PARAGRAPH

Compiled by group 2 :

VASYA HARADILLAH (0304193162)

MEGA AGNESYA SIREGAR (0304193145)

NURHUSNA PUTRI (0304193173)

MUTIA H. SEMBIRING (0304193164)

Lecturer :

Ananda Meisarah Harahap, M.Hum

FACULTY OF TARBIYAH AND TEACHER TRAINING

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF NORTH SUMATERA

2020
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................... 2

PREFACE ........................................................................................................... 3

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ......................................................................... 4

1.1 Background of the Study................................................................................ 4

1.2 Problem statement .......................................................................................... 4
1.3 Purpose of paper ............................................................................................ 5

CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................ 6

2.1 Definition of Paragraph ................................................................................. 6

2.2 The Types Of Paragraph................................................................................ 7
2.3 Characteristic Of Paragraph ....................................................................... 10

CHAPTER III CLOSING.................................................................................. 11

3.1 CONCLUSION ............................................................................................. 11

3.2 SUGGESTION ............................................................................................. 11

REFERENCES ................................................................................................... 12
 PREFACE

All the writer's thanks to Allah SWT, who has given us His guidance and inayah, so that
the author can complete this paper. Prayers and greetings do not forget the writer prayed to the
prophet Muhammad SAW.

This paper with the title of a paragraph aims to fulfill one of the tasks of reading subjects,
besides that, this paper is also made in order to increase the knowledge and insight of the author
in learning especially subjects. We also do not forget to thank the subject lecturers who always
motivated the author to carry out this paper assignment. Hopefully it can be useful for readers and
writers.

We realize that in the making of this paper there are still many shortcomings, therefore we hope
for criticism and suggestions for the progress of the author.
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

I.I Background Of Study

Paragraph is a group of related sentences that discuss only one main idea. A paragraph usually
consist of more than one sentences, however, it is possible to built only one sentence as one
paragraph. The number of sentences in a paragraph is not really important, however, the paragraph
should be in a proper length to develop the main idea clearly. In a paragraph, usually consists of
the main parts, they are; Topic sentence, supporting sentence and concluding sentence. Topic
sentence which states the main idea of the paragraph, A topic sentence is the most important
sentence in a paragraph. It briefly indicates what the paragraph is going to discuss. As stated by
Beare that topic sentence is one sentence which states your idea, point, or opinion. This sentence
should use a strong verb and make a bold statement. Each of the topic sentence needs controlling
idea which limits the range topic. The second part of paragraph is supporting sentences that
develop the topic sentence. These sentences should support the main idea mentioned in the topic
sentence. The last part of paragraph is concluding sentence. It is the closing sentence which
indicate that the paragraph is about to end. Here are the important points to remember about topic
sentence. Paragraph has been written to help the readers obtain the piece of information of the
writing. Paragraph helps the readers comprehend the information within the main idea and relate
it to the other paragraphs. Mayers (2006) stated that there are three important parts of a paragraph.
The first part is introduction. It contains a topic sentence which outlines the main idea of a
paragraph to which the rest of the paragraph should be focused. A topic sentence usually occurs in
the beginning of the paragraph but it sometimes occurs in other positions such as in the middle or
at the end of the paragraph. The second part is the body. It contains supporting sentences which
develop the main idea by giving examples, details, and explanations. The third part is conclusion.
It occurs at the end of the paragraph. It emphasizes the point of the paragraph to be emphasized by
the readers. It usually has the sense of finality.

1.2 Problem Statment

In this case the writer formulates the problem is in order to find out what things will be
discussed in the content or discussion of the paper. Therefore, the problem formulation made by
the author is as follows:

A. What the definition of Paragraph?

B. What characteristics of Paragraph?
C. What the types of Paragraph?
 1.3 Purpose Of Paper

The purpose of this paper is to describe and review about Paragraph and to find out what
will be discussed in a paper on critical reading.And knowing about definition, characteristics, and
types from Paragraph.
 CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Definition Of Paragraph

A paragraph is a unit of writing in a larger body of work. A paragraph expresses a particular

topic or theme. A paragraph is a component of fictional prose and non-fiction writings.When
writing essays, research papers, books, etc., new paragraphs are indented to show their beginnings.
Each new paragraph begins with a new indentation.The purpose of a paragraph is to express a
speaker’s thoughts on a particular point in a clear way that is unique and specific to that paragraph.
In other words, paragraphs shouldn’t be mixing thoughts or ideas. When a new idea is introduced,
generally, a writer will introduce a new paragraph.Basic Paragraph Structure: How to Layout a
Paragraph In non-fiction writing, a body paragraph is any paragraph that comes between the
introduction and the conclusion.

