Professional Documents
Culture Documents
SSRM 5/29/2013
Paramagnetism: Molecular Field
Today’s Schedule Theory and Exchange Interactions
C
Curie Law of
Paramagnetism T
Magnetism of Solids Curie‐Weiss Law of C
E h
Exchange Forces and Magnetic
F dM ti
Paramagnetism: T
Ordering in Minerals
Antiferromagnetism
Assume a Molecular field acts on the magnetic ions (Hmis very large)
Ferrimagnetism
Produced by interactions between electron ‘neighbors’: Hm=M (=const.)
Photo by Rob Lavinskyy, iRocks.com
Total field acting on an internal “molecular” moment: H=Ha+M
Magnetic Minerals Applied field + Molecular Field
C
M Ha H , H Ha Hm
Magnetic Characterization of T
Magnetic Minerals (Part I) Ha
C
(H a M )
T
C C
Magnetite octahedra from , C
Cerro Huanaquino, Bolivia. T C T
Ferromagnetism Molecular Field Theory and Exchange
Theory of Ferromagnetism must explain Interactions
Shape of M‐H curve Shape of M‐T curve
1.0 The interaction constant from Curie‐Weiss Law can be:
Magnetite
a. SD Magnetite
0.5 50
50 nm =0 paramagnetism unpaired spins independent (Curie‐Law)
>0 ferromagnetism unpaired spins align parallel
M/Ms
0.0
<0 antiferromagnetism unpaired spins align antiparallel
‐0.5
‐1.0
‐0.5 ‐0.25 0 0.25 0.5
Ferromagnetism
Field (T) Tauxe, 2009 Curie Temperature
Large magnetic moments in low magnetic Magnetic Ordering Temperature
fields (< 1 T) and high temperatures (300K) (Tc, Curie Temperature)
Spontaneous (saturation) Magnetization
(M0,B=0) Fe3O4 580C
Fe 780C
Fe3O4 480 kA/m Ni 358C Ferromagnetism T<Tc Paramagnetism T>Tc
Fe 1700 kA/m Co 1121C
Paramagnet <1 A/m T>Tc Curie‐Weiss law Lowrie, 2007
1
2013 SSRM 5/29/2013
Weiss Molecular Field Theory of Ferromagnetism Weiss Molecular Field Theory of Ferromagnetism
(1) M M s L( )
Start with Langevin Equation for M(T,H) B To solve for M when T<Tc
M MsL Two simultaneous equations for M kT
kT (2) M
0 w
T4 T3
Assume a molecular field dependent on M H m wM T2
1.0
w=molecular field constant T1 T1
0.8
T2
Eq (1)
Total field H=Ha+Hm M/Ms
L()
0.6
Magnetization exists even when Ha=0 and T<Tc T3
Eq (2)
0.4
Em<<kT
wM Em>>kT
M M sL 0 T4
kT 0.2
wM
0 1, M ( H 0) M s
0.0
0 2 4
6 8 10 Temperature
kT
T>T4, no solution, M=0, Ha=0, T4=Curie temperature
All spins are aligned T=0 K, solution at =, L()=1, M=Ms
Weiss Molecular Field Theory of Ferromagnetism
Weiss Molecular Field Theory of Ferromagnetism
Curie Temperature
Slope of line at T=T4=slope of Langevin Function at origin
kTc M kTc
M ,
T>TC Antiferromagnetism 0 w 0 w
M
lim L( ) / 3, Ms / 3
0
Ferromagnetism 0 M s w
Tc
3k
C
3kTc
T H m wM s , w kTc
M
Magnitude of Molecular Field at 0 K
it d f M l l Fi ld t 0 K
0
Fe: Tc=1063 K, =2.2B: H~108 A/m, B~ 1000 T
Field is much larger than that produced by B
magnetic dipole‐dipole interaction between
105 A/m (0.1 T)
a3
O’Reilly, 1984 spins (a=lattice spacing, ~0.3 nm)
2
2013 SSRM 5/29/2013
Ferromagnetism Weiss Domains: How to explain the demagnetized state
Magnetic Domains and Walls
Theory of Ferromagnetism must explain
Fe3O4
Shape of M‐H curve
1.0
aMagnetite
a. SD Large magnetic moments in low magnetic
Large magnetic moments in low magnetic
0.5 50 nm fields (< 1 T) and high temperatures (300K)
Spontaneous (saturation) Magnetization
M/Ms
(100)‐oriented (100) Titanomagnetite
silicon iron crystal
Some ways to image domains
Bitter patterns
Magnetic Force Microscopy
Magnetooptic Kerr effect
http://www.ifwdresden.de/institutes/imw/sections/24/members/schaefer/
magnetic‐domains/5
Exchange Forces
Quantum Theory of Magnetically Ordered Materials
Exchange energy: energy related to the exchange of e 2 J s s ex 12 1 2
two electron spins (s) between atoms
The source of the molecular field is
exchange interactions between J12 is the exchange integral (constant)
overlapping electron orbitals >0 ferromagnetic ordering
f d
resulting in: <0 antiferromagnetic ordering
Depends on degree of orbital overlap ra=interactomic distance
between electrons r3d=mean radius of 3d orbital
Tc=1403K
ra/r3d Tc=1043K
1. Direct Exchange between Small AF ordering
neighboring electron spins Larger values FM ordering Tc=631 K
Still larger values dia/paramagnetism
ll l l d /
2. Superexchange between unpaired
electrons spins couple through Curie Temperature is related to Tc=96K
covalent interactions with strength of exchange integral
intervening ligand (e.g. O2‐)
Bethe‐Slater curve
J 12 k BTc
Tauxe [2008]
Cullity, 1972
3
2013 SSRM 5/29/2013
Main Types of
Magnetically Ordered Materials Magnetic
Ordering
When the applied field is zero, the
internal field is still present and leads to Positive
Positive
magnetic ordering and spontaneous interactions
magnetization.
