very narrowly focused beam
of X-rays that can only penetrate straight through the body in a straight line to the
detector.

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  The X-ray source is rotated around the body so that the X-rays pass through the entire
structure in both directions.
 A computer is used to reconstruct the intensity of the X-rays into an image showing the
density of any point of the plane through which the X-rays passed.

Conclusion
The use of X-rays in medicine extends beyond diagnosis. In the years immediately following
Roentgen’s discovery, some investigators discovered that the same X-rays used to detect cancers
in organs such as the lung and breast could also aid in treating such tumors, by damaging the
DNA of cancerous cells.Today, radiation oncology is a distinct medical specialty, often called
upon to help kill residual cancer cells after a tumor is surgically removed. It also plays an
important role in palliative medicine, enabling physicians to relieve pain by shrinking inoperable
tumors. Thanks to Roentgen’s invisible light, we now operate with a much deeper understanding
of the universe we inhabit, the molecules and cells of which we are composed and the diseases
that threaten our lives.

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Literature
1."X-Rays". Science Mission Directorate. NASA.

2.Novelline, Robert (1997). Squire's Fundamentals of Radiology. Harvard University Press. 5th
edition. ISBN 0-674-83339-2.

3."X-ray". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or
participating institution membership required.)

4.Filler, Aaron (2009). "The History, Development and Impact of Computed Imaging in
Neurological Diagnosis and Neurosurgery: CT, MRI, and DTI". Nature Precedings.

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5.Morgan, William (1785-02-24). "Electrical Experiments Made in Order to Ascertain the Non-
Conducting Power of a Perfect Vacuum, &c". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society.
Royal Society of London.

5.Anderson, J.G. (January 1945), "William Morgan and X-rays",.

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