1. A good body paragraph will have the following:

A. Topic Sentence
A topic sentence is the first sentence of the body paragraph. Simply put, the topic sentence
introduces the topic of the paragraph. A good topic sentence will be broad enough to allow for
explication but narrow enough that it does not require a paragraph that is too long.

B. Supporting Sentences
The supporting sentences of a paragraph are the sentences between the topic sentence and the
concluding sentence. The supporting sentences “support” the topic sentence. That is, they explain
and elaborate the point of the paragraph.

C. Concluding Sentence
The concluding sentence is the last sentence in the paragraph. It should succinctly end the
paragraph and transition to the next paragraph, if appropriate.
 2. A good paragraph contains many elements. Here are just a few of them.

A. Unity, Coherence
As mentioned above, the ideas in a paragraph should logically fit together. Furthermore, they
should flow from one idea to the next. A paragraph should be organized in a way that it builds
appropriately. This could be by sequence of ideas or events. Additionally, transitions should be
used from one sentence to the next that connect the ideas and concepts.

B. Adequate Development
In order for a paragraph to be considered “adequate” or “sufficient,” the paragraph should be
well-developed. The reader should not be left wanting more information.

3. The paragraph should include enough evidence to support its topic sentence.

A. Transitions
Good paragraphs have transitions between preceding and proceeding paragraphs. These
transitions are logical and verbal.One paragraph should logically flow to the next. The ideas in a
body of work should be organized so each paragraph transitions well to the next. It should not be
choppy.Additionally, verbal transitions within and between paragraphs should help the reader
move seamlessly through the piece of writing.

B. How Long is a Paragraph

There is no set length to a paragraph. Some paragraphs are only one sentence in length.
However, a short paragraph like that should be left only to the expert writer—or a specific style of
writing. You wouldn’t find a single-sentence paragraph in a research paper or academic
journal.Paragraphs need to be long enough to express any given idea (long enough to thoroughly
explain the topic sentence).Research papers may call for paragraphs ten sentences or longer.The
overall topic of the writing and content will determine the length of a paragraph. Unfortunately,
there is no single number of sentences to a good paragraph.A general rule of thumb is to begin
with a topic sentence;develop that topic well with evidence, examples, and explanations; and
conclude the paragraph appropriately.

2.2 The Types Of Paragraph

There are four types of paragraphs that you need to know about: descriptive, narrative,
expository, and persuasive. A quick search around the internet will yield other types, but to keep
this simple, it’s a good idea to consider just these four.

1. the descriptive paragraph

This type of paragraph describes something and shows the reader what a thing or a person is like.
The words chosen in the description often appeal to the five senses of touch, smell, sight, sound,
and taste. Descriptive paragraphs can be artistic and may deviate from grammatical norms. This is
a descriptive paragraph:

The lights grow brighter as the earth lurches away from the sun, and now the orchestra is
playing yellow cocktail music, and the opera of voices pitches a key higher. Laughter is easier
minute by minute, spilled with prodigality, tipped out at a cheerful word . The groups change more
swiftly, swell with new arrivals, dissolve and form in the same breath; already there are wanderers,
confident girls who weave here and there among the stouter and more stable, become from a sharp,
joyous moment the center of a group, and then, excited with triumph, glide on through the sea-
change of faces and voices and color under the constantly changing light.

This excerpt is taken from The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald. In this paragraph you
can hear, see, and feel the setting in which the story takes place. When you practice writing a
descriptive paragraph yourself, you should address all aspects of the physical world.

2. the narrative paragraph

This type of paragraph tells a story. There’s a sequence of action or there’s a clear beginning,
middle, and end to the paragraph.

This is a narrative paragraph:

It’s been almost ten years since I first ran for political office. I was thirty-five at the time, four
years out of law school, recently married, and generally impatient with life. A seat in the Illinois
legislature had opened up, and several friends suggested that I run, thinking that my work as a civil
rights lawyer, and contacts from my days as a community organizer, would make me a viable
candidate. After discussing it with my wife, I entered the race and proceeded to do what every
first-time candidate does: I talked to anyone who would listen. I went to block club meetings and
church socials, beauty shops and barbershops. If two guys were standing on a corner, I would cross
the street to hand them campaign literature. And everywhere I went, I’d get some version of the
same two questions.