Negative
Interactions
Ferromagnetism Fe, Ni, Co, NiFe, Gd
Antiferromagnetism MnO, FeTiO3
Ferrimagnetism Fe3O4, MOFe2O3, where
M=transition metal
Egli
Molecular Field Theory of
Antiferromagnetism Antiferromagnetism (Néel Theory)
T>TN
C
A Two separate magnetic sublattices (A and B) with Molecular Field “seen” by A and B
ions on A and B sublattices T
negative (antiparallel) magnetic superexchange (C / 2)AB
p g
coupling AB = molecular field constant (>0)
molecular field constant (>0)
MB=‐MA at all temperatures H A AB M B T/TN
B Ms=MB‐ MA =0 H B AB M A T<TN
1
Brillouin Functions
C AB
MB
T g J Applied Field to spin axis
M A (T ) M 0 A BJA 0 B A H A
kT
M=0 g J
M B (T ) M 0 B BJB 0 B B H B MB MA
kT // (T 0) 0
MA M S (T ) M B (T ) M A (T ) 0
MB MA
Néel Temperature (Tn) Applied Field // to spin axis
Cullity, 1972; Dunlop and Özdemir, 1997
4
2013 SSRM 5/29/2013
Antiferromagnetism Antiferromagnetic Minerals
1.40 Mineral TN (K) Ms Type
Marcasite (FeS ) Goethite (‐FeOOH) (Am2/kg)
1.20
Tn 2
1 00
1.00 Ulvospinel (Fe2TiO4 120 0 AFM
X/Xma
Data from various sources
Ferrimagnetism Ferrimagnetism
Two separate magnetic sublattices (A and B) with negative 1.0
(antiparallel) magnetic superexchange coupling Magnetite
a. SD
50 nm
M s (T ) (Tc T )
0.5
Different numbers or kinds of cations or valence states on
M/Ms
each sublattice + different site coordination
h bl tti diff t it di ti
0.0 ~ 0.3
0 3 0.5
05
‐0.5
MAMB at all temperatures
Ms= MB ‐MA > 0 ‐1.0
‐0.5 ‐0.25 0 0.25 0.5 Magnetite
Field (T)
C
T<Tc T>TC Ferrimagnetism
T
Similar magnetic properties
to ferromagnetic materials Ferromagnetism
(Ms, hysteresis, remanence) C
T
O’Reilly, 1984 Tauxe, 2008
5
2013 SSRM 5/29/2013
Molecular Field Theory of Ferrimagnetism (T<TN)
Molecular Field Theory of Ferrimagnetism Molecular Field “seen” by A and B
Brillouin Functions
JA, JB= quantum spin numbers
ions on A and B sublattices
AA , BB , and AB : molecular g J
M A (T ) M 0 A BJA 0 B A H A
field constants for interactions kT
H A AA M A AB M B g J
M B (T ) M 0 B BJB 0 B B H B
H B BB M B AB M A kT
M S (T ) M B (T ) M A (T )
Different combinations of AB, AA, BB interactions give rise different types of Ms‐T curves
Q‐TYPE P‐TYPE N‐TYPE
AA=BB > <
AA BB AA BB
Molecular fields acting between ions (AA, BB, and AB)
Cullity, 1972
Temperature Dependence of Magnetization Ferrimagnetic Minerals
Q
Pyrrhotite (Fe7S8) 593 20
N Jacobsite (MnFe2O4) 673 77
Trevorite (NiFe2O4) 713 51
Daubreelite (FeCr2S4) ~170 ~30 (at 70 K)
P
‐Fe
Fe2O3 ~510
510 ~15
15
Feroxyhyte (‐FeOOH) 440‐460 ~12
Nickel‐Iron Vanadates (NiFe2‐xVxO4 ) Titanomaghemite (Fe2.3Ti0.7O4)
Variation as a function of Variation as a function of oxidation
composition (O’Handley, 2000) (Readman and O’Reilly, 1972)
Data from various sources
6
2013 SSRM 5/29/2013
Summary
Magnetic Ordering in Solids Magnetic Mineralogy
– Diamagnetism: No unpaired e‐
– Paramagnetism: Unpaired e‐, disordered and fluctuating Magnetite and Titanomagnetites (Fe3‐xTixO4)
– Ferromagnetism: All unpaired e‐ spins aligned parallel Hematite and Titanohematites (Fe2‐yTiyO3)
Antiferromagnetism: Unpaired e‐ aligned antiparallel
– Antiferromagnetism: Unpaired e aligned antiparallel Maghemite and Titanomaghemites
Maghemite and Titanomaghemites
– Ferrimagnetism: Unpaired e‐ aligned antiparallel but don’t fully cancel out Chemical Change
Exsolution Exsolved titanomagnetite grain
High temperature oxidation , T>600 C (oxy‐exsolution) (width of image =320m)
Low temperature oxidation (titanomaghemites)
Magnetic Oxyhydroxides, Sulfides, and Fe‐Ni
Magnetite (Sicily Strait, Dinare‐Turell
et al., 2003)
Magnetic Mineralogy Ternary diagram for iron‐oxides
Sources of magnetic minerals Magnetic minerals follow the rock cycle Most Important Magnetic Phases
Igneous and metamorphic processes
g
Soil formation and diagenesis Fe‐Ti oxides
Cosmic dust Fe‐sulfides
Biomineralization Fe‐oxyhydroxides
Industrial pollution
archeological materials
Transformation of magnetic phases
chemical weathering
low/high temperature oxidation
dissolution/precipitation
/
biogenic formation/alteration
Magnetic Minerals can undergo significant chemical/physical changes after formation
Physical/Chemical changes can destroy primary remanence or produce new remanence
Tauxe, 2008
7
2013 SSRM 5/29/2013
Spinel Crystal
Titanomagnetites
Structure
Solid Solution Series (T>600 C)
Cubic minerals
Spinel crystal structure
Spinel crystal structure S i l is
Spinel i th
the M
Mg-Al
Al member
b
of the larger spinel group of
Fe Ti O
3 x x 4 minerals.
