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In music theory, the circle of fifths is a way of organizing the 12 chromatic pitches as a
sequence of perfect fifths. If C is chosen as a starting point, the sequence is: C, G, D, A, E, B, F ♯
(=G ♭), C♯ (=D♭), G♯ (=A♭), E♭, B♭, F. Continuing the pattern from F returns the sequence
to its starting point of C. This order places the most closely related key signatures adjacent to
one another. It is usually illustrated in the form of a circle.
A "perfect fifth" is the musical interval between two pitches whose frequencies have a ratio of
3:2—these two pitches will be seven semitones apart. The circle of fifths organizes pitches in a
sequence of perfect fifths, generally shown as a circle with the pitches (and their corresponding
keys) in a clockwise progression. Musicians and composers often use the circle of fifths to
describe the musical relationships between pitches. Its design is helpful in composing and
harmonizing melodies, building chords, and modulating to different keys within a composition.[1]
The top of the circle shows the key of C Major, with no sharps or flats. Proceeding clockwise, the
pitches ascend by fifths. The key signatures associated with those pitches also change: the key
of G has one sharp, the key of D has 2 sharps, and so on. Similarly, proceeding counterclockwise
from the top of the circle, the notes change by descending fifths and the key signatures change
accordingly: the key of F has one flat, the key of B♭ has 2 flats, and so on. Some keys (at the
bottom of the circle) can be notated either in sharps or in flats.
Starting at any pitch and ascending by a fifth generates all twelve tones before returning to the
beginning pitch class (a pitch class consists of all of the notes indicated by a given letter
regardless of octave—all "C"s, for example, belong to the same pitch class). Moving
counterclockwise, the pitches descend by a fifth, but ascending by a perfect fourth will lead to
the same note an octave higher (therefore in the same pitch class). Moving counter-clockwise
from C could be thought of as descending by a fifth to F, or ascending by a fourth to F.
The circle of fifths is used to organize and describe the harmonic function of chords. Chords can
progress in a pattern of ascending perfect fourths (alternately viewed as descending perfect
fifths) in "functional succession". This can be shown "...by the circle of fifths (in which, therefore,
scale degree II is closer to the dominant than scale degree IV)".[2] In this view the tonic is
considered the end point of a chord progression derived from the circle of fifths.
According to Richard Franko Goldman's Harmony in Western Music, "the IV chord is, in the
simplest mechanisms of diatonic relationships, at the greatest distance from I. In terms of the
[descending] circle of fifths, it leads away from I, rather than toward it."[3] He states that the
progression I–ii–V–I (an authentic cadence) would feel more final or resolved than I–IV–I (a
plagal cadence). Goldman[4] concurs with Nattiez, who argues that "the chord on the fourth
degree appears long before the chord on II, and the subsequent final I, in the progression I–IV–
viio–iii–vi–ii–V–I", and is farther from the tonic there as well.[5] (In this and related articles,
upper-case Roman numerals indicate major triads while lower-case Roman numerals indicate
minor triads.)
Ascending by justly tuned fifths fails to close the circle by an excess of approximately 23.46
cents, roughly a quarter of a semitone, an interval known as the Pythagorean comma. In
Pythagorean tuning, this problem is solved by markedly shortening the width of one of the twelve
fifths, which makes it severely dissonant. This anomalous fifth is called wolf fifth - a humorous
reference to a wolf howling an off-pitch note. The quarter-comma meantone tuning system uses
eleven fifths slightly narrower than the equally tempered fifth, and requires a much wider and
even more dissonant wolf fifth to close the circle. More complex tuning systems based on just
intonation, such as 5-limit tuning, use at most eight justly tuned fifths and at least three non-just
fifths (some slightly narrower, and some slightly wider than the just fifth) to close the circle.
Other tuning systems use up to 53 tones (the original 12 tones and 42 more between them) in
order to close the circle of fifths.
History
Some sources imply that Pythagoras invented the circle of fifths in the sixth century B.C. but
there is no proof of this.[6][7][8] Pythagoras was primarily concerned with the theoretical science
of harmonics and is credited with having devised a system of tuning based upon the interval of a
fifth, but did not tune more than eight notes, and left no written records of his work.[9]
In the late 1670s Ukrainian composer and theorist Nikolay Diletsky wrote a treatise on
composition entitled Grammatika, "the first of its kind, aimed at teaching a Russian audience how
to write Western-style polyphonic compositions." It taught how to write kontserty, polyphonic a
cappella works usually based on liturgical texts and created by putting together musical sections
with contrasting rhythm, meter, melodic material and vocal groupings. Diletsky intended his
treatise to be a guide to composition using rules of music theory. The first circle of fifths
appears in the Grammatika and it was used for students as a composition tool.[10]
Use
In musical pieces from the Baroque music era and the Classical era of music and in Western
popular music, traditional music and folk music, when pieces or songs modulate to a new key,
these modulations are often associated with the circle of fifths.
