R.C.

C
• RCC full name is reinforced
cement concrete, or RCC.
• RCC is concrete that contains
steel bars, called reinforcement
bars, or rebars.
• This combination works very
well, as concrete is very strong
in compression, easy to produce
at site, and inexpensive,
COMPONENTS and steel
OF CONCRETE
STEEL
is very very strong in tension.
CONCRETE
 STEEL
Steel: The steel reinforcement is generally in the form of round bars of mild steel. The
diameters of bars vary from 5mm to 40mm. Sometimes the square bars or twisted bars
or ribbed-torsteel are used as steel reinforcement. For road slab and such other
constructions, the reinforcement, the reinforcement may also consist of sheets of rolled
steel of suitable thickness. The hybrid which is a steel lath may also be used as steel
reinforcement
 CONCRETE
Followings four materials are required for
making R.C.C.
1. Cement
2. Aggregate
3. Steel
4. Water

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Aggregate Sand Cement Water

Concrete
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CONCRETE &
RCC
Concrete:
• Concrete is a stone like substance obtained by
permitting a carefully proportioned mixture of
cement, sand and gravel or other aggregate and
water to harden in forms of the shape and of
dimensions of the desired structure.
Reinforced cement concrete:
• Since concrete is a brittle material and is strong
in compression. It is weak in tension, so steel
is used inside concrete for strengthening and
reinforcing the tensile strength of concrete.
 DIFFERENT STAGES OF RCC
• To make reinforced concrete, one first makes a
mould, called formwork, that will contain the
liquid concrete and give it the form and shape we
need.
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• Then one looks at the structural engineer's
drawings and places in the steel reinforcement
bars, and ties them in place using wire. The tied
steel is called a reinforcement cage, because it is
shaped like one.
• Once the steel is in place, one can start to prepare
the concrete, by mixing cement, sand, stone chips
MIXING OF CONCRETE
• The process of rolling, folding and spreading of particles is known as the
mixing of concrete.
• The aim of mixing is to blend all of the ingredients of the concrete to form a
uniform mass and to coat the surface of aggregates with cement paste.
• The materials of mixing of concrete can be done either with hand or with the
help of a machine.
• The time of mixing depends on the type of mixer and also to some properties
of fresh concrete.
➢ Undermixing → non-homogeneity
➢ Overmixing → danger of water loss, breakage of aggregate particles
 Mixing of
concrete

Machine
Hand Mixing
Mixing

➢ Ready-Mix concrete: In this type ingredients are

introduced into a mixer truck and mixed during
transportation to the site.
• Wet – Water added before transportation
• Dry – Water added at site
 1. HAND MIXING

• The mixing by hand is allowed in case of small

works or unimportant works where small quantity
of concrete is required.
• For important works, if hand mixing is so to be
adopted, it is advisable to use 10 % more cement
than specified.
2.MACHINE MIXING
1. Should be thoroughly washed and
cleaned after use. If this precaution is not
taken, the cakes hardening concrete will be
formed & are difficult to remove at a later
stage, also affects the efficiency of the
mixer.
2. Inside portion of the mixer should be
inspected carefully at regular intervals. The
damaged or broken blades should be
replaced.
3. The time of mixing the materials and the
speed of the mixer are very important
factors, decides the strength of concrete
formed. The mixing time should be at least
one minute and preferably two minutes.
The mixer should be rotated at a speed as
recommended by the manufactures of the
mixer.
4. The concrete discharged by the mixer
should be consumed within 30 minutes.
 THE FEATURES OF MACHINE
MIXING:
• It is more efficient and it produces concrete of better quality in a short time.
• The mixers of various types and capacities are available in the market. They
may either be of tilting type or non-tilting type.
• For small works, a mixer capable of producing concrete of one bag of
cement, is used. For works such as roads , aerodromes, drams, etc., special
types of mixers are used.

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 GRADE MIXES OF CONCRETE
cement : sand : aggregate =
1 : n : 2n
As per IS:456-2000, concrete is
designated in 7 grades---- M10, M15,
M20, M25, M30, M35 & M40
(M = mix
number = specified compressive
strength of that mix at 28 days)
•M5 & M7.5…simple foundations for
masonry walls
< M15 ….not to be used in RCC
work

M5 – M7.5-
1: 5: 10 1: 4: 8
M10- M15- 1:1:2 VERY HIGH STRENGTH
1: 3: 6 1: 2: 4 1: 1.5:3 NORMAL WORK
M20- M25- 1:3:6 FOUNDATION & MASS
1: 1.5: 3 1: 1: 2 CONCRETE WORK
 CONSOLIDATION OF CONCRETE