(1 x ) Fe O xFe TiO
3 4 2 4
MgAl2O4
A sites: tetrahedral coordination
A‐sites: tetrahedral coordination
B‐sites: octahedral coordination
TM0= magnetite
TM60= Fe2.4Ti0.6O4
Tauxe, 2008
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spinel.GIF
Crystal Structure of Magnetite
Superexchange Interactions in Spinels
Superexchange between unpaired
electrons spins couple through
covalent interactions with intervening Magnetite octohedra from
Cerro Huanaquino Bolivia
Cerro Huanaquino, Bolivia.
ligand (e.g. O2‐)
Unit cell contains 32 O2‐ anions arranged in a face‐center cubic network
Bond angles in Magnetite Two types of cation sites
A‐sites: tetrahedral coordination (8 sites per unit cell)
Angles near 90 are unfavorable for B‐sites: octahedral coordination (16 sites per unit cell)
superexchange interactions
General Structural Formula: ( A)[ B ] O
2 4
AB, BB, and AA interactions
Dunlop & Özdemir, 1997; Tauxe [2008] Butler, 1992; Walz, 2002
8
2013 SSRM 5/29/2013
Magnetite
Magnetite
Temperature dependence of the
Fe3O4 In magnetite, there are 16 Fe3+ and sublattice magnetizations
eight Fe2+ cations per unit cell
(Fe3+,Fe3+,Fe2+)O 42‐
Fe2+ : S=2, = 4B Curie Temperature: 853 K (580 C)
What’s the magnetic structure of Magnetite? Fe3+ : S=5/2, = 5B Saturation Magnetization at 23 C
92 Am2/kg
Ferromagnetism (all spins are aligned) 480 kA/m
Ferrimagnetism (A and B sites are AF coupled)
Coupling Spin Moment
Stacey and Banerjee 1974
Stacey and Banerjee , 1974
Ferromagnetic All spins aligned 4+5+5 =14B
Ferrimagnetic 2 3+
( Fe ) [Fe , Fe ] O
A
3+
B
2
4
(5+5)‐4=6B
Ferrimagnetic 3+
(Fe ) [Fe , Fe ] O
A
3+ 2
B
2
4
(5+4)‐5=4B Observed value
~4.1B
Tauxe, 2008
Partially oxidized magnetites
Verwey Transition in Magnetite Maghemite (‐Fe2O3 ) z=0 magnetite; z=1 maghemite
Change in lattice symmetry at Tv=121 K
op and Özdemir, 1997
Monoclinic Magnetite
0.8 0
Isochemical with hematite (‐Fe2O3 ) but maintains
the inverse spinel structure of magnetite.
Kakol, 1990
0.7 0
Dunlo
dM/dT C ll F 2+Fe
Convert all Fe F 3+
3+ and maintain charge balance
d i i h b l
0.6 0
( Fe )[ Fe , Fe ]O ( Fe )[ Fe ]O
3 2 3 2 3 3 2
SIRM (AM /kg)
3 mm Single Crystal Relationship between the low‐T
0.2 0 monoclinic axes (a, b and c), the Ms (300K)= 74.3 Am2/kg 0.8
0)
TC ~ 863‐948 K (590‐675
863 948 K (590 675 ° C)
Sirm/Sirm(20
rhombohedrally distorted cell (solid
h b h d ll di t t d ll ( lid 0.6
magnetite
0.1 0 line), and the high‐T cubic unit cell No Verwey like transition
(dashed line) 0.4
0.0 0
0 50 100 150 200 250 30 0 Magnetite is oxidized to maghemite by changing 0.2
Tem perature c‐axis is tilted ~0.2° from cubic <100>
the valence state of two thirds of the original Fe2+
to Fe3+ while simultaneously removing one third of 0.0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Saturation IRM (SRM) given at 10 K the original Fe2+ from the B sublattice. Temperature (K)
Measurement on warming to 300 K
9
2013 SSRM 5/29/2013
Maghemite (‐Fe2O3 ) Cation Distribution and Magnetization in
‐Fe2O3 is metastable and typically Titanomagnetites
inverts to ‐Fe2O3 (hematite) when
heated to T> 300° C Distribution of cation between A and B sites and the exchange coupling between/within
sublattices control intrinsic magnetic properties ( e.g., Msand Tc) of titanomagnetites
Synthetic maghemite
Synthetic maghemite
D~0.47 m
Synthetic maghemite Normal spinel: similar cations/ occupy the same sublattice
Axial ratio 9:1
D~0.025 m Inverse spinel: different cations occupy the same sublattice
Özdemir, 1990
mir and Dunlop, 1988
Inversion to
‐Fe2O3
Tc=645°C
Özdem
Inversion T>Tc
Generalized Cation Distribution Formula for Titanomagnetites
Cation Distribution and Magnetization in
Crystal Chemistry in Spinels: Cation
Titanomagnetites Site‐Preference for transition metal ions
in A and B Sites
Generalized Cation Distribution Formula for
Titanomagnetites Single‐crystal data Certain cations have a preference for
Certain cations have a preference for
Navrotsky and Kleppa, 1968
8
( Feb3 Fe12b ) A [ Fe(232 x )b Feb2xTix4 ]B O42 occupying a particular coordination site
Kakol et al., 1991
b= distribution parameter (no. of A‐site Fe3+ )
x= compositional parameter
( Fe3 ) A [ Fe3 Fe2 ]B O42
For example (x=0, Magnetite) ( Fe2 ) A [ Fe2Ti 4 ]B O42
B‐sites
2 3+ 3+ 2
b=0: normal spinel ( Fe ) [Fe , Fe ] O
A B 4
3+
b=1: inverse spinel (Fe ) [Fe , Fe ] O
3+ 2 2
A‐sites
A B 4
Variation in saturation magnetization Variation of saturation magnetization
with composition x for various models
(Bohr magnetons pfu at 0K) of cation distributions.