In practice, compositions rarely make use of the entire circle of fifths. More commonly,
composers make use of "the compositional idea of the 'cycle' of 5ths, when music moves
consistently through a smaller or larger segment of the tonal structural resources which the
circle abstractly represents."[11] The usual practice is to derive the circle of fifths progression
from the seven tones of the diatonic scale, rather from the full range of twelve tones present in
the chromatic scale. In this diatonic version of the circle, one of the fifths is not a true fifth: it is a
tritone (or a diminished fifth), e.g. between F and B in the "natural" diatonic scale (i.e. without
sharps or flats). Here is how the circle of fifths derives, through permutation from the diatonic
major scale:
0:00 / 0:00
0:00 / 0:00
The following is the basic sequence of chords that can be built over the major bass-line:
0:00 / 0:00
0:00 / 0:00
Adding sevenths to the chords creates a greater sense of forward momentum to the harmony:
0:00 / 0:00
Baroque era
…
According to Richard Taruskin, Arcangelo Corelli was the most influential composer to establish
the pattern as a standard harmonic "trope": "It was precisely in Corelli's time, the late seventeenth
century, that the circle of fifths was being 'theorized' as the main propellor of harmonic motion,
and it was Corelli more than any one composer who put that new idea into telling practice."[12]
The circle of fifths progression occurs frequently in the music of J. S. Bach. In the following,
from Jauchzet Gott in allen Landen, BWV 51, even when the solo bass line implies rather than
states the chords involved:
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Handel uses a circle of fifths progression as the basis for the Passacaglia movement from his
Harpsichord suite No. 6 in G minor.
0:00 / 0:00
Baroque composers learnt to enhance the "propulsive force" of the harmony engendered by the
circle of fifths "by adding sevenths to most of the constituent chords." "These sevenths, being
dissonances, create the need for resolution, thus turning each progression of the circle into a
simultaneous reliever and re-stimulator of harmonic tension... Hence harnessed for expressive
purposes."[13] Striking passages that illustrate the use of sevenths occur in the aria "Pena tiranna"
in Handel's 1715 opera Amadigi di Gaula :
0:00 / 0:00
– and in Bach's keyboard arrangement of Alessandro Marcello's Concerto for Oboe and Strings.
0:00 / 0:00
Nineteenth century
…
During the nineteenth century, composers made use of the circle of fifths to enhance the
expressive character of their music. Franz Schubert's poignant Impromptu in E flat major, D899,
contains such a passage:
0:00 / 0:00
0:00 / 0:00
Robert Schumann's evocative "Child falling asleep" from his Kinderszenen springs a surprise at
the end of the progression: the piece ends on an A minor chord, instead of the expected tonic E
minor.
0:00 / 0:00
In Wagner's opera, Götterdämmerung, a cycle of fifths progression occurs in the music which
transitions from the end of the prologue into the first scene of Act 1, set in the imposing hall of
the wealthy Gibichungs. "Status and reputation are written all over the motifs assigned to
Gunther",[14] chief of the Gibichung clan:
0:00 / 0:00
Ravel's "Pavane for a Dead Infanta", uses the cycle of fifths to evoke Baroque harmony to convey
regret and nostalgia for a past era. The composer described the piece as "an evocation of a
pavane that a little princess (infanta) might, in former times, have danced at the Spanish
court.":[15]
0:00 / 0:00
Ray Noble, "Cherokee." Many jazz musicians have found this particularly challenging as the
middle eight progresses so rapidly through the circle, "creating a series of II–V–I progressions
that temporarily pass through several tonalities."[18]
Related concepts
Chromatic circle
…
…
The circle of fifths is closely related to the chromatic circle, which also arranges the twelve
equal-tempered pitch classes in a circular ordering. A key difference between the two circles is
that the chromatic circle can be understood as a continuous space where every point on the
circle corresponds to a conceivable pitch class, and every conceivable pitch class corresponds
to a point on the circle. By contrast, the circle of fifths is fundamentally a discrete structure, and
there is no obvious way to assign pitch classes to each of its points. In this sense, the two circles
are mathematically quite different.
However, the twelve equal-tempered pitch classes can be represented by the cyclic group of
order twelve, or equivalently, the residue classes modulo twelve, . The group has
four generators, which can be identified with the ascending and descending semitones and the
ascending and descending perfect fifths. The semitonal generator gives rise to the chromatic
circle while the perfect fifth gives rise to the circle of fifths.
The circle of fifths, or fourths, may be mapped from the chromatic scale by multiplication, and
vice versa. To map between the circle of fifths and the chromatic scale (in integer notation)
multiply by 7 (M7), and for the circle of fourths multiply by 5 (P5).
Here is a demonstration of this procedure. Start off with an ordered 12-tuple (tone row) of
integers
which is equivalent to
There does not appear to be a standard on how to notate theoretical key signatures:
The default behaviour of LilyPond (pictured above) writes all single sharps (flats) in the circle-
of-fifths order, before proceeding to the double sharps. This is the format used in John Foulds'
A World Requiem, Op. 60, which ends with the key signature of G ♯ major (exactly as displayed
above, pp. 153ff. ) The sharps in the key signature of G♯ major here proceed C♯, G♯, D♯,
A♯, E♯, B♯, F .
