Photography and tourism Denotation and Connotation

Transcribing reality, A linguistic message

miniaturizing the real A denotative message
Giving shape to travel
A connotative message
Turning sites into sights
A two-stage representational construction
Dominating the landscape
Gender and ethnicity

The interpersonal metafunction

The ideational metafunction
Represented and interactive participants

Pictures and drawings


Narrative processes The gaze

Conceptual patterns Demand vs. offer

Size of frame and social distance

Perspective

Involvement and angles
Modality
The textual metafunction
Reliability of messages
Linguistic and visual structures
Colours
Multimodal texts
Contextualization
Titles, captions and articles
Representation of detail
Depth, illumination and brightness The image polysemy

Conclusions
For the process of constructing meaning, we need two systems of representation;

it’s a system by which anything is correlated with a set of concepts or mental representations and language

Both visual and verbal patterns are not alternative means of representing ‘the same thing’.

They are complementary to each other .

 
 From structural to functional linguistics,Language Micro- & Macro-functions
1.

2. Text & Context, Halliday’s metafunctions 


3. Text types 


4. Discourse Analysis, Communicative competence, text and images 


5. Cohesion and Coherence 


6. Thematisation 


7. Style, Discourse Genre 


8. Schematic v systemic knowledge, Grice’s maxims CDA 


9. Textual analysis, Advertising 


• The oral exam will require the students to discuss in English the issues on Functional Linguistics dealt with during the
20-hour lectures.

• The students will have to prepare the analysis of a text of any type, showing that they have acquired the right
terminology and concepts, and that they can apply them to practical cases.

• For those students who will regularly attend the lectures, the final mark will be made up of mid- term assessments as
well, and of the practical work carried out in class, which will be evaluate
 • Structural approach: how things are composed (their internal
structure)

• Functional approach: what the unit does

• Function of syntactic units:

Julia likes dancing

Subject Verb Complement INTERPERSONAL FUNCTION (1)

Senser Process Phenomenon EXPERIENTIAL FUNCTION (2)

Theme Rheme TEXTUAL FUNCTION (3)

1. What the addressor wants from the

Functions of speech acts as a whole (speech function): addressee (question or statement), how
certain s(he) is (modality, etc.) 

give/demand, action/information

2. To express information 

Functions of texts as a whole (genre): descriptive,
narrative, expository, instructive and argumentative
3. The first constituent in the clause plays a
relevant function in the connectivity of the text:
what is this text about? 

D.A. deals with language in context, linking the text/
utterance with its social situation.
1960s and 1970s out of work in different disciplines:
linguistics, psychology, anthropology, sociology.
Contribution of semiotics and the French structuralist
approach to the study of narrative.
Dell Hymes: speech in social settings (1964);
Language as social action: speech-act theory,
conversational maxims (Austin, 1962; Searle, 1969, Grice,
1975), pragmatics, i.e. the study of meaning in context.
Discourse Analysis 2- Communication
Proposition (we talk about something)
Reference (we make a connection with context)
Examples: His flight should be here any minute.
I’m on my way
Speech Act Theory (John Austin 1962, John Searle 1969)
Locutionary Act
 illocutionary act of requesting salt (illocutionary force of request),
Illocutionary Force
 and the further perlocutionary effect of causing somebody to hand
Perlocutionary Effect
Every day we encounter or take part in a wide range of
different types of spoken interactions....
Each situation has its own conventions and formulae,
different role relationships, different purposes and different
settings.
Discourse analysis is interested in all the above creating a
fundamental distinction between:
LANGUAGE FORMS (grammatical, lexical, phonological)
and
DISCOURSE FUNCTIONS (what we do with the language)
Speech Act Theory (John Austin 1962, John Searle 1969)
Locutionary Act

Illocutionary Force

Perlocutionary Effect
“Is there any salt?”
In uttering the locution "Is there any salt?" at the dinner table, one
may thereby perform the distinct locutionary act of uttering the
interrogatory sentence about the presence of salt, as well as the
one the salt.

Speech Act Theory (John Austin 1962, John Searle 1969)
Direct and Indirect Speech Acts
Example (after a dinner with friends):
Speech Act Theory (John Austin 1962, John Searle 1969)
Direct and Indirect Speech Acts
Direct Speech Act: grammatical form and communicative function (i.e.
illocutionary force) correspond.

Man: Let’s have coffee at our place Wife: You’re working Indirect Speech Act: grammatical form and communicative function do not
tomorrow...... correspond.

Is there any salt??

This is an indirect speech act. The wife could have
expressed the same message with a direct speech act:
Other examples (requests and proposals):

- Would you like to meet for a coffee?
Man: Let’s have coffee at our place Wife: I am tired, I want
to go to sleep
- I have class....

- Can you call Samantha?

Language microfunctions Searle’s (1969, 1976) taxonomy of speech acts

(microfunctions )
Language is used to reach diverse
purposes

J. Austin (1962) speech acts


Locutionary – literal meaning

Illocutionary – communicative force

Perlocutionary – effect/reaction in the

addressee/recipient
 Language macrofunctions

Jakobson’s act of verbal communication

CONTEXT
 Macrofunctions (Jakobson 1960)
ADDRESSER MESSAGE ADDRESSEE

CONTACT REFERENTIAL EMOTIVE CONATIVE

CODE
POETIC

Aspects of the discourse situation 


≠ macrofunctions of language and PHATIC

structures
METALINGUAL

•Emotive f.: internal states and emotions of the • Poetic f.: aesthetic f., the form of the message (sound-
st effect, rhythm, figurative language, phonological
addresser (1 p. I, interjections, personal style) resemblance) as a crucial part of the message meaning &
force 


•Conative f.: aims at influencing the internal states • Examples: political slogans, ads, sayings. 

nd
and emotions of the addressee (2 p. you,
vocative & imperative) • Phatic f.: sets contact between the addresser and the
addressee (opening and checking the channel of
communication) 

rd
•Referential f.: informative function (3 p., • Examples: Can you hear me?, Well, here we are. I see. 

objects, events, facts in the context;
nominalisation, premodification, passives, stative
st • Metalingual f.: “attention on the code to clarify or re-
verbs; less formal, 1 p.p. & dynamic active negotiate it” (Ulrich 29), e.g. what do you mean?
verbs)