6(1 x ) 2b
10
2013 SSRM 5/29/2013
Magnetic Properties of Titanomagnetites Magnetic Properties of Titanomagnetites
In the titanomagnetite series (Fe3–xTixO4) Néel Classification of Ms‐T curves
Different combinations of AB, AA, BB
interactions give rise different types of
Ti4+ substitutes for Fe3+ as Ti content increases. Ms‐T curves
The ionic substitution is 2Fe3+ Fe2+ + Ti4+
Temperature dependences of the
100
sublattice magnetizations are not always
90 Saturation
Magnetization the same, but all go to 0 as TTc
80
70
at 300 K
P‐type behavior in TM60
Ms (Am2/kg)
60
50 1.06
TM60
40 1.04
nt
1.02
Normalized Momen
30
1.00
20
0.98
10
0.96
0
0.94
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
x‐parameter 0.92
Data from various sources 0.90
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
T/T
Natural titanomagnetites can also contain Al3+,Mg2+, Mn2+ c
Lattard et al., 2006 Dunlop and Özdemir, 1997
Hematite: Fe2O3 Hematite: Fe2O3
Wikipedia Commons
Fe3+ Morin Transition
Spin‐flop transition
SEM image of hematite.
Canted Antiferromagnetism Image is ~800 m across.
Weak ferromagnetism
T > 263 K
T > 263 K T < 263 K
T < 263 K
pure canted
AF AF
Curie Temperature: 948 K (675 C)
Saturation Magnetization at 300 K
0.5 Am2/kg
2 kA/m
Morin Transition
Dunlop and Özdemir, 1997; Butler, 1992 Özdemir et al, 2008
11
2013 SSRM 5/29/2013
Titanohematites: Fe2‐yTiyO3 Titanohematites: Fe2‐yTiyO3
TN= 953 K TN= 63 K
y=0.7
mir, 2007
Tc=418 K
04
Dunlop and Özdem
Lagroix et al., 200
d2M/dT2
Canted‐AF
temperature
Phase diagram for titanohematites
Compositions around y=0.5 have the property of self‐reversed
Both end‐members have rhombohedral crystal
thermoremanent magnetization
structures and are antiferromagnetic below TN
Magnetic Structure Applied a field in the positive direction and cool through Curie
Ordered Phase: Fe2+ uniquely distributed within temperature an negative remanence is produced!
the A layer and Ti4+ within the B layer
Dunlop and Özdemir, 1997; Lagroix et al., 2004
Primary Fe‐Ti oxides Magnetic Inclusions in Paramagnetic
Originally crystallized from igneous melts Silicate Minerals
~1‐5% by volume
crystallize T~1300C > > Tc Ti‐poor TM (< 1m) can be exsolved
from silicate minerals
Cooling rate has major impact on grain size and microstructure
volcanic rocks: TM grain sizes < 50 m many <1m
extrusive volcanic rocks: TM grain sizes < 50 m, many <1m
extrusive
intrusive igneous rocks : TM grain sizes > 100m
Composition of the melt
Mafic magmas (enriched in Fe, low Si)
Basalts and Gabbros
TM’s 0<x~0.8 ,Ferrimagnetic, Tc >0C
TH’s 0.8<y<0.95, Paramagnetic, T> 0C
Felsic magmas (higher in SiO2)
rhyolites, granites
TM’s x~0
TH’s 0 <y<0.8
Tauxe, 2008 Dunlop and Özdemir, 1997; 2007
12
2013 SSRM 5/29/2013
Chemical Change and Exsolution (T>500C)
Chemical Change
Quench by rapid cooling (volcanic rocks)
single phase composition
Exsolution by slow cooling (t>106 yr) Igneous intrusions
multiphase compositions
multiphase compositions
Hemoilmenite
(two‐phase composition
Important Changes
Magnetic properties due to change in composition
Decrease in effective magnetic grain size
O’Reilly, 1984
Tauxe, 2008
Lamellar Magnetism
Exsolution in Titanohematites
Ilmenite‐Hematite Exsolution in granulites from S. Sweden
Lamellar magnetism is associated with boundary
layers between the exsolved phases.