The single sharps or flats at the beginning are sometimes repeated as a courtesy, e.g. Max
Reger's Supplement to the Theory of Modulation, which contains D ♭ minor key signatures on
pp. 42–45 . These have a B ♭ at the start and also a B at the end (with a double-flat
symbol), going B♭, E♭, A♭, D♭, G♭, C♭, F♭, B . The convention of LilyPond and Foulds
would suppress the initial B♭.
Sometimes the double signs are written at the beginning of the key signature, followed by the
single signs. For example, the F ♭ key signature is notated as B , E♭, A♭, D♭, G♭, C♭,
F ♭. This convention is used by Victor Ewald, by the program Finale (software), [25] and by
some theoretical works.
See also
Approach chord
Sonata form
Well temperament
Pitch constellation
Notes
1. Michael Pilhofer and Holly Day (23 Feb 2009). "The Circle of Fifths: A Brief History" ,
www.dummies.com.
7. https://www.classicfm.com/discover-music/music-theory/what-is-the-circle-of-fifths/ .
Missing or empty |title= (help)
9. Fraser, Peter A. (2001). "The Development of Musical Tuning Systems" (PDF): 9, 13.
Retrieved 24 May 2020. (archive from 1 July 2013).
11. Whittall, A. (2002, p. 259) "Circle of Fifths", article in Latham, E. (ed.) The Oxford Companion
to Music. Oxford University Press.
12. Taruskin, R. (2010, p. 184) The Oxford History of Western Music: Music in the Seventeenth
and Eighteenth centuries. Oxford University Press.
13. Taruskin, R. (2010, p. 188) The Oxford History of Western Music: Music in the Seventeenth
and Eighteenth centuries. Oxford University Press.
14. Scruton, R. (2016, p. 121) The Ring of Truth: The Wisdom of Wagner's Ring of the Nibelung.
London, Allen Lane.
15. Andres, Robert, "An introduction to the solo piano music of Debussy and Ravel", BBC Radio
3, accessed 17 November 2011
1 . Gioa, T. (2012, p.115) The Jazz Standards; a Guide to the repertoire. Oxford University
Press.
17. Gioa, T. (2012, p.16) The Jazz Standards; a Guide to the repertoire. Oxford University Press.
1 . Scott, Richard J. (2003, p. 123) Chord Progressions for Songwriters. Bloomington Indiana,
Writers Club Press.
19. Kostka, Stefan; Payne, Dorothy; Almén, Byron (2013). Tonal harmony with an introduction to
twentieth-century music (7th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 46, 238. ISBN 978-0-07-
131828-0.
20. "You Never Give Me Your Money" (1989, p1099-1100, bars 1-16) The Beatles Complete
Scores. Hal Leonard.
21. Fekaris, D. and Perren, F.J. (1978) I Will Survive. Polygram International Publishing.
22. Tennant, N. and Lowe, C. (1987, bars 1-8) "It's a Sin." Sony/ATV Music Publishing (UK) Ltd.
23. Moroder, G., Bellote, P. and Summer, D. (1975, bars 11-14) "Love to Love you, Baby"
copyright 1976, Bulle Music Inc.
25. https://www.hickeys.com/music/brass/brass_ensembles/brass_quintets/products/sku035
994-ewald-victor-quintet-no-4-in-ab-op-8.php
References
Goldman, Richard Franko (1965). Harmony in Western Music . New York: W. W. Norton.
Jensen, Claudia R. (1992). "A Theoretical Work of Late Seventeenth-Century Muscovy: Nikolai
Diletskii's "Grammatika" and the Earliest Circle of Fifths". Journal of the American Musicological
Society. 45 (2 (Summer)): 305–331. JSTOR 831450 .
McCartin, Brian J. (1998). "Prelude to Musical Geometry" . The College Mathematics Journal.
29 (5 (November)): 354–370. JSTOR 2687250 . Archived from the original on 2008-05-17.
Retrieved 2008-07-29.
Nattiez, Jean-Jacques (1990). Music and Discourse: Toward a Semiology of Music, translated
by Carolyn Abbate. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-02714-5. (Originally
published in French, as Musicologie générale et sémiologie. Paris: C. Bourgois, 1987. ISBN 2-
267-00500-X).
Further reading
Lester, Joel. Between Modes and Keys: German Theory, 1592–1802 . 1990.
Miller, Michael. The Complete Idiot's Guide to Music Theory, 2nd ed . [Indianapolis, IN]: Alpha,
2005. ISBN 1-59257-437-8.
Purwins, Hendrik (2005)."Profiles of Pitch Classes: Circularity of Relative Pitch and Key—
Experiments, Models, Computational Music Analysis, and Perspectives ". Ph.D. Thesis. Berlin:
Technische Universität Berlin.
Purwins, Hendrik, Benjamin Blankertz, and Klaus Obermayer (2007). "Toroidal Models in Tonal
Theory and Pitch-Class Analysis ". in: Computing in Musicology 15 ("Tonal Theory for the
Digital Age"): 73–98.
External links
Circle of Fourths: an orchestral overture using the circle as a chord and a melodic element