➢ Used to mean the compaction between

aggregate & aggregate ,between aggregate &
reinforcement ,between aggregate & forms.
➢ The main consideration of consolidation of
concrete is to eliminate air bubbles and thus to
give maximum density to the concrete
➢ The importance of consolidation of concrete
can be seen from the fact that a presence of
5% of voids reduces 30% strength of concrete
➢ The difference between voids and pores is

o Voids are the gaps between two individual

particles.
o Pores represent the openings within the
individual particles
 Hand Consolidation
• For unimportant works, the consolidation of carried out by hand methods which
include ramming, tamping, spading and sliding with suitable tools.
• The hand methods require use of a fairy wet concrete. It should however be
remembered that wherever feasible, the hand compaction should be preferred
because the use of vibrator may lead to the segregation of the aggregates. As a matter
of facts, the concrete mixes which can be hand-compacted should not be compacted
by the use of vibrators.
 VIBRATORS
• These are the mechanical devices used to compact concrete in the formwork.
• Vibrators to make harsh and stiff concrete mix, With a slump of about 40
mm or less is workable
• The quality of concrete can be improved by use of vibrators as less water will
be required or in other way, economy can be achieved by adopting a leaner
mix when vibrators are used.
• The use of vibrators result in the reduction of consolidation time they are used
where the rapid progress of work is great importance.
(1) Internal or immersion vibrators:
• These vibrators consist of steel tube which called the POKER its inserted in
fresh concrete .
• Its connect with electric motor.
• They are available in 40 mm to 100 mm dia. The size is depend on us the
spacing between reinforcing bars in concrete . The frequency is about 3000
to 6000 r.p.m
• When poker inserted then the internal vibrators should be inserted and

withdrawn and its working continues when its withdrawn .

• We can used vibrators vertically or slight inclination The vibrators are
efficient then other types and its commonly used .
(2) Surface vibrators:
• These vibrators are mounted on platforms or
screeds. They are used to fine concrete surface on
bridge floors, roads slabs, station platforms.
• These vibrators are found to be more effective for
compacting very dry concrete because vibrators
acting same direction of gravity to the concrete
• The vibrators used to the movement of fine
material to the top and its finishing operations .

(3) Form or shutter vibrators:

• These vibrators are attached to the formwork and
external centering of wall, columns
• These vibrators require more power because of
loss of some in vibrating the rigid shutters.
• They are also have and they cannot be clamped at
as many points as possible for uniform
compaction of concrete.
(4) Vibrating tables:
• These are in the form of rigidly built steel platforms mounted on flexible springs and
they are operated by electromagnetic.
• They are found to be very effective in compacting stiff and harsh concrete mixes and
they are invariably used in the preparation of pre-cast structural products in factories
and test specimens in laboratories.
• The table are vibrated either mechanically or by placing the springs under the
supports of tables. Its 3000 to 7200 vibrations per minute.
• Frequency 1/time
• It means the consolidation of concrete will be achieved in less time and vice versa.
 CURING OF CONCRETE
1. Meaning of the term
2. Purposes
3. Period of curing
4. Effects of improper curing
5. Factors affecting evaporation of water from concrete

6. Methods of curing
 ➢ Concrete surfaces are kept wet
Such for a certain period after
processes are placing of concrete so as to
termed as promote the hardening of
CURING cement.

➢ Consists of a control of temp.

& of the moisture movement
from & into the concrete.
 1. Meaning of the term
• The concrete surfaces are kept wet for a certain period after placing of concrete
so as to promote the hardening of cement.
• It consists of a control of temperature and of the moisture movement from and
into the concrete.
• The term curing of concrete is used to indicate all such procedures and
processes.
 2. PURPOSES
➢ The objects or purpose of the curing of concrete:
• protects concrete surface from sun and wind
• the presence of water is essential to cause the chemical action which
accompanies the setting of concrete .
• Strength of concrete gradually increases with age, if curing is efficient.
• By proper curing, durability is increased & shrinkage is reduced.
• Resistance of concrete to abrasion is increased.
 3. PERIOD OF CURING
• This depend on the type of cement and nature of work.
• For ordinary Portland cement, the curing period is about 7 to 14 days.
• If rapid hardening cement is used, the curing period can be considerably
reduced.

4. EFFECTS OF IMPROPER CURING

➢ Disadvantages of improper curing of concrete
• Compressive strength is reduced
• Cracks will be formed due to shrinkage

• Durability decreases
• Frost & weathering resistances are decreased
• Rate of carbonation increases
• Surfaces are coated with sand & dust which leads to reduction of abrasion
resistance
Above disadvantages are more prominent for those structures which are
either directly exposed or those which have large surfaces compared to depth
such as roads, canals, bridges, etc, to avoid the cracks (necessary to protect even
before setting).
5. FACTORS AFFECTING EVAPORATION
OF WATER FROM CONCRETE
➢ The four basic factors on which the evaporation of water from the
concrete surface depends:
(1) Air temperature
(2) Fresh concrete temperature
(3) Relative humidity
(4) Wind velocity
• The evaporation of water in the first few hours can leave very low amt of water
in the concrete for hydration, leads to several cracks (average loss of water
varies from 2.5-10N/m2 per hour).
• Major loss occurs in the top 50mm layer & over a period of 3 hours, the loss
could be about 5% of the total volume of that layer.
 6.METHODS OF CURING
➢ Factors to be considered while selecting any mode of curing :
a. temp. should be kept min. for dissipation of heat & hydration
b. Prevention of water evaporation
➢ Therefore, the methods should be employed in proper way & proper
supervision.