Monte Carlo simulation of cation
Lamellar magnetism in the hematite‐ilmenite ordering and resulting magnetic signal
series as an explanation for strong remanent of hematite‐rich and ilmenite‐rich
McEnroe et al., Elements, 2009 magnetization (up to 55 kA/m) phases in exsolved titanohematite
Robinson et al. (2002)
13
2013 SSRM 5/29/2013
Slow Cooling and Oxy‐Exsolution Titanomagnetite grain displaying typical
high temperature oxidation texture (i.e.
Oxidation that occurs during original cooling of produced during cooling).
an igneous rock is deuteric oxidation
Titanomagnetite (brown) is sub‐divided
Solid solution between magnetite
Solid solution between magnetite b il
by ilmenite (pale brown). Some lamellae
it ( l b ) S l ll
and ulvospinel exists in principle, and patches of hematite are also
intergrowths of these two minerals present (width of image =320m).
are rare
Ti‐rich ilmenite
Natural titanomagnetites interact http://geography.lancs.ac.uk/cemp/atlas/atlas_frm1.htm
with oxygen in the melt to form
intergrowths of low Ti magnetite
Optical photomicrograph of ilmenite lamellae
with Ilmenite (deuteric oxidation)
within titanomagnetite grain; note the symmetry
within titanomagnetite grain; note the symmetry
of the ilmenite planes that are parallel to (111)
planes of the host titanomagnetite.
Fe‐rich TM
Butler, 1992
Tauxe, 2008
Low‐Temperature (T<300C) Consequences of Maghemitization
Titanomaghemites
MS a Tc
Weathering at ambient surface conditions
Hydrothermal alteration
Ocean floor basalts
Maghemitization
No change in crystal structure (spinel)
Convert all Fe2+Fe3+ & maintain charge balance
titanomaghemites
Titanomagnetite ( x = 0.6) is the dominant primary FeTi oxide
in oceanic pillow basalts (upper 0.5 km of oceanic crust).
Ph
Phases are called cation‐deficient spinels (non‐stoichiometric TM)
ll d cation deficient spinels (non stoichiometric TM)
During seafloor weathering, titanomagnetites oxidize to
( Feb3 Fe12b ) A [ Fe(232 x )2 (3 x )b Fe(2b x ) (9 x )Tix4(1 ) 3 ]B O42 titanomaghemite.
0 (1 x ) / (9 x ) Titanomaghemite is one of the most abundant FeTi oxides in
the earth’s crust.
Oxidation parameter: 0 ≤ z≤ 1, z=9 A magnetite crystal (∼ 30 μm) undergoing
maghemitization. Because of the change in
For x=0: z=0 magnetite volume, the crystal begins to crack. [From
z=1 maghemite Gapeyev and Tsel’movich, 1988.]
Tauxe, 2008 Tauxe, 2008
14
2013 SSRM 5/29/2013
Curie‐Temperature and Cell‐parameter Ocean‐Floor Basalts
contours for titanomagnetites‐ If titanomaghemites are heated, by burial beneath
titanomaghemites later flows on the seafloor for example, they become
Cell‐parameter unstable and ‘invert’.
Temperature dependence of magnetization
Inversion of titanomaghemite
intergrowth of Fe‐rich TM and Ti‐rich ilmenite
i t th f F i h TM d Ti i h il it
TM0
Curie‐Temperature
TMht
Inversion
Inversion
temperature
Dunlop and Özdemir, 1997
Readman and O’Reilly, 1972
Goethite (‐FeOOH)
Other Common Magnetic Phases
Néel and Curie Temperature
Goethite (‐FeOOH)
TN=393 K
Common weathering product and
precursor to hematite in sediments
and soils.
Saturation Magnetization TC=120° C
~0.1 Am2/kg
1‐2 kA/m
Thermomagnetic heating
Thermomagnetic heating
curve (strong field) Step‐wise thermal demagnetization of
thermoremanent magnetization (TRM)
Weak ferromagnetism has a TC=TN
Özdemir and Dunlop (1996) Özdemir and Dunlop, GRL, 23, 921‐924, 1996
15
2013 SSRM 5/29/2013
○ vacancies “Besnus” Transition (T=34 K)
Iron‐Sulfides: Pyrrhotite in Monoclinic Pyrrhotite
Monoclinic pyrrhotite (Fe7S8): Ferrimagnetic 1.0
Tc=593 K (320C) Thermal demagnetization
0.8 of 20 K SIRM
Ms=~20 Am2/kg ( 80 kA/m)
Sirm/Sirm((20)
0.6
0.0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Temperature (K)
Fe cations are FM coupled
within c planes and AF coupled
within c‐planes and AF coupled Transition ~34K
Transition 34K is diagnostic of the
is diagnostic of the
between layers via S2‐ ions presence of monoclinic pyrrhotite
Physical Origin of transition is likely related
to crystallographic transformation
Pierre Rochette, Gérard Fillion, and Mark J. Dekkers, IRM
Quarterly, 21:1, Spring 2011
Tauxe, 2008; Dunlop and Özdemir, 1997 Rochette et al, 1990
High‐temperature hysteresis
Iron‐Sulfides: Greigite (Fe3S4)
Iron‐Sulfides: Greigite (Fe3S4) Roberts et al., 2010
data (measured in air)
Tc unknown but must be T> 603 K (330C)
Crystal Structure: Cubic, Inverse spinel Chemically unstable at high T and decomposes at T< Tc
Magnetic Structure: Ferrimagnetic
High‐field M‐T curves (heated in air)
Ms=125 kA/m, 59 Am2/kg
Roberts et al., 2010
Chang et al., 2008
Tetrahedral (A) site Octahedral (B) site
Formation of
Low‐temperature high Hc phase
measurements of Ms
16
2013 SSRM 5/29/2013
Iron‐Sulfides: Greigite (Fe3S4) Iron‐Sulfides
1.0 Coarse grained
Coarse grained
SD/PSD/MD
0.8 greigite
samples
Sirm/Sirm(20)
0.6
magnetite
0.4
Roberts ett al., 2010
0.2
0.0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Temperature (K)
Nanophase
Low‐temperature
Unblocking behavior Bazylinski et al., 1994; Moskowitz et al,2008 Roberts et al., 2010
SIRM
Greigite and Pyrrhotite occur in reducing environments and both tend
to oxidize to various iron oxides leaving paramagnetic pyrite as the
sulfide component.