This opening paragraph from Barack Obama’s The Audacity of Hope tell and interesting story
about how a man entered the arena of politics. It has a beginning, a middle, and an end, and it
raises the reader’s curiosity about what will happen next.

3. the expository paragraph

This type of paragraph explains something or provides instruction. It could also describe a
process and move the reader step by step through a method. This type of paragraph often requires
research, but it’s possible that the writer is able to rely on his or her own knowledge and expertise.

This is an expository paragraph:

All toilet flush tanks work about the same. When the toilet is flushed, the trip handle lifts the
tank ball, opening the outlet and letting water flow into the bowl. When the tank is nearly empty,
the ball falls back in place over the outlet. The float falls with the water level, opening the water-
supply inlet valve just as the outlet is being closed, and the tank is refilled through the filler tube.
Water also flows through the bowl refill tube into the overflow pipe to replenish trap-sealing water.
As the water level in the tank nears the top of the overflow pipe, the float closes the inlet valve,
completing the cycle.

This paragraph from Reader’s Digest Complete Do-it-yourself Manual gives detailed
information about how how the water moves through a toilet when it is flushed. It’s instructive,
and if you like this kind of thing, it may even be interesting

4. the persuasive paragraph

This type of paragraph tries to get the reader to accept a particular point of view or understand
the writer’s position. This is the type of paragraph that many teachers focus on because it’s useful
when building an argument. It often requires the collection of facts and research.

This is a persuasive paragraph:

Immigration contributes to the overall health of the American economy. Despite recent
concerns related to the costs created by illegal and some legal immigration to the United States,
this country has largely benefited from the skills, talents, and ambition that immigrants bring with
them. American businesses gain from a good source of affordable labor, while town and cities are
revitalized by immigrant families who strengthen communities through civic participation the
generation of new economic activity. The United States must continue to welcome new arrivals
and help those who already here; otherwise, the country will lose the advantages it has over other
industrialized countries who compete against us in the global marketplace and seek to recruit from
a vast pool of unskilled and skilled global workers.

2.3 The Characteristic Of Paragraph

 Unity
It is the very bog factor that can make your paragraph the worst or the best. The reason is quite
obvious because the whole paragraph represents a single sense or thought. That is why all
the sentence should be dependent on each other. All the sentences should be related to the main
point of the paragraph.

 Order
These should be a specific order in between the sentences. To represent the main idea, all the
sentences should follow a specific step by step order. Students make this mistake in most cases
because they start there paragraph very well but after that they never write there sentences in order.
Important things and other things should be in order.

 Content length
I have seen many students who like to write more and more. It is a good habit but excess of
anything is bad. No one likes to read long paragraphs because it wastes so much time. A good
paragraph is that have proper length of the content and that should be to the point.

 Coherence
Coherence means relativity between the sentences. All the sentences of paragraph should relate
to each other. If one sentence is telling about something then other sentences must be related to it.
If the paragraph lacks coherence then it will not produce any sense or it will become senseless.

 inding
It is the best characteristics among all given above as far as I am concern about writing. IF
your writing does not bind your readers then it is of no use. Readers should feel like they
are reading something very interesting. From the starting point to the end point, reader’s interest
should be in the paragraph.
  Opening Sentences
Last but not the least is opening sentences. Your opening sentences should like that represent
the main idea of the paragraph. Rest of the sentences should be just explaining what you said in
the opening sentences
 CHAPTER III

CLOSING

3.1 CONCLUSION

A paragraph is a component of fictional prose and non-fiction writings.When writing

essays, research papers, books, etc., new paragraphs are indented to show their beginnings.
Each new paragraph begins with a new indentation.The purpose of a paragraph is to express
a speaker’s thoughts on a particular point in a clear way that is unique and specific to that
paragraph.

3.2 SUGGESTION

For the closing,the writers ask many apologize if any mistake.That the paper is almost
complete written.So,the writers suggestion to all student to understand well papers and know
about Paragraph.
 REFERENCES

Writing Explained. n.d. What Is A Paragraph? Definition, Examples Of Paragraphs - Writing

Explained. [online] Available at: <https://writingexplained.org/grammar-dictionary/paragraph>
[Accessed 23 November 2020].

Reid, J.M. (1994). The Process of Paragraph Writing (2nd Ed.)

Oshima, A., and Hogue, A. (1999), Writing Academic English, 3rd Edition, USA:Pearson

JOURNAL OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE TEACHING & LEARNING : Paragraph Writing of

Academic Texts in an EFL Context