➢ Specialized curing techniques are :

3) Ponding with water
4) Covering concrete with wet jute bags
5) Covering concrete with wet sand, saw dust, etc.
6) Covering concrete with water-proof paper & polyethylene sheets

7) Sprinkling or spraying with water

8) Applying curing compounds
• Methods 1 to 5 are conventional ones
& all suffer from the common defect of
late beginning by which time some
harm has been affected to the concrete.

• Ponding is the best method….consists

of little earthen dams which are built
over the entire surface to be cured.
• The squares thus formed are then
flooded with water to a depth of about
50mm or so.
• Effective for horizontal surfaces & not
vertical.

• The method of covering concrete

surfaces with wet jute bags, wet sand,
saw dust, polyethylene, etc. is difficult
in maintaining, especially at places
having winds blowing at high speeds
• Spraying of water is the most common method but
is not properly employed because there should be
continuous supply of water to the surface.

• The last method of applying the curing compounds

is a simple one & can be brought about by spraying
while the concrete is wet.
• The application is carried out by tree sprayers which
are use for spraying insecticides.
•
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Nozzle should be regularly cleaned by water or
white cement, should be held at a distance of 0.7m-
1m from the surface & should be confirmed that
full area is covered .
• Pressure should be maintained in the pump to effect
fine spray.
 Loads
• Structural members must be designed to
support specific loads. Loads are those forces
for which a structure should be proportioned.
Loads that act on structure can be divided into
three categories.
1. Dead loads
2. Live loads
3. Environmental loads

Dead Loads:
 Requirements of concrete mix
design
The requirements which form the basis of
selection and proportioning of mix ingredients
are :
a) The minimum compressive strength required
from structural consideration
b) The adequate workability necessary for full
compaction with the compacting equipment

available.
c) Maximum water-cement ratio and/or
maximum cement content to give adequate
Advantages of reinforced concrete
• Reinforced concrete also has greater
compressive strength as compared to most
other materials used for construction besides
good in tension.
• It has better resistance to fire than steel and
capable of resisting fire for a longer time.
• It has long service life with low maintenance
cost
• In some types of structures, such as dams, piers
and footings, it is the most economical
structural material
 Disadvantages of reinforced
concrete
• It needs mixing, casting and curing, all of
which affect the final strength of concrete
• The cost of the forms used to cast concrete is
relatively high
• The tensile strength of reinforced concrete is
about one-tenth of its compressive strength.
• The main steps of using reinforced concrete are
mixing, casting, and curing. All of this affect
the final strength.
• For multi-storied building the RCC column
section for is larger than steel section as the
 Strucural Concrete elements
Slab:
•Slabs are
horizontal slab
elements in
building floors
and roof. They
 RCC Beams
• RCC beams are cast in cement concrete
reinforced with steel bars. Beams take up
compressive and add rigidity to the structure.
• Beams generally
carry vertical gravitational forces but can also be
used to carry horizontal loads (i.e., loads due to
an earthquake or wind). The loads carried by a
beam are transferred to columns, walls,
or girders, which then transfer the force to
adjacent structural compression members.
In Light frame construction the joists rest on the
 RCC Column
• A column forms a very
important component of a
structure. Columns
support beams which in
turn support walls and
slabs. It should be realized
that the failure of a
column results in the
collapse of the structure. Reinforced Cement Concrete Column Plan and Section

The design of a column

should therefore receive
importance.
In this article, we are going to discuss in detail the basis of classification of columns and
different types of reinforcement required for a certain type of column.

A column may be classified based on different criteria such as:

1. Based on shape
Rectangle
Square
Circular
Polygon
2. Based on slenderness ratio
Short column
Long column
3. Based on type of loading
Axially loaded column
A column subjected to axial load and unaxial bending
A column subjected to axial load and biaxial bending
4. Based on pattern of lateral reinforcement
Tied columns
Spiral columns
 slab
1. One way slab
2. Two way slab
 Foundation Design

•Foundatio
n is the
base of
any
structure.
 Reinforced Concrete Footings
• Footing comprises of
the lower end of a
column, pillar or wall
which i enlarged with
projecting courses so
as to distribute load.
• Footings shall be
designed to sustain
the applied loads,
moments and forces
and the induced
Column Footing Plan and Section | Foundation Design