Phase diagram of Fe–Ni
Iron and Iron–Nickel Magnetic Mineral Identification: Part 1
Dunlop and Özdemir, 2007
AFM
Ferromagnetism
Different Approaches:
Iron and iron–nickel are the
principal NRM carriers in lunar FM FM
Photo by Rob Lavinsky, iRoccks.com
Imaging
rocks and most meteorites.
Diffraction
Magnetic Characterization
Gibeon IVA fine octahedrite
Looking for changes in magnetic behavior at
Body‐centered cubic kamacite (‐Fe) does not exist for >30
characteristic temperatures (2‐1000 K)
mol.% Ni. Face centered cubic taenite (‐Fe) is the stable
phase at high T and at all T for >30 mol.% Ni. The ordered
phase tetrataenite can exist for 50–55 mol.% Ni. High‐Temperature (>300 K) methods
Magnetite octohedra from
Cerro Huanaquino, Bolivia.
Phase Formula Ms (Am2/kg)
Ms (Am Tc c (K)
Most magnetic minerals that carry stable remanence (SD/PSD) are
Kamacite Fe (bcc cubic) 218 1038
Low‐T phase small (< 10 μm) and in low concentrations ( < 1%)
Taenite Fe (fcc cubic) AFM
Widmanstätten pattern of a polished The challenge is to associate a particular component of NRM
High‐T phase
and etched slice showing kamacite
(light bands) taenite (dark areas) tetrataenite Fe0.5Ni0.5 ~823 (identified from partial demagnetization) with a particular
ferrimagnetic mineral.
Awarunite Ni2Fe to Ni3Fe 120 893
http://www.meteorlab.com/METEORLAB2001dev/widpatrn.htm
17
2013 SSRM 5/29/2013
Imaging Magnetic Minerals Imaging Magnetic Minerals
Tauxe, 2008
Exsolved Detrital titano‐ Hematite Industrial Interstellar Exsolved Detrital titano‐
magnetic & rosettes on a pollutant Dust Particle Hematite Industrial Interstellar
magnetites magnetic & magnetites
ilmenite in an smectite grain. (“fly‐ash”) (IDP) rosettes on a pollutant Dust Particle
from Chinese ilmenite in an from Chinese
igneous rock smectite grain. (“fly‐ash”) (IDP)
loess. igneous rock loess.
The shape, grain‐size, texture, and associated non‐magnetic Reflected light microscopy.
minerals all give clues to the magnetic mineralogy in a
sample and their origins. Easy, cheap, fast! Reflected light image of ilmenite hematite intergrowths.
http://www.ngu.no/prosjekter/Geode/Tellnes/Tellnes%20ore%20photographs.htm
Imaging Magnetic Minerals Imaging Magnetic Minerals
Tauxe, 2008 Tauxe, 2008
Exsolved Hematite Industrial
Detrital titano‐ Interstellar Exsolved Detrital titano‐
magnetic & rosettes on a pollutant Hematite Industrial Interstellar
magnetites Dust Particle magnetic & magnetites
ilmenite in an smectite grain. (“fly‐ash”) rosettes on a pollutant Dust Particle
from Chinese (IDP) ilmenite in an from Chinese
igneous rock smectite grain. (“fly‐ash”) (IDP)
loess. igneous rock loess.
Frequently used modes of imaging: Frequently used modes of imaging:
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
Electron MicroProbe Analysis (EMPA) Synchrotron Radiation
Better spatial resolution (~0.1 µm), observation of 3D morphology of grains, and ability to Best spatial resolution (0.1‐5 nm), ability to measure composition (EDS or EELS),
measure composition (EDS) and crystal structure (via EBSD) and crystal structure (SAED).
EDS: Energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, EBSD: Electron backscatter diffraction EELS: electron energy loss spectroscopy, SAED: selected area electron diffraction
18
2013 SSRM 5/29/2013
Magnetic Characterization of Minerals Magnetic Characterization of Minerals
Derivative curves
Identification of Magnetic Minerals by
Dunlop & Özdemir, 2007
Characteristic Temperature thermomagnetic analysis is complicated by two main
Changes factors
All FM minerals have a Curie 1. Each magnetic mineral has its own unique Curie
(or Neel) temperature, but different minerals can
08
or Néel point
or Néel point
Tauxe 200
have the same Tc or Tn (solid solution series
titanomagnetites and titanohematites
One of the ways we
characterize samples is by 2. Chemical alteration of samples can occur during
heating them up and thermomagnetic analysis (heating samples up to
500‐700 °C Normalized Ms(T ) dependences for
determining these key five common magnetic minerals
temperature transitions.
Typical Strong‐field (~1 T) Mineral Tc or Tn
thermomagnetic experiment. Titanomagnetites
Magnetite (Fe3O4) 580° C
580
Magnetic Characterization of Minerals Magnetic Characterization of Minerals
Examples of thermomagnetic curves
Standard Experimental practice is to measure Examples of thermomagnetic curves
thermomagnetic curves during a heating and cooling cycle
Heating in air (not typically recommended) The Curie temperature of ~200˚C is observed with
Heating in vacuum, or inert gas (N2, Ar) to reduce reversible behavior.
effects of oxidation
Could be either titanomagnetite (x~0.55) or
titanohematite (y~0.5)
Butler 1992
The Curie temperature is the same on
both heating and cooling (~575˚C). (Optical microscopy shows that titanohematite is the
This is termed reversible behavior. dominant magnetic phase in the sample.)
No (likely) chemical alteration occurred
during heating and cooling cycle
Butler 1992
19
2013 SSRM 5/29/2013
Magnetic Characterization of Minerals Magnetic Characterization of Minerals
Examples of thermomagnetic curves Irreversible Behavior: Titanomaghemites
TMAGH Fe‐rich TM + Ti‐rich ilmenite
Non‐reversible behavior
Usually indicates a change in the
magnetic mineralogy has occurred
during heating (oxidation, reduction,
crystallographic change).
This sample contains intergrowths of
Fe7S8 and Fe9S10
The change 225‐320˚C is a transition
from antiferromagnetism to Characteristic irreversible thermomagnetic
ferrimagnetism in the Fe9S10 curve of a partially oxidized TM60 (Özdemir
and O’Reilly, 1982)
Butler 1992 Titanomaghemite (ocean floor basalts from
DSDP site 417D (Moskowitz, 1980)
“Irreversible” Behavior: Sluggish (reversible) phase
Magnetic Characterization of Minerals transformations producing thermal hysteresis
Irreversible Behavior: ‐FeOOH ‐Fe2O3‐Fe2O3
Fe Fe‐Ni
Özdemir and Dunlop, 1993 Dunlop and Özdemir, 1997
20
2013 SSRM 5/29/2013
Magnetic Characterization of Minerals Magnetic Characterization of Minerals
Examples of thermomagnetic curves
Examples of thermomagnetic curves
Some samples have more than one
magnetic phase
Curie temps at 580˚C and 680˚C are due Identification of the ferromagnetic minerals
Lowrie, 2007
to magnetite and hematite respectively. in a pelagic limestone by determination of
their Curie temperatures in concentrated
This is a nice example where you can see extracts
a mineral with a large Ms (magnetite) and
a low Ms (hematite).
Sometimes, the stronger Ms mineral
, g
swamps the signal, making it hard to
detect the presence of other magnetic
phases.
Often, you need to combine information
from different kinds of experiments.
Butler 1992
Tauxe 2008 1.20
Hopkinson Peak
Tauxe, 2008
1.00
T
300
So the χ100 should be
X/X
0.60
twice as large as χ200
χ100 0.40
χ200
0 20
0.20
0.00
300 400 500 600 700 800 900
Temperature (K)
Diamagnetism is independent of T Susceptibility experiments measure induced increases with rising T because wall pinning decreases and
magnetization in a very weak field. resistance to wall motion decreases
21
2013 SSRM 5/29/2013
1.1e0 1.00e-5
m3/kg]
8.00e-6
NRM unblocking Temperature curves
NRM unblocking Temperature curves
M [Am2//kg]
8.0e-1
Paramagnetic ((~1/T)
Paramagnetic 1/T)
susceptibility [m
7.00e-6
7.0e-1
6.0e-1
“contamination” 6.00e-6
5.0e-1 5.00e-6
4.0e-1 4.00e-6
3.0e-1
3.00e-6
2.0e-1
2.00e-6
1.0e-1
FG_1951_02_04_BOT_04
1.1e0
cooling
1.0e0
heating
B=500
B 500 mT
mT
9.5e-1
9 0e 1
9.0e-1
8.5e-1
Looks more
High‐Field Results: T
Hi h Fi ld R lt Tc~150 C, unoxidized TM60
~150 C idi d TM60
8.0e-1
7.5e-1
7.0e-1 like a Tc NRM unblocking: TB >300 C, oxidized TM60
6.5e-1
M [Am2/kg]
6.0e-1
5.5e-1
5.0e-1
4.5e-1
4.0e-1
3.5e-1 Why discrepancy between High‐field results and NRM results?
3.0e-1
2.5e-1
2.0e-1
1.5e-1
1.0e-1
5.0e-2
0.2 Low‐coercivity minerals
Isothermal Remanent Magnetization (IRM) 2005
0.1
Room temperature Saturation <300 mT
M (Am /kg)
The magnetization acquired during ferrimagnets
2
exposure to a short‐lived magnetizing field.
0.0
Fe3O4, ‐Fe2O3
05E1
-0.1 05E3
05E4
Usually at room T and in large fields. -0.2
-1000 -500 0 500 1000
Applied Field (mT)
Dust on Snow (Red Mountain
Pass, San Juans CO)
007
Saturation >1000 mT
Open loop to high fields
‘imperfect’ Antiferromagnets
‐Fe2O3, ‐FeOOH
Natural goethite
22
2013 SSRM 5/29/2013
Isothermal Remanent Magnetization Isothermal Remanent Magnetization
Imparting IRMs in the Lab
IRMs can be very useful in the lab.
IRM Acquisition: Samples can be
exposed to progressively higher fields SIRM
and the resulting magnetization can be
measured. Irm Acquisition
Tauxe, 2008
The magnitude of the IRM is sensitive
to the magnetic mineralogy,
concentration, and grain size of the
ASC Impulse Magnetizer
assemblage.
The magnetic field is produced by Electromagnets Superconducting Magnets
g gy p
discharge of energy from a capacitor Bmax ~2
2 TT Bmax ~ 5
5‐20
20 TT
bank through a coil surrounding the M i
Maximum IRM is known as SIRM
IRM i k SIRM
sample cavity. The capacitor bank is first Highest magnetic field for a continuous field (saturation IRM) or Mr
charged to the desired voltage 45 T
magnet (Guinness World Record)
(corresponding to the desired field). It is
then discharged through the coil very Highest field for a resistive magnet 36.2 T
quickly (Bmax~ 1‐2 T) Highest field for a long‐pulse magnet 60 T
Highest field for a non‐destructive magnet 90 T
Highest field for superconducting magnet 33.8 T
National High Magnetic Field Laboratory www.magnet.fsu.edu
Isothermal Remanent Magnetization
IRM Demagnetization After
Coercivity of Remanence (Hcr).
saturation has been reached, the
sample can be turned around and Back‐field Curve
Tauxxe, 2008
subjected to increasingly large back‐ IRM demagnetization
fields
fields.
Verosub and Roberts, 1995
A some point the back‐field strength
will be strong enough to flip half of
the moments in a sample, resulting
in a net moment of zero. This is the
Coercivity of Remanence (Hcr).
Sometimes people use a term called
H’’’cr, which is the field required to
hi h i h fi ld i d
impart half the SIRM.
The acquisition of IRM is one
of the many tools we use to
characterize the magnetic
minerals in a sample
23
2013 SSRM 5/29/2013
IRM Acquisition and Demagnetization Curves
IRM Acquisition and Demagnetization Curves
Cisowski Test for magnetic interactions
~0.5
Slope ~ 2
Slope =~‐2
SD MD
R
R
Henkel plot : graphs IRM (demag) as Cisowski plot: simultaneously graphs the
a function of IRM (acq) at equivalent acquisition curve together with the AF or DC
field levels demagnetization curve as a function of field
Non‐saturation of the defect moment of goethite and
Coercivity Analysis (IRM acquisition curves)
fine‐grained hematite up to 57 T (Rochette et al, 2005)
Coercivity in AFM phases like Room‐Temperature
hematite and goethite is much larger IRM acquisition curves up to 57 T
than that observed in ferrimagnetic
phases like (titano)magnetite
phases like (titano)magnetite. marine limestone
i li t
containing magnetite Goethite powders
During IRM acquisition, it is more
Butler, 1992
difficult to saturate AFM phases than
magnetite.
(titano)magnetite: Hcmax ~ 300 mT Note the change in scale on the x‐axis
Hematite/ goethite: Hcmax >1 T.
Rock samples
Rock samples
So the point at which an IRM RR,RD: goethite
curve reaches a plateau tells you TO: fine‐grained hematite
something about the mineralogy
in a sample.
Anomalous decrease in between 34=39 T is due
Jurassic limestone containing goethite to field reversal between the two coils used.
24
2013 SSRM 5/29/2013
(b) thermal demagnetization experiment
In (a) we see an IRM experiment that is for the IRM acquired in (a).
rapidly magnetized up to ~200‐250
rapidly magnetized up to 200 250 mT.
mT
This experiment measures the remaining
At this point, the acquisition of IRM slows magnetization after the sample is heated
down considerably, but does not plateau in zero field to progressively higher
(even by 800 mT). temperatures.
Butler 1992
Butler 1992
This is evidence for the presence of Most of the remanence is gone by the
hematite or goethite. Curie temperature of magnetite (580˚C).
It does not exclude the presence of However, a portion of the magnetization
magnetite.
is still present at temps >580˚C.
A Curie temperature of 580°C is evident, This is the remanence held by hematite.
but there is no indication of hematite
(680°C ) or goethite (120°C)
3D IRM Test:
(c) strong‐field thermoremanent
experiment for the same sample. Acquisition of 3‐component IRM (‘Triaxial’ IRM)
We see a Curie temperature
1. Apply 2 T field along z‐axis
around 580˚C (and also near
2. Apply 0.4 T along y‐axis
425˚C), but no sign of a Curie
temperature associated with
3. Apply 0.12 T along x‐axis
(Tauxe 2008)
hematite or goethite.
Thermal demagnetization of a 3‐axis IRM. Each
This highlights the need for component is plotted separately.
complementary experiments! 0.4 T 2 T field: AFM phases (hematite/goethite)
0.4 T field: (titano)magnetite
0.12 T field: MD magnetite
Small fraction of a high coercivity (>0.4T) mineral with a
Butler 1992
maximum unblocking temperature > 650C (Hematite)
25
2013 SSRM 5/29/2013
Examples of the identification of magnetic
minerals by acquisition and subsequent
thermal demagnetization of IRM
Hematite is present in both (a) and (b),
because SIRM requires fields > 1T and
because SIRM requires fields 1T and
thermal demagnetization of the hard
fraction persists to T= 675°C
Lowrie, 2007
In (a) the soft fraction that demagnetizes
at T= 575°C is magnetite
In (b) no magnetite is indicated but
pyrrhotite is present in all three
fractions, shown by thermal unblocking
at T = 300‐